112:
demand its own state". John
Etherington agrees, stating: "Underlying all nationalist claims over territory is the proposition that nation and territory ultimately belong to each other, to the extent that the characteristic features of each cannot be understood without making reference to the other". He observes how, because all nationalist movements necessarily make territorial claims in a world marked by competing claims over territory, this becomes an essential part of their self-justification.
168:
226:, Cathal McCall observes how these configurations constituted a "functional transterritorial model of governance for Northern Ireland based on the principles of interdependence, inclusion and consent" as opposed to the previous "exclusivist territorial political pillars of modern Irish nationalism and Ulster unionism". That is, the exclusivist assumptions of territorial integrity, embodied in
96:, but even this did not necessarily reflect any absolute right to particular territory. Even after Westphalia, territorial exchange remained common between states. In turn, these states were culturally diverse and politically disorganized, and people were not collectively identified by state borders.
49:"to develop self-government, to take due account of the political aspirations of the peoples, and to assist them in the progressive development of their free political institutions, according to the particular circumstances of each territory and its peoples and their varying stages of advancement."
111:
and that the territorial integrity of a nation should be respected. Guntram Herb argues national identity is "dependent on territory because only territory provides tangible evidence of the nation's existence and its historical roots, and a nation needs a clearly demarcated national territory to
127:
codified territorial integrity as a key principle of international law. However, the political conditions for maintaining the territorial status quo after the war were not always maintained and various post-war settlements involved exchanges of territory irrespective of local populations.
187:, the world's nations agreed on a "Responsibility to Protect", allowing a right for humanitarian intervention. It has been argued that this could create a flexible application of concepts of sovereignty and territorial integrity, easing the strict adherence and taking into account the
80:
over territorial spaces was non-linear, often overlapping and shifting. According to Mark Zacher, "precisely surveyed national borders only came into clear view in the eighteenth century". Guntram Herb dates the emergence of clearly defined political territories to the 15th century.
212:
614:
163:
The recent (post-World War II) strict application of territorial integrity has given rise to a number of problems and, when faced with reality "on the ground", can be seen as too artificial a construct.
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140:
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affirmed states’ obligation not to use force to alter state boundaries. Enforcement difficulties in the 21st century have led to controversy on possible re-emergence of the
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However, this responsibility to protect refers only to the ability of external powers to override sovereignty and does not explicitly involve the changing of borders.
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in the 18th and 19th centuries began to alter people's perception of the states in which they resided. Nationalism promoted the belief that territory belonged to a
687:
346:
Mazarr, Michael J. "Virtual
Territorial Integrity: The Next International Norm." Survival August-September 2020: Crisis and response. Routledge, 2023. 101-118.
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27:
313:
Corten, Olivier (2011). "Territorial
Integrity Narrowly Interpreted: Reasserting the Classical Inter-State Paradigm of International Law".
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claims that territorial integrity is not violated as far as international law is concerned by declarations of independence in themselves.
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124:
263:
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regarding the responsibility to protect populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity".
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where sovereign states have a right to defend their borders and all territory in them from another state. It is enshrined in
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and has been recognized as customary international law. Under this principle, forcible imposition of a border change is an
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Sebastian Anstis and Mark Zacher (June 2010). "The
Normative Bases of the Global Territorial Order."
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Principle under international law that prohibits states from the use of force to annex territory
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In the post-World War years, there has been tension between this principle and the concept of
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in 1648 is commonly considered to have established territorial integrity as a cornerstone of
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143:), territorial integrity became a well-established part of international resolutions. The
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International Court of
Justice advisory opinion on Kosovo's declaration of independence
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on April 28, 2006, "Reaffirm the provisions of paragraphs 138 and 139 of the 2005
654:"The Re-Emergence of Conquest: International Law and the Legitimate Use of Force"
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were blurred by the
Agreement's implementation of cross-border decision-making.
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359:"The Territorial Integrity Norm: International Boundaries and the Use of Force"
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status of the territory and other factors present on a case by case basis. The
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76:, there was not a clearly defined system of international boundaries. Rather,
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759:"The Production of Space and the Realignment of Identity in Northern Ireland"
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Boundaries-in-the-making (Part 1): Critical perspectives on national borders
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451:. United Kingdom: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 10.
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Herb, Guntram H. (1999). Kaplan, David H.; Herb, G. Henrik (eds.).
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ushered in a new era of international cooperation. The League's
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United
Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine
52:
Some of the strongest safeguards of territorial integrity are
549:"Nationalism, Exclusion and Violence: A Territorial Approach"
510:"Nationalism, Exclusion and Violence: A Territorial Approach"
615:"The Challenges to International Law in the 21st Century"
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Nested
Identities: Nationalism, Territory, and Scale
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Writing on the cross-border institutions created in
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Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
137:Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe
195:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1674
400:"The rise of linear borders in world politics"
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404:European Journal of International Relations
135:(UN) and, later, such organizations as the
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695:paper presented on 4 June 2005 to the
619:Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting
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682:Stuart Elden (University Of Durham)
553:Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism
514:Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism
274:Turkish occupation of northern Syria
697:Association of American Geographers
315:Leiden Journal of International Law
565:10.1111/j.1754-9469.2007.tb00160.x
526:10.1111/j.1754-9469.2007.tb00160.x
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613:Jeria, Michelle Bachelet (2016).
264:1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus
199:United Nations Security Council
763:Regional & Federal Studies
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321:: 88 – via Hein Online.
203:World Summit Outcome Document
92:, embodied in the concept of
58:Charter of the United Nations
279:Israeli-occupied territories
119:, the establishment of the
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811:International Organization
670:10.1007/s10991-020-09250-3
652:Mulligan, Michael (2020).
547:Etherington, John (2007).
508:Etherington, John (2007).
366:International Organization
131:With the formation of the
45:under Article 73.b of the
631:10.1017/S0272503700102435
398:Goettlich, Kerry (2019).
378:10.1162/00208180151140568
43:humanitarian intervention
801:Diplomacy and Statecraft
416:10.1177/1354066118760991
357:Zacher, Mark W. (2001).
757:McCall, Cathal (2001).
333:"UN Charter Chapter XI"
173:Abkhazia, South Ossetia
94:Westphalian sovereignty
22:is the principle under
734:Resolution 1674 (2006)
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171:Military situation of
47:United Nations Charter
224:Good Friday Agreement
179:between 2008 and 2020
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20:Territorial integrity
658:Liverpool Law Review
706:2005 Annual Meeting
269:Russo-Ukrainian War
249:Crime of aggression
159:In a changing world
86:Peace of Westphalia
739:2009-02-23 at the
721:2005-09-10 at the
702:2007-02-06 at the
690:2006-08-23 at the
259:Self-determination
181:
145:UN Charter of 1945
105:self-determination
62:nuclear deterrence
830:International law
775:10.1080/714004696
294:Indigenous rights
228:Irish nationalism
197:, adopted by the
185:2005 World Summit
153:international law
149:right of conquest
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99:The emergence of
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780:25 February
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570:20 February
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383:28 December
117:World War I
101:nationalism
90:sovereignty
54:rule of law
816:: 215–250.
806:: 306–323.
300:References
115:Following
74:modern era
32:UN Charter
639:0272-5037
498:Herb, p.9
254:Secession
78:authority
824:Category
786:, pp.2-3
737:Archived
719:Archived
700:Archived
688:Archived
625:: 3–11.
238:See also
190:de facto
125:Covenant
56:such as
747:website
743:on the
183:At the
68:History
30:of the
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109:nation
362:(PDF)
139:(now
782:2024
635:ISSN
576:p.25
572:2024
537:p.25
533:2024
453:ISBN
385:2023
230:and
211:The
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