Terracotta Army - Knowledge (XXG)

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housing a hundred officials were built and filled with treasures and rare artifacts. Workmen were instructed to make automatic crossbows primed to shoot at intruders. Mercury was used to simulate the hundred rivers, the Yangtze and Yellow River, and the great sea, and set to flow mechanically. Above, the heaven is depicted, below, the geographical features of the land. Candles were made of "mermaid"'s fat which is calculated to burn and not extinguish for a long time. The Second Emperor said: "It is inappropriate for the wives of the late emperor who have no sons to be free", ordered that they should accompany the dead, and a great many died. After the burial, it was suggested that it would be a serious breach if the craftsmen who constructed the tomb and knew of its treasure were to divulge those secrets. Therefore, after the funeral ceremonies had completed, the inner passages and doorways were blocked, and the exit sealed, immediately trapping the workers and craftsmen inside. None could escape. Trees and vegetation were then planted on the tomb mound such that it resembled a hill.

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this day. One of this pair can now be seen at the exhibition in Bern (Fig. 4). A small, ca. 23 cm tall, figurine represents a man sitting on a settled horse. He stretches out his left hand, whereas his right hand points downwards. Holes pierced through both his fists suggest that he originally held the reins of his horse in one hand and a weapon in the other. The rider wears a short jacket, trousers and boots – elements of the typical outfit of the inhabitants of the Central Asian steppes. Trousers were first introduced in the early Chinese state of Zhao during the late 4th century BCE, as the Chinese started to learn horse riding from their nomadic neighbours. The state of Qin should have adopted the nomadic clothes about the same time. But the figurine from Taerpo also has some other features that may point to its foreign identity: a hood-like headgear with a flat wide crown framing his face and a high, pointed nose.

881: 788:", which have been remarked to display an advanced understanding of human anatomy. The original function of these statues remains unclear, but they have been described as either potentially acrobat or dancer figures. The number of these figures uncovered thus far are relatively few compared to the more noted warrior figures, with the total discovered probably numbering a dozen. The figures are bare with the exception of a loincloth as dress. These figures are very vivid and less stereotypical than the soldiers, especially through the dynamic treatment of the musculature and bone joints. Some of the men are very lean, while others have massive bodies. Several of them are shown in the process of moving or making gestures. These terracotta statues demonstrate an advanced mastery of the depiction of the shapes and proportions of the human body. 1457: 5813: 946: 938: 648: 474:

the lands of China which the emperor had unified. Some translations of this passage refer to "models" or "imitations"; however, those words were not used in the original text, which also makes no mention of the terracotta army. Although these elements of Sima Qian's account on the structure of the mausoleum have been seen as credulous in pre-modern assessments, the detection of high levels of mercury that were found in the soil of the tomb mound following the discovery of the mausoleum site have since given credence to Sima Qian's account. Additionally, the Emperor is well documented for building monumental statues in human form during his reign, such as the

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During a 2007 exhibition on the Scythians in Berlin, there was a bronze hood on display labeled a "Kazakh military cap." This bronze hood and the clothing of the nomads in kneeling posture are very similar in form to those of the terracotta figurines from the late Warring States Qin-period tomb at the Taerpo site (see Figure 1). The style of the Scythian bronze horse figures and the saddle, bridle, and other accessories on their bodies are nearly identical to those seen on the Warring States-period Qin figurines and a similar type of artifact from the Ordos region, and they all date to the fifth to third centuries BCE.

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supported by large beams and posts. This design was also used for the tombs of nobles and would have resembled palace hallways when built. The wooden ceilings were covered with reed mats and layers of clay for waterproofing, and then mounded with more soil raising them about 2 to 3 m (6 ft 7 in to 9 ft 10 in) above the surrounding ground level when completed.

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representational canon in China before the Qin Dynasty (...) In von Falkenhausen's words, "nothing in the archaeological record prepares one for the size, scale, and technically accomplished execution of the First Emperor's terracotta soldiers". For his contemporaries, the First Emperor's sculptures must have been something dramatically new.

897:, and at least ten face molds may have been used. Clay was then added after assembly to provide individual facial features to make each figure appear different. It is believed that the warriors' legs were made in much the same way that terracotta drainage pipes were manufactured at the time. This would classify the process as 3984: 1099:

bundled in groups of 100, the researchers reported that the arrowheads within a single bundle formed a relatively tight cluster that was different from other bundles. In addition, the presence or absence of metallic impurities was consistent within bundles. Based on the arrows' chemical compositions,

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Some of the figures in Pits 1 and 2 show fire damage, while remains of burnt ceiling rafters have also been found. These, together with the missing weapons, have been taken as evidence of the reported looting by Xiang Yu and the subsequent burning of the site, which is thought to have caused the roof

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Sima Qian wrote that the first emperor was buried with palaces, towers, officials, valuable artifacts and wondrous objects. According to this famous account, 100 flowing rivers were simulated using mercury, and above them the ceiling was decorated with heavenly bodies, below which lay the features of

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Other noteworthy terracotta figurines were found in 1995 in a 4th-3rd century BCE tomb in the Taerpo cemetery near Xianyang in Shaanxi Province, where the last Qin capital of the same name was located from 350 to 207 BCE. These are the earliest representations of cavalrymen in China discovered up to

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Most of the figures originally held real weapons, which would have increased their realism. The majority of these weapons were looted shortly after the creation of the army or have rotted away. Despite this, over 40,000 bronze items of weaponry have been recovered, including swords, daggers, spears,

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production, with specific parts manufactured and assembled after being fired, as opposed to crafting a figure as one solid piece and subsequently firing it. In those times of tight imperial control, each workshop was required to inscribe its name on items produced to ensure quality control. This has

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who wear a pillbox hat; helmeted drivers of chariots with more armor protection; spear-carrying charioteers; kneeling crossbowmen or archers who are armored; standing archers who are not; as well as generals and other lower-ranking officers. There are, however, many variations in the uniforms within

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The terracotta figures are life-sized, typically ranging from 175 cm (5.74 ft) to about 200 cm (6.6 ft) (the officers are typically taller). They vary in height, uniform, and hairstyle in accordance with their portrayed rank. Their faces appear to be different for each individual

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Four main pits approximately 7 m (23 ft) deep have since been uncovered in the site excavations. These are located approximately 1.5 km (0.93 mi) east of the burial mound. The soldiers within were laid out as if to protect the tomb from the east, where the Qin Emperor's conquered

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When the First Emperor ascended the throne, the digging and preparation at Mount Li began. After he unified his empire, 700,000 men were sent there from all over his empire. They dug down deep to underground springs, pouring copper to place the outer casing of the coffin. Palaces and viewing towers

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lances, battle-axes, scimitars, shields, crossbows, and crossbow triggers. Most of the recovered items are arrowheads, which are usually found in bundles of 100 units. Studies of these arrowheads suggest that they were produced by self-sufficient, autonomous workshops using a process referred to as

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the pieces together. When completed, the terracotta figures were placed in the pits in precise military formation according to rank and duty. In 2021, morphological studies have shown that there is a strong resemblance between the statues and that of the local region's modern inhabitants, which has

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Others have argued that such speculations rest on flawed and old Eurocentric ideas that assumed other civilizations were incapable of sophisticated artistry and thus foreign artistry must be seen through Western traditions, with site archaeologist Zhang Weixing stating that "there is no substantial

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The only thing that closely matches the artistic style of the imperial Qin terracotta warriors is the head of a painted pottery figure unearthed in Uzbekistan (...) The way of assembling the head and body for this Kushan figure of a warrior (possibly Saka) was the same as that employed for the Qin

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Other pits that formed the necropolis have also been excavated. These pits lie within and outside the walls surrounding the tomb mound. They variously contain bronze carriages, terracotta figures of entertainers such as acrobats and strongmen, officials, stone armour suits, burial sites of horses,

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Stimulated by his discovery of the terracotta entertainers at the necropolis, which display a style of sculpture unprecedented in East Asia, as well as by the internal steplike architecture embedded within the emperor's tomb mound, Duan began to explore the influence of West Asian cultures on the

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in London as its special exhibition "The First Emperor: China's Terracotta Army" from 13 September 2007 to April 2008. This exhibition made 2008 the British Museum's most successful year and made the British Museum the United Kingdom's top cultural attraction between 2007 and 2008. The exhibition

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before burial that was believed to have protected them from any form of decay for the last 2200 years. However, research in 2019 indicated that the chromium was merely contamination from nearby lacquer, not a means of protecting the weapons. The slightly alkaline pH and small particle size of the

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A grave pit was discovered and excavated in 2003 with 121 skeletons retrieved which has been identified by scholars to be attributable to the site workers. The individuals have been assessed to be predominantly from the age range of 15 to 40 years old, with an average height of around 1.7 meters.

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The tomb appears to be a hermetically sealed space approximately 100 by 75 metres (328 ft × 246 ft). The tomb remains unopened, possibly due to concerns over preservation of its artifacts. For example, after the excavation of the Terracotta Army, the painted surface present on some

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Since the time of their discovery, the figures have been noted for their exceptional stylistic realism and individualism, with assessments having found that no two figures share the exact same features. The earliest note on this aspect was that of 20th century art historian German Hafner who, in

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In terms of formal characteristics and style of dress and adornment, the closest parallels to the Warring States-period Qin figurines are found in the Scythian culture. Wang Hui 王輝 has examined the exchanges between the cultures of the Yellow River valley and the Scythian culture of the steppe.

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More than thirty-five years ago , there was a European scholar (German Hafner, 1911–2008) who considered that the art of the terracotta army "originated from Western contact, originated from knowledge of Alexander the Great and the splendor of Greek art." Lukas Nickel of SOAS has put forward a

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Pit 1, which is 230 m (750 ft) long and 62 m (203 ft) wide, contains the main army of more than 3,000 figures. It is the largest of the four pits and has eleven parallel corridors, most more than 3 m (10 ft) wide and paved with small bricks with a wooden ceiling

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From the centuries immediately preceding the Qin Dynasty again we know of only a few depictions of the human figure (...) figures of people and animals were very rare exceptions to the conventional imagery of the Zhou period (...) Depictions of the human figure were not a common part of the

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Only very few figurines are known from before the time of the terracotta army, so that the humanistic and animalistic style may have appeared dramatically new to their contemporaries. In extant archaeology, only rare and very small terracotta warrior figurines are known from the end of the

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at the site. During the excavations near the Mount Li burial mound, archaeologists found several graves dating from the 18th and 19th centuries, where diggers had apparently struck terracotta fragments. These were discarded as worthless and used along with soil to backfill the excavations.

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the ranks: for example, some may wear shin pads while others not; they may wear either long or short trousers, some of which may be padded; and their body armors vary depending on rank, function, and position in formation. There are also terracotta horses placed among the warrior figures.

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Xiang Yu entered the gate, sent forth 300,000 men, but they could not finish carrying away his loot in 30 days. Thieves from northeast melted the coffin and took its copper. A shepherd looking for his lost sheep burned the place, the fire lasted 90 days and could not be

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Qin. He published some preliminary ideas on this topic in his 2011 monograph on the necropolis, but it was most fully explored in three articles published in successive issues of his university journal, Xibei daxue xuebao, in 2015 (translated here in their entirety).

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evidence at all" for any such linkage. Raoul McLaughlin, an independent researcher on Roman trade, stated that there is no Greek influence on the Terracotta Army and emphasized the differences in artisanship, construction material, and symbology. Darryl Wilkinson of

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Xiang burned the palaces and buildings. Later observers witnessed the excavated site. Afterward, a shepherd lost his sheep which went into the dug tunnel; the shepherd held a torch to look for his sheep, and accidentally set fire to the place and burned the

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was a favoured location due to its auspicious geology: "famed for its jade mines, its northern side was rich in gold, and its southern side rich in beautiful jade; the first emperor, covetous of its fine reputation, therefore chose to be buried there".

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The necropolis was constructed as a microcosm of the emperor's imperial palace or compound, and covers a large area around the tomb mound of the first emperor. The earthen tomb mound is located at the foot of Mount Li and built in a

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The swords contain an alloy of copper, tin, and other elements including nickel, magnesium, and cobalt. Some carry inscriptions that date their manufacture to between 245 and 228 BCE, indicating that they were used before burial.

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The warriors stand guard to the east of the tomb. Up to 5 m (16 ft) of reddish, sandy soil had accumulated over the site in the two millennia following its construction, but archaeologists found evidence of earlier

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Eleven of such figurines from Pit K9901 have since been subsequently unearthed with seven of them found in a degree of preservation that made them capable of being largely reconstructed from their fragment shards.

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link to these sculptures due to the unusual display of naturalism relative to general Qin era sculpture: "the art of the terracotta army originated from Western contact". This idea was also generally supported by

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In addition, there are the statuettes of two horse riders which came to light in a late fourth-century bc tomb in Taerpo 塔兒坡, Xianyang, Shaanxi, which are believed to be the earliest depiction of riders in

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were inspired by ancient Greek sculptures and art." She later also asserted ultimate Chinese authorship: "the terracotta warriors may be inspired by Western culture, but were uniquely made by the Chinese."

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and horses. Estimates from 2007 were that the three pits containing the Terracotta Army hold more than 8,000 soldiers, 130 chariots with 520 horses, and 150 cavalry horses, the majority of which remain

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The terracotta army figures were manufactured in workshops by government laborers and local craftsmen using local materials. Heads, arms, legs, and torsos were created separately and then assembled by

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figure, scholars have identified 10 base facial forms which were then further developed to give each figure individuality in terms of facial morphology. The figures are of these general types: armored

3197: 1173:, the crush was so intense that the gates to the museum had to be shut. The Terracotta Army has been described as the only other set of historic artifacts (along with the remnants of the wreck of the 1015:

The terracotta army left a legacy however, as funeral terracotta armies are known from later dynasties, although in a less stern and militaristic style, and with much smaller statuettes, such as the

4898: 880: 6226: 1635:始皇初即位，穿治酈山，及並天下，天下徒送詣七十餘萬人，穿三泉，下銅而致槨，宮觀百官奇器珍怪徙臧滿之。令匠作機駑矢，有所穿近者輒射之。以水銀為百川江河大海，機相灌輸，上具天文，下具地理。以人魚膏為燭，度不滅者久之。二世曰："先帝後宮非有子者，出焉不宜。" 皆令從死，死者甚眾。葬既已下，或言工匠為機，臧皆知之，臧重即泄。大事畢，已臧，閉中羨，下外羨門，盡閉工匠臧者，無複出者。樹草木以象山。 4715: 4152:

Liu, Z.; Mehta, A.; Tamura, N.; Pickard, D.; Rong, B.; Zhou, T.; Pianetta, P. (November 2007). "Influence of Taoism on the invention of the purple pigment used on the Qin terracotta warriors".

1012:-style clothing, and his high pointed nose suggests he is a foreigner, but these early statuettes have been argued to lack the naturalistic and realistic quality of the Qin terracota army. 4395: 515:, to investigate, revealing the largest pottery figurine group ever found. A museum complex has since been constructed over the area, the largest pit being enclosed by a roofed structure. 1183: 4313: 911:

Many studies have concentrated on analyzing these workers including craniometric as well as genetic studies, which were conducted to try to understand the workers' origins. According to

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The Terracotta Army is part of a much larger necropolis. Ground-penetrating radar and core sampling have measured the area to be approximately 98 square kilometers (38 square miles).

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and is thought to represent a military guard. Pit 3 is the command post, with high-ranking officers and a war chariot. Pit 4 is empty, perhaps left unfinished by its builders.

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from 3 April 2017, to 16 July 2017. An exhibition featuring ten Terracotta Army figures and other artifacts, "Terracotta Warriors of the First Emperor," was on display at the

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terracotta figures began to flake and fade. The lacquer covering the paint can curl in fifteen seconds once exposed to Xi'an's dry air and can flake off in just four minutes.

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Several Terracotta Army figures were on display, along with many other objects, in an exhibit entitled "Age of Empires: Chinese Art of the Qin and Han Dynasties" at The

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walls with gateway entrances. The necropolis consists of several offices, halls, stables, other structures as well as an imperial park placed around the tomb mound.

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Lu Yanchou; Zhang Jingzhao; Xie Jun; Wang Xueli (1988). "TL dating of pottery sherds and baked soil from the Xian Terracotta Army Site, Shaanxi Province, China".

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between 28 August 2010 and 20 January 2011. An exhibition entitled 'The First Emperor – China's Entombed Warriors', presenting 120 artifacts was hosted at the

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exhibition in 1972. It was reported that the 400,000 advance tickets sold out so fast that the museum extended its opening hours until midnight. According to

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led some scholars to theorize that the high level of stylistic realism stems from the figures being modelled on actual soldiers. The faces were created using

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in Peru, indicate that "the Greeks did not invent naturalism" and that "sculptural naturalism is not the product of any one culture's civilizational 'genius.

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at the Museum of Antiquities, and from 16 April 2010 to 5 September 2010 nine statues including officials, lancers and an archer were displayed at the

503:, his five brothers, and neighbour Wang Puzhi—who were digging a well approximately 1.5 km (0.93 mi) east of the Qin Emperor's tomb mound at 5545: 7326: 3232: 2366: 7341: 7311: 7286: 6549: 6544: 6203: 2001: 488:, a contender for the throne after the death of the first emperor. However, there are indications that the tomb itself may not have been plundered. 5007: 1262:

from 11 February 2011 to 26 June 2011. In Italy, from July 2008 to 16 November 2008, five of the warriors of the terracotta army were displayed in

4373: 2518: 945: 847:. Li Xiuzhen, senior site archaeologist, also acknowledged the possibility of Hellenistic influences, stating: "we now think the Terracotta Army, 5631: 4559: 4403: 3621: 2720: 411:. Other, non-military terracotta figures have since been found in other pits, including those of officials, acrobats, strongmen, and musicians. 127: 7321: 7301: 5683: 4799: 4305: 3768: 937: 164: 6539: 6324: 5706: 5510: 5196: 5175: 5152: 5131: 5108: 5080: 4615: 3936: 3654: 3275: 1497: 1211:

in Madrid between October 2004 and January 2005, their most successful ever. From December 2009 to May 2010, the exhibition was shown in the

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aided modern historians in verifying which workshops were commandeered to make tiles and other mundane items for the terracotta army.

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to collapse and crush the army figures below. The terracotta figures currently on display have been restored from the fragments.

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Bertrand, Loïc; Robinet, Laurianne; Thoury, Mathieu; Janssens, Koen; Cohen, Serge X.; Schöder, Sebastian (26 November 2011).

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between 9 May and 26 September 2004. It was their most successful exhibition ever. The same exhibition was presented at the

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terracotta warriors, in that they were fabricated separately, and then the head was inserted into the trunk of the figure.

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techniques to uncover more details about the production techniques employed in the creation of the Terracotta Army. Using

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Excavations in Pit K9901 have uncovered in 1999 a series of associated terracotta sculptures that have been dubbed "

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Martinón-Torres, Marcos; Li, Xiuzhen Janice; Bevan, Andrew; Xia, Yin; Zhao, Kun; Rehren, Thilo (20 October 2012).

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Hu, Yungang; Lan, Desheng; Wang, Jingyang; Hou, Miaole; Li, Songnian; Li, Xiuzhen; Zhu, Lei (21 March 2022).

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Originally, the figures were painted with ground precious stones, intensely fired bones (white), pigments of

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which were a series of contemporaneous statues that are now lost but have been noted in historical records.

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has instead argued that the Qin era display of sculptural naturalism, alongside that of the pre-Columbian

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An exhibition tour of 120 real-size replicas of Terracotta statues was displayed in the German cities of

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Later historical accounts have suggested that the mausoleum complex and tomb itself had been looted by

4563: 3617: 2514: 2392:"Making the Warrior: The Qin Terracotta Soldiers in *Age of Empires* - The Metropolitan Museum of Art" 1169:, many people had to be turned away, despite the extended hours. During the day of events to mark the 390:

The figures, dating from approximately the late 200s BCE, were discovered in 1974 by local farmers in

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Xiang Yu burned the Qin palaces, dug up the First Emperor's tomb, and expropriated his possessions.

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Marcos Martinón-Torres; Xiuzhen Janice Li; Andrew Bevan; Yin Xia; Zhao Kun; Thilo Rehren (2011).

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Qingbo, Duan, Director of the excavation team at the First Emperor's necropolis from 1998 to 2006

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A collection of 120 objects from the mausoleum and 12 terracotta warriors were displayed at the

1411: 1384: 7158: 7150: 7140: 7084: 6774: 6728: 6617: 6612: 6339: 6139: 5862: 5505: 5351: 5341: 5326: 5269: 5192: 5171: 5148: 5127: 5104: 5076: 4937: 4117: 4034: 3932: 3864: 3821: 3721: 3650: 3644: 3501: 3437: 3388: 3271: 3087: 3034: 2973: 2914: 2875: 2824: 2780: 2637: 2631: 2598: 2592: 2191: 1937: 1931: 1769: 1323: 1305: 1216: 988: 894: 861: 800: 293: 285: 4113:"Cultural heritage and archaeology materials studied by synchrotron spectroscopy and imaging" 3335: 2543: 696:

Figures with some of their natural coloring, and the pigments used on the Terracotta warriors

7213: 6856: 6794: 6723: 6693: 6683: 6585: 6464: 6365: 6235: 6047: 6037: 5850: 5830: 5723: 5321: 5316: 5306: 5002: 4263: 4181: 4126: 4026: 3968: 3856: 3813: 3711: 3703: 3566: 3491: 3427: 3378: 3374: 3263: 3190:"Why there's so much backlash to the theory that Greek art inspired China's Terracotta Army" 3077: 3024: 2965: 2906: 2867: 2814: 2772: 2282: 1900: 1759: 1531: 1438: 1331: 1304:, Pennsylvania, to be exhibited from 30 September 2017 to 4 March 2018 with the addition of 1170: 965: 583: 544: 391: 387:

buried with the emperor in 210–209 BCE with the purpose of protecting him in his afterlife.

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rare animals and labourers, as well as bronze cranes and ducks set in an underground park.

596: 7235: 7133: 6360: 6062: 5944: 5453: 4822: 4803: 2577: 2447:"The Mausoleum of the First Emperor of the Qin Dynasty and Terracotta Warriors and Horses" 1874: 1847: 1819: 1702: 1626: 1277:

Soldiers and related items were on display from 15 March 2013 to 17 November 2013, at the

726:(Chinese purple or Han purple), tree sap from a nearby source, (more than likely from the 623: 224: 5331: 4638:"World Famous Terracotta Army Arrives in Stockholm for Exhibition at Ostasiatiska Museum" 3383: 3358: 271: 5170:. The A.W. Mellon Lectures in the Fine Arts. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 4167: 3699: 809: 7221: 7187: 6825: 6789: 6748: 6559: 6017: 5769: 5616: 5388: 5383: 5356: 5212: 5120: 3716: 3683: 2954:"Reflections on China's First Collection of Terracotta Acrobats (an exhibition review)" 2856:"Reflections on China's First Collection of Terracotta Acrobats (an exhibition review)" 1429: 1420: 1155: 523: 1311:

An exhibition entitled "China's First Emperor and the Terracotta Warriors" was at the

884:

Construction of the terracotta statues: a modern diorama by the Mausoleum Site Museum.

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in Seattle, Washington, from 8 April 2017 to 4 September 2017 before traveling to

1246:

in Toronto. Subsequently, the exhibition traveled to Sweden and was hosted in the

5186: 5142: 5094: 5070: 4742:"Esercito di Terracotta: dalla Cina a Palazzo Reale di Milano – NanoPress Viaggi" 7166: 6519: 6098: 6022: 5992: 5984: 5963: 5910: 5840: 5675: 5188:

Encyclopedia of China: The Essential Reference to China, Its History and Culture

4081: 3475: 2715: 1878: 1743: 1402: 1174: 1160: 1016: 997: 912: 840: 835: 452: 3707: 3432: 3415: 1619: 7014: 6967: 6896: 6688: 6380: 6375: 6160: 6154: 5948: 5935: 5925: 5900: 5877: 5749: 5714: 5235: 4839:"'Terracotta Warriors' exhibit makes grand entrance at Pacific Science Center" 4267: 4185: 4130: 4030: 3860: 3817: 2776: 1058:

analysis showed that the process of producing terracotta figures colored with

844: 703: 666: 508: 500: 456: 455:, and the project eventually involved 700,000 conscripted workers. Geographer 372: 4941: 4038: 3868: 3825: 3505: 3441: 3392: 3091: 3038: 2977: 2969: 2918: 2879: 2871: 2828: 2784: 2048: 2035: 1773: 142: 129: 7024: 6977: 6947: 6921: 6861: 6664: 6411: 6276: 6164: 6103: 5797: 5764: 5753: 5743: 4014: 3844: 3801: 3267: 2760: 1812: 1695: 1343: 1316: 1204: 1165: 1148: 1096: 711: 442: 302: 5231:

OSGFilms Video Article : Terracotta Warriors at Discovery Times Square

4899:"Why the Terracotta Warriors are so special, and how to see them in Philly" 3725: 2910: 2085:"Archaeologist Who Uncovered China's 8,000-Man Terra Cotta Army Dies At 82" 1524:

International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation, Part D

818:

Terracotta Army General (Left), Mid-rank officer of the Terracotta Army in

6957: 6718: 6708: 6575: 6370: 6286: 6281: 6222: 5856: 5802: 5738: 5484: 5292: 3588:"Chinese terra cotta warriors had real, and very carefully made, weapons" 2484: 2287: 1222:

The exhibition traveled to North America and visited museums such as the

1069: 993: 960: 819: 734: 719: 707: 662: 504: 485: 466: 431:

Plan of the Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum and location of the Terracotta Army (

395: 323: 5030:"Tschüss Berlin! Terrakotta-Krieger des Kaisers von China ziehen weiter" 3972: 3931:(1. Aufl ed.). Zürich: Neue Zürcher Zeitung. p. cat. no. 314. 3496: 3479: 3082: 3065: 3029: 3012: 2926: 2894: 2819: 2802: 1764: 1747: 1653:"Chinese terra cotta warriors had real, and very carefully made weapons" 6962: 6876: 6866: 6253: 6243: 6212: 6108: 6042: 6027: 5959: 5845: 5792: 3769:"The First Emperor – China's Terracotta Army – Teacher's Resource Pack" 1474: 715: 4716:"Il Celeste Impero. Guerrieri di terracotta a Torino – Il Sole 24 ORE" 3136:"Western contact with China began long before Marco Polo, experts say" 6982: 6916: 6911: 6901: 6835: 6799: 6753: 6698: 6488: 4511: 1335: 1327: 1254:, between 2 December 2010 and 13 March 2011. An exhibition entitled " 1143:

The first exhibition of the figures outside of China was held at the

1105: 1073: 1066: 1063: 889: 459:, writing six centuries after the first emperor's death, recorded in 89: 4112: 4053: 3571: 3554: 3303:"China's Terracotta Army: Exploring the Tomb Complex and Values..." 6987: 6972: 6937: 6886: 6830: 6758: 6401: 5882: 5458: 1271: 1263: 1182: 1130: 1120: 944: 936: 922: 879: 646: 595: 582: 530: 522: 426: 418: 6181: 5261: 2145:"Discoveries May Rewrite History of China's Terra-Cotta Warriors" 1596:"Discoveries May Rewrite History of China's Terra-Cotta Warriors" 1199:

Warriors and other artifacts were exhibited to the public at the

7090: 6906: 6891: 6881: 6851: 6820: 5788: 4534:"Llegan a Chile los legendarios Guerreros de Terracota de China" 4421:"British Museum ponders 24-hour opening for terracotta warriors" 1077: 1009: 929: 605:

states lay, and were discovered 7 m below the excavation level.

600:

View of Pit 1, the largest excavation pit of the Terracotta Army

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The Terracotta Warriors: The Secret Codes of the Emperor's Army

2594:

The Terracotta Warriors: The Secret Codes of the Emperor's Army

5250: 5218:

Emperor Qinshihuang's Mausoleum Site Museum (official website)

5168:

Ten Thousand Things: Module and Mass Production in Chinese Art

4560:"Record-Breaking Terracotta Army Exhibition at Atlanta museum" 349: 6633: 5213:

UNESCO description of the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor

3118:"Dr Xiuzhen Li, School of Archaeology, University of Oxford" 2314:

Larmer, Brook (June 2012). "Terra-Cotta Warriors in Color".

1112:

in the early days of the automobile industry, was employed.

964:. Some weapons were coated with a 10–15 micrometer layer of 441:

The construction of the tomb was described by the historian

4366:"Terracotta army makes British Museum favourite attraction" 3170:"Why China's Terracotta Warriors Are Stirring Controversy" 1119:

have provided evidence for the earliest industrial use of

3188:

Hanink, Johanna; Silva, Felipe Rojas (18 November 2016).

3168:

Hanink, Johanna; Silva, Felipe Rojas (20 November 2016).

328: 314: 112: 4797:

Age of Empires: Chinese Art of the Qin and Han Dynasties

4690:"Empereur Guerrier De Chine Et Son Armee De Terre Cuite" 1256:

L'Empereur guerrier de Chine et son armée de terre cuite

1083:

Since 2006, an international team of researchers at the

4212:"Chemistry unearths the secrets of the Terracotta Army" 3357:

Hu, Yungang; Wang, Jingyang; Lan, Dexing (1 May 2021).

2636:. Inner Traditions Bear and Company. pp. 103–105. 2597:. Inner Traditions Bear and Company. pp. 105–112. 4930:"Arming China's Terracotta Warriors – With Your Phone" 4019:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

3849:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

3806:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

3363:

IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science

2765:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

2538: 2536: 499:

was discovered on 29 March 1974 by a group of farmers—

5126:. Durham East Asia series. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon. 4612:"China's Terracotta Army, Stockholm, Sweden, Reviews" 4451:"Is the British Museum the greatest museum on earth?" 4055:

Terracotta Warriors: The First Emperor and His Legacy

3682:

Martinón-Torres, Marcos; et al. (4 April 2019).

3256:"On the Ontological Significance of Naturalistic Art" 290: 276: 262: 3929:

Qin: the eternal emperor and his terracotta warriors

7001: 6930: 6844: 6813: 6767: 6671: 6568: 6527: 6389: 6348: 6295: 6262: 6234: 6117: 6084: 6061: 5983: 5891: 5820: 5713: 5655: 5609: 5493: 5477: 5397: 5376: 5299: 4415: 4413: 4396:"British Museum sees its most successful year ever" 1826:項羽入關，發之，以三十萬人，三十日運物不能窮。關東盜賊，銷槨取銅。牧人尋羊，燒之，火延九十日，不能滅。 437:). The central tomb itself has yet to be excavated. 343: 336: 322: 308: 301: 284: 270: 256: 249: 244: 232: 216: 202: 193: 119: 107: 95: 85: 75: 62: 44: 5119: 2745:. Lithograph Publishing Company. 1995. p. 76. 2685: 1159:brought the most visitors to the museum since the 587:The museum complex containing the excavation sites 5551:Northwest University of Political Science and Law 4664:"Terracotta warriors, Picassos heading to Sydney" 4482:"Los guerreros de Xian, en el Forum de Barcelona" 5561:Xi'an Institute of Post & Telecommunications 2386: 2384: 1565:"Decoding the Mausoleum of Emperor Qin Shihuang" 1046:facility in Berkeley, California, reported that 622:Pit 2 has cavalry and infantry units as well as 5531:Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology 3891:"From wooden attendants to terracotta warriors" 969:burial soil most likely preserved the weapons. 834:1986, was the first to speculate on a possible 6159:Migratory Bird Sanctuaries along the Coast of 5748:Migratory Bird Sanctuaries along the Coast of 4586:"ROM's terracotta warriors show a blockbuster" 1933:Conservation of Ancient Sites on the Silk Road 1885:"項籍焚其宮室營宇，往者咸見發掘，其後牧兒亡羊，羊入其鑿，牧者持火照球羊，失火燒其藏槨。" 1709:秦始皇大興厚葬，營建塚壙於驪戎之山，一名藍田，其陰多金，其陽多美玉，始皇貪其美名，因而葬焉。 1274:at the exhibition entitled "The Two Empires". 547:shape, and is surrounded by two solidly built 27:Collection of ancient Chinese military statues 6649: 6504: 6197: 6135:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties 5691: 5277: 3898:Bernisches Historisches Museum the Newsletter 1633: 1615: 1613: 1115:Grinding and polishing marks visible under a 222: 208: 8: 4336:"The First Emperor: China's Terracotta Army" 2711:"Terracotta army emerges in its true colors" 2485:"China unearths 114 new Terracotta Warriors" 1794:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 39: 5122:China: A Historical and Cultural Dictionary 4444: 4442: 4359: 4357: 4256:Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 2754: 2752: 2221: 2219: 2196:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1195:visiting the Terracotta Army in Xi'an, 1984 1180:) that can draw a crowd by the name alone. 1104:system similar to the one used in a modern 1076:alchemists in their attempts to synthesize 6656: 6642: 6634: 6511: 6497: 6489: 6204: 6190: 6182: 5698: 5684: 5676: 5652: 5556:Xi'an University of Science and Technology 5284: 5270: 5262: 5144:The First Emperor: China's Terracotta Army 4869:"Terracotta Warriors of the First Emperor" 4015:"The First Emperor and sculpture in China" 3845:"The First Emperor and sculpture in China" 3802:"The First Emperor and sculpture in China" 3163: 3161: 2761:"The First Emperor and sculpture in China" 2669: 2667: 2665: 2328: 2326: 1798:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 535:Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, Hall 1 241: 54: 38: 5566:Xi'an University of Finance and Economics 4175: 3715: 3570: 3495: 3431: 3382: 3334:. Upf.edu. 1 October 1979. Archived from 3081: 3028: 2818: 2517:. Travelchinaguide.com. 10 October 2009. 2286: 1763: 1319:from 9 February 2018 to 28 October 2018. 1072:was derived from the knowledge gained by 6550:Burning of books and burying of scholars 3649:. Foreign Languages Press. p. 102. 3586:Pinkowski, Jennifer (26 November 2012). 3555:"Making Weapons for the Terracotta Army" 3528:"Exquisite Weaponry of Terra Cotta Army" 3219:Bulla, Patrick Michelle (October 2019). 2334:"The Necropolis of First Emperor of Qin" 2210: 2070: 1683: 906:Mass grave pit of the Necropolis workers 5103:' series. London: Thames & Hudson. 3618:"Terracotta Warriors (Terracotta Army)" 2895:"Action and Image in Early Chinese Art" 2073:, pp. 155, 157, 158, 160–161, 166. 1514: 1353: 949:A suit of armor unearthed from the site 941:A bronze helmet unearthed from the site 171: 5546:Xi'an International Studies University 5069:Clements, Jonathan (18 January 2007). 4285:from the original on 22 September 2017 4205: 4203: 3462: 3200:from the original on 14 September 2020 2573: 2563: 2521:from the original on 28 September 2018 2471: 2427:from the original on 11 September 2021 2233:from the original on 30 September 2010 2189: 2170:73号 Qin Ling Bei Lu (1 January 1970). 1787: 1730: 1718: 1548: 292: 190: 7362:National first-grade museums of China 6545:Qin's campaign against the Yue tribes 6325:Northwestern Polytechnical University 5511:Northwestern Polytechnical University 5046:from the original on 5 September 2019 5010:from the original on 5 September 2019 4978:from the original on 21 December 2017 4670:from the original on 12 November 2012 4644:from the original on 22 November 2008 4062:from the original on 21 December 2023 3884: 3882: 3646:China's imperial tombs and mausoleums 2796: 2794: 2369:from the original on 10 November 2013 2275:"Terracotta Army saved from crack up" 1911:from the original on 15 December 2006 1575:from the original on 18 December 2019 1498:List of World Heritage Sites in China 94: 84: 74: 61: 7: 7067:Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius 6471: 5632:Xi'an Xianyang International Airport 5410:Daming Palace National Heritage Park 4722:from the original on 21 January 2015 4592:from the original on 10 January 2011 4316:from the original on 8 November 2020 4092:from the original on 27 October 2023 4088:. Video of 2018 conference at UCLA. 3990:from the original on 22 October 2023 3911:from the original on 22 October 2023 3624:from the original on 29 October 2019 3598:from the original on 19 October 2016 3312:from the original on 8 December 2022 3284:from the original on 19 October 2023 2992:from the original on 30 January 2023 2933:from the original on 30 January 2023 2723:from the original on 24 January 2020 2453:from the original on 7 December 2013 1981:from the original on 28 October 2019 1665:from the original on 19 October 2016 1559: 1557: 1242:Museum in Washington, D.C., and the 1108:factory, as opposed to a continuous 1052:energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy 986:in 4th-3rd century BCE, such as the 180:Location of Terracotta Army in China 7297:Archaeological discoveries in China 5601:Xi'an Institute of Arts and Science 5238:by Professor Anthony Barbieri, UCSB 4948:from the original on 3 October 2017 4427:from the original on 13 August 2016 4304:Jefferson, Dee (16 December 2018). 3176:from the original on 5 January 2020 2449:. China.org.cn. 12 September 2003. 2125:from the original on 21 August 2016 1971:"The Army that Conquered the World" 1969:Glancey, Jonathan (12 April 2017). 1936:. Getty Publications. p. 214. 1901:"Royal Chinese treasure discovered" 1594:WILLIAMS, A. R. (12 October 2016). 829:Speculations on possible influences 724:cinnabar barium copper silicate mix 423:The mound where the tomb is located 375:sculptures depicting the armies of 6540:Qin's campaign against the Xiongnu 6417:Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor 6310:Fourth Military Medical University 6094:Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor 5581:Xi'an Physical Education Institute 5415:Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor 5236:Tomb of the First Emperor of China 4837:Upchurch, Michael (7 April 2017). 4618:from the original on 29 March 2023 4510:. Futuropasado.com. Archived from 4488:from the original on 28 March 2018 4376:from the original on 31 March 2019 4364:Higgins, Charlotte (2 July 2008). 3663:from the original on 29 March 2023 3146:from the original on 16 March 2020 2650:from the original on 29 March 2023 2611:from the original on 29 March 2023 2552:from the original on 29 March 2023 2495:from the original on 29 March 2023 2336:. History.ucsb.edu. Archived from 1950:from the original on 29 March 2023 1145:National Gallery of Victoria (NGV) 1135:Terracotta Warriors exhibition in 570:Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor 40:Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor 32:Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor 25: 7307:Military and war museums in China 4968:"World Museum, Liverpool museums" 4928:Hurdle, Jon (29 September 2017). 4778:from the original on 22 June 2015 4748:from the original on 1 April 2019 4461:from the original on 16 June 2011 4449:Whitworth, Damian (9 July 2008). 4155:Journal of Archaeological Science 3534:from the original on 2 March 2020 3484:Journal of Chinese History 中國歷史學刊 3070:Journal of Chinese History 中國歷史學刊 3017:Journal of Chinese History 中國歷史學刊 2893:von Falkenhausen, Lothar (2008). 2295:from the original on 13 July 2017 2147:. 12 October 2016. Archived from 1752:Journal of Chinese History 中國歷史學刊 1248:Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities 1232:Houston Museum of Natural Science 1224:Asian Art Museum of San Francisco 1100:the researchers concluded that a 7251: 7250: 6555:Chen Sheng and Wu Guang uprising 6470: 6459: 6458: 5829:Ancient Building Complex in the 5811: 5366: 4849:from the original on 1 July 2017 4768:"Die Terrakotta-Krieger sind da" 4338:. British Museum. Archived from 4228:from the original on 17 May 2017 3889:Khayutina, Maria (Autumn 2013). 3774:. British Museum. Archived from 3235:from the original on 6 June 2023 2684:. pp. 74–87. Archived from 2630:Cotterell, Maurice (June 2004). 2591:Cotterell, Maurice (June 2004). 2178:from the original on 29 May 2014 2095:from the original on 21 May 2018 1930:Agnew, Neville (3 August 2010). 1482: 1473: 1464: 1455: 1446: 1437: 1428: 1419: 1410: 1401: 1392: 1383: 1374: 1365: 1356: 808: 799: 758: 749: 686: 677: 432: 236:Soldier and horse tomb-figurines 170: 163: 7342:AAAAA-rated tourist attractions 7312:Archaeological museums in China 7287:1974 archaeological discoveries 7093:, Easter Islands (1250–1500 CE) 5970:Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries 4536:. Latercera.com. Archived from 4480:DesarrolloWeb (19 April 2007). 2676:"Terra-Cotta Warriors in Color" 2002:"Emperor Qin's Terracotta Army" 853:bronze sculptures found on site 350: 329: 315: 7229:Genghis Khan Equestrian Statue 7142:Liberty Enlightening the World 5596:Shaanxi Institute of Education 5586:Xi'an Technological University 5536:Xi'an University of Technology 5226:article on the Terracotta Army 5164:"A Magic Army for the Emperor" 5006:(in German). 16 January 2004. 4423:. CBC News. 22 November 2007. 4058:. Asian Civilisations Museum. 4052:Chong, Alan (1 January 2011). 4013:Nickel, Lukas (October 2013). 3843:Nickel, Lukas (October 2013). 3800:Nickel, Lukas (October 2013). 3384:10.1088/1755-1315/783/1/012096 3332:"A Magic Army for the Emperor" 2759:Nickel, Lukas (October 2013). 1634: 1252:Art Gallery of New South Wales 1095:spectrometry of 40,000 bronze 448:Records of the Grand Historian 291: 277: 263: 223: 209: 30:For the historic complex, see 1: 7322:World Heritage Sites in China 7302:Infantry units and formations 6436:Forest of Stone Steles Museum 5707:World Heritage Sites in China 5242:Emperor's Ghost Army PBS Nova 4666:. ABC News. 14 October 2010. 4402:. 3 July 2008. Archived from 3952:Qingbo, Duan (January 2023). 3262:, Routledge, pp. 47–66, 2854:Chen, Yumin (November 2013). 2801:Qingbo, Duan (January 2023). 2115:"Army of Terracotta Warriors" 2083:Ingber, Sasha (20 May 2018). 7327:Tourist attractions in Xi'an 7038:Winged Victory of Samothrace 6315:Northwest A&F University 5846:Kaiping Diaolou and Villages 5571:Xi'an Polytechnic University 5249:Documentary produced by the 5147:. Harvard University Press. 5096:The Search for Ancient China 4692:. Mbam.qc.ca. Archived from 4220:. Vol. 51, no. 2. 4210:Rees, Simon (6 March 2014). 2709:lie, Ma (9 September 2010). 2362:A Magic Army for the Emperor 2030:The precise coordinates are 1536:10.1016/1359-0189(88)90077-5 1260:Montreal Museum of Fine Arts 1209:Fundación Canal de Isabel II 1117:scanning electron microscope 1085:UCL Institute of Archaeology 5729:Classical Gardens of Suzhou 5627:Xi'an North railway station 5576:Xi'an Conservatory of Music 5247:China's Terracotta Warriors 4972:www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk 2674:Larmer, Brook (June 2012). 2515:"Terracotta Accessory Pits" 1240:National Geographic Society 527:View of the Terracotta Army 7378: 5647:China National Highway 312 5642:China National Highway 211 5637:China National Highway 210 5591:Xi'an Academy of Fine Arts 5162:Ledderose, Lothar (2000). 5091:Debaine-Francfort, Corinne 5072:The First Emperor of China 4806:Metropolitan Museum of Art 4222:Royal Society of Chemistry 3961:Journal of Chinese History 3708:10.1038/s41598-019-40613-7 3433:10.1186/s40494-022-00662-0 3254:Wilkinson, Darryl (2022), 2807:Journal of Chinese History 2049:34.3849194°N 109.2731083°E 1841:Sima Qian – Shiji Volume 8 1620:Sima Qian – Shiji Volume 6 1286:Metropolitan Museum of Art 1230:in Santa Ana, California, 1050:experiments combined with 1020:Yangjiawan terracotta army 567: 47:UNESCO World Heritage Site 29: 7282:3rd-century BC sculptures 7246: 6608:Shuihudi Qin bamboo texts 6535:Qin's wars of unification 6454: 6335:Xi'an Jiaotong University 6330:Shaanxi Normal University 6220: 5916:Honghe Hani Rice Terraces 5873:Zuojiang Huashan Rock Art 5809: 5526:Shaanxi Normal University 5501:Xi'an Jiaotong University 5363: 5185:Perkins, Dorothy (2000). 4268:10.1007/s10816-012-9158-z 4186:10.1016/j.jas.2007.01.005 4131:10.1007/s00339-011-6686-4 4031:10.1017/S0041977X13000487 3927:Khayutina, Maria (2013). 3861:10.1017/S0041977X13000487 3818:10.1017/S0041977X13000487 3559:Archaeology International 2777:10.1017/S0041977X13000487 1279:Historical Museum of Bern 1213:Centro Cultural La Moneda 409:Qin Shi Huang's mausoleum 361: 240: 198: 158: 53: 5836:Historic Centre of Macau 5722:Archaeological Ruins of 5118:Dillon, Michael (1998). 4998:"Einmarsch der Chinesen" 3530:. Travelchinaguide.com. 3306:Smithsonian Learning Lab 3186:Originally published in 2970:10.1177/1470357213498175 2872:10.1177/1470357213498175 2545:The Terra Cotta Warriors 1813:Shui Jing Zhu Chapter 19 1696:Shui Jing Zhu Chapter 19 1056:micro-X-ray fluorescence 1024:Yangling terracotta army 218:Traditional Chinese 81:Cultural: i, iii, iv, vi 6714:Environmental sculpture 6679:Architectural sculpture 6402:Banpo Neolithic village 6028:Ancient City of Pingyao 5998:Chengde Mountain Resort 5541:Xi'an Shiyou University 5469:Tang West Market Museum 5444:Small Wild Goose Pagoda 5439:Giant Wild Goose Pagoda 5040:Deutsche Presse-Agentur 4588:. CBC. 6 January 2011. 3375:2021E&ES..783a2096H 3268:10.4324/9781003131038-3 3225:World History Connected 2743:Imperial Tombs of China 2054:34.3849194; 109.2731083 1873:8 December 2015 at the 1818:17 October 2012 at the 1701:17 October 2012 at the 1346:between 2003 and 2004. 1038:In 2007, scientists at 204:Simplified Chinese 71:, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China 6441:Shaanxi History Museum 6004:Putuo Zongcheng Temple 5901:Chengjiang Fossil Site 5855:Historic Monuments of 4873:Pacific Science Center 4217:Education in Chemistry 2911:10.3406/asie.2008.1272 2899:Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie 1625:5 October 2013 at the 1340:Palace of the Republic 1298:The Franklin Institute 1294:Pacific Science Center 1196: 1140: 1102:cellular manufacturing 950: 942: 934: 885: 665:; unarmored infantry; 652: 601: 588: 536: 528: 438: 424: 143:34.38500°N 109.27306°E 7332:Terracotta sculptures 7121:Kamagaya Great Buddha 6845:Traditional materials 6814:Elements in sculpture 5975:Three Parallel Rivers 5779:Cemetery of Confucius 5622:Xi'an railway station 5141:Portal, Jane (2007). 4821:12 April 2017 at the 4802:11 April 2017 at the 3740:"Terracotta Warriors" 3260:Ancient Art Revisited 3064:Qingbo, Duan (2022). 3011:Qingbo, Duan (2022). 2000:O. Louis Mazzatenta. 1186: 1151:, Australia in 1982. 1134: 1044:Advanced Light Source 1002:Warring States period 977:Precedents and legacy 948: 940: 926: 883: 650: 599: 586: 534: 526: 430: 422: 7206:The Motherland Calls 7055:(c. 200 BCE – 70 CE) 7052:Laocoön and His Sons 7041:(c. 2nd century BCE) 7009:Great Sphinx of Giza 6603:Twelve Metal Colossi 6320:Northwest University 6053:Beijing Central Axis 5867:Gaocheng Observatory 5662:Xi'an Xiguan Airport 5516:Northwest University 4774:. 22 February 2013. 4696:on 30 September 2011 3620:. China Tour Guide. 3052:similar proposition. 2958:Visual Communication 2952:Chen, Yumin (2013). 2860:Visual Communication 2288:10.1038/news031124-7 1661:. 26 November 2012. 1606:on 28 February 2021. 1244:Royal Ontario Museum 1089:analytical chemistry 728:Chinese lacquer tree 651:A terracotta general 643:Types and appearance 477:Twelve Metal Colossi 445:(145–90 BCE) in the 7198:Christ the Redeemer 7190:Shrine of Democracy 7144:, Statue of Liberty 6768:Styles of sculpture 6431:Drum Tower of Xi'an 6390:Visitor attractions 6305:Chang'an University 6171:Badain Jaran Desert 6167:of China (Phase II) 5940:Leshan Giant Buddha 5783:Kong Family Mansion 5521:Chang'an University 5256:Secrets of the Dead 5035:Berliner Morgenpost 4826:Wall Street Journal 4508:"Guerreros de Xian" 4406:on 11 October 2008. 4168:2007JArSc..34.1878L 3973:10.1017/jch.2022.25 3967:(1): 26 Fig.1, 27. 3781:on 15 December 2016 3747:National Geographic 3700:2019NatSR...9.5289M 3643:Zhewen Luo (1993). 3592:The Washington Post 3497:10.1017/jch.2022.25 3338:on 28 November 2011 3142:. 12 October 2016. 3083:10.1017/jch.2022.25 3030:10.1017/jch.2022.25 2820:10.1017/jch.2022.25 2690:on 10 December 2019 2681:National Geographic 2340:on 20 November 2011 2316:National Geographic 2227:"The First Emperor" 2045: / 2012:on 25 February 2017 2006:National Geographic 1907:. 20 October 2005. 1854:項羽燒秦宮室，掘始皇帝塚，私收其財物 1765:10.1017/jch.2022.25 1658:The Washington Post 1600:National Geographic 1040:Stanford University 1034:Scientific research 1004:). The rider wears 956:cellular production 845:Khalchayan statuary 497:The Terracotta Army 371:is a collection of 148:34.38500; 109.27306 139: / 41: 18:Terracotta Warriors 7174:Jules Verne's tomb 7073:Buddhas of Bamiyan 7031:Colossus of Rhodes 7015:Abu Simbel temples 7011:(c. 2558–2532 BCE) 7002:Notable sculptures 6672:Types of sculpture 6446:Qianling Mausoleum 6356:Biángbiáng noodles 6008:Xumi Fushou Temple 5906:Dazu Rock Carvings 5756:of China (Phase I) 5464:Qianling Mausoleum 4934:The New York Times 4540:on 21 October 2011 4224:. pp. 22–25. 3688:Scientific Reports 2359:Lothar Ledderose. 1846:6 May 2015 at the 1503:Qin bronze chariot 1236:High Museum of Art 1201:Forum de Barcelona 1197: 1141: 1093:X-ray fluorescence 1062:dye consisting of 1048:powder diffraction 1028:Buddhist sculpture 951: 943: 935: 886: 653: 602: 589: 537: 529: 439: 425: 383:. It is a form of 7269: 7268: 7159:The Golden Virgin 7151:The Gates of Hell 7085:Konark Sun Temple 7081:(c. 1194–1250 CE) 7079:Chartes Cathedral 6729:Kinetic sculpture 6631: 6630: 6618:The First Emperor 6613:Ten Crimes of Qin 6486: 6485: 6340:Xidian University 6179: 6178: 6140:South China Karst 6104:Xinjiang Tianshan 5863:Shaolin Monastery 5673: 5672: 5669: 5668: 5506:Xidian University 5198:978-0-8160-4374-3 5191:. Facts On File. 5177:978-0-691-00957-5 5154:978-0-674-02697-1 5133:978-0-7007-0439-2 5110:978-0-500-30095-4 5082:978-0-7509-3960-7 4909:on 2 October 2017 4342:on 11 August 2011 4162:(11): 1878–1883. 4118:Applied Physics A 3938:978-3-03823-838-6 3656:978-7-119-01619-1 3277:978-1-003-13103-8 3122:www.arch.ox.ac.uk 2396:www.metmuseum.org 1324:Frankfurt am Main 1306:augmented reality 1217:Santiago de Chile 989:Taerpo horserider 862:Dartmouth College 407:in the pits near 365: 364: 357: 356: 310:Yale Romanization 251:Standard Mandarin 189: 188: 16:(Redirected from 7369: 7337:Museums in Xi'an 7254: 7253: 7214:Fallen Astronaut 6931:Modern materials 6795:Modern sculpture 6724:Installation art 6658: 6651: 6644: 6635: 6513: 6506: 6499: 6490: 6474: 6473: 6462: 6461: 6206: 6199: 6192: 6183: 6118:Multiple regions 6048:Yungang Grottoes 6038:Temple of Heaven 6014: 5966: 5869: 5851:Longmen Grottoes 5831:Wudang Mountains 5815: 5700: 5693: 5686: 5677: 5653: 5370: 5286: 5279: 5272: 5263: 5202: 5181: 5158: 5137: 5125: 5114: 5086: 5056: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5042:. 25 July 2004. 5026: 5020: 5019: 5017: 5015: 5003:Der Tagesspiegel 4994: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4964: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4925: 4919: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4905:. 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Live Science. 3165: 3156: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3085: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3032: 3008: 3002: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2949: 2943: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2851: 2845: 2844: 2822: 2798: 2789: 2788: 2756: 2747: 2746: 2739: 2733: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2706: 2700: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2689: 2671: 2660: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2627: 2621: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2588: 2582: 2581: 2575: 2571: 2569: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2540: 2531: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2511: 2505: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2463: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2443: 2437: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2388: 2379: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2356: 2350: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2330: 2321: 2319: 2311: 2305: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2290: 2270: 2264: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2249: 2243: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2229:. 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Guiarte.com. 4479: 4478: 4474: 4464: 4462: 4448: 4447: 4440: 4430: 4428: 4419: 4418: 4411: 4394: 4393: 4389: 4379: 4377: 4363: 4362: 4355: 4345: 4343: 4334: 4333: 4329: 4319: 4317: 4303: 4302: 4298: 4288: 4286: 4282: 4251: 4246: 4245: 4241: 4231: 4229: 4209: 4208: 4201: 4177:10.1.1.381.8552 4151: 4150: 4146: 4110: 4109: 4105: 4095: 4093: 4080: 4079: 4075: 4065: 4063: 4051: 4050: 4046: 4012: 4011: 4007: 3993: 3991: 3987: 3956: 3951: 3950: 3946: 3939: 3926: 3914: 3912: 3908: 3893: 3888: 3887: 3880: 3842: 3841: 3837: 3799: 3798: 3794: 3784: 3782: 3778: 3771: 3767: 3766: 3762: 3752: 3750: 3742: 3738: 3737: 3733: 3681: 3680: 3676: 3666: 3664: 3657: 3642: 3641: 3637: 3627: 3625: 3616: 3615: 3611: 3601: 3599: 3585: 3584: 3580: 3572:10.5334/ai.1316 3552: 3551: 3547: 3537: 3535: 3526: 3525: 3521: 3474: 3473: 3469: 3461: 3457: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3356: 3355: 3351: 3341: 3339: 3330: 3329: 3325: 3315: 3313: 3301: 3300: 3296: 3287: 3285: 3278: 3253: 3252: 3248: 3238: 3236: 3218: 3217: 3213: 3203: 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2603: 2583: 2548:. p. 27. 2532: 2506: 2476: 2464: 2438: 2408: 2380: 2351: 2322: 2306: 2265: 2244: 2215: 2213:, p. 160. 2203: 2162: 2136: 2106: 2075: 2063: 2040:109°16′23.19″E 2023: 1992: 1961: 1943:978-1606060131 1942: 1922: 1892: 1883:Original text: 1860: 1852:Original text: 1833: 1824:Original text: 1805: 1735: 1733:, p. 202. 1723: 1711: 1707:Original text: 1688: 1686:, p. 158. 1676: 1644: 1631:Original text: 1609: 1586: 1553: 1551:, p. 167. 1541: 1513: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1506: 1505: 1500: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1488: 1481: 1479: 1472: 1470: 1463: 1461: 1454: 1452: 1445: 1443: 1436: 1434: 1427: 1425: 1418: 1416: 1409: 1407: 1400: 1398: 1391: 1389: 1382: 1380: 1373: 1371: 1364: 1362: 1355: 1351: 1348: 1156:British Museum 1128: 1125: 1060:Chinese purple 1035: 1032: 978: 975: 920: 917: 907: 904: 877: 874: 830: 827: 817: 816: 807: 806: 798: 797: 796: 795: 794: 767: 766: 757: 756: 748: 747: 746: 745: 744: 742: 739: 695: 694: 685: 684: 676: 675: 674: 673: 672: 657: 654: 644: 641: 639: 636: 619: 616: 610: 607: 593: 590: 580: 577: 568:Main article: 565: 562: 520: 517: 493: 490: 416: 413: 392:Lintong County 363: 362: 359: 358: 355: 354: 347: 341: 340: 334: 333: 326: 320: 319: 316:Bīng-máah yúng 312: 306: 305: 303:Yue: Cantonese 299: 298: 288: 282: 281: 274: 268: 267: 260: 254: 253: 247: 246: 245:Transcriptions 238: 237: 234: 230: 229: 220: 214: 213: 206: 200: 199: 196: 195: 187: 186: 179: 178: 169: 168: 162: 161: 160: 159: 156: 155: 123: 117: 116: 109: 105: 104: 97: 93: 92: 87: 83: 82: 79: 73: 72: 66: 60: 59: 51: 50: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7374: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7357:Qin Shi Huang 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7292:1974 in China 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7279: 7277: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7249: 7248: 7245: 7238: 7237: 7233: 7230: 7227: 7224: 7223: 7219: 7216: 7215: 7211: 7208: 7207: 7203: 7200: 7199: 7195: 7192: 7191: 7186: 7183: 7182: 7178: 7175: 7172: 7169: 7168: 7164: 7161: 7160: 7156: 7153: 7152: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7139: 7136: 7135: 7131: 7128: 7125: 7122: 7119: 7116: 7115: 7114:Veiled Christ 7111: 7108: 7107: 7103: 7100: 7099: 7095: 7092: 7089: 7086: 7083: 7080: 7077: 7074: 7071: 7068: 7065: 7063:(130–100 BCE) 7062: 7061: 7060:Venus de Milo 7057: 7054: 7053: 7049: 7047:(246–210 BCE) 7046: 7043: 7040: 7039: 7035: 7032: 7029: 7026: 7022: 7021:Elgin Marbles 7019: 7017:(c. 1264 BCE) 7016: 7013: 7010: 7007: 7006: 7004: 7000: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6935: 6933: 6929: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6849: 6847: 6843: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6818: 6816: 6812: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6772: 6770: 6766: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6704:Gas sculpture 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6676: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6659: 6654: 6652: 6647: 6645: 6640: 6639: 6636: 6624: 6623:Qin Shi Huang 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6598: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6586:Mr. He's jade 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6573: 6571: 6567: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6532: 6530: 6526: 6521: 6514: 6509: 6507: 6502: 6500: 6495: 6494: 6491: 6479: 6478: 6469: 6467: 6466: 6457: 6456: 6453: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6428: 6425: 6422: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6394: 6392: 6388: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6353: 6351: 6347: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6302: 6300: 6298: 6294: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6269: 6267: 6265: 6261: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6241: 6239: 6237: 6233: 6228: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6207: 6202: 6200: 6195: 6193: 6188: 6187: 6184: 6172: 6169: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6122: 6120: 6116: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6091: 6089: 6087: 6083: 6077: 6076:Mukden Palace 6074: 6072: 6071:Koguryo sites 6069: 6068: 6066: 6064: 6060: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6033:Summer Palace 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6013: 6012:Puning Temple 6009: 6005: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5990: 5988: 5986: 5982: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5965: 5961: 5955: 5954:Potala Palace 5952: 5950: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5890: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5868: 5864: 5858: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5828: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5822:South Central 5819: 5814: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5790: 5787: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5760:Mount Sanqing 5758: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5724:Liangzhu City 5721: 5720: 5718: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5701: 5696: 5694: 5689: 5687: 5682: 5681: 5678: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5654: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5608: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5492: 5486: 5483: 5482: 5480: 5476: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5402: 5400: 5396: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5381: 5379: 5375: 5369: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5304: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5287: 5282: 5280: 5275: 5273: 5268: 5267: 5264: 5258: 5257: 5252: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5210: 5206: 5200: 5194: 5190: 5189: 5183: 5179: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5160: 5156: 5150: 5146: 5145: 5139: 5135: 5129: 5124: 5123: 5116: 5112: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5097: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5078: 5074: 5073: 5067: 5066: 5062: 5045: 5041: 5038:(in German). 5037: 5036: 5031: 5025: 5022: 5009: 5005: 5004: 4999: 4993: 4990: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4963: 4960: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4924: 4921: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4894: 4891: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4864: 4861: 4848: 4844: 4843:Seattle Times 4840: 4833: 4830: 4827: 4824: 4820: 4817: 4812: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4798: 4793: 4790: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4763: 4760: 4747: 4743: 4737: 4734: 4721: 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2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2948: 2945: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2889: 2886: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2850: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2797: 2795: 2791: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2755: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2738: 2735: 2722: 2718: 2717: 2712: 2705: 2702: 2688: 2683: 2682: 2677: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2662: 2649: 2645: 2639: 2635: 2634: 2626: 2623: 2610: 2606: 2600: 2596: 2595: 2587: 2584: 2579: 2567: 2551: 2547: 2546: 2539: 2537: 2533: 2520: 2516: 2510: 2507: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2480: 2477: 2473: 2468: 2465: 2452: 2448: 2442: 2439: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2412: 2409: 2397: 2393: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2368: 2364: 2363: 2355: 2352: 2339: 2335: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2318:. p. 86. 2317: 2310: 2307: 2294: 2289: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2269: 2266: 2254: 2248: 2245: 2232: 2228: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2211:Clements 2007 2207: 2204: 2199: 2193: 2177: 2173: 2172:"Google maps" 2166: 2163: 2150: 2146: 2140: 2137: 2124: 2120: 2119:Lonely Planet 2116: 2110: 2107: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2079: 2076: 2072: 2071:Clements 2007 2067: 2064: 2058: 2027: 2024: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1996: 1993: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1965: 1962: 1949: 1945: 1939: 1935: 1934: 1926: 1923: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1896: 1893: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1869: 1864: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1842: 1837: 1834: 1831:extinguished. 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1814: 1809: 1806: 1801: 1797: 1791: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1739: 1736: 1732: 1727: 1724: 1721:, p. 17. 1720: 1715: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1697: 1692: 1689: 1685: 1684:Clements 2007 1680: 1677: 1664: 1660: 1659: 1654: 1648: 1645: 1640: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1621: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1590: 1587: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1545: 1542: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1518: 1515: 1508: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1495: 1491: 1485: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1467: 1462: 1458: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1440: 1435: 1431: 1426: 1422: 1417: 1413: 1408: 1404: 1399: 1395: 1390: 1386: 1381: 1377: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1290:New York City 1287: 1282: 1280: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1228:Bowers Museum 1225: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1194: 1190: 1189:Ronald Reagan 1185: 1181: 1179: 1178: 1172: 1168: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1150: 1146: 1138: 1137:San Francisco 1133: 1126: 1124: 1122: 1118: 1113: 1111: 1110:assembly line 1107: 1103: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1033: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1022:(195 BCE) or 1021: 1018: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1006:Central Asian 1003: 999: 995: 991: 990: 985: 976: 974: 970: 967: 963: 962: 957: 947: 939: 932: 931: 925: 918: 916: 914: 905: 903: 900: 899:assembly line 896: 891: 882: 875: 873: 867: 866:Moche culture 863: 857: 854: 850: 846: 842: 837: 828: 821: 811: 802: 793: 789: 787: 786: 775: 773: 761: 752: 740: 738: 736: 731: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 689: 680: 671: 668: 664: 655: 649: 642: 637: 635: 631: 627: 625: 617: 615: 608: 606: 598: 591: 585: 578: 576: 571: 563: 561: 558: 552: 550: 546: 540: 533: 525: 518: 516: 514: 510: 506: 502: 491: 489: 487: 482: 480: 478: 471: 468: 464: 463: 462:Shui Jing Zhu 458: 454: 450: 449: 444: 435: 429: 421: 414: 412: 410: 406: 401: 397: 393: 388: 386: 382: 378: 377:Qin Shi Huang 374: 370: 360: 348: 346: 342: 339: 335: 330:Bing-maa jung 327: 325: 321: 313: 311: 307: 304: 300: 294: 289: 287: 283: 275: 273: 269: 261: 259: 255: 252: 248: 243: 239: 235: 231: 226: 221: 219: 215: 207: 205: 201: 197: 192: 166: 157: 152: 124: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 91: 88: 80: 78: 70: 67: 65: 57: 52: 49: 43: 37: 33: 19: 7352:Funerary art 7347:Military art 7234: 7220: 7212: 7204: 7196: 7189: 7179: 7165: 7157: 7149: 7141: 7132: 7112: 7104: 7096: 7075:(507–554 CE) 7058: 7050: 7044: 7036: 7033:(c. 292 BCE) 6993:Found object 6785:Detonography 6597:The Acrobats 6595: 6590: 6581:Epang Palace 6475: 6463: 6420: 6397:Daqin Pagoda 6130:China Danxia 6093: 6086:Northwestern 5893:Southwestern 5734:Fujian tulou 5449:Stele Forest 5418: 5254: 5223: 5187: 5167: 5143: 5121: 5101:New Horizons 5095: 5071: 5063:Bibliography 5048:. 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