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capture when an invasion is commenced. The sooner the harbor can be captured, the sooner it can be used to bring in massive amounts of reinforcements and material. The trouble is to capture the harbor before the enemy can sabotage it by blocking the entrance with wreckage or by deploying mines throughout the harbor. Defending the harbor is a treacherous task because odds are that the enemy can observe your position from both the air and the sea. The harbor is on the periphery of the defense network of many nations, and even more so if the navy is either deployed or nonexistent. The best ways to defend the harbor are to have military airfields in close vicinity, to have naval units based in the harbor on a permanent basis, and to be ready to make the harbor unusable by the enemy if they should overcome your defenses.
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Middle East. However, oil will not always be there, and if those people are going to survive, they must have water. Several times, countries that are upriver have threatened to build dams across the rivers in order to cut off the country down river, starving that particular country of its water supply. This has been the case with both the Nile and the River Jordan, and the results in both cases have been the same: the countries that are down river have threatened retaliation if such an event should occur. As our global warming trend continues, our weather patterns will continue to shift, and that means that some places will fall into a severe drought. These people may become desperate when they do not have the resources to obtain water if such a disaster should occur.
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military presence influenced some leaders to aid the United States with cheap oil, but over time those forces began to be viewed as a threat to the Muslim world. The attacks of
September 11, 2001, have brought new hostilities to the region with the invasions of both Afghanistan and Iraq. Other hotspots around the globe centering on oil are the areas around Venezuela, the Caspian Sea region, and possibly the offshore oil deposits around Vietnam and China. In today's age, especially for people living in developed countries, it is hard to believe that there are other resources that can potentially cause a war.
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of Africa holds true in many cases. The term “conflict diamonds” is applied to those diamonds that are not sold through an internationally recognized company. They are “conflict diamonds” because warlords in Africa fight for these diamonds in order to sell them to acquire larger wealth and new weapons for continued fighting. The same is true for the gold fields in southern Africa. There are many warlords that would love to have control of the vast wealth of the mines in order to further fund their lucrative endeavors.
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exist in the desert. The jungle mountains have far more plant life, and are usually much more difficult to ascend. Helicopters have been proven as a very useful means of transportation over jungle and forested areas; Vietnam was, of course, the testing ground for this. Tanks and other vehicles have difficulty maneuvering through and around the densely packed trees, and most military aircraft fly too fast to accurately observe the ground through the trees.
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fuel source for keeping warm. As the forests shrink, neighboring countries will turn on each other for this resource in order to appease their populations. The forests of Latin
America and the Pacific Islands are the key hotspots for this resource; this is in part due to the already tense situations in and around those regions because of growing tensions over global oil supplies.
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265:, the terrain is more complex, filled with many structures and transformations of the land by the inhabitants, which restrict visibility from the air and create obstacles to ground units. Spaces may be narrow, and convoys may be restricted to certain routes between buildings, where they face roadside bombs and ambushes.
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combat there are soldiers that are specifically trained to fight under the conditions individual to the winter season. These conditions call for a drastically thicker and thus warmer uniform, and the weapons even need to be refitted with the proper devices to ensure that they will operate in the cold.
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In 2002's Die
Another Day, the term "conflict diamonds" is at the heart of the film's plot. In the film, the diamonds are the currency that is used to fund illegal weapons deals, and are used to fund the construction of the Icarus space weapon. The portrayal of the use of the diamonds that come out
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Water is not the only resource on this planet that is found to be a necessity. The forests are as well. These densely wooded regions of the world are constantly shrinking, and as the oil runs out, people will need to keep warm in the winter. Odds are that they will return to using wood as a primary
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The conditions of these regions are basically the opposite of those found in desert regions. There are thousands of flora and fauna, and there is always moisture present which presents its own difficulties. The moisture speeds up the rotting processes as well as causing wounds to become infected much
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to physical locations’ influences on military operations and the cultural and economic impacts of a military presence. On a tactical level, a military geographer might put together the terrain and the drainage system below the surface, so a unit is not at a disadvantage if the enemy uses the drainage
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This type of warfare is not based on a geographical design, but is based on the drastic differences in this particular climate. During war it is much harder to remain warm than it is to remain cool. Even
Forested areas can, and many do, experience winter weather conditions. For this specific type of
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Beaches have always been a favourable place for landings. Beaches with naturally shallow inclines are often used for deploying troops and armoured vehicles. Often, however, they can be blocked by mines and other anti-tank defences. This makes them a high risk place to land but, if there is no prior
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Mud is a universal menace to all armies. While it does not hamper the use of air power, it slows and sometimes stops ground movements all together. The most common season for mud across the globe is spring. After the thawing of winter's snow and the addition of the rains that the season brings, the
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The most precious and most needed resource of all is water, and in some parts of the world, that is a very expensive resource to obtain. The most obvious areas that conflict may arise over disputes for water supplies would be in the desert, but at the moment oil is the most valuable liquid in the
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The densely packed trees and underbrush provide concealment from the air as well as from the ground. Ambushes can be easily conducted in this environment just like they can in an urban environment. The jungle can also contain mountains, but these mountains are organized differently from those that
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In the concerns of a seaport, especially if it is a goal to either capture or defend it, there are more difficulties than in defending a city that is in land. With a harbor there is also the threat from the sea in addition to the land and the air. A harbor is always a key objective for an army to
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The revival of geography and military geography as a sub-discipline is a remarkable trend since 2000 with a number of key geopolitical, international relations, historical geography and geographical approaches being developed. The
American Association of Geographers and Institute of Australian
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No two mountains are alike, but there is less oxygen at higher altitude. Fighting up a mountain can be very treacherous. There can be avalanches, rockslides, cliffs, and ambushes from higher up the slopes, and there are almost guaranteed to be caves somewhere in the mountain, as in
Afghanistan.
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The Middle East contains numerous valuable resources that major nations may compete over when supplies begin to fall around the world. The first Gulf War was an example of the United States’ willingness to go to war to protect its access to the rich oilfields of the
Persian Gulf. The strong
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Units must work with or work around local people, some of whom may cooperate and others of whom may oppose, while others are neutral or caught between the two factions. Guerilla fighters may count on an enemy's unwillingness to bomb or fire on heavily populated areas.
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pattern that is very effective in the desert environment, and the boots have been changed from the standard polished black boots to light brown colored suede leather boots. These boots are cooler under the intense heat of the desert sun.
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If a general desired to be a successful actor in the great drama of war, his first duty is to study carefully the theater of operations so that he may see clearly the relative advantages and disadvantages it presents for himself and his
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The same rules apply to this category as to the preceding one with the exception of the mines. Here there is almost no need for anti-vehicle mines, and so, the defenses could be planned without much concern for an armored attack.
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ground becomes very soft, and almost any military vehicle can get bogged down if it is not properly equipped. The mud is not always dependent on the spring. Rather, in some parts of the world, it is determined by the monsoons.
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in 1938 shows how a colonial empire approach to military geography could describe the geographical setting of empire, the responsibilities and the resources that could be mobilised for national or imperial needs.
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Holloway, J., Thomas, M.D. and
Durrant, C. "Strategic Military Geography: Climate Change Adaptation and the Military." Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. 493-514.
187:, for example, is adding and multiplying the complexity of military strategy, planning and training. Emerging responsibilities for the military to be involved in: protection of civilian populations (
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and in certain areas around Israel. Due to the ongoing conflicts in the Middle East, the U.S. military has redesigned the uniforms for the different branches of service. All of the uniforms have a
183:. On a strategic level, an emerging field of strategic and military geography seeks to understand the changing human and biophysical environments that alter the security and military domains.
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Rech, M., Bos, D., Jenkings, K. N., Williams, A., & Woodward, R. Geography, military geography, and critical military studies. Critical
Military Studies, 1(1), (2015): 47–60.
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191:), women and ethnic groups; provision of humanitarian aid and disaster response (HADR); new technology and domains of training and operations, such as in
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Terrain is usually fairly flat, though in some regions there are vast, rolling sand dunes. The desert environment can also contain mountains; as in
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can hamper an army's attempts to remain hydrated, sapping moisture from skin; sand also jams machinery including the firing mechanisms of firearms.
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easier because of all of the bacteria that live in the water. With proper filtration systems an army should have no problem keeping hydrated.
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Cole, D. H. (1933). Imperial military geography: general characteristics of the empire in relation to defence. Sifton Praed & CoY London.
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in particular “military geo-urbanistics.” In the open country, units only deal with terrain, weather, and the enemy. In
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Bayles, William J. "Terrain
Intelligence and Battlefield Success: a Historical Perspective." Engineer 23 (1993): 50–53.
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Imperial Military Geography: The Geographical Background of the Defense Problems of the British Commonwealth
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Baron De Jomini, Antoine Henri, The Art of War, Plain Label Books, (from original French) 1862 translation
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that states a Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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Several types of terrain and associated climate are prevalent, each affecting combatants differently.
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sphere through the military lens. To accomplish these ends, military geographers consider topics from
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Geographers have interest groups that continue to develop the sub-discipline of military geography.
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The revenge of geography: what the map tells us about coming conflicts and the battle against fate.
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Zakharenko, I. A. "Military Geography: Past and Present." Military Thought 10 (2001): 32–37.
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Olesik, Nikolai S. "Military Geography and Urbanistics." Military Thought 15 (2006): 81–91.
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outlined a new Australian approach and included chapters on themes and specific regions.
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that is used by the military, as well as academics and politicians, to understand the
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Battlefields of the World, Western and Southern Fronts: A Study in Military Geography
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Klare, Michael T. "The New Geography of Conflict." Foreign Affairs 80 (2001): 49–61.
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warning, a beach-landing can be a very effective route into enemy territory.
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672:. Military Geography Committee, Association of American Geographers (1962).
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Dibb, Paul. "STRATEGIC TRENDS." Naval War College Review 54 (2001): 22–39.
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Kirby, Robert F. "Why Study Military Geography?" Engineer 20 (1990): 1–2.
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Russian colonel N. S. Olesik terms the field of analyzing the complex
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more generally have all evolved and entwined over hundreds of years.
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Rosenburgh, Bob. "Training for Warfare." Soldiers 62 (2007): 34–36.
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Military geography has a long and practical history. For example,
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Reconstructing Conflict: Integrating War and Post-War Geographies
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The Geography of War and Peace: From Death Camps to Diplomats
600:. Harrisburg, PA: Military Service Publishing Company (1940).
590:. Washington, D.C.: National Defense University Press (1998).
542:
Australian Contributions to Strategic and Military Geography
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Out of the mountains: The coming age of the urban guerrilla.
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Australian Contributions to Strategic and Military Geography
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personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
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Counterintelligence and counter-terrorism organizations
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World War II Pacific Island Guide: A Geo-Military Study
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Pearson, S. Holloway J.L. & Thackway, R. (2018)
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Military Geography for Professionals and the Public
651:. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press (1899)
295:areas across the globe, sand is a main concern.
656:The Geography of War in the Post Cold War World
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610:Galgano, Francis, and Eugene J. Palka (eds.).
373:Ocean fronts (harbors, beaches and sea cliffs)
195:, make military geography a dynamic frontier.
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213:History and Development of Military Geography
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598:World in Arms: A Study in Military Geography
661:Palka, Eugene J., and Francis Galgano, Jr.
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628:. Oxford: Oxford University Press (1921).
607:. Oxford: Oxford University Press (2005).
135:Learn how and when to remove this message
77:Learn how and when to remove this message
40:This article includes a list of general
1468:Scientific & Technical intelligence
634:Kirsch, Scott, and Colin Flint (eds.).
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658:. Lewiston: Edwin Mellen Press (2001).
683:. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand (1966).
663:Military Geography: From Peace to War
7:
1290:By alliances, nations and industries
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696:. Westport: Greenwood Press (2002).
709:The United States Air War College
670:Bibliography of Military Geography
619:Topography and Strategy in the War
46:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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638:. Burlington, VT: Ashgate (2011).
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1438:Words of estimative probability
1300:Operational platforms by nation
703:. Malden, MA: Blackwell (2004).
291:In an arid climate, as in many
649:Outlines of Military Geography
232:geographic information systems
1:
665:. Boston: McGraw-Hill (2005).
405:Resources; future flashpoints
486:10.1007/978-3-642-38670-1_24
1486:Intelligence cycle security
945:Non-representational theory
614:. London: Routledge (2010).
219:Imperial Military Geography
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714:Powerpoint of Flashpoints
675:Peltier, Louis C., and G.
583:. London: S. Praed (1950).
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624:Johnson, Douglas Wilson.
617:Johnson, Douglas Wilson.
612:Modern Military Geography
437:Loss of Strength Gradient
315:Jungle and forest warfare
224:Environmental determinism
189:Responsibility to protect
621:. NY: Henry Holt (1917).
531:Oxford University Press.
1453:Intelligence assessment
1443:All-source intelligence
1063:Intelligence management
654:O'Sullivan, Patrick M.
61:more precise citations.
1137:Operational techniques
1092:Special reconnaissance
527:Kilcullen, D. (2015).
514:Kaplan, R. D. (2012).
447:Natural lines of drift
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115:by rewriting it in an
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1458:Medical intelligence
1428:Competing hypotheses
1238:Industrial espionage
1223:Denial and deception
701:Military Geographies
692:Rottman, Gordon. L.
647:Maguire, T. Miller.
18:Terrain intelligence
1534:Political geography
1491:Counterintelligence
1406:Technical (TECHINT)
1401:Open-source (OSINT)
1391:Geospatial (GEOINT)
1365:Casualty estimation
972:Sexuality and space
1524:Military geography
1463:Military geography
1448:Basic intelligence
1386:Financial (FININT)
1327:signature (MASINT)
1253:One-way voice link
1189:Concealment device
955:Post-structuralism
699:Woodward, Rachel.
681:Military Geography
668:Peltier, Louis C.
596:Dupuy, R. Ernest.
308:digital camouflage
228:regional geography
179:it, especially in
162:is a sub-field of
160:Military geography
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117:encyclopedic style
104:is written like a
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586:Collins, John M.
259:urban environment
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1340:Geophysical
1122:Cell system
1109:Clandestine
786:Development
579:Cole, D.H.
442:Geostrategy
304:Afghanistan
253:Urbanistics
172:geopolitics
59:introducing
1518:Categories
1369:earthquake
1233:False flag
1071:Collection
901:Approaches
851:Settlement
841:Population
811:Historical
771:Behavioral
759:Sub-fields
468:References
396:Sea cliffs
338:See also:
175:system to
42:references
1360:Materials
1214:Defection
1209:Dead drop
1182:black bag
1147:Espionage
938:Semiotics
928:Modernism
878:Strategic
861:Transport
836:Political
826:Marketing
796:Emotional
776:Cognitive
544:Springer.
245:In 2018,
236:geography
164:geography
67:June 2014
1420:Analysis
1218:Turncoat
1165:handling
996:Category
918:Feminist
908:Critical
856:Regional
846:Religion
831:Military
821:Language
816:Internet
791:Economic
781:Cultural
426:See also
200:enemies.
125:May 2015
1367: (
1345:Nuclear
1315:TEMPEST
1020:Commons
923:Marxist
883:Tourism
552:Sources
387:Beaches
378:Harbors
111:Please
55:improve
1204:Cutout
1155:Agents
1008:Portal
873:Social
806:Health
561:
293:desert
177:ambush
44:, but
1379:Other
1350:Radar
1194:Cover
1172:Asset
1160:field
866:Urban
153:Egypt
977:Time
801:Food
559:ISBN
297:Sand
234:and
482:doi
364:Mud
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