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1007:
801:, terracotta uses a far simpler and quicker process for creating the finished work with much lower material costs. The easier task of modelling, typically with a limited range of knives and wooden shaping tools, but mainly using the fingers, allows the artist to take a more free and flexible approach. Small details that might be impractical to carve in stone, of hair or costume for example, can easily be accomplished in terracotta, and drapery can sometimes be made up of thin sheets of clay that make it much easier to achieve a realistic effect.
1180:
1211:
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956:
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785:, England. Terracotta was marketed as a miracle material, largely impervious to the elements. Terracotta, however, can be damaged by water penetration, exposure, or failure through faulty design or installation. An excessive faith in the durability of the material led to shortcuts in design and execution, coupled with a belief that the material did not require maintenance, tainted the reputation of the material. By about 1930, the widespread use of concrete and
809:
unfinished piece to prevent cracking as the material shrinks. Structural considerations are similar to those required for stone sculpture; there is a limit on the stress that can be imposed on terracotta, and terracotta statues of unsupported standing figures are limited to well under life-size unless extra structural support is added. This is also because large figures are extremely difficult to fire, and surviving examples often show sagging or cracks. The
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civilization, although techniques used differed in each time period. In the
Mauryan times, they were mainly figures of mother goddesses, indicating a fertility cult. Moulds were used for the face, whereas the body was hand-modelled. In the Shungan times, a single mould was used to make the entire
921:
Traditional terracotta sculptures, mainly religious, also continue to be made. The demand for this craft is seasonal, reaching its peak during the harvest festival, when new pottery and votive idols are required. During the rest of the year, the makers rely on agriculture or some other means of
808:
and other stonework, the finished product is far lighter and may be further painted and glazed to produce objects with color or durable simulations of metal patina. Robust durable works for outdoor use require greater thickness and so will be heavier, with more care needed in the drying of the
846:
figure and depending upon the baking time, the colour differed from red to light orange. The
Satavahanas used two different moulds- one for the front and the other for the back and kept a piece of clay in each mould and joined them together, making some artefacts hollow from within. Some
311:. The typical firing temperature is around 1,000 °C (1,830 °F), though it may be as low as 600 °C (1,112 °F) in historic and archaeological examples. During this process, the iron oxides in the body reacts with oxygen, often resulting in the reddish colour known as
768:
Terracotta tiles have also been used extensively for floors since ancient times. The quality of terracotta floor tiles depends on the suitability of the clay, the manufacturing methods (kiln-fired being more durable than sun baked), and whether the terracotta tiles are sealed or not.
1226:
941:. The initiative encourages ongoing work in this medium through displays terracotta from different sub-continent regions and periods. In 2010, the India Post Service issued a stamp commemorating the craft which shows a terracotta doll from the craft museum.
626:(1399/1400â1482) was a sculptor who founded a family dynasty specializing in glazed and painted terracotta, especially large roundels which were used to decorate the exterior of churches and other buildings. These used the same techniques as contemporary
1047:
590:
were often finished on the interior wall with bricks decorated on one face; the techniques included molded reliefs. Later tombs contained many figures of protective spirits and animals and servants for the afterlife, including the famous horses of the
536:(with stone and metal sculpture being rather rare), and in more sophisticated areas had largely abandoned modeling for using molds by the 1st century BCE. This allows relatively large figures, nearly up to life-size, to be made, especially in the
399:, then painted. It is widely used, but only suitable for indoor positions and much less durable than fired colors in or under a ceramic glaze. Terracotta sculptures in the West were rarely left in their "raw" fired state until the 18th century.
384:
or building decoration in many environments, and for oil containers, oil lamps, or ovens. Most other uses require the material to be glazed, such as tableware, sanitary piping, or building decorations built for freezing environments.
1108:
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that were then fired, became fashionable as a material for small sculptures including portrait busts. It was much easier to work than carved materials, and allowed a more spontaneous approach by the artist.
222:
as exterior surfaces for buildings were used in East Asia for centuries before becoming popular in the West in the 19th century. Architectural terracotta can also refer to decorated ceramic elements such as
772:
In the 19th century, the possibilities of terracotta decoration for buildings were again appreciated by architects, often using thicker pieces of terracotta and styled surfaces. The
American architect
204:, with vessels and other objects made on a wheel from the same material referred to as earthenware; the choice of term depends on the type of object rather than the material or shaping technique.
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955:
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culture area of eastern
Nigeria, which excelled in terracotta pottery. These related, but separate, traditions also gave birth to elaborate schools of bronze and brass sculpture in the area.
906:, West Bengal, the terracotta patternâpanels on the temples are known for their intricate details. The Bankura Horse is also very famous and belongs to the Bengal school of terracotta.
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850:
terracotta artefacts also seem to have a thin strip of clay joining the two moulds. This technique may have been imported from the Romans and is seen nowhere else in the country.
1028:
1006:
1416:
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Precolonial West
African sculpture also made extensive use of terracotta. The regions most recognized for producing terracotta art in that part of the world include the
1163:
1498:"terracotta". (n.d.) Collins English Dictionary â Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014. Retrieved July 13 2024 from https://www.thefreedictionary.com/terracotta
922:
income. The designs are often redundant as crafters apply similar reliefs and techniques for different subjects. Customers suggest subjects and uses for each piece.
781:
ornamentation, designs that would have been impossible to execute in any other medium. Terracotta and tile were used extensively in the town buildings of
Victorian
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1210:
1128:
1600:'Mechanisms To Improve Energy Efficiency In Small Industries. Part Two: Pottery In India And Khurja' A. Rath, DFID Project R7413. Policy Research International
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have a long history in many parts of the world. Many ancient and traditional roofing styles included more elaborate sculptural elements than the plain
1591:'Technical Trends Of Cottage Ceramic Industries In Southwestern Nigeria' Journal of Visual Art and Design. Segun Oladapo Abiodun. Vol. 10, No. 1, 2018
925:
540:
and the centuries immediately following it. Several vigorous local popular traditions of terracotta folk sculpture remain active today, such as the
242:
1508:'Industrial Ceramics.' F.Singer, S.S.Singer. Chapman & Hall. 1971. Quote: "The lighter pieces that are glazed may also be termed 'terracotta.'
1179:
1147:
2092:
Practical guidance on the repair and replacement of historic terracotta focusing on the difficulties associated with trying to match new to old
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have a rich tradition. They make intricate designs and statues of animals and birds. Hand-painted clay and terracotta products are produced in
446:
Fragments of female terracotta figurines. Handmade, with appliquéd ornaments, especially elaborate coiffures and fan-shaped headdresses. From
1217:
500:; the Romans too made great numbers of small figurines, which were often used in a religious context as cult statues or temple decorations.
737:
One of two terracotta relief sculptures, "Events in the Life of John Wesley", in the porch of
Methodist Central Hall, Birmingham, England
1957:
638:(1472â1528), who produced statues, and in England busts of the Tudor royal family. The unglazed busts of the Roman Emperors adorning
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2043:
2020:
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870:
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A final method is to carve fired bricks or other terracotta shapes. This technique is less common, but examples can be found in the
832:â2000 BCE. From Harappan Sites including Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, and Lothal. Presently kept at the National Museum in Delhi, India.
719:
646:, 1521, were another example of Italian work in England. They were originally painted but this has now been lost from weathering.
778:
1265:
1289:
215:
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465:
2519:
1987:
1526:
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1233:
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made a speciality of terracotta temples, with the sculpted decoration from the same material as the main brick construction.
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were more common, in tombs and elsewhere. Later
Buddhist figures were often made in painted and glazed terracotta, with the
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1119:
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583:
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701:
586:, probably of 1150â1250, now in various Western museums, among the most prominent examples. Brick-built tombs from the
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39:
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Chinese sculpture made great use of terracotta, with and without glazing and color, from a very early date. The famous
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Unglazed terracotta is suitable for use below ground to carry pressurized water (an archaic use), for garden pots and
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cultural axis in western and southern
Nigeria (also noted for its exceptionally naturalistic sculpture), and the
533:
469:
1081:
45:
1353:
1326:
1313:
997:
750:
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219:
31:
853:
1898:"Lecture by Derek Gillman at the Penn Museum, on their example and the group of Yixian figures. From YouTube"
488:
were mass-produced mold-cast and fired terracotta figurines, that seem to have been widely affordable in the
2214:
2068:
1138:
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for larger works in stone, and produced busts only in terracotta. In the next century the French sculptor
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1237:
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319:
232:
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classical terracottas as well as the German examples, which gradually spread to the rest of Europe. In
182:
1398:, In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000â. (October 2008)
415:(3000â1500 BCE). Along with phallus-shaped stones, these suggest some sort of fertility cult. The
1945:
602:
made little use of terracotta sculpture, until the late 14th century, when it became used in advanced
315:. However, color can vary widely, including shades of yellow, orange, buff, red, pink, grey or brown.
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Reusable mold-making techniques may be used for production of many identical pieces. Compared to
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In the 18th-century unglazed terracotta, which had long been used for preliminary clay models or
661:
643:
631:
504:
often used terracotta in preference to stone even for larger statues, such as the near life-size
489:
2012:
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329:
705:
depicting the Greek mythological scene of a centaur kidnapping
Hippodameia on her wedding day.
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2039:
2016:
1983:
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2008:
2003:
1991:
1688:
1412:
1411:, and perhaps globally more common in art history. "Terra-cotta" is more popular in general
1012:
805:
798:
529:
473:
348:
83:
910:
is one of the most prominent production centres of terracotta art today. The tribes of the
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2534:
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1437:
1408:
1201:
911:
571:
515:
335:
259:
35:
2080:, non-profit foundation to promote education and preservation of architectural Terracotta
1942:
A Historical Journey Of Indian Terracotta From Indus Civilization Up To Contemporary Art.
1432:
610:
is the unique example known from there. A few decades later, there was a revival in the
595:; as an arbitrary matter of terminology these tend not to be referred to as terracottas.
813:
were fired in several pieces, and have iron rods inside to hold the structure together.
606:
workshops in parts of Germany. The Virgin illustrated at the start of the article from
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134:
116:
1861:
Scultz; Hobson, R.L. (May 1914). "A New Chinese Masterpiece in the British Museum".
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1020:
599:
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537:
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323:
289:
231:, which had a large impact on the appearance of temples and other buildings in the
162:
158:
1944:
European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine. Volume 07, Issue 07, 2020.
918:. The Aiyanar cult in Tamil Nadu is associated with life-size terracotta statues.
689:(1694â1770), a Flemish portrait sculptor working in England, sold his terracotta
258:
This article covers the senses of terracotta as a medium in sculpture, as in the
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2252:
2174:
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284:
Prior to firing, terracotta clays are easy to shape. Shaping techniques include
197:
193:
189:
150:
123:
53:
1497:
407:
Terracotta female figurines were uncovered by archaeologists in excavations of
2272:
2219:
1897:
1730:
H. Meyerowitz; V. Meyerowitz (1939). "Bronzes and Terra-Cottas from Ile-Ife".
1318:
1296:
1058:
899:
782:
746:
366:
170:
1700:
492:, and often purely decorative in function. They were part of a wide range of
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2194:
2100:
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1368:
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267:
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174:
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Terracotta will also ring if lightly struck, as long as it is not cracked.
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2199:
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2169:
677:
627:
619:
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17:
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2110:âEuropean Terra-Cotta Sculpture from the Arthur M. Sackler Collectionsâ
1902:
1708:
1676:
1343:
1073:
915:
754:
691:
607:
578:, 209â210 BCE, was somewhat untypical, and two thousand years ago
552:
432:
308:
293:
279:
224:
196:, "terracotta" is often used to describe objects such as figurines and
146:
119:
1874:
1456:
From Bonbon to Cha-cha: Oxford Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases
122:
fired at relatively low temperatures. It is therefore a term used for
2400:
1332:
966:
685:(1738â1814), known as Clodion, was an influential pioneer in France.
579:
523:
519:
377:
can used to decrease permeability and hence increase watertightness.
266:, and architectural decoration. East Asian and European sculpture in
1692:
1946:
https://ejmcm.com/article_5016_6156ca1810f72ca7bae4a7de754c9a0e.pdf
1797:
Well covered in Draper and Scherf, see index; Grove, 2, i, a and c
1485:
978:
924:
887:
869:
852:
820:
732:
718:
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648:
560:
464:
441:
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328:
241:
154:
128:
44:
30:"Terra Cotta" redirects here. For the architectural material, see
933:
To sustain the legacy, the Indian Government has established the
526:
for the outside of buildings, as a cheaper substitute for stone.
165:, "terracotta" is a term often used for red-coloured earthenware
2566:
2385:
2189:
2179:
2077:
962:
742:
381:
360:
300:
178:
112:
2118:
185:. In such applications, the material is also called terracotta.
1481:
556:
254:; 1783; terracotta; height: 55cm, width: 44cm, thickness: 21cm
2083:
699:
made many terracotta pieces, but possibly the most famous is
496:, which included larger and higher-quality works such as the
395:) terracotta is typically first covered with a thin coat of
1788:
Draper and Scherf, 2-7 and throughout; Grove, 2, i, a and c
1236:
in London has an ornate terracotta facade typical of high
1102:
Bust of an unidentified man by Pierre Merard, 1786, France
1568:"The many uses of terracotta tiles - a designers history"
1980:
Playing with Fire: European Terracotta Models, 1740-1840
63:â1395; terracotta with polychromy; 32.5 x 22.4 x 13.8 cm
1624:
Collection of Essays on Terracotta Temples of Bishnupur
882:
Contemporary centres for terracotta figurines include
2482:
Conservation and restoration of ancient Greek pottery
789:
largely ended the use of terracotta in architecture.
2038:. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 67.
1240:. The carvings represent the contents of the Museum.
435:
mortuary statuettes were also made of terracotta in
2490:
2474:
2351:
2308:
2238:
2162:
532:made heavy use of terracotta from as early as the
1997:C. A. Galvin; et al. (2003). "Terracotta ".
141:Usage and definitions of the term vary, such as:
1978:Draper, James David and Scherf, Guilhem (eds.),
660:; 1765; terracotta; 27.9 Ă 45.7 Ă 30.5 cm;
369:, but its porousness decreases when the body is
207:Terracotta is also used to refer to the natural
1677:"The Etruscan Origins of Early Roman Sculpture"
1173:, India, a famous centre for terracotta temples
929:Commemorative stamps released by the India Post
841:Terracotta has been a medium for art since the
2130:
1072:Terraacotta planter in Italy, decorated with
8:
2062:Victorian and Edwardian Terracotta Buildings
1477:
1475:
126:objects of certain types, as set out below.
88:
2137:
2123:
2115:
2073:Ceramic Tiles and Architectural Terracotta
2032:"Sculpture in Stone, Terracotta, and Wood"
1869:. Vol. 25, no. 134. p. 70.
2013:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T083896
419:is an outstanding terracotta plaque from
27:Clay-based earthenware used for sculpture
2084:Tiles and Architectural Ceramics Society
1732:The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs
1608:
1606:
307:covered with combustible material, then
2036:Gothic and Renaissance Art in Nuremberg
1958:"Gaatha.org ~ Craft ~ Molela terracota"
1681:Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome
1543:"Home : Oxford English Dictionary"
1385:
951:
476:, 2nd century BCE; height: 29.2 cm
343:terracotta sculptures of the armies of
1391:
1389:
935:Sanskriti Museum of Indian Terracotta
654:The River Rhine Separating the Waters
82:
7:
2096:Throwing a terracotta pot on a wheel
1982:, 2003, Metropolitan Museum of Art,
1153:Glazed building decoration at the
34:. For the Chinese sculptures, see
25:
1675:Richardson, Emeline Hill (1953).
1519:African Folklore: An Encyclopedia
825:Animal Figurines. In Terracotta,
522:, originally mostly used to make
1288:
1276:
1271:Glazed terracotta casserole bowl
1264:
1245:
1225:
1209:
1193:
1178:
1162:
1146:
1127:
1107:
1095:
1080:
1065:
1046:
1027:
1005:
985:
954:
777:is well known for his elaborate
299:After drying, it is placed in a
2090:Guidance on Matching Terracotta
1992:fully available on Google books
1622:Dasgupta, Chittaranjan (2015).
1396:Bust of the Virgin, ca. 1390â95
1200:Terracotta designs outside the
874:Terracotta Bird Figurines from
216:Glazed architectural terracotta
173:, water and waste water pipes,
169:or functional articles such as
1922:www.nationalmuseumindia.gov.in
1488:, MFA Boston, "Cameo" database
1438:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1418:Art and Architecture Thesaurus
1218:Bell Edison Telephone Building
697:Albert-Ernest Carrier-Belleuse
1:
1517:Peek, Philip M., and Yankah,
1454:, p. 341, Delahunty, Andrew,
1335:â traditional terracotta cups
1120:Yixian glazed pottery luohans
826:
584:Yixian glazed pottery luohans
551:of central and north-central
518:are Ancient Roman terracotta
455:
303:or, more traditionally, in a
235:of Europe, as well as in the
181:and surface embellishment on
57:
2446:Northern Black Polished Ware
1918:"National Museum, New Delhi"
1656:Neusner, Jacob, ed. (2003).
702:The Abduction of Hippodameia
634:. Other sculptors included
111: 'cooked earth'), is a
40:Terra Cotta (disambiguation)
2034:. In Schultz, Ellen (ed.).
2007:. Oxford University Press.
1842:Grove, 2, i, a; Scultz, 167
1734:75 (439), 150â152; 154â155.
1662:Westminster John Knox Press
461:â1900 BCE). British Museum.
333:One of the warriors of the
2619:
1658:World Religions in America
1407:"Terracotta" is normal in
1323:], terracotta manufacturer
1283:Salt-glazed terracotta jar
1040:National Museum, New Delhi
1034:Indian terracotta figure,
994:Sarcophagus of the Spouses
712:
511:Sarcophagus of the Spouses
494:Greek terracotta figurines
358:
277:
264:Greek terracotta figurines
29:
2163:Base minerals, and glazes
2156:Glossary of pottery terms
2153:
2060:Article on terracotta in
1752:Rawson, 140-145; Grove, 4
1415:, but the Getty's online
1329:, terracotta manufacturer
1116:Seated Luohan from Yixian
1053:Terracotta flowerpots in
876:Indus Valley Civilisation
534:Indus Valley civilization
470:Greek terracotta figurine
431:were in terracotta. Many
280:Pottery § Production
137:terracotta casserole dish
2352:Processes and decoration
1359:Saltillo Terracotta Tile
1354:Tile Heritage Foundation
1327:John Marriott Blashfield
1314:Architectural terracotta
998:National Etruscan Museum
751:Imperial roof decoration
724:Imperial roof decoration
715:Architectural terracotta
427:, the great majority of
38:. For other usages, see
32:Architectural terracotta
2069:Smithsonian Institution
2030:Rainer Kahnitz (1986).
1761:Rawson, 140-145,159-161
1122:, probably of 1150â1250
857:Terracotta horses from
793:Advantages in sculpture
2101:Slipcasting terracotta
2078:Friends of Terra Cotta
1238:Victorian architecture
1234:Natural History Museum
1204:, Dinajpur, Bangladesh
1135:Maximilien Robespierre
965:lamenting the loss of
930:
879:
862:
833:
787:Modernist architecture
759:classical architecture
738:
730:
673:
477:
462:
452:Mature Harappan Period
423:of about 1950 BCE. In
351:
320:architecture of Bengal
255:
248:Ălisabeth VigĂ©e-Lebrun
233:classical architecture
138:
84:[ËtÉrraËkÉtta]
64:
2515:Pre-conquest Americas
1833:Grove, 2, ii, c and d
1255:for sale in Bankura,
1220:, Birmingham, England
928:
873:
856:
824:
736:
722:
687:John Michael Rysbrack
652:
468:
445:
332:
245:
209:brownish-orange color
132:
52:Bohemian bust of the
48:
1458:, 2008, OUP Oxford,
1420:prefers "terracotta"
1349:Structural clay tile
1339:Majapahit Terracotta
1185:Hindu temple, 1739,
1139:Claude-André Deseine
1019:, 325â150 BCE,
961:Terracotta image of
640:Hampton Court Palace
604:International Gothic
50:International Gothic
2603:Sculpture materials
2240:Main types, by body
1940:Shyam Singh Rawat.
1865:Burlington Magazine
1521:, 2004, Routledge,
1169:Terracotta temple,
1137:, unglazed bust by
612:Italian Renaissance
421:Ancient Mesopotamia
211:of most terracotta.
2492:History of pottery
2416:Black and red ware
2310:Forming techniques
1441:. Merriam-Webster.
1364:Bishnupur, Bankura
971:Eighteenth Dynasty
931:
880:
863:
834:
749:, such as Chinese
739:
731:
674:
662:Kimbell Art Museum
644:Giovanni da Maiano
632:tin-glazed pottery
490:Hellenistic period
478:
463:
365:Terracotta is not
352:
256:
139:
65:
2593:Ceramic materials
2575:
2574:
2451:Painted Grey Ware
2364:biscuit porcelain
1990:, 9781588390998,
1779:Grove, "Florence"
1529:, 9781135948726,
1466:, 9780199543694;
1295:Terracotta vase.
1090:tomb brick relief
1057:'s laboratory at
779:glazed terracotta
636:Pietro Torrigiano
624:Luca della Robbia
486:Tanagra figurines
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728:Forbidden City
713:Main article:
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506:Apollo of Veii
498:Aphrodite Heyl
482:Ancient Greeks
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278:Main article:
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2333:RAM pressing
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2148:and claywork
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1925:. Retrieved
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1889:Ghostarchive
1887:Archived at
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1824:Grove, 2, ii
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1576:. Retrieved
1574:. 2019-05-21
1571:
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1550:. Retrieved
1546:
1537:
1531:google books
1518:
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1493:
1486:"Terracotta"
1455:
1452:"Terracotta"
1447:
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1187:Kalna, India
1021:Altes Museum
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198:loom weights
163:architecture
159:construction
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117:non-vitreous
108:
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2466:Sea pottery
2253:Earthenware
2225:Salt glazed
2215:Lead-glazed
2175:China stone
2106:Fogg Museum
1547:www.oed.com
1257:West Bengal
1118:, from the
1088:Han dynasty
884:West Bengal
830: 2500
763:West Bengal
761:. In India
757:of western
741:Terracotta
588:Han dynasty
574:of Emperor
549:Nok culture
459: 2600
425:Mesoamerica
292:as well as
194:art history
190:archaeology
171:flower pots
151:applied art
124:earthenware
109:terra cocta
103:; from
98:baked earth
76:terra-cotta
72:terra cotta
61: 1390
54:Virgin Mary
2588:Terracotta
2582:Categories
2461:Red-figure
2456:Rang Mahal
2371:Burnishing
2300:Terracotta
2288:soft-paste
2283:hard-paste
2273:Jasperware
2230:Tin-glazed
2220:Lustreware
1999:Terracotta
1988:1588390993
1973:References
1962:gaatha.org
1927:2023-05-04
1687:: 75â124.
1578:2020-10-07
1527:1135948720
1464:0199543690
1319:Cittacotte
1297:Crown Lynn
1059:Down House
996:", at the
992:Etruscan "
900:Tamil Nadu
861:, Bankura.
848:Satavahana
783:Birmingham
747:roof tiles
666:Fort Worth
630:and other
393:polychrome
382:irrigation
367:watertight
359:See also:
355:Properties
313:terracotta
274:Production
229:revetments
167:sculptures
68:Terracotta
2545:Delftware
2396:Pit fired
2295:Stoneware
2278:Porcelain
2268:Ironstone
2210:Ash glaze
2195:Kaolinite
1701:0065-6801
1369:Panchmura
1171:Bishnupur
1157:, Beijing
1038:, at the
973:, Egypt)
939:New Delhi
904:Bishnupur
896:Rajasthan
892:Jharkhand
859:Bishnupur
678:maquettes
616:excavated
598:European
391:Painted (
268:porcelain
225:antefixes
183:buildings
175:tableware
18:Terracota
2567:Tilework
2436:Kakiemon
2406:Slipware
2391:Painting
2328:Pinching
2323:Moulding
2263:Fritware
2200:Petuntse
2185:Feldspar
2170:Bone ash
1891:and the
1743:Grove, 3
1721:Grove, 5
1612:Grove, 1
1572:Lubelska
1308:See also
1074:festoons
843:Harappan
753:and the
628:maiolica
620:Florence
508:and the
413:Pakistan
286:throwing
246:Bust of
218:and its
145:In art,
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2598:Pottery
2550:Faience
2535:Islamic
2426:Celadon
2381:Glazing
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2146:Pottery
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1299:, 1950s
1259:, India
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916:Gujarat
866:Present
837:History
755:antefix
726:in the
692:modelli
608:Bohemia
580:reliefs
553:Nigeria
524:friezes
520:reliefs
433:ushabti
147:pottery
120:ceramic
115:-based
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294:others
135:glazed
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2441:Malwa
2431:Jorwe
1871:JSTOR
1705:JSTOR
1380:Notes
979:Paris
902:. In
888:Bihar
817:India
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672:, US)
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656:; by
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2086:(UK)
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