459:
90:
984:) is a large (up to 8 cm in length) limpet. It lives in association with an approximately 1,000 cm^2 area of algal film in which its grazing marks can be seen, whereas the remainder of the rock surface is usually free of any visible film. These areas of algal film represent the territories of the Lottia; within them the animals do all their grazing. They keep their territories free of other organisms by shoving off any intruders: other Lottia, grazing limpets of the genus Acmaea, predatory snails, and sessile organisms such as anemones and barnacles.
935:
643:
394:
1055:), playbacks of neighbour and stranger songs at three periods of the breeding season show that neighbours are dear enemies in the middle of the season, when territories are stable, but not at the beginning of the breeding season, during settlement and pair formation, nor at the end, when bird density increases due to the presence of young birds becoming independent. Thus, this dear enemy territoriality relationship is not a fixed pattern but a flexible one likely to evolve with social and ecological circumstances.
385:
174:
740:
418:
427:
629:
246:, a home range may be as small as 30 hectares (74 acres) in a good rural habitat, but as large as 300 hectares (740 acres) in a poor habitat. On average, a territory may be approximately 50 hectares (120 acres), with main setts normally at least 500 metres (1,600 ft) apart. In urban areas, territories can be as small as 5 hectares (12 acres), if they can obtain enough food from bird tables,
2895:
450:
710:). Many animals have scent glands in their paws or deposit fur during tree-marking, so tree-marking may be a combination of both visual and olfactory advertising of the territory. The male ring-tailed lemur has a specialised adaptation to assist in leaving visual/olfactory territorial marks. On their inner forearm (antebrachial) is a scent gland which is covered by a
797:
43:
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territorial males patrolled an area around a tree and used the same territory for up to 49 days. It also appeared that they gave up territories to new males without violence. Males defend territories solely for mating, and no other resources such as fragrances, nests, nest construction materials, nectar, or pollen are found at these territories.
714:. In a behaviour called "spur marking", they grasp the substrate, usually a small sapling, and drag the spur over it, cutting into the wood and spreading the gland's secretions. When on the ground, ring-tailed lemurs preferentially mark small saplings and when high in the trees, they usually mark small vertical branches.
782:
illusion of there being more wolves than there actually are. Wolves from different geographic locations may howl in different fashions: the howls of
European wolves are much more protracted and melodious than those of North American wolves, whose howls are louder and have a stronger emphasis on the first syllable.
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a non-social bee species, males have been observed to occasionally form aggregations of fragrance-rich territories, considered to be leks. These leks serve only a facultative purpose for this species, in which the more fragrance-rich sites there are, the greater the number of habitable territories.
683:
scratch their hind feet in the dung. By continuing to walk, they "transport" their own smell around the paths, thus establishing a scent-marked trail. Another method of visually marking their territory is wiping their horns on bushes or the ground and scraping with the feet, although this is likely
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bulls mark their territory with faeces and urine (olfactory marking). The dung is laid in well defined piles. There may be 20 to 30 of these piles to alert passing rhinoceroses that it is occupied territory. Other males may deposit dung over the piles of another and subsequently the sign-post grows
655:
Visual sign-posts may be a short-term or long-term mode of advertising a territory. Short-term communication includes the colouration or behaviour of the animal, which can only be communicated when the resident is present. Other animals may use more long-term visual signals such as faecal deposits,
353:
toward each other. This is a series of stylised postures, vocalisations, displays, etc. which function to solve the territory dispute without actual fighting as this could injure either or both animals. Ritualized aggression often ends by one of the animals fleeing (generally the intruder). If this
340:
Rather than retaining a territory simply by fighting, for some animals this can be a 3-stage process. Many animals create "sign-posts" to advertise their territory. Sometimes these sign-posts are on the boundary thereby demarcating the territory, or, may be scattered throughout the territory. These
663:
are noted for their highly aggressive territorial behaviour. They attack other males that stray into their territories, and have been observed attacking other small birds without apparent provocation. Such attacks sometimes lead to fatalities, accounting for up to 10% of adult robin deaths in some
877:. In this model of aggression, two contestants compete for a resource by persisting while constantly accumulating costs over the time that the contest lasts. Strategically, the game is an auction in which the prize goes to the player with the highest bid, and each player pays the loser's low bid.
836:
defend territories only during the mornings when plants are richest in nectar. In species that do not form pair bonds, male and female territories are often independent, i.e. males defend territories only against other males and females only against other females. In this case, if the species is
990:
Many birds, particularly seabirds, nest in dense communities but are nonetheless territorial in defending their nesting site to within the distance they can reach while brooding. This is necessary to prevent attacks on their own chicks or nesting material from neighbours. Commonly the resulting
911:
An animal chooses its territory by deciding what part of its home range it will defend. In selecting a territory, the size and quality play crucial roles in determining an animal's habitat. Territory size generally tends to be no larger than the organism requires to survive, because defending a
202:
of the animals expressing the behaviour. Fitness in this biological sense relates to the ability of an animal to survive and raise young. The proximate functions of territory defense vary. For some animals, the reason for such protective behaviour is to acquire and protect food sources, nesting
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adult sons (and daughters) that are believed not to breed in their natal group and all group members participate in territorial defence. Males defend their territory using a nasty neighbour strategy. Group-living male breeders are nearly five times more aggressive towards their neighbours than
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is different from normal urination, which is done while squatting. This posture is exclusive to alpha wolves of either sex, although the alpha male does this most often. The alpha female usually urinates on a scent post that her breeding partner has just urinated on, although during the mating
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advertise their territories to other packs through a combination of scent marking and howling. Under certain conditions, wolf howls can be heard over areas of up to 130 km (50 sq mi). When howling together, wolves harmonize rather than chorus on the same note, thus creating the
234:
Reports of territory size can be confused by a lack of distinction between home range and the defended territory. The size and shape of a territory can vary according to its purpose, season, the amount and quality of resources it contains, or the geography. The size is usually a compromise of
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orchid bee. Males in this species of bee show alternative behaviours of territoriality and transiency. Transient male bees did not defend territories, but instead flew from one territory to the other. They also did not engage in physical contact with the territorial males. On the other hand,
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towards strangers, leading to the prediction that neighbours are the most important competitors for paternity. Using a molecular parentage analysis it has been shown that 28% of offspring are sired by neighbouring males and only 7% by strangers. In certain species of butterflies, such as the
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in which a territory-holder shows heightened aggression toward neighbouring territory-holders but unaffected aggression to unfamiliar animals or distant territory-holders. These contrasting strategies depend on which intruder (familiar or unfamiliar) poses the greatest threat to the resident
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hypothesis, claims that males have territories at distances sufficiently great that females are unable to discern already-mated males. The observation that males travelled long distances, ranging from 200m to 3.5 km, to find a second mate supports this argument. The debate about
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Behavioural ecologists have argued that food distribution determines whether a species is territorial or not, however, this may be too narrow a perspective. Several other type of resource may be defended including partners, potential mates, offspring, nests or lairs, display areas or
1044:) is dependent on the presence of females. Reduced aggression consistent with the dear enemy effect occurs between conspecific neighbours in the absence of females, but the presence of a female in a male's territory instigates comparably greater aggression between the neighbours.
668:) advertises its territory with urine scent marks. When it is urinating for marking purposes, it holds its extremely distinctive tail high in the air adding a visual component to the advertisement; when it is urinating for eliminative purposes, its tail is only slightly raised.
991:
superimposition of the short-range repulsion onto the long-range attraction characteristically leads to the well-known roughly hexagonal spacing of nests. One gets a similar hexagonal spacing resulting from the territorial behaviour of gardening limpets such as species of
732:
Many animals use vocalisations to advertise their territory. These are short-term signals transmitted only when the animal is present, but can travel long distances and over varied habitats. Examples of animals which use auditory signals include birds, frogs and canids.
1431:
808:. Such defense frequently involves a graded series of behaviours or displays that include threatening gestures (such as vocalizations, spreading of wings or gill covers, lifting and presentation of claws, head bobbing, tail and body beating) and finally, direct attack.
870:. This model pits a hawk strategy (always try to injure your opponent and only withdraw from the contest if an injury is received) against a dove strategy (always use a non-injurious display if the rival is another dove and always withdraw if the rival is a hawk).
886:
in which two neighbouring territorial animals become less aggressive toward one another once territorial borders are well-established and they are familiar to each other, but aggression toward unfamiliar animals remains unaffected. The converse of this is the
920:. Territoriality emerges where there is a focused resource that provides enough for the individual or group, within a boundary that is small enough to be defended without the expenditure of excessive effort. Territoriality is often most strong towards
324:
972:
may be very territorial, especially in the breeding season during which they not only threaten or attack many kinds of intruders, but have stereotyped display behaviour to deter conspecifics sharing neighbouring nesting spots.
609:, both sexes have glands that evolved for marking the nest. Males, although they have the gland, are unable to produce the marking substance. Females secrete it near the nest site entrance to establish their territory.
156:. The home ranges of different groups of animals often overlap, and in these overlap areas the groups tend to avoid each other rather than seeking to confront and expel each other. Within the home range there may be a
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larger territory incurs greater energy, time and risk of injury costs. For some animals, the territory size is not the most important aspect of territoriality, but rather the quality of the defended territory.
230:
Type F: Winter territory which typically includes foraging areas and roost sites. May be equivalent (in terms of location) to the Type A territory, or for a migratory species, may be on the wintering grounds.
2648:
Leiser, J.K. (2003). "When are neighbours 'dear enemies' and when are they not? The responses of territorial male variegated pupfish, Cyprinodon variegatus, to neighbours, strangers and heterospecifics".
152:
Territoriality is only shown by a minority of species. More commonly, an individual or a group of animals occupies an area that it habitually uses but does not necessarily defend; this is called its
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season, the female may first urinate on the ground. All other females in the pack, and also young wolves and low-ranking male wolves, urinate while squatting. Similar urination postures are used by
349:, auditory, or visual means, or a combination of these. If an intruder progresses further into the territory beyond the sign-posts and encounters the territory-holder, both animals may begin
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Animals use a range of behaviours to intimidate intruders and defend their territories, but without engaging in fights which are expensive in terms of energy and the risk of injury. This is
325:
326:
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Several species scratch or chew trees leaving a visual mark of their territory. This is sometimes combined with rubbing on the tree which may leave tufts of fur. These include the
832:
defend territories as pairs during the breeding season but as individuals during the winter. Resource availability may cause changes in territoriality. For example, some
2785:
Alatalo, Rauno V.; Carlson, Allan; Lundberg, Arne; Ulfstrand, Staffan (1981). "The
Conflict Between Male Polygamy and Female Monogamy: The Case of the Pied Flycatcher
1342:
Partecke, J.; von
Haeseler, A.; Wikelski, M. (2002). "Territory establishment in lekking marine iguanas, Amblyrhynchus cristatus: support for the hotshot mechanism".
1113:), researchers assert that males exhibit polyterritoriality to deceive females of the species into entering into polygynous relationships. This hypothesis, named the
328:
2173:
1457:
Hurst, J.L.; Robertson, D.H.L.; Tolladay, U.; Beynon, R.J. (May 1998). "Proteins in urine scent marks of male house mice extend the longevity of olfactory signals".
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Since these territories are aggregated, females have a large selection of males with whom to potentially mate within the aggregation, giving females the power of
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938:
A western marsh harrier is mobbed by a northern lapwing. The marsh harrier, a male, had been quartering the ground in which lapwing and redshank were nesting.
687:
After leaving a urination mark, some animals scrape or dig the ground nearby, thereby leaving a visual advertisement of the territory. This includes domestic
491:, is a behaviour used by animals to identify their territory. Most commonly, this is accomplished by depositing strong-smelling substances contained in the
98:
634:
Ring-tailed lemurs hold their distinctive tails high in the air during territorial scent marking. They also engage in "stink fights" with intruding males.
953:
require an extensive protected area to guarantee their food supply. This territoriality only breaks down when there is a glut of food, for example when
664:
areas. The red breast of the bird (i.e. badge) is highly visible when it sings (vocal marking) at the boundary of its territory. The ring-tailed lemur (
659:
Some animals have prominent "badges" or visual displays to advertise their territory, often in combination with scent marking or auditory signals. Male
968:
rarely defend an area larger than the nest. Conversely, other insectivorous birds that occupy more constrained territories, such as the ground-nesting
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64:
51:
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communicate to other animals that the territory is occupied and may also communicate additional information such as the sex, reproductive status or
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combined with the smell of the marking animal. The territorial male scrape-marks every 30 m (98 ft) or so around its territory boundary.
615:
use feces to mark their territory. They have evolved specialized intestinal anatomy to produce cubical feces to ensure the feces do not roll away.
2758:
Stern, David L. (1991-10-01). "Male
Territoriality and Alternative Male Behaviors in the Euglossine Bee, Eulaema meriana (Hymenoptera: Apidae)".
995:. They vigorously defend their gardens of particular species of algae, that extend for perhaps 1–2 cm around the periphery of their shells.
1222:
327:
2884:
1546:
Ryon, Jenny; Fentress, J. C.; Harrington, F. H.; Bragdon, Susan (1986-03-01). "Scent rubbing in wolves (Canis lupus): the effect of novelty".
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polyterritoriality in this species may initiate research about the evolution and reasons for polyterritoriality in other unrelated species.
300:) forage on beaches and sandflats. When on beaches, they feed either in flocks or individual territories of 10 to 120 metres of shoreline.
2189:
Piñeiro, A.; Barja, I. (2002). "The plant physical features selected by wildcats as signal posts: an economic approach to fecal marking".
1034:, the male defends territories that receptive females are likely to fly through such as sunny hilltops and sunspots on a forest's floor.
964:
Food related territoriality is least likely with insectivorous birds, where the food supply is plentiful but unpredictably distributed.
458:
600:. To do this, they perform a handstand to mark vertical surfaces, grasping the highest point with their feet while applying the scent.
758:
2849:
2835:
2280:
2260:
1021:) is group living with one single breeding male and up to 4 communally breeding females per group. Groups typically contain several
1904:
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or unmated pair, or a group. Territoriality is not always a fixed behavioural characteristic of a species. For example, red foxes (
757:
2940:
1444:
1995:
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may defend feeding territories that are distant from their nest sites, and in some species that form leks, for example in the
724:) deposit their faecal marks on plants with high visual conspicuousness that enhances the visual effectiveness of the signal.
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or marks on the vegetation or ground. Visual marking of territory is often combined with other modes of animal communication.
2945:
2240:
1636:
1279:
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2170:
Burst, T.L. and Pelton, M.R., ( ). Black bear mark trees in the Smoky
Mountains. Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage., 5: 45-53
1960:
Gerling, Dan; Hermann, Henry R (1978). "Biology and mating behavior of
Xylocopa virginica L. (Hymenoptera, Anthophoridae)".
1663:
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Many species demonstrate polyterritoriality, referring to the act of claiming or defending more than one territory. In the
2171:
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Some species of penguin defend their nests from intruders trying to steal the pebbles from which the nest is constructed.
903:
can operate whereby the cost to the benefactor in helping defend the territory is less than the gains to the beneficiary.
1877:
2466:"A test for correlations among fitness-linked behavioural traits in the spider Agelenopsis aperta (Araneae, Agelenidae)"
259:
2919:
2723:
Kimsey, Lynn Siri (1980). "The behaviour of male orchid bees (Apidae, Hymenoptera, Insecta) and the question of leks".
2603:
Davies, N.B. (1978). "Territorial defense in the speckled wood butterfly (Pararge aegeria): The resident always wins".
2900:
1085:
Although most territories contain multiple (potential) resources, some territories are defended for only one purpose.
182:
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572:, it lifts a hind leg and urinates on a scent post (usually an elevated position like a tree, rock, or bush). This
484:
31:
56:
1031:
403:
1317:
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925:
221:
Type C: A nesting territory which includes the nest plus a small area around it. Common in colonial waterbirds.
1295:
642:
215:
Type A: An 'all-purpose territory' in which all activities occur, e.g. courtship, mating, nesting and foraging
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does not happen, the territory may be defended by actual fighting, although this is generally a last resort.
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larger and larger. Such a dung heap can become up to five metres wide and one metre high. After defecating,
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1609:
393:
2612:
1147:
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to stabilize the odours and maintain them for longer. The animal sniffing the scent frequently displays a
508:
2377:
Nursall, J.R. (1977). "Territoriality in Redlip blennies (Ophioblennius atlanticus-Pisces: Blenniidae)".
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often engages in fights over its territory and the most combative spiders have the largest territories.
917:
805:
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605:
350:
126:
2019:
1934:
89:
2513:"The nasty neighbour in the striped mouse (Rhabdomys pumilio) steals paternity and elicits aggression"
1226:
1114:
842:
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342:
2686:"When to be a dear enemy: flexible acoustic relationships of neighbouring skylarks, Alauda arvensis"
2617:
596:) scent-mark both vertical and horizontal surfaces at the overlaps in their home ranges using their
194:
The ultimate function of animals inhabiting and defending a territory is to increase the individual
1060:
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838:
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reptile. Males start to establish small display territories two months ahead of the mating season.
258:) have highly variable territory sizes, ranging from less than 4,000 hectares (9,900 acres) in the
224:
Type D: A pairing and mating territory. The type of territory defended by males in lekking species.
102:
2564:"The mating system of Vanessa kershawi: Males defend landmark territories as mate encounter sites"
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Fisher, J. (1954). "Evolution and bird sociality". In Huxley, J.; Hardy, A.; Ford, E. (eds.).
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1318:"Territory size in wintering Sanderlings: the effects of prey abundance and intruder density"
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Branch, G.M., Griffiths, C., Beckley, L.E., Branch, M.L.; Two Oceans. Pub. Struik, 2010.
1058:
Some species of bees also exhibit territoriality to defend mating sites. For example, in
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have territories of only a few square centimetres in the immediate vicinity of the nest.
218:
Type B: A mating and nesting territory, not including most of the area used for foraging.
1200:
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The
Behavior Guide to African Mammals: Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates
1747:
The
Behavior Guide to African Mammals: Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates
582:
516:
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186:
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1981:
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824:) either establish stable home ranges within particular areas or are itinerant with
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954:
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in many mammals. In many mammal species, scent marking is more frequent during the
369:"Urine spraying" redirects here. For spraying of urine as an animal repellent, see
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that no other individual group uses, but, again, this is as a result of avoidance.
2701:
1097:) and the marine iguana, males defend the lek site which is used only for mating.
173:
2883:
1850:
Johnston, Robert E.; Müller-Schwarze, Dietland; Sorenson, Peter W. (2012-12-06).
1824:
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841:, one male territory probably contains several female territories, while in some
756:
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Territorial scent marking may involve behaviours specific to this activity. When
141:. Animals that actively defend territories in this way are referred to as being
2044:
1187:"Patterns of scent marking with urine and faeces amongst carnivore communities."
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1022:
861:
833:
695:
675:
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The antebrachial scent gland and spur on the forearm of a male ring-tailed lemur
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500:
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Marchlewska-Koj, Anna; Lepri, John J.; Müller-Schwarze, Dietland (2012-12-06).
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2045:"Urine marking and urination in Lemur catta: a comparison of design features"
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was created from a revision of this article dated 5 September 2019
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928:. This is because the conspecifics share exactly the same set of resources.
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status of the territory-holder. Sign-posts may communicate information by
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resource needs, defense costs, predation pressure and reproductive needs.
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800:
Two domestic cats posturing during ritualized aggression over a territory
550:
111:
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2431:
1973:
1880:. wolfbehavior: All you need to know about Wolves. 2005. Archived from
1048:
530:
333:
130:
285:) territories are about 600 square metres (6,500 sq ft) and
2580:
2563:
2330:"'Nasty neighbours' rather than 'dear enemies' in a social carnivore"
1189:
Symposia of the
Zoological Society of London. Vol. 45. No. 107. 1980.
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to assist in detecting the mark. Scent marking is often performed by
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Wild
Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Conservation
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mark by spraying urine or by rubbing themselves against vegetation.
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Gazelles and their relatives : a study in territorial behavior
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Habitats and territories; a study of the use of space by animals
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Animals may use several strategies to defend their territories.
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located on various areas of the body. Often, the scent contains
471:
1432:
A reassessment of the function of scent marking in territories
1090:
688:
242:
may claim as much as 10 hectares (25 acres) of territory. For
36:
2881:
1786:
Mittermeier, R. A.; Rylands, A. B.; Konstant, W. R. (1999).
1272:
The Spotted Hyena: A Study of Predation and Social Behaviour
738:
303:
The time to develop territories varies between animals. The
211:
Among birds, territories have been classified as six types.
2231:
Feldhamer, G.A., Thompson, B.C. and Chapman, J.A., (2003).
1996:"Scientist figures out how wombats poop cubes | CBC Radio"
931:
Several types of resource in a territory may be defended.
1906:
Mammalian Olfaction, Reproductive Processes, and Behavior
1798:(6th ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp.
828:. Territories may vary with time (season). For example,
1638:
The Chemistry of Pheromones and Other Semiochemicals II
674:
have poor vision but may use visual marking. Dominant
2844:
Stroudsburg, Pa., Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross 398,
277:) have territories of 9,000 hectares (22,000 acres),
2511:
Schradin, C.; Schneider, C.; Lindholm, A.K. (2010).
2404:
Stimson J (1969). "Territoriality of the owl limpet
483:
Scent marking, also known as territorial marking or
2826:Walther, F. R., E. C. Mungall, G. A. Grau. (1983)
2070:
1791:
1744:
1316:Myers, J.P.; Connors, P.G.; Pitelka, F.A. (1979).
873:Another strategy used in territory defence is the
545:also use scent marking, including urine washing (
2830:Park Ridge, N.J. : Noyes Publications 239,
262:to over 100,000 hectares (250,000 acres) in the
2296:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMacdonald1987 (
1928:
1926:
1823:L. David Mech; Luigi Boitani (1 October 2010).
1294:Ehrlich, P.R.; Dobkin, D.S.; Wheye, D. (1998).
945:Large solitary (or paired) carnivores, such as
2894:
1037:Territory defence in male variegated pupfish (
1662:Sunquist, Mel; Sunquist, Fiona (2017-05-15).
1201:"Ornithology: territoriality and coloniality"
8:
1502:"Urinary Volatile Constituents of the Lion,
1070:. Similar behaviour is also observed in the
816:Territories may be held by an individual, a
129:(or, occasionally, against animals of other
2760:Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society
2077:. University of California Press. pp.
1853:Advances in Chemical Signals in Vertebrates
1826:Wolves: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation
1751:. University of California Press. pp.
1181:
1179:
897:In territory defence by groups of animals,
549:the body with urine), to communicate. Many
250:or artificial feeding in suburban gardens.
203:sites, mating areas, or to attract a mate.
2684:Briefer, E.; Rybak, F.; Aubin, T. (2008).
2317:. London: Allen and Unwin. pp. 71–83.
1941:. Wisconsin Primate Research Center (WPRC)
1584:Carnivore Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution
2616:
2579:
2538:
2528:
2353:
2291:
1856:. Springer Science & Business Media.
1641:. Springer Science & Business Media.
1587:. Springer Science & Business Media.
1410:. Springer Science & Business Media.
1380:Societies of Wolves and Free-ranging Dogs
1289:
1287:
557:, use scent marking from two glands, the
2911:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
2273:The Wolf: His Place in the Natural World
1935:"Primate Factsheets: Ring-tailed lemur (
1788:"Primates of the world: An introduction"
67:of all important aspects of the article.
1175:
880:Some animals use a strategy termed the
27:Area a wild animal consistently defends
2568:Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera
768:
63:Please consider expanding the lead to
7:
2093:urine OR urination OR scent marking.
1500:Andersen, K.F.; Vulpius, T. (1999).
1447:." Science 171.3970 (1971): 443-449.
2562:Alcock, John; Gwynne Daryl (1988).
2328:Müller, C.A.; Manser, M.B. (2007).
2107:"Factfile:Greater one horned rhino"
1962:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1344:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
118:is the sociographical area that an
2464:; Hedrick, Ann V. (October 1993).
2391:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1977.tb04156.x
1581:John L. Gittleman (9 March 2013).
1274:. University of California Press,
1223:"Squirrel behaviour and territory"
25:
2255:J.M. Dent and Sons Limited. p.38
2043:Palagi, E.; Dapporto, L. (2006).
1407:Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 9
137:or (less commonly) real physical
2893:
1434:." Ethology 60.2 (1982): 89-118.
769:Problems playing this file? See
754:
641:
627:
507:or carrier proteins such as the
457:
448:
425:
416:
392:
383:
189:marks his territory with urine.
172:
88:
41:
1829:. University of Chicago Press.
1719:The Study of Prosimian Behavior
1668:. University of Chicago Press.
55:may be too short to adequately
2840:Stokes, A. W. (editor) (1974)
1716:G.A. Doyle (2 December 2012).
1383:. Cambridge University Press.
1377:Spotte, Stephen (2012-03-15).
849:, this situation is reversed.
603:In the Eastern carpenter bee,
65:provide an accessible overview
1:
2737:10.1016/s0003-3472(80)80088-1
2702:10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.06.017
1794:Walker's Mammals of the World
1635:Schulz, Stefan (2005-01-07).
436:Wolves mark their territories
122:consistently defends against
2858:New York, Basic Books 117 p.
2627:10.1016/0003-3472(78)90013-1
1903:Doty, Richard (2012-12-02).
1614:. Cornell University Press.
864:of fighting is known as the
1933:Cawthon Lang, K.A. (2005).
1548:Canadian Journal of Zoology
1081:Single resource territories
957:are attracted to migrating
336:scent-marking her territory
292:Territories can be linear.
227:Type E: Roosting territory.
2962:
2151:"Black Bear Marking Trees"
2020:"The RSPB-Robin:Territory"
1689:Ewer, R. F. (2013-12-11).
1164:The Territorial Imperative
924:, as shown in the case of
789:
570:a wolf marks its territory
474:spray urine on scent posts
368:
32:Territory (disambiguation)
29:
2203:10.1007/s00114-012-0962-9
1790:. In Nowak, R. M. (ed.).
1356:10.1007/s00265-002-0469-z
998:The desert grass spider,
681:greater one-horned rhinos
561:and a scent gland in the
358:Advertising the territory
2275:. Souvenir Press. p.73.
2128:"chemical communication"
1107:European pied flycatcher
2941:Biological interactions
2791:The American Naturalist
1525:10.1093/chemse/24.2.179
1445:Mammalian scent marking
1032:speckled wood butterfly
1028:Australian painted lady
598:anogenital scent glands
499:, or, from specialised
309:Amblyrhynchus cristatus
2889:
2869:Listen to this article
2854:Klopfer, P. H. (1969)
2663:10.1006/anbe.2003.2087
2530:10.1186/1742-9994-7-19
2482:10.1006/anbe.1993.1243
2346:10.1098/rspb.2006.0222
2314:Evolution As a Process
2149:Cabrera, K.A. (2013).
2069:Richard Estes (1991).
1743:Richard Estes (1991).
1665:Wild Cats of the World
1471:10.1006/anbe.1997.0650
1252:. www.badgerland.co.uk
1148:Dear enemy recognition
1138:Biological interaction
939:
890:nasty neighbour effect
801:
743:
509:major urinary proteins
337:
105:marking his territory
2946:Animals by adaptation
2888:
2251:Lopez, B.H., (1978).
1012:Mating opportunities:
937:
806:ritualized aggression
799:
792:Ritualized aggression
786:Ritualized aggression
742:
351:ritualized aggression
331:
319:Retaining a territory
2920:More spoken articles
2517:Frontiers in Zoology
2235:. JHU Press. p.496.
1608:Ewer, R. F. (1998).
1185:MacDonald, David W.
988:Nests and offspring:
845:species such as the
574:raised leg urination
30:For other uses, see
2271:Zimen, E., (1981).
2191:Naturwissenschaften
1692:Ethology of Mammals
1443:Ralls, Katherine. "
1270:Kruuk, H., (1972).
1087:European blackbirds
1061:Euglossa imperialis
1014:The striped mouse (
900:reciprocal altruism
704:American black bear
487:when this involves
135:agonistic behaviors
103:black-backed jackal
2890:
2787:Ficedula hypoleuca
2462:Riechert, Susan E.
2379:Journal of Zoology
2253:Of Wolves and Men.
2176:2010-12-03 at the
2052:Ann. Zool. Fennici
1974:10.1007/BF00294984
1111:Ficedula hypoleuca
1101:Polyterritoriality
1030:butterfly and the
1001:Agelenopsis aperta
970:blacksmith lapwing
940:
907:Resources defended
894:territory-holder.
802:
744:
606:Xylocopa virginica
590:ring-tailed lemurs
553:, for example the
338:
2886:
2450:978-1-77007-772-0
2340:(1612): 959–965.
2088:978-0-520-08085-0
1916:978-0-323-15450-5
1863:978-1-4615-4733-4
1836:978-0-226-51698-1
1809:978-0-8018-6251-9
1762:978-0-520-08085-0
1729:978-0-323-14306-6
1702:978-1-4899-4656-0
1675:978-0-226-51823-7
1648:978-3-540-21308-6
1621:978-0-8014-8493-3
1594:978-1-4757-4716-4
1417:978-1-4615-0671-3
1390:978-1-107-37910-7
883:dear enemy effect
862:game theory model
759:
718:European wildcats
588:Males and female
543:New World monkeys
329:
283:Empidonax minimus
279:least flycatchers
275:Aquila chrysaetos
260:Ngorongoro Crater
200:inclusive fitness
82:
81:
16:(Redirected from
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2748:
2725:Animal Behaviour
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2696:(4): 1319–1325.
2690:Animal Behaviour
2681:
2675:
2674:
2651:Animal Behaviour
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2638:
2620:
2605:Animal Behaviour
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2594:
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2581:10.5962/p.266708
2574:(1–4): 116–124.
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2470:Animal Behaviour
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1459:Animal Behaviour
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1430:Gosling, L. M. "
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1229:on June 15, 2013
1225:. Archived from
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1095:grazing antelope
875:war of attrition
761:
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722:Felis silvestris
708:Ursus americanus
645:
631:
559:preorbital gland
513:flehmen response
461:
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371:Animal repellent
330:
244:European badgers
238:Some species of
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2901:This audio file
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2821:Further reading
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2424:10.2307/1933604
2406:Lottia gigantea
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2334:Proc. R. Soc. B
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2178:Wayback Machine
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1878:"The Territory"
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1073:Eulaema meriana
1053:Alauda arvensis
982:Lottia gigantea
949:and the bigger
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847:northern jacana
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1611:The Carnivores
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305:marine iguana
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2154:. Retrieved
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2027:. Retrieved
2024:RSPB website
2023:
2014:
2003:. Retrieved
1999:
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1943:. Retrieved
1936:
1909:. Elsevier.
1905:
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1882:the original
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1695:. Springer.
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1513:Chem. Senses
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1504:Panthera leo
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1227:the original
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52:lead section
2611:: 138–147.
1939:) Behavior"
1937:Lemur catta
1768:25 December
1221:Turpin, K.
1068:mate choice
1023:philopatric
843:polyandrous
696:Canada lynx
676:white rhino
666:Lemur catta
594:Lemur catta
332:Video of a
294:Sanderlings
143:territorial
127:competition
124:conspecific
2930:Categories
2916:Audio help
2907:2019-09-05
2241:0801874165
2058:: 280–284.
2029:2008-05-17
2005:2018-11-20
1331:: 551–561.
1280:0226455084
1171:References
1153:Home range
1128:Aggression
1091:Uganda kob
1042:variegatus
1040:Cyprinodon
978:owl limpet
860:The first
853:Strategies
839:polygynous
771:media help
702:) and the
672:Rhinoceros
539:Prosimians
505:pheromones
438:with urine
269:In birds,
248:food waste
154:home range
139:aggression
2842:Territory
2613:CiteSeerX
2590:127040681
2490:0003-3472
1568:0008-4301
1115:deception
1017:Rhabdomys
551:ungulates
489:urination
347:olfactory
343:dominance
240:squirrels
158:core area
116:territory
57:summarize
2936:Ethology
2918: ·
2811:85184225
2772:25085309
2745:53161684
2710:21703019
2671:53166315
2549:20573184
2498:53201859
2364:17251103
2211:22926138
2174:Archived
2156:June 28,
2134:June 28,
2112:June 25,
1982:33309938
1945:June 29,
1888:June 28,
1533:10321819
1301:June 24,
1256:June 23,
1233:June 22,
1206:June 22,
1158:Property
1122:See also
728:Auditory
531:leopards
529:such as
485:spraying
264:Kalahari
164:Function
133:) using
112:ethology
2905: (
2876:minutes
2635:7445027
2540:2908079
2432:1933604
2411:Ecology
2355:2141673
2219:2309455
1487:9879771
1479:9632512
1364:2132629
1049:Skylark
1047:In the
1019:pumilio
951:raptors
812:Defense
613:Wombats
579:coyotes
535:jaguars
402:Felids
334:tigress
313:lekking
311:) is a
196:fitness
131:species
2848:
2834:
2809:
2770:
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2708:
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2633:
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2588:
2547:
2537:
2523:: 19.
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1387:
1362:
1278:
1248:Anon.
1199:Anon.
966:Swifts
959:salmon
779:Wolves
619:Visual
527:Felids
497:faeces
468:Tigers
120:animal
2807:S2CID
2768:JSTOR
2741:S2CID
2706:S2CID
2667:S2CID
2631:S2CID
2586:S2CID
2494:S2CID
2428:JSTOR
2381:. 2.
2215:S2CID
2048:(PDF)
1978:S2CID
1509:(PDF)
1483:S2CID
1360:S2CID
1321:(PDF)
947:bears
943:Food:
818:mated
493:urine
472:lions
287:gulls
2846:ISBN
2832:ISBN
2545:PMID
2486:ISSN
2446:ISBN
2360:PMID
2298:help
2277:ISBN
2257:ISBN
2237:ISBN
2207:PMID
2158:2013
2136:2013
2114:2013
2083:ISBN
1947:2013
1911:ISBN
1890:2013
1858:ISBN
1831:ISBN
1804:ISBN
1800:1–52
1770:2012
1757:ISBN
1724:ISBN
1697:ISBN
1670:ISBN
1643:ISBN
1616:ISBN
1589:ISBN
1564:ISSN
1529:PMID
1475:PMID
1412:ISBN
1385:ISBN
1303:2013
1276:ISBN
1258:2013
1235:2013
1208:2013
976:The
918:leks
712:spur
689:dogs
581:and
563:hoof
541:and
533:and
470:and
2799:doi
2795:117
2789:".
2733:doi
2698:doi
2659:doi
2623:doi
2576:doi
2535:PMC
2525:doi
2478:doi
2420:doi
2408:".
2387:doi
2383:182
2350:PMC
2342:doi
2338:274
2199:doi
2081:–.
2079:323
2000:CBC
1970:doi
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