206:
themselves as active institutions in the development and creation of climate policy. This goes against neoliberal reforms and the favoured market-led environmental regulations which endorse the expansion of the market economy in providing ways to regulate environmental problems. The boundaries of nature and ecosystems are unclear and hard to map. This can be further extended to the characteristics of the atmospheric carbon cycle which is also hard to impose and enforce boundaries on. Understanding and gaining a sense of space and boundary is essential in the territorialisation of carbon. Only then is it possible to govern carbon and the flows of inputs and outputs within a country or state. Although the physical greenhouse gas molecules are part of the shared global atmosphere, sections of them have been assigned to
Seattle's jurisdiction. This is achieved through the territorialisation of carbon whereby the greenhouse gases are spatially referenced to transportation, energy production and consumption and other greenhouse gas activities that occur within the city of Seattle.
218:
state and nature (Rice, 2010). It is through carbon that climate and climate change can be made relevant and connected to practices within a specific geographical area, such as a state. This territorial âcarbon breakdownâ or territorialisation of carbon governance is what provides states with the political power to address climate issues within their jurisdiction. This is an example of how
Seattle has been able use climate as a âconceptual resourceâ in order to make urban climate more governable. Through territorialising carbon governance in Seattle many initiatives and regulations have been introduced to reduce the greenhouse gas emission levels. The point at which Seattle established itself as its own âcarbon territoryâ an array of strategies have been developed and put into practice. The strategies have been implemented and demonstrate success in reducing the effects of climate change.
210:
chemical make up of greenhouse gas emissions make them invisible to the human eye and hard to actively measure and observe. The city of
Seattle has overcome this problem through creating new strategies which can enable the inclusion of these gases into their jurisdictional territory. Instead of defining these gases as âinsideâ or âoutsideâ the territory, which would not be feasible, the gases are accounted for by specific places and activities that operate and fall within the geographical space of Seattle.
170:(NGOs), cities and regional and local authorities. These range of actors and sites involved in environmental governance demonstrate a growing diversity. A states traditional sovereign decision-making authority has become shared, in recent years, with such actors giving rise to new methods and strategies. ToCG is an example of one of these methods in place to address and tackle issues in environmental governance.
3283:
2269:
2257:
127:
taking responsibility for the accumulation of greenhouse gases within their area. This contradicts the global âcommonsâ theory whereby individuals are unable to take on global issues. The territorialisation of carbon governance uses scale and space in order to establish carbon territories. These can be used to establish and identify connections between carbon emissions and a geographical area.
242:
3295:
2293:
2281:
136:
encompasses ideas of scale and space. Methods by which environmental issues are addressed operate at a number of different levels. These include local, regional, national and international. The scale at which territorialisation of carbon governance operates is local. The idea of âspaceâ can be used to link nature with a state in order to designate âcarbon territoriesâ.
209:
Through attributing sections of the carbon cycle to specific carbon emitting activities enables a state to become responsible for the individual flows of carbon within their geographical area. This can allow the governance of carbon and the environment to be better executed in specific locations. The
58:- Local Governments for Sustainability is an international association of local governments which brings together 1200 cities, towns and the associated 70 countries in their commitment to sustainable development. Further responses that seek to address these issues, include international body the IPCC
173:
Furthermore, many environmental issues are considered as problems which go beyond the capacities of individual state institutions. This has led to government programs demanding investigations into the relationship between state territories and material natures. Territorialisation of carbon can allow
157:
In recent decades a notable shift in government has been observedd. The shift from government to governance is a new concept whereby conventional direct governmental action has been replaced by a more complex system. This newer complex system includes policy making and implementation by a new set of
143:
Territoriality can be understood as a form of behavior that âbinds, refines and controls space for some social endâ. Within this, 'rule over space' can be defined as a particularly important form of contemporary political authority. It seeks to govern issues related to climate change. In this regard
191:
Policy making and environmental regulation has shown specific cases of progress and success through the territorialisation of carbon governance. This is made possible when direct causes and consequences of global climate change have been connected to a specific geographical space. The United States
177:
Sub-national state spaces are examples of bodies which fall below the level of state. These bodies can be effective in tackling climate change and reducing the effects of global warming. Cities are an example of a sub-national space and can demonstrate specific strategies which can help address and
165:
This new method gave rise to more appropriate and effective conditions for collective action between stakeholders which can work together to achieve common goals and mitigate environmental problems. This has resulted in the duties of government no longer being centralised within the state but being
102:
ToCG finds its origin in the problem of global climate change. Climate change is often referred to as a global âcommonsâ problem whereby individuals are unlikely to take responsibility for the global accumulation of greenhouse gases. The atmosphere is shared by everybody resulting in the impacts of
93:
Carbon governance can be interpreted as the institutional arrangements under which greenhouse gas emissions are addressed and mitigated. This is achieved through regulating and controlling carbon activities. Measures and protocols exist in an attempt to address the issues surrounding greenhouse gas
225:(SCAN) program has been developed to educate and inspire the local population to become actively involved in reducing carbon emissions. All of these efforts and programs are based on the ability of the city of Seattle to regulate climate through the territorialisation of carbon. This new method of
126:
approachâ to making change. âThink globally, act locallyâ is an idea which can be interpreted spatially and conceptually. Instead of approaching the problems from a global scale, local governments are asserting themselves as active institutions in the making of climate policy. In doing so they are
89:
can be managed and territorialised through being assigned to a physical geographical space instead of being thought of as a global phenomenon. The act of territorialisation oversees the combining of material natures and state institutions into one system through the creation of carbon territories.
161:
These characteristic shifts in government can be seen in how specific environmental issues are addressed and mitigated also. The former âcommand and controlâ model, which dictated regulations and regimented practices could no longer function effectively within the present environmental governance
217:
Certain practices, such as transport, pollution and urban development can be better monitored, regulated and managed through the territorialisation of carbon governance. Although there are several greenhouse gases which contribute to global warming, carbon represents the key relation between the
196:
whereby a shifting in action between local, national and supranational governmental institutions has taken place. This displays an entire new range of actors and institutions which provide order and help govern the environment. Territorialisation of carbon is means by which a city can assert its
205:
In order to territorialise carbon, geographical areas are created whereby emissions are monitored and environmental policy can set targets of reduction. Within these geographical areas climatic regulations can be implemented. Seattle is an example of a city where local governments are asserting
135:
The concept of territorialisation of carbon governance is a method which reverses how environmental policy regulates global climate from a top down to bottom up approach. This technique tackles issues on a local scale rather than taking a global approach. Territorialisation of carbon governance
139:
Territorialisation of nature uses âlegible and bounded spaceâ to define the regulation and administration of state policies related to the environment. With the support of modern technologies for controlling, modeling and measuring atmosphere-biosphere interactions, the âinvisibleâ process of
114:
is an international agreement which sets binding targets in reducing GHG emissions. This treaty demonstrates a global approach to carbon governance. While this is legally binding to participating nation states it is due to expire in 2012. However the United States, the world's most historical
182:
drew particular attention to the significance of cities as a means through which issues surrounding sustainable development could be addressed. The power of cities to organise and initiate specific strategies within carbon governance has been underestimated yet displays enormous potential.
119:, which will come into effect in 2012 after the expiration of the Kyoto Protocol, was unsuccessful in creating a legally binding framework of global emissions reduction. These problems demonstrate how global approaches and agreements between nation states can demonstrate failure.
229:
has achieved an 11 percent reduction in per capita greenhouse gas emissions for 2005 compared to 1999. This concept has broken down the idea of climate change as being a global problem to more of a local issue that can be tackled and addressed by local communities.
213:
The territorialisation of carbon governance has empowered actors and institutions within areas such as
Seattle. This provides the city and actors within the city to reassert their ability to regulate infrastructural aspects which are related to carbon governance.
107:â since the world contains multiple nation-states all acting with self-interest yet sharing one resource. The shared resource being exploited in this example can be represented by the atmosphere and the subsequent increase in global temperature is the result.
103:
climate change and emissions being felt everywhere irrelevant of their origin. The implications of this problem are that to slow down global warming, âtop-downâ international treaties must be signed. This idea can be related to the â
144:
establishing boundaries can be used to âborderâ climate change between states. This allows individual states to set specific emission reduction targets and manage carbon sinks alongside their environmental policies.
1993:
192:
is an example of a country whereby regions, states and cities have acted beyond the federal government and taken the matter of climate change into their own hands. This illustrates examples of
2169:
1837:
94:
emissions. Carbon governance is addressed via governmental decisions made through leadership and management which attempt to improve and resolve problems related to climate change.
2010:
67:
3261:
1446:
1272:
122:
The territorialisation of carbon governance is a method which has arisen in an attempt to overcome this problem though framing global problems as local and is considered a â
3197:
1441:
1309:
387:
While, A; Jonas, A; E, G; Gibbs, D (2010). "From sustainable development to carbon control: eco state restructuring and the politics of urban and regional development".
703:
561:
633:
Cashore, B (2002). "Legitimacy and the privatization of environmental governance: How non-state market-driven (NSMD) governance systems gain rule-making authority".
1246:
3222:
2521:
955:
90:
This approach can allow individual states and governments to control and monitor their carbon emissions in order to improve their efforts in carbon governance.
1188:
162:
network. The complex nature of the environment, actors and institutions called for a more fluid mode of governing, one which attempts to âsteerâ and guide.
3134:
1072:
2881:
1331:
1289:
2210:
1326:
911:
59:
2331:
1541:
1262:
980:
757:
1897:
1686:
854:
2831:
1546:
1509:
1363:
1348:
1267:
916:
860:
3250:
2205:
1343:
2227:
1183:
1178:
1708:
1486:
1304:
1236:
1226:
1209:
1116:
923:
3233:
3111:
3031:
2871:
2846:
2137:
1998:
1955:
1451:
158:
actors. The shift from government to governance depicts the new range of actors, sites and methods engaged to tackle certain issues.
2780:
2064:
1940:
1757:
960:
3159:
3116:
2356:
2297:
1935:
1915:
1862:
1814:
876:
3154:
2836:
2765:
2704:
2497:
2389:
2054:
2005:
1431:
1393:
1338:
808:
305:
71:
3076:
2974:
2509:
2122:
1406:
1163:
167:
3342:
3320:
3299:
3267:
3144:
3071:
2232:
1767:
1299:
300:
123:
425:
Lövbrand, E; Stripple, J (2006). "The climate as political space: on the territorialisation of the global carbon cycle".
3056:
2324:
2215:
1887:
1416:
1411:
1316:
1193:
750:
290:
3347:
3164:
3096:
2472:
1426:
1279:
1241:
2866:
2487:
2285:
2049:
1852:
1809:
1582:
1504:
1358:
39:
from a global to local issue. It embodies political practices that serve to connect the causes and consequences of
606:
Adshead, M; Quinn, B (1998). "The move from government to governance: Irish development policy's paradigm shift".
3066:
2861:
2699:
2351:
2154:
1829:
1804:
1777:
1739:
1656:
1474:
1321:
1284:
1034:
803:
798:
793:
2999:
2876:
2841:
2590:
2580:
2554:
2164:
2159:
2090:
1930:
1436:
1401:
1294:
1221:
1062:
891:
827:
788:
47:
28:
2149:
3287:
3061:
2904:
2714:
2686:
2409:
2399:
2317:
2273:
2195:
2105:
1847:
1819:
1499:
1136:
743:
174:
the connection of material natures to state territories which can permit an improved governance of carbon.
3313:
3306:
3126:
3081:
3036:
2851:
2815:
2805:
2600:
2575:
2559:
2544:
2526:
1872:
1692:
1634:
1551:
1536:
1421:
1067:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
642:
193:
104:
3204:
3149:
3106:
2989:
2964:
2929:
2605:
2261:
1907:
1784:
1592:
1052:
975:
697:
280:
40:
672:"Transnational networks and global environmental governance: The cities for climate protection program"
453:
352:
Rice, J L (2010). "Climate, Carbon, and
Territory: Greenhouse Gas Mitigation in Seattle, Washington".
3169:
3139:
3091:
3086:
3009:
2914:
2810:
2633:
2492:
2477:
2452:
2437:
2394:
2100:
1978:
1669:
1639:
1214:
1141:
468:
396:
24:
110:
In an attempt to combat and tackle these issues protocols and measures have been deployed. The 1997
3101:
2984:
2979:
2724:
2643:
2462:
2442:
2432:
2117:
1892:
1126:
1121:
647:
31:. This method creates carbon-relevant citizens who become enrolled in the process of governing the
20:
3046:
3041:
2676:
2638:
2595:
2514:
1945:
1877:
1794:
1644:
1609:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1131:
555:
369:
226:
221:
In order for this to be made possible the city had to engage and motivate local residents. The
3255:
3238:
3209:
3004:
2888:
2694:
2447:
2384:
2179:
1842:
1587:
1353:
1146:
1109:
896:
850:
726:
285:
270:
179:
116:
3179:
3051:
3026:
2919:
2745:
2719:
2671:
2666:
2648:
2585:
2536:
2457:
2427:
2422:
2379:
2222:
1789:
1772:
1713:
1604:
1368:
1092:
965:
901:
718:
683:
652:
615:
476:
434:
404:
361:
63:
3014:
2924:
2909:
2775:
2740:
2549:
2174:
2095:
2059:
1988:
1962:
1950:
1867:
1799:
1674:
1531:
1153:
1104:
1082:
260:
472:
400:
2939:
2856:
2790:
2785:
2504:
2482:
2417:
2366:
2340:
2127:
1983:
1925:
1920:
1762:
1651:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1231:
1168:
906:
886:
845:
766:
265:
111:
75:
51:
36:
3336:
3244:
2969:
2954:
2949:
2934:
2755:
2709:
2467:
2200:
2132:
1857:
1679:
1664:
1599:
1494:
719:
688:
671:
408:
373:
255:
247:
3217:
2615:
2374:
2085:
1882:
1526:
1516:
1173:
1057:
970:
86:
519:
721:
Spaces of
Neoliberalism: Urban Reconstruction in North America and Western Europe
365:
140:
climate change, in recent years, has been âmoulded onto territorial groundâ.>
2800:
2795:
2760:
2623:
2112:
1629:
1621:
881:
480:
310:
619:
2959:
2944:
2770:
2750:
2144:
1521:
1158:
438:
295:
275:
237:
3228:
3174:
2628:
1099:
656:
587:
504:
241:
3021:
524:
2994:
1077:
32:
2658:
2080:
82:
81:
Under the territorialisation of carbon, climate and global flows of
1087:
548:
Think globally, act globally: The limits of local climate policies
55:
2309:
735:
197:
authority as a coherent space in which to tackle climate change.
115:
emitter of GHG emissions, pulled out of the Kyoto
Protocol. The
2313:
2031:
1736:
1472:
1032:
944:
825:
777:
739:
85:
are regarded as ânational sinksâ. This is a means by which the
1994:
Cooperative
Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
222:
2170:
Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change
35:. The territorialisation of carbon governance transforms
3199:
UN Conference on the Human
Environment (Stockholm 1972)
454:"America's bottom-up climate change mitigation policy"
2011:
United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
68:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
389:
Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers
178:
mitigate problems in climate change governance. The
3188:
3125:
2897:
2824:
2733:
2685:
2657:
2614:
2568:
2535:
2408:
2365:
2188:
2073:
2042:
1971:
1906:
1828:
1750:
1701:
1618:
1575:
1485:
1392:
1255:
1202:
1045:
869:
838:
550:. University Pennsylvania Law Review. p. 1961.
201:Territorialisation of carbon governance in Seattle
354:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
2211:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
518:BBC Science and Technology, BBC (4 July 2005).
70:(UNFCCC). These organisations strive to tackle
3223:Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
494:
492:
490:
420:
418:
2325:
956:History of climate change policy and politics
751:
725:. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers. pp.
601:
599:
597:
54:within governance since the early 1990s. The
8:
702:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
560:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1073:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
577:
575:
573:
571:
347:
345:
166:shared with other parts of society such as
3294:
2332:
2318:
2310:
2292:
2280:
2039:
2028:
1747:
1733:
1482:
1469:
1042:
1029:
941:
835:
822:
774:
758:
744:
736:
343:
341:
339:
337:
335:
333:
331:
329:
327:
325:
3234:Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)
1838:Adaptation strategies on the German coast
981:United Nations Climate Change conferences
687:
646:
60:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
27:which is considered to be a new logic of
3262:UN Conference on Sustainable Development
1542:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation
501:Governing climate,(b) ordering the world
1898:National Adaptation Programme of Action
1687:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
321:
17:Territorialisation of Carbon Governance
2832:Corporate environmental responsibility
1547:Economics of climate change mitigation
1510:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)
861:Scientific consensus on climate change
695:
553:
2206:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
74:forces which are increasing risks of
7:
3205:Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983)
2228:Representative Concentration Pathway
1179:Tipping points in the climate system
855:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
1999:Nationally determined contributions
1709:Individual action on climate change
924:World energy supply and consumption
670:Betsill, M, M; Buckeley, H (2004).
296:Plantations and natural forest loss
2847:Environmental full-cost accounting
2138:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis
520:"Climate change: The big emitters"
50:(GHG) has been a key component of
14:
2781:Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity
2065:Satellite temperature measurement
1670:forestry for carbon sequestration
961:History of climate change science
187:Territorialisation and governance
3293:
3282:
3281:
3251:UN Millennium Declaration (2000)
2291:
2279:
2268:
2267:
2255:
1916:Climate Change Performance Index
689:10.1111/j.0020-8833.2004.00310.x
409:10.1111/j.1475-5661.2009.00362.x
240:
2837:Corporate social responsibility
2766:Ocean thermal energy conversion
2705:Community-supported agriculture
2390:Human impact on the environment
2055:Instrumental temperature record
2006:Sustainable Development Goal 13
676:International Studies Quarterly
452:Lutsey, N; Sperling, D (2008).
427:Review of International Studies
306:Weighted average cost of carbon
3077:Socially responsible marketing
2123:Climate variability and change
1164:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
168:non-governmental organisations
1:
3268:Sustainable Development Goals
3072:Socially responsible business
2233:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
1768:Climate emergency declaration
301:Renewable Energy Certificates
2216:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
1442:Middle East and North Africa
366:10.1080/00045608.2010.502434
291:Mitigation of global warming
19:(ToCG) is a concept used in
3097:Sustainability organization
2882:Standards and certification
2473:Social return on investment
481:10.1016/j.enpol.2007.10.018
148:Governance beyond the state
46:The commitment to reducing
3364:
2522:Systemic change resistance
2050:Global surface temperature
1941:Popular culture depictions
1853:Ecosystem-based adaptation
1583:Carbon capture and storage
1505:Carbon offsets and credits
620:10.1332/030557398782025682
223:Seattle Climate Action Now
3277:
2700:Climate-smart agriculture
2347:
2262:Climate change portal
2249:
2155:Extreme event attribution
2038:
2027:
1778:School Strike for Climate
1746:
1732:
1657:Climate-smart agriculture
1481:
1468:
1041:
1028:
951:
940:
834:
821:
804:Climate change adaptation
799:Climate change mitigation
794:Effects of climate change
784:
773:
439:10.1017/S0260210506006991
2842:Environmental accounting
2591:Sustainable architecture
2581:Environmental technology
2165:Global warming potential
1972:International agreements
1619:Preserving and enhancing
1063:Arctic methane emissions
985:Years in climate change
892:Greenhouse gas emissions
789:Causes of climate change
584:Environmental Governance
48:greenhouse gas emissions
29:environmental governance
2715:Sustainable agriculture
2196:Climate change scenario
1848:Disaster risk reduction
1500:Carbon emission trading
1310:U.S. insurance industry
1290:Civilizational collapse
1137:sea surface temperature
657:10.1111/1468-0491.00199
131:Role of scale and space
3258:(Rio+10, Johannesburg)
3127:Sustainable management
3112:Urban drainage systems
2852:Environmental planning
2816:Water recycling shower
2806:Tidal stream generator
2601:Sustainable industries
2560:Sustainable population
2545:Demographic transition
2527:Tragedy of the commons
2189:Research and modelling
1873:Nature-based solutions
1693:Nature-based solutions
1635:Carbon dioxide removal
1552:Fossil fuel divestment
1537:Climate risk insurance
1447:Small island countries
1068:Arctic sea ice decline
194:multi-level governance
180:1987 Brundtland Report
105:Tragedy of the Commons
98:Background and history
43:to local communities.
3150:Humanistic capitalism
2965:Environmental finance
2606:Sustainable packaging
2150:Earth's energy budget
2033:Background and theory
1921:Climate crisis (term)
1593:Fossil fuel phase-out
1487:Economics and finance
1452:by individual country
1394:By country and region
1369:Security and conflict
1364:Psychological impacts
1053:Abrupt climate change
976:Charles David Keeling
809:By country and region
608:Policy & Politics
546:Wiener, J, B (2006).
281:Ecosystem Marketplace
153:A shift in governance
41:global climate change
3343:Environmental policy
3117:Urban infrastructure
2811:Water heat recycling
2634:Conservation biology
2478:Steady-state economy
2453:Micro-sustainability
2438:Ecological footprint
2395:Planetary boundaries
1979:Glasgow Climate Pact
1640:Carbon sequestration
1215:Mass mortality event
499:Stripple, J (2008).
25:environmental policy
3218:Earth Summit (1992)
2872:Metrics and indices
2725:Sustainable fishery
2644:Holocene extinction
2463:Product stewardship
2433:Earth Overshoot Day
2118:Climate sensitivity
1893:The Adaptation Fund
1349:Infectious diseases
1256:Social and economic
717:Brenner, N (2002).
473:2008EnPol..36..673L
401:2010TrIBG..35...76W
21:political geography
3348:Sustainable energy
2677:Sustainable energy
2639:Endangered species
2596:Sustainable design
2510:Consumer behaviour
1689:(LULUCF and AFOLU)
1661:Forest management
1645:Direct air capture
1610:Sustainable energy
1567:Net zero emissions
1562:Low-carbon economy
1557:Green Climate Fund
1344:Indigenous peoples
1247:Plant biodiversity
1035:Effects and issues
507:. pp. 137â54.
227:climate governance
3330:
3329:
3256:Earth Summit 2002
3239:Lisbon Principles
3211:Our Common Future
2889:Sustainable yield
2695:Civic agriculture
2448:Green consumption
2385:Global governance
2307:
2306:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2180:Radiative forcing
2023:
2022:
2019:
2018:
1843:Adaptive capacity
1728:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1588:Energy transition
1464:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1184:Tropical cyclones
1110:Urban heat island
1024:
1023:
936:
935:
932:
931:
897:Carbon accounting
851:Greenhouse effect
817:
816:
582:Evans, J (2011).
286:Live Earth Pledge
271:Carbon retirement
117:Copenhagen Accord
3355:
3297:
3296:
3285:
3284:
3229:Agenda 21 (1992)
3200:
3165:Natural resource
3052:Organic movement
3027:Impact investing
2746:Hydroelectricity
2720:Sustainable diet
2672:Renewable energy
2667:Carbon footprint
2649:Invasive species
2586:Natural building
2537:World population
2498:Marketing myopia
2458:Over-consumption
2428:Circular economy
2423:Anti-consumerism
2380:Environmentalism
2334:
2327:
2320:
2311:
2295:
2294:
2283:
2282:
2271:
2270:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2223:Paleoclimatology
2040:
2029:
1790:Ecological grief
1773:Climate movement
1748:
1734:
1714:Plant-based diet
1605:Renewable energy
1483:
1470:
1305:Economic impacts
1237:Invasive species
1093:Coastal flooding
1043:
1030:
966:Svante Arrhenius
942:
912:from agriculture
902:Carbon footprint
887:Greenhouse gases
836:
823:
775:
760:
753:
746:
737:
731:
730:
724:
714:
708:
707:
701:
693:
691:
667:
661:
660:
650:
630:
624:
623:
603:
592:
591:
579:
566:
565:
559:
551:
543:
537:
536:
534:
532:
515:
509:
508:
496:
485:
484:
458:
449:
443:
442:
422:
413:
412:
384:
378:
377:
349:
250:
245:
244:
64:Rio Earth Summit
3363:
3362:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3273:
3198:
3190:
3189:Agreements and
3184:
3121:
2925:Climate finance
2893:
2820:
2776:Reclaimed water
2729:
2681:
2653:
2610:
2564:
2550:Family planning
2531:
2404:
2361:
2343:
2338:
2308:
2303:
2256:
2254:
2237:
2184:
2175:Orbital forcing
2069:
2034:
2015:
1989:Paris Agreement
1967:
1963:Warming stripes
1902:
1868:Managed retreat
1863:Loss and damage
1824:
1758:Business action
1742:
1720:
1697:
1620:
1614:
1571:
1532:Climate finance
1477:
1456:
1388:
1251:
1227:Extinction risk
1203:Flora and fauna
1198:
1159:Permafrost thaw
1154:Ozone depletion
1083:Extreme weather
1037:
1020:
947:
928:
865:
830:
813:
780:
769:
764:
734:
716:
715:
711:
694:
669:
668:
664:
632:
631:
627:
605:
604:
595:
581:
580:
569:
552:
545:
544:
540:
530:
528:
517:
516:
512:
498:
497:
488:
456:
451:
450:
446:
424:
423:
416:
386:
385:
381:
351:
350:
323:
319:
261:Carbon negative
246:
239:
236:
203:
189:
155:
150:
133:
100:
12:
11:
5:
3361:
3359:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3335:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3291:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3265:
3264:(Rio+20, 2012)
3259:
3253:
3248:
3242:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3220:
3215:
3207:
3202:
3194:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3131:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3010:Infrastructure
3007:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2940:Eco-capitalism
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2857:Sustainability
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2828:
2826:
2825:Accountability
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2691:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2663:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2620:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2541:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2483:Sustainability
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2418:Anthropization
2414:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2371:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2341:Sustainability
2339:
2337:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2314:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2289:
2277:
2265:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2130:
2128:Cloud feedback
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2083:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2046:
2044:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1986:
1984:Kyoto Protocol
1981:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1938:
1936:Media coverage
1933:
1928:
1926:Climate spiral
1923:
1918:
1912:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1834:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1815:Public opinion
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1770:
1765:
1763:Climate action
1760:
1754:
1752:
1744:
1743:
1737:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1675:REDD and REDD+
1672:
1667:
1659:
1654:
1652:Carbon farming
1649:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1632:
1626:
1624:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1585:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1502:
1497:
1491:
1489:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1398:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1384:Water security
1381:
1379:Water scarcity
1376:
1374:Urban flooding
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1232:Forest dieback
1229:
1224:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1169:Sea level rise
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1142:stratification
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1049:
1047:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
952:
949:
948:
945:
938:
937:
934:
933:
930:
929:
927:
926:
921:
920:
919:
914:
909:
907:Carbon leakage
904:
899:
889:
884:
879:
873:
871:
867:
866:
864:
863:
858:
848:
846:Climate system
842:
840:
832:
831:
826:
819:
818:
815:
814:
812:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
785:
782:
781:
778:
771:
770:
767:Climate change
765:
763:
762:
755:
748:
740:
733:
732:
709:
682:(2): 471â493.
662:
648:10.1.1.195.778
641:(4): 503â529.
625:
614:(2): 209â225.
593:
567:
538:
510:
486:
467:(2): 673â685.
444:
433:(2): 217â235.
414:
379:
360:(4): 929â937.
320:
318:
315:
314:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
266:Carbon neutral
263:
258:
252:
251:
235:
232:
202:
199:
188:
185:
154:
151:
149:
146:
132:
129:
112:Kyoto Protocol
99:
96:
76:global warming
52:sustainability
37:climate change
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3360:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3245:Earth Charter
3243:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3187:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3135:Environmental
3133:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3067:Refurbishment
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3057:Organizations
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2970:Green economy
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2955:Eco-socialism
2953:
2951:
2950:Eco-investing
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2935:Disinvestment
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2756:Marine energy
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2710:Cultured meat
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2468:Simple living
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2335:
2330:
2328:
2323:
2321:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2300:
2299:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2201:Climate model
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2133:Cloud forcing
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2026:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1908:Communication
1905:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1888:Vulnerability
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1858:Flood control
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1731:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1680:reforestation
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1665:afforestation
1663:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1600:Nuclear power
1598:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1495:Carbon budget
1493:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1332:Mental health
1330:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1273:United States
1271:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1127:deoxygenation
1125:
1123:
1122:acidification
1120:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
986:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
953:
950:
943:
939:
925:
922:
918:
917:from wetlands
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
894:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
877:Deforestation
875:
874:
872:
868:
862:
859:
856:
852:
849:
847:
844:
843:
841:
837:
833:
829:
824:
820:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
786:
783:
776:
772:
768:
761:
756:
754:
749:
747:
742:
741:
738:
728:
723:
722:
713:
710:
705:
699:
690:
685:
681:
677:
673:
666:
663:
658:
654:
649:
644:
640:
636:
629:
626:
621:
617:
613:
609:
602:
600:
598:
594:
590:. p. 71.
589:
585:
578:
576:
574:
572:
568:
563:
557:
549:
542:
539:
527:
526:
521:
514:
511:
506:
502:
495:
493:
491:
487:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
461:Energy Policy
455:
448:
445:
440:
436:
432:
428:
421:
419:
415:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
383:
380:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
348:
346:
344:
342:
340:
338:
336:
334:
332:
330:
328:
326:
322:
316:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
256:Carbon credit
254:
253:
249:
248:Energy portal
243:
238:
233:
231:
228:
224:
219:
215:
211:
207:
200:
198:
195:
186:
184:
181:
175:
171:
169:
163:
159:
152:
147:
145:
141:
137:
130:
128:
125:
120:
118:
113:
108:
106:
97:
95:
91:
88:
84:
79:
77:
73:
72:anthropogenic
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
44:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
18:
3319:
3312:
3305:
3298:
3286:
3210:
2975:Construction
2898:Applications
2616:Biodiversity
2375:Anthropocene
2296:
2284:
2272:
2253:
2086:Carbon cycle
2043:Measurements
1738:Society and
1622:carbon sinks
1527:Climate debt
1517:Carbon price
1339:Human rights
1174:Season creep
1132:heat content
1058:Anoxic event
971:James Hansen
720:
712:
698:cite journal
679:
675:
665:
638:
634:
628:
611:
607:
583:
547:
541:
529:. Retrieved
523:
513:
500:
464:
460:
447:
430:
426:
395:(1): 76â93.
392:
388:
382:
357:
353:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
190:
176:
172:
164:
160:
156:
142:
138:
134:
121:
109:
101:
92:
87:carbon cycle
80:
45:
16:
15:
3191:conferences
3062:Procurement
3005:Development
2905:Advertising
2867:Measurement
2801:Tidal power
2796:Small hydro
2761:Micro hydro
2624:Biosecurity
2576:Appropriate
2505:Sustainable
2488:Advertising
2410:Consumption
2400:Development
2113:Carbon sink
2091:atmospheric
1956:video games
1630:Blue carbon
1263:Agriculture
1242:Marine life
1189:Water cycle
1147:temperature
882:Fossil fuel
311:Zero carbon
3337:Categories
3082:Sanitation
3037:Livelihood
2960:Ecovillage
2945:Eco-cities
2862:Accounting
2771:Pico hydro
2751:Hydropower
2569:Technology
2367:Principles
2145:Cryosphere
2106:permafrost
1878:Resilience
1830:Adaptation
1805:Litigation
1795:Governance
1740:adaptation
1522:Carbon tax
1475:Mitigation
1412:Antarctica
1300:Disability
635:Governance
586:. London:
317:References
276:Carbon tax
3175:Recycling
3170:Planetary
3160:Materials
3155:Landscape
3140:Fisheries
3107:Transport
3032:Landscape
3015:Marketing
2990:Gardening
2930:Community
2877:Reporting
2741:Footprint
2629:Biosphere
2160:Feedbacks
1931:Education
1432:Caribbean
1427:Australia
1354:Migration
1317:Fisheries
1268:Livestock
1194:Wildfires
1100:Heat wave
643:CiteSeerX
588:Routledge
556:cite book
505:Earthscan
374:129106716
124:bottom-up
3288:Category
3087:Sourcing
3022:Greening
2915:Business
2791:Security
2786:Scarcity
2286:Glossary
2274:Category
2096:biologic
1810:Politics
1702:Personal
1407:Americas
1280:Children
1046:Physical
839:Overview
779:Overview
525:BBC News
234:See also
3321:Degrees
3314:Studies
3307:Science
3102:Tourism
2995:Geopark
2985:Finance
2980:Fashion
2555:Control
2443:Ethical
2352:Outline
2101:oceanic
1951:fiction
1800:Justice
1751:Society
1359:Poverty
1078:Drought
946:History
870:Sources
469:Bibcode
397:Bibcode
33:climate
3270:(2015)
3247:(2000)
3241:(1997)
3225:(1992)
3213:(1987)
3145:Forest
3047:Market
3042:Living
2659:Energy
2515:Market
2081:Albedo
2074:Theory
1785:Denial
1576:Energy
1437:Europe
1417:Arctic
1402:Africa
1327:Health
1322:Gender
1285:Cities
1210:Biomes
1117:Oceans
1105:Marine
828:Causes
645:
531:20 May
503:. UK:
372:
83:carbon
62:, the
3300:Lists
3180:Waste
3092:Space
3000:Green
2734:Water
2493:Brand
2357:Index
2298:Index
2060:Proxy
1820:Women
1295:Crime
1222:Birds
1088:Flood
729:â107.
457:(PDF)
370:S2CID
56:ICLEI
2920:City
2687:Food
1883:Risk
1422:Asia
1014:2024
1009:2023
1004:2022
999:2021
994:2020
989:2019
704:link
562:link
533:2011
66:and
2910:Art
1946:art
727:105
684:doi
653:doi
616:doi
477:doi
435:doi
405:doi
362:doi
358:100
23:or
3339::
700:}}
696:{{
680:48
678:.
674:.
651:.
639:15
637:.
612:26
610:.
596:^
570:^
558:}}
554:{{
522:.
489:^
475:.
465:36
463:.
459:.
431:36
429:.
417:^
403:.
393:35
391:.
368:.
356:.
324:^
78:.
2333:e
2326:t
2319:v
857:)
853:(
759:e
752:t
745:v
706:)
692:.
686::
659:.
655::
622:.
618::
564:)
535:.
483:.
479::
471::
441:.
437::
411:.
407::
399::
376:.
364::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
