1432:, two women were poisoned at their workplace in 1997, and the measured concentrations in one of them were the highest ever measured in a human being, 144,000 pg/g of fat. This is about 100,000 times the concentrations in most people today and about 10,000 times the sum of all dioxin-like compounds in young people today. They survived but suffered from difficult chloracne for several years. The poisoning likely happened in October 1997 but was not discovered until April 1998. At the institute where the women worked as secretaries, high concentrations of TCDD were found in one of the labs, suggesting that the compound had been produced there. The police investigation failed to find clear evidence of crime, and no one was ever prosecuted. Aside from malaise and
46:
1174:). In the occupational cohort studies available for the classification, the risk was weak and borderline detectable, even at very high exposures. Therefore, the classification was, in essence, based on animal experiments and mechanistic considerations. This was criticized as a deviation from IARC's 1997 classification rules. The main problem with IARC classification is that it only assesses qualitative hazard, i.e. carcinogenicity at any dose, and not the quantitative risk at different doses. According to a 2006
1053:
of various organs and the immune systems or other regulatory functions. The AH receptor is phylogenetically highly conserved, with a history of at least 600 million years, and is found in all vertebrates. Its ancient analogs are important regulatory proteins even in more primitive species. In fact, knock-out animals with no AH receptor are prone to illness and developmental problems. Taken together, this implies the necessity of a basal degree of AH receptor activation to achieve normal physiological function.
332:
237:
573:
578:
563:
55:
568:
769:
1284:. Development of some organs may be even more sensitive: very low doses perturb the development of sexual organs in rodents, and the development of teeth in rats. The latter is important in that tooth deformities were also seen after the Seveso accident and possibly after a long breast-feeding of babies in the 1970s and 1980s when the dioxin concentrations in Europe were about ten times higher than at present.
1358:
64:
774:
892:
1293:
there is a threshold below which it seems to cause no cancer. TCDD is not mutagenic or genotoxic, in other words, it is not able to initiate cancer, and the cancer risk is based on promotion of cancer initiated by other compounds or on indirect effects such as disturbing defense mechanisms of the body e.g. by preventing
773:
1304:
that is metabolized in two steps, oxidation and conjugation. Oxidation produces epoxide carcinogens that are rapidly detoxified by conjugation, but some molecules may escape to the nucleus of the cell and bind to DNA causing a mutation, resulting in cancer initiation. When TCDD increases the activity
1240:
has determined that levels higher than 1,000 ppt TEq in soil require intervention, including research, surveillance, health studies, community and physician education, and exposure investigation. The EPA is considering reducing these limits to 72 ppt TEq. This change would significantly increase the
1052:
The physiological function of the AH receptor has been the subject of continuous research. One obvious function is to increase the activity of enzymes breaking down foreign chemicals or normal chemicals of the body as needed. There seem to be many other functions, however, related to the development
1263:
atrophy is very typical in several animal species. TCDD also affects the balance of several hormones. In some species, but not in all, severe liver toxicity is seen. Taking into account the low doses of dioxins in the present human population, only two types of toxic effects have been considered to
1258:
and wasting, and even after a huge dose animals die only 1 to 6 weeks after the TCDD administration. Seemingly similar species have varying sensitivities to acute effects: lethal dose for a guinea pig is about 1 μg/kg, but to a hamster it is more than 1,000 μg/kg. A similar difference can
1048:
These polycyclic hydrocarbons also activate the AH receptor, but less than TCDD and only temporarily. Even many natural compounds present in vegetables cause some activation of the AH receptor. This phenomenon can be viewed as adaptive and beneficial, because it protects the organism from toxic and
3255:
Saracci, R.; Kogevinas, M.; Winkelmann, R.; Bertazzi, P. A.; Bueno De
Mesquita, B. H.; Coggon, D.; Green, L. M.; Kauppinen, T.; l'Abbé, K. A.; Littorin, M.; Lynge, E.; Mathews, J. D.; Neuberger, M.; Osman, J.; Pearce, N. (1991). "Cancer mortality in workers exposed to chlorophenoxy herbicides and
1292:
Cancers can be induced in animals at many sites. At sufficiently high doses, TCDD has caused cancer in all animals tested. The most sensitive is liver cancer in female rats, and this has long been a basis for risk assessment. Dose-response of TCDD in causing cancer does not seem to be linear, and
1180:
article, there were debates on whether TCDD was carcinogenic only at high doses which also cause toxic damage of tissues. A 2011 review concluded that, after 1997, further studies did not support an association between TCDD exposure and cancer risk. One of the problems is that in all occupational
1194:
provided some direct epidemiological evidence that TCDD or other dioxins are not causing soft-tissue sarcoma at low doses, although this cancer has been considered typical for dioxins. There was in fact a trend of cancer to decrease. This is called a J-shape dose-response, low doses decrease the
772:
1385:
of several kilograms of TCDD from a pressure tank. Many animals died, and high concentrations of TCDD, up to 56,000 pg/g of fat, were noted especially in children playing outside and eating local food. The acute effects were limited to about 200 cases of
1447:
was poisoned with a large dose of TCDD. His blood TCDD concentration was measured 108,000 pg/g of fat, which is the second highest ever measured. This concentration implies a dose exceeding 2 mg, or 25 μg/kg of body weight. He suffered from
3299:
Harnly, M.; Stephens, R.; McLaughlin, C.; Marcotte, J.; Petreas, M.; Goldman, L. (1995). "Polychlorinated
Dibenzo-p-dioxin and Dibenzofuran Contamination at Metal Recovery Facilities, Open Burn Sites, and a Railroad Car Incineration Facility".
1398:, as well as some developmental effects such as disturbed development of teeth and excess of girls born to fathers who were exposed as children. Several other long-term effects have been suspected, but the evidence is not very strong.
2974:
T.A. Mably; D.L. Bjerke; R.W. Moore; A. Gendron-Fitzpatrick; R.E. Peterson (1992). "In utero and lactational exposure of male rats to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-pdioxin. 3. Effects on spermatogenesis and reproductive capability".
1409:, several hundred people were poisoned by extremely high concentrations of TCDD by Russell Martin Bliss, who sprayed TCDD-contaminated waste oil on dusty roads to avoid large dust clouds. Bliss himself obtained the waste oil from
2352:
Kogevinas M, Becher H, Benn T, Bertazzi PA, Boffetta P, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Coggon D, Colin D, Flesch-Janys D, Fingerhut M, Green L, Kauppinen T, Littorin M, Lynge E, Mathews JD, Neuberger M, Pearce N, Saracci R (1997).
586:
543:
1340:
The greatest production occurs from waste incineration, metal production, and fossil-fuel and wood combustion. Dioxin production can usually be reduced by increasing the combustion temperature. Total U.S. emissions of
708:
1150:
and the subsequent oxygen damage to DNA. There are other explanations such as endocrine disruption or altered signal transduction. The endocrine disrupting activities seem to be dependent on life stage, being
1065:
considered developmental toxicity as the most pertinent risk of dioxins to human beings. Because people are usually exposed simultaneously to several dioxin-like chemicals, a more detailed account is given at
5852:
4345:
1146:. Its main action is cancer promotion; it promotes the carcinogenicity initiated by other compounds. Very high doses may, in addition, cause cancer indirectly; one of the proposed mechanisms is
4426:
1413:, a company that produced Agent Orange. No one was ever charged in relation to the incident, and the city of Times Beach was abandoned and disincorporated following an investigation by the
1185:, had concluded that after 30 years the results did not provide evidence of disease. On the other hand, the latest studies on Seveso population support TCDD carcinogenicity at high doses.
1126:
and decreased sperm quality have been noted. Various developmental effects have been clearly shown after high mixed exposures to dioxins and dioxin-like compounds, the most dramatic in
1957:
DeGroot, Danica; He, Guochun; Fraccalvieri, Domenico; Bonati, Laura; Pandini, Allesandro; Denison, Michael S. (2011). "AHR Ligands: Promiscuity in
Binding and Diversity in Response".
1181:
studies the subjects have been exposed to a large number of chemicals, not only TCDD. By 2011, it was reported that studies that include the update of
Vietnam veteran studies from
1922:
Mandlekar S, Hong JL, Kong AN (August 2006). "Modulation of metabolic enzymes by dietary phytochemicals: a review of mechanisms underlying beneficial versus unfavorable effects".
4183:
3342:
1508:
819:
1329:. It may also be formed along with other polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofuranes in any burning of hydrocarbons where chlorine is present, especially if certain metal
905:
704:
5845:
1313:
intermediates may increase, increasing the possibility of cancer initiation. Thus, a beneficial activation of detoxifying enzymes may lead to deleterious side effects.
1585:
Tuomisto, Jouko (2019) Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds: toxicity in humans and animals, sources, and behaviour in the environment. WikiJournal of
Medicine 6(1): 8 |
1321:
TCDD has never been produced commercially except as a pure chemical for scientific research. It is, however, formed as a synthesis side product when producing certain
1237:
1210:
775:
5838:
1418:
1218:
2901:
R. Pohjanvirta; J. Tuomisto (1994). "Short-term toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzop-dioxin in laboratory animals: effects, mechanisms, and animal models".
381:
3349:
1790:
J. Lindén; S. Lensu; J. Tuomisto; R. Pohjanvirta. (2010). "Dioxins, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and the central regulation of energy balance. A review".
1163:
1414:
146:
1993:
Rothhammer, V; Quintana, FJ (March 2019). "The aryl hydrocarbon receptor: an environmental sensor integrating immune responses in health and disease".
5940:
3730:
1833:
Tijet N, Boutros PC, Moffat ID, et al. (2006). "Hydrocarbon receptor regulates distinct dioxin-dependent and dioxin-independent gene batteries".
2129:
Y.P. Dragan; D. Schrenk (2000). "Animal studies addressing the carcinogenicity of TCDD (or related compounds) with an emphasis on tumour promotion".
1259:
be seen even between two different rat strains. Various hyperplastic (overgrowth) or atrophic (wasting away) responses are seen in different organs,
3369:
2472:"Comparison of chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in 2-year bioassays in female Sprague-Dawley rats"
1297:
or programmed death of altered cells. Carcinogenicity is associated with tissue damage, and it is often viewed now as secondary to tissue damage.
1118:
were the most statistically significant defects. Later some tooth defects and borderline neurodevelopmental effects have been reported. After the
3553:
Sorg, O.; Zennegg, M.; Schmid, P.; Fedosyuk, R.; Valikhnovskyi, R.; Gaide, O.; Kniazevych, V.; Saurat, J.-H. (2009). "2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-
797:
3635:
1176:
656:
3688:
3239:
2319:
4942:
4558:
790:
1333:
such as copper are also present. Usually a mixture of dioxin-like compounds is produced, therefore a more thorough treatise is under
6072:
4573:
4563:
1974:
1469:
1334:
1067:
346:
31:
2036:"Consultation on assessment of the health risk of dioxins: re-evaluation of the tolerable daily intake (TDI): Executive summary".
1883:"An aryl hydrocarbon receptor odyssey to the shores of toxicology: the Deichmann Lecture, International Congress of Toxicology-XI"
1026:; it has been shown that high doses of TCDD either increase or decrease the expression of several hundred genes in rats. Genes of
963:. Pure TCDD is a colorless solid with no distinguishable odor at room temperature. It is usually formed as an unwanted product in
4401:
1236:
TEq in soils and 100 ppt in sediment. Most industrialized countries have dioxin concentrations in soils of less than 12 ppt. The
1171:
1049:
carcinogenic substances. Excessive and persistent stimulation of AH receptor, however, leads to a multitude of adverse effects.
5950:
5814:
4032:
3187:
R.J. Kociba; et al. (1978). "Results of a two-year chronic toxicity and oncogenicity study of 2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzo-
3144:
S. Alaluusua; P.L. Lukinmaa; J. Torppa; J. Tuomisto; T. Vartiainen (1999). "Developing teeth as biomarker of dioxin exposure".
1190:
3227:
2568:
Buffler PA, Ginevan ME, Mandel JS, Watkins DK (September 2011). "The Air Force health study: an epidemiologic retrospective".
5290:
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4853:
3698:
1342:
936:
520:
5922:
5285:
4533:
3723:
2812:
1346:
1221:(EPA) established an oral reference dose (RfD) of 0.7 pg/kg b.w. per day for TCDD (see discussion on the differences in).
696:
912:
652:
6040:
4885:
4431:
999:
700:
642:
535:
289:
45:
4502:
577:
572:
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4611:
4605:
4527:
4396:
3959:
310:
736:
2206:
Knerr S, Schrenk D (October 2006). "Carcinogenicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in experimental models".
5801:
5506:
4974:
4553:
4300:
1250:
By far most information on toxicity of dioxin-like chemicals is based on animal studies utilizing TCDD. Almost all
843:
830:
3346:
1094:
that contained TCDD as an impurity out of the production process. However, there has been some uncertainty on the
5872:
5861:
5769:
5172:
4969:
3012:"A dose-response analysis of the reproductive effects of a single gestational dose of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-
1736:
Mandal PK (May 2005). "Dioxin: a review of its environmental effects and its aryl hydrocarbon receptor biology".
1456:
1062:
1011:
626:
3438:
2787:"EPA's Reanalysis of Key Issues Related to Dioxin Toxicity and Response to NAS Comments (External Review Draft)"
2432:
Cole P, Trichopoulos D, Pastides H, Starr T, Mandel JS (December 2003). "Dioxin and cancer: a critical review".
5481:
5466:
5074:
4984:
4818:
4631:
4456:
3716:
1214:
668:
2338:
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzopara-dioxin, 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran, and 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl
2248:"Cancer incidence in the population exposed to dioxin after the "Seveso accident": twenty years of follow-up"
783:
724:
720:
562:
6067:
5945:
5029:
5024:
4599:
3708:
3665:
1038:
712:
232:
5054:
4808:
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3987:
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3824:
1265:
1102:
indicated large amount of heterogeneity between studies and emphasized a lack of consensus on the issue.
3366:
2246:
Angela
Cecilia Pesatori; Dario Consonni; Maurizia Rubagotti; Paolo Grillo; Pier Alberto Bertazzi (2009).
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600:
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are affected by high doses of TCDD. In short-term toxicity studies in animals, the typical effects are
5954:
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5758:
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5501:
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1182:
1015:
975:
76:
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3557:-dioxin (TCDD) poisoning in Victor Yushchenko: identification and measurement of TCDD metabolites".
634:
6023:
5994:
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3689:
U.S. National
Library of Medicine: Hazardous Substances Databank – 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin
1452:
for many years, but after initial malaise, other symptoms or abnormal laboratory findings were few.
1111:
622:
327:
112:
2859:-dioxin and related halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons: examination of the mechanism of toxicity".
2742:
Malisch R, Kotz A (2014). "Dioxins and PCBs in feed and food – review from
European perspective".
1300:
TCDD may in some conditions potentiate the carcinogenic effects of other compounds. An example is
1030:
activating the breakdown of foreign and often toxic compounds are classic examples of such genes (
664:
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5677:
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2018:
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1815:
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1715:
1672:
1551:
1326:
1255:
1233:
740:
2397:
Schwarz M, Appel KE (October 2005). "Carcinogenic risks of dioxin: mechanistic considerations".
2175:
M. Viluksela; et al. (2000). "Liver tumor-promoting activity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-
680:
6018:
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688:
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2414:
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2010:
1970:
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Senior, K; Mazza, A (September 2004). "Italian "Triangle of death" linked to waste crisis".
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Warner, M; Mocarelli, P; Samuels, S; Needham, L; Brambilla, P; Eskenazi, B (December 2011).
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2002:
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M.H. Sweeney; P. Mocarelli (2000). "Human health effects after exposure to 2,3,7,8- TCDD".
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2314:. Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Vol. 69. Lyon: IARC.
1382:
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1225:
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risk, and only higher doses increase the risk, according to a 2005 article in the journal
1152:
1119:
1019:
995:
122:
54:
2081:"Association between Agent Orange and birth defects: Systematic review and meta-analysis"
1369:
There have been numerous incidents where people have been exposed to high doses of TCDD.
3407:
3313:
2872:
2755:
2263:
1614:
1539:
174:
17:
5962:
5958:
5830:
5576:
5511:
5436:
5375:
5109:
5049:
4798:
4239:
4010:
3935:
3849:
3527:
3498:
3390:
P. Mocarelli; et al. (1991). "Serum concentrations of 2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzo-
3121:
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2471:
2371:
2355:"Cancer mortality in workers exposed to phenoxy herbicides, chlorophenols, and dioxins"
2354:
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883:
874:
648:
504:
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5652:
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4657:
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2988:
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1197:
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1083:
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TCDD and dioxin-like compounds act via a specific receptor present in all cells: the
979:
469:
225:
3586:
3285:
3173:
3053:
H. Kattainen; et al. (2001). "In utero/lactational 2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzo-
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L. Poellinger (2000). "Mechanistic aspects—the dioxin (aryl hydrocarbon) receptor".
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1459:, is contaminated with TCDD from years of illegal waste disposal by organized crime.
748:
5966:
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5732:
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3982:
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1862:
1421:. This is marked as the single largest contamination of a civilian area by TCDD in
1322:
1115:
1107:
1087:
987:
684:
2931:
L.S. Birnbaum; J. Tuomisto (2000). "Non-carcinogenic effects of TCDD in animals".
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2536:
1622:
692:
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4150:
4140:
4125:
4097:
4079:
4060:
4051:
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3764:
2445:
2410:
2341:. Vol. 100F. International Agency for Research on Cancer. pp. 339–378.
2336:
1803:
1402:
1079:
991:
809:
1935:
1357:
1213:(JECFA) derived in 2001 a provisional tolerable monthly intake (PTMI) of 70 pg
5998:
5991:
5905:
5895:
5891:
5692:
5687:
5667:
5662:
5647:
5642:
5555:
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4709:
4701:
4642:
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4208:
4114:
4103:
3925:
3919:
3703:
3415:
2006:
1966:
1749:
1601:
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1504:
1433:
1167:
1156:
1103:
1035:
660:
438:
355:
InChI=1S/C12H4Cl4O2/c13-5-1-9-10(2-6(5)14)18-12-4-8(16)7(15)3-11(12)17-9/h1-4H
205:
1276:
Developmental effects occur at very low doses in animals. They include frank
365:
InChI=1/C12H4Cl4O2/c13-5-1-9-10(2-6(5)14)18-12-4-8(16)7(15)3-11(12)17-9/h1-4H
6002:
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2944:
2335:
IARC Working Group on the
Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans (2012).
2142:
1899:
1882:
1703:
1660:
1449:
1387:
1365:
after he was poisoned by TCDD. TCDD often causes disfiguring facial swelling
1294:
1143:
1139:
1123:
672:
3621:
3578:
3536:
3475:
3329:
3130:
3078:
3070:
3031:
2952:
2771:
2728:
2679:
2638:
2589:
2554:
2505:
2487:
2453:
2418:
2291:
2272:
2227:
2219:
2192:
2150:
2106:
2057:
2014:
1943:
1908:
1854:
1846:
1811:
1757:
1711:
1668:
1630:
63:
3423:
3277:
3165:
3039:
2996:
2914:
2880:
2380:
2079:
Ngo, Anh D; Taylor, Richard; Roberts, Christine L; Nguyen, Tuan V (2006).
5934:
5796:
5697:
5606:
5571:
5516:
5471:
5385:
5295:
5245:
5128:
5117:
5094:
5084:
5064:
4959:
4926:
4920:
4910:
4310:
4282:
4277:
4272:
3913:
3772:
3518:
3212:
2097:
2080:
1406:
1349:
were reduced from ca. 14 kg TEq in 1987 to 1.4 kg TEq in 2000.
1330:
796:
789:
782:
755:
3321:
2620:
1586:
1547:
943:(sometimes shortened, though inaccurately, to simply 'dioxin') with the
5915:
5545:
5540:
5250:
5240:
5230:
5225:
4915:
4543:
4461:
4446:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4305:
4213:
4203:
4163:
4158:
4135:
4130:
3864:
3666:"Discariche piene di rifiuti tossici quello è il triangolo della morte"
3466:
1444:
1410:
1310:
1091:
964:
716:
459:
265:
3097:"Developmental dental aberrations after the dioxin accident in Seveso"
2670:
2653:
2311:
Polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans
2049:
614:
5763:
5421:
5416:
5204:
4350:
4340:
4335:
4330:
3992:
3794:
3112:
1429:
1374:
1260:
1155:
when estrogen is present (or in high concentration) in the body, and
1095:
1027:
983:
630:
185:
3394:-dioxin and test results from selected residents of Seveso, Italy".
3011:
2605:"Dioxin exposure and cancer risk in the Seveso Women's Health Study"
882:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
2793:. US EPA National Center for Environmental Assessment,Cincinnati Oh
2470:
Walker NJ, Wyde ME, Fischer LJ, Nyska A, Bucher JR (October 2006).
253:
5707:
5622:
5581:
4863:
4267:
4262:
4252:
4091:
4074:
4027:
2179:-dioxin (TCDD) in TCDD-sensitive and TCDD resistant rat strains".
1378:
1356:
165:
145:
135:
2519:
Boffetta P, Mundt KA, Adami HO, Cole P, Mandel JS (August 2011).
732:
4873:
4868:
1023:
856:
744:
244:
5834:
3712:
3232:
Casarett & Doull's
Toxicology: the basic science of poisons
5260:
4813:
3439:"Paternal concentrations of dioxin and sex ratio of offspring"
3377:
1436:
there were few other symptoms or abnormal laboratory findings.
3503:-dioxin (TCDD) intoxication: clinical and laboratory effects"
2521:"TCDD and cancer: a critical review of epidemiologic studies"
1130:
and Yu-chen catastrophes, in Japan and Taiwan, respectively.
4346:
Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide)
2855:
A. Poland; J.C. Knutson (1982). "2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-
315:
4427:
2-Ethoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyl cyclohexyl methylphosphonate
3693:
3057:-dioxin exposure impairs molar tooth development in rats".
1232:
The general environmental limit in most countries is 1,000
1241:
potential volume of contaminated soil requiring treatment.
3234:(6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 201–267.
767:
1086:
were observed in children of people who were exposed to
1390:. Long-term effects seem to include a slight excess of
967:
processes of organic materials or as a side product in
900:
2654:"Soft-tissue sarcoma and dioxin: a case-control study"
1098:
link between Agent Orange/dioxin exposure. In 2006, a
1509:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2308:
International Agency for Research on Cancer (1997).
1238:
U.S. Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry
5871:
5751:
5615:
5564:
5525:
5384:
5161:
5108:
4899:
4700:
4475:
4389:
4291:
4238:
4222:
4149:
4059:
4050:
4020:
4001:
3968:
3934:
3887:
3878:
3763:
1034:). TCDD increases the enzymes breaking down, e.g.,
27:
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, chemical compound
5873:
3016:-dioxin in male Long Evans Hooded rat offspring"
2926:
2924:
1455:An area of polluted land in Italy, known as the
1211:Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives
994:. TCDD was released into the environment in the
277:
3380:'s National Center for Environmental Assessment
1988:
1986:
1138:It is largely agreed that TCDD is not directly
771:
121:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
1961:. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 63–79.
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
5846:
3724:
3376:(accessed 2013-08-01), p.40; using data from
3347:Report on Carcinogens, Twelfth Edition (2011)
1219:United States Environmental Protection Agency
8:
3704:CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
3090:
3088:
2170:
2168:
814:164.2 °C (327.6 °F; 437.3 K)
2241:
2239:
2237:
1164:International Agency for Research on Cancer
5853:
5839:
5831:
4056:
3884:
3731:
3717:
3709:
3010:L.E. Gray; J.S. Ostby; W.R. Kelce (1997).
2695:"Dioxin cancer risk –example of hormesis?"
2392:
2390:
1596:
1594:
389:ClC1=C(Cl)C=C2OC(C=C(C(Cl)=C3)Cl)=C3OC2=C1
330:
235:
213:
37:
3526:
3465:
3120:
2718:
2669:
2628:
2544:
2495:
2465:
2463:
2370:
2281:
2271:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2096:
1959:The AH Receptor in Biology and Toxicology
1898:
1642:
1640:
1006:Biological activity in humans and animals
297:
3226:Pitot III, H. C.; Dragan, Y. P. (2001).
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1731:
1729:
1503:NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards.
3548:
3546:
2303:
2301:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1486:
1177:Molecular Nutrition & Food Research
986:) and became known as a contaminant in
386:
351:
326:
4612:Methylphosphonyl dichloride (dichloro)
4606:Methylphosphonyl difluoride (difluoro)
3302:Environmental Science & Technology
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
474:305 °C (581 °F; 578 K)
226:
4854:Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine (TETS)
2085:International Journal of Epidemiology
1587:https://doi.org/10.15347/wjm/2019.008
1373:In 1976, thousands of inhabitants of
1122:, tooth development defects, changed
454:Colorless to white crystalline solid
358:Key: HGUFODBRKLSHSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
193:
173:
7:
2744:The Science of the Total Environment
4943:Dimethyl(trifluoromethylthio)arsine
3499:"Severe 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-
2873:10.1146/annurev.pa.22.040182.002505
1309:more than conjugation enzymes, the
368:Key: HGUFODBRKLSHSI-UHFFFAOYAA
268:
252:
4559:Dimethylamidophosphoric dichloride
3437:P. Mocarelli; et al. (2000).
3095:S. Alaluusua; et al. (2004).
2693:Tuomisto, J.; et al. (2005).
2372:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009069
1078:In Vietnam and the United States,
974:TCDD is the most potent compound (
25:
5946:Modified low-density lipoproteins
5878:Tooltip Aryl hydrocarbon receptor
4574:Ethylphosphonoselenoic dichloride
4564:Dimethylamidophosphoric dicyanide
2609:Environmental Health Perspectives
2038:Food Additives & Contaminants
1470:Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds
1335:dioxins and dioxin-like compounds
1264:cause a relevant risk to humans:
1068:dioxins and dioxin-like compounds
1061:In 2000, the Expert Group of the
978:) of its series (polychlorinated
90:2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxine
39:2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin
32:Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds
5951:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
4402:Dicyclohexyl phosphorofluoridate
3845:2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin
2711:10.2203/dose-response.003.03.004
1439:In 2004, presidential candidate
890:
576:
571:
566:
561:
422:
416:
62:
53:
44:
5815:List of chemical warfare agents
4033:Dibutylchloromethyltin chloride
2764:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.022
2582:10.1016/j.annepidem.2011.02.001
2131:Food Additives and Contaminants
1792:Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology
1692:Food Additives and Contaminants
1191:International Journal of Cancer
886:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
5923:polychlorinated dibenzodioxins
1381:were exposed to TCDD after an
1012:aryl hydrocarbon (AH) receptor
521:Occupational safety and health
428:
410:
1:
6041:Receptor/signaling modulators
3614:10.1016/s1470-2045(04)01561-x
3571:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60912-0
3458:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02290-X
3158:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)77214-7
2861:Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol
1327:chlorophenoxy acid herbicides
824:(US health exposure limits):
81:2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorooxanthrene
4886:Trimethylolpropane phosphite
4432:Neopentylene fluorophosphate
3642:. March 2007. Archived from
3367:Synopsis on Dioxins and PCBs
3270:10.1016/0140-6736(91)91898-5
3230:. In Klaassen, C. D. (ed.).
3205:10.1016/0041-008X(78)90075-3
2989:10.1016/0041-008X(92)90103-Y
2537:10.3109/10408444.2011.560141
1623:10.1016/j.envres.2005.12.003
1159:in the absence of estrogen.
1000:persistent organic pollutant
536:persistent organic pollutant
4668:3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexanol
4528:N,N-Diisopropylaminoethanol
4397:Diisopropyl fluorophosphate
3396:J. Toxicol. Environ. Health
2446:10.1016/j.yrtph.2003.08.002
2411:10.1016/j.yrtph.2005.05.008
1804:10.1016/j.yfrne.2010.07.002
1188:In 2004, an article in the
1162:TCDD was classified by the
990:, an herbicide used in the
982:, known as PCDDs or simply
925:2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-
6094:
5507:Hexamethylene diisocyanate
4975:Phenylcarbylamine chloride
4301:Dimethylcarbamoyl fluoride
3636:"Il triangolo della morte"
1995:Nature Reviews. Immunology
1936:10.2174/138920006778017795
29:
6032:
5862:Aryl hydrocarbon receptor
5810:
5770:Fluoroethyl fluoroacetate
4970:Perchloromethyl mercaptan
4381:4-686-293-01 (Agent 1-10)
3416:10.1080/15287399109531490
3372:27 September 2011 at the
3365:Jouko Tuomisto &al.:
3228:"Chemical carcinogenesis"
2839:"Toxic Substances Portal"
2434:Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol
2399:Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol
2007:10.1038/s41577-019-0125-8
1967:10.1002/9781118140574.ch4
1750:10.1007/s00360-005-0483-3
1280:such as cleft palate and
1063:World Health Organization
1018:which is involved in the
880:
818:
542:
518:
513:
397:
377:
342:
105:
87:
75:
70:
61:
52:
43:
6073:IARC Group 1 carcinogens
5482:Chloroacetophenone oxime
5467:Bromomethyl ethyl ketone
5075:Trifluoroacetyl chloride
4985:Tetrachlorodinitroethane
4632:Phosphorus pentachloride
4457:Methanesulfonyl fluoride
3507:Environ. Health Perspect
3352:17 February 2013 at the
3193:Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol
3101:Environ. Health Perspect
3059:Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol
3020:Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol
2977:Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol
643:Precautionary statements
94:Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin
18:Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin
5766:(variants and mixtures)
5030:Trichloronitrosomethane
5025:Trifluoronitrosomethane
4600:Methyldichlorophosphine
2945:10.1080/026520300283351
2143:10.1080/026520300283360
1704:10.1080/026520300283333
1661:10.1080/026520300283379
1039:polycyclic hydrocarbons
937:polychlorinated dibenzo
5977:Tapinarof (benvitimod)
5565:Cornea-clouding agents
5055:Phosphorus trichloride
4637:Phosphorus trichloride
4371:Miotine (AR-28/T-1843)
3825:Phosphorus trifluoride
3071:10.1006/taap.2001.9216
3032:10.1006/taap.1997.8223
2488:10.1002/mnfr.200600031
2273:10.1186/1476-069X-8-39
2220:10.1002/mnfr.200600006
1847:10.1124/mol.105.018705
1835:Molecular Pharmacology
1366:
1243:
1205:Safety recommendations
778:
534:Potent carcinogen and
5919:aromatic hydrocarbons
4954:Disulfur decafluoride
4755:Chlorophenylsilatrane
4663:2,4,5-Trichlorophenol
3356:(accessed 2013-08-01)
1900:10.1093/toxsci/kfm096
1881:Okey AB (July 2007).
1360:
1272:Developmental effects
1266:developmental effects
1230:
1217:/kg body weight. The
1074:Developmental effects
1014:. This receptor is a
777:
5955:3-methylcholanthrene
5759:Methyl fluoroacetate
5587:Methyl cyanoacrylate
5502:Allyl isothiocyanate
5090:Uranium hexafluoride
5045:Dinitrogen tetroxide
4990:Chlorine trifluoride
4038:Selenium oxychloride
3908:Phenyldichloroarsine
3902:Methyldichloroarsine
3840:Nickel tetracarbonyl
3519:10.1289/ehp.01109865
2252:Environmental Health
2044:(4): 223–240. 2000.
1183:Operation Ranch Hand
1016:transcription factor
760:(fire diamond)
77:Preferred IUPAC name
6024:Cyproterone acetate
5906:Dietary carotenoids
5447:Bromobenzyl cyanide
5215:Dimethylheptylpyran
5143:Diphenylcyanoarsine
5138:Diphenylchlorarsine
5070:Methyl vinyl ketone
4995:Perchloryl fluoride
4859:Bicyclic phosphates
4678:Trimethyl phosphite
4627:Phosphoryl chloride
3896:Ethyldichloroarsine
3870:Chloral cyanohydrin
3860:Acetone cyanohydrin
3830:Methyl cyanoformate
3646:on 15 February 2009
3565:(9696): 1179–1185.
3452:(9218): 1858–1863.
3408:1991JTEHA..32..357M
3322:10.1021/es00003a015
3314:1995EnST...29..677H
3264:(8774): 1027–1032.
2817:The Aspen Institute
2756:2014ScTEn.491....2M
2621:10.1289/ehp.1103720
2264:2009EnvHe...8...39P
1738:J. Comp. Physiol. B
1615:2006ER....101..419S
1548:10.1021/es00171a006
1540:1988EnST...22..651S
1528:Environ Sci Technol
1112:neural tube defects
481:Solubility in water
446: g·mol
96:Tetrachlorodibenzo-
40:
5820:CB military symbol
5678:Enterotoxin type B
5633:Cyclopiazonic acid
5592:N-Methylmorpholine
5487:Ethyl bromoacetate
4965:Ethyl bromoacetate
4932:Perfluoroisobutene
4673:Triethyl phosphite
3944:Levinstein mustard
3835:Iron pentacarbonyl
3191:-dioxin in rats".
2933:Food Addit. Contam
2525:Crit. Rev. Toxicol
2098:10.1093/ije/dyl038
1649:Food Addit. Contam
1383:accidental release
1367:
1057:Toxicity in humans
913:Infobox references
859:(Immediate danger)
779:
38:
6050:
6049:
6014:7-Ketocholesterol
5828:
5827:
5638:Histrionicotoxins
5616:Biological toxins
5492:Ethyl iodoacetate
5060:Methyl isocyanate
5020:Selenoyl fluoride
5010:Mercuric chloride
4980:Tetranitromethane
4834:Sulfuryl fluoride
4819:HN3 hydrochloride
4814:HN2 hydrochloride
4809:HN1 hydrochloride
4696:
4695:
4653:Phenacyl chloride
4648:Pinacolyl alcohol
4594:Isopropyl alcohol
4589:4-Hydroxycoumarin
4523:1,8-Dibromooctane
4046:
4045:
3970:Nitrogen mustards
3783:Cyanogen chloride
3674:. 31 August 2004.
3241:978-0-07-134721-1
3107:(13): 1313–1318.
2671:10.1002/ijc.11635
2615:(12): 1700–1705.
2476:Mol Nutr Food Res
2365:(12): 1061–1075.
2321:978-92-832-1269-0
2208:Mol Nutr Food Res
2050:10.1080/713810655
1475:Toxic Equivalency
1457:Triangle of Death
1441:Viktor Yushchenko
1396:myeloid leukaemia
1363:Viktor Yushchenko
1353:Cases of exposure
1307:oxidative enzymes
1246:Animal toxicology
1224:According to the
969:organic synthesis
921:Chemical compound
919:
918:
869:Safety data sheet
601:Hazard statements
311:CompTox Dashboard
147:Interactive image
16:(Redirected from
6085:
5971:β-naphthoflavone
5900:prostaglandin G2
5889:Arachidonic acid
5879:
5875:
5855:
5848:
5841:
5832:
5802:White phosphorus
5779:post-combustion
5775:Depleted uranium
5602:Osmium tetroxide
5477:Phenacyl bromide
5040:Nitrogen dioxide
5015:Selenium dioxide
5005:Cadmium chloride
4462:Dimefox (TL-792)
4057:
3885:
3810:Hydrogen sulfide
3789:Hydrogen cyanide
3778:Cyanogen bromide
3744:chemical warfare
3733:
3726:
3719:
3710:
3676:
3675:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3550:
3541:
3540:
3530:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3469:
3443:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3387:
3381:
3363:
3357:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3256:chlorophenols".
3252:
3246:
3245:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3124:
3113:10.1289/ehp.6920
3092:
3083:
3082:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2928:
2919:
2918:
2898:
2885:
2884:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2813:"Health Effects"
2809:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2722:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2673:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2632:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2548:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2499:
2467:
2458:
2457:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2394:
2385:
2384:
2374:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2305:
2296:
2295:
2285:
2275:
2243:
2232:
2231:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2187:(24): 6911–620.
2172:
2163:
2162:
2126:
2111:
2110:
2100:
2091:(5): 1220–1230.
2076:
2070:
2069:
2033:
2027:
2026:
1990:
1981:
1980:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1924:Curr. Drug Metab
1919:
1913:
1912:
1902:
1878:
1867:
1866:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1787:
1770:
1769:
1733:
1724:
1723:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1644:
1635:
1634:
1598:
1589:
1583:
1560:
1559:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1500:
1392:multiple myeloma
1361:A photograph of
1148:oxidative stress
1032:enzyme induction
945:chemical formula
903:
897:
894:
893:
799:
792:
785:
770:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
580:
575:
570:
565:
445:
430:
424:
418:
412:
405:Chemical formula
335:
334:
319:
317:
301:
281:
270:
256:
239:
228:
217:
197:
177:
149:
125:
66:
57:
48:
41:
21:
6093:
6092:
6088:
6087:
6086:
6084:
6083:
6082:
6053:
6052:
6051:
6046:
6028:
5963:benzanthracenes
5877:
5867:
5859:
5829:
5824:
5806:
5747:
5658:Botulinum toxin
5611:
5560:
5521:
5432:Benzyl chloride
5387:
5380:
5164:
5157:
5148:Cacodyl cyanide
5110:Vomiting agents
5104:
4902:
4895:
4804:Dimethylmercury
4726:Botulinum toxin
4692:
4471:
4385:
4287:
4240:Novichok agents
4234:
4218:
4145:
4042:
4016:
3997:
3964:
3936:Sulfur mustards
3930:
3874:
3820:Carbon monoxide
3800:Cacodyl cyanide
3759:
3758:
3742:Agents used in
3737:
3694:Dioxin synopsis
3685:
3680:
3679:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3649:
3647:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3552:
3551:
3544:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3441:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3374:Wayback Machine
3364:
3360:
3354:Wayback Machine
3341:
3337:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3242:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3094:
3093:
3086:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3009:
3008:
3004:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2930:
2929:
2922:
2900:
2899:
2888:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2841:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2822:
2820:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2796:
2794:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2482:(10): 934–944.
2469:
2468:
2461:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2396:
2395:
2388:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2307:
2306:
2299:
2245:
2244:
2235:
2214:(10): 897–907.
2205:
2204:
2200:
2174:
2173:
2166:
2128:
2127:
2114:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2035:
2034:
2030:
1992:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1880:
1879:
1870:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1789:
1788:
1773:
1735:
1734:
1727:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1646:
1645:
1638:
1600:
1599:
1592:
1584:
1563:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1502:
1501:
1488:
1483:
1466:
1355:
1319:
1290:
1274:
1248:
1226:Aspen Institute
1207:
1153:anti-estrogenic
1136:
1120:Seveso accident
1076:
1059:
1008:
996:Seveso disaster
962:
958:
954:
950:
922:
915:
910:
909:
908: ?)
899:
895:
891:
887:
860:
847:
834:
804:
803:
802:
801:
794:
787:
780:
776:
768:
645:
603:
589:
558:
531:
483:
443:
433:
427:
421:
415:
407:
393:
390:
385:
384:
373:
370:
369:
366:
360:
359:
356:
350:
349:
338:
320:
313:
304:
284:
271:
259:
220:
200:
180:
152:
139:
128:
115:
101:
95:
93:
91:
83:
82:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6091:
6089:
6081:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6068:Dibenzodioxins
6065:
6055:
6054:
6048:
6047:
6045:
6044:
6037:
6033:
6030:
6029:
6027:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6007:
6006:
5989:
5979:
5974:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5882:
5880:
5869:
5868:
5860:
5858:
5857:
5850:
5843:
5835:
5826:
5825:
5823:
5822:
5817:
5811:
5808:
5807:
5805:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5785:
5784:
5783:
5781:uranium oxides
5772:
5767:
5761:
5755:
5753:
5749:
5748:
5746:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5619:
5617:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5568:
5566:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5532:
5530:
5523:
5522:
5520:
5519:
5514:
5512:Crotonaldehyde
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5437:Benzyl bromide
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5398:
5392:
5390:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5378:
5376:Chlorpromazine
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5169:
5167:
5163:Incapacitating
5159:
5158:
5156:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5126:
5121:
5114:
5112:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5050:Sulfur dioxide
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4951:
4945:
4940:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4918:
4913:
4907:
4905:
4903:choking agents
4897:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4799:Tetraethyllead
4796:
4790:
4785:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4763:
4757:
4752:
4746:
4740:
4735:
4729:
4723:
4718:
4712:
4706:
4704:
4698:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4603:
4597:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4503:A.P.C. complex
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4479:
4477:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4297:
4295:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4244:
4242:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4226:
4224:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4214:V-sub x (GD-7)
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4155:
4153:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4112:
4107:
4101:
4095:
4089:
4083:
4077:
4072:
4065:
4063:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4024:
4022:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4011:Phosgene oxime
4007:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3974:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3940:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3923:
3917:
3911:
3905:
3899:
3893:
3891:
3882:
3880:Blister agents
3876:
3875:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3850:Glycolonitrile
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3786:
3780:
3775:
3769:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3749:incapacitation
3746:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3728:
3721:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3684:
3683:External links
3681:
3678:
3677:
3657:
3627:
3608:(9): 525–527.
3592:
3542:
3513:(8): 865–869.
3489:
3429:
3402:(4): 357–366.
3382:
3358:
3335:
3308:(3): 677–684.
3291:
3247:
3240:
3218:
3199:(2): 279–303.
3179:
3136:
3084:
3065:(3): 216–224.
3045:
3002:
2983:(1): 118–126.
2966:
2939:(4): 275–288.
2920:
2909:(4): 483–549.
2903:Pharmacol. Rev
2886:
2867:(1): 517–554.
2847:
2830:
2804:
2777:
2734:
2705:(3): 332–341.
2685:
2664:(6): 893–900.
2658:Int. J. Cancer
2644:
2595:
2576:(9): 673–687.
2560:
2531:(7): 622–636.
2511:
2459:
2440:(3): 378–388.
2424:
2386:
2359:Am J Epidemiol
2344:
2327:
2320:
2297:
2233:
2198:
2164:
2137:(4): 289–302.
2112:
2071:
2028:
2001:(3): 184–197.
1982:
1975:
1949:
1914:
1868:
1841:(1): 140–153.
1825:
1798:(4): 452–478.
1771:
1725:
1682:
1655:(4): 303–316.
1636:
1590:
1561:
1534:(6): 651–658.
1514:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1453:
1437:
1426:
1399:
1354:
1351:
1318:
1315:
1302:benzo(a)pyrene
1289:
1286:
1282:hydronephrosis
1278:teratogenicity
1273:
1270:
1247:
1244:
1206:
1203:
1135:
1132:
1075:
1072:
1058:
1055:
1043:benzo(a)pyrene
1007:
1004:
980:dibenzodioxins
960:
956:
952:
948:
920:
917:
916:
911:
889:
888:
884:standard state
881:
878:
877:
872:
865:
864:
861:
855:
852:
851:
848:
842:
839:
838:
835:
829:
826:
825:
816:
815:
812:
806:
805:
795:
788:
781:
766:
765:
764:
763:
761:
752:
751:
709:P304+P340+P312
705:P303+P361+P353
646:
641:
638:
637:
604:
599:
596:
595:
590:
585:
582:
581:
559:
554:
551:
550:
540:
539:
532:
529:
526:
525:
516:
515:
511:
510:
509:1.5 × 10 mmHg
507:
505:Vapor pressure
501:
500:
497:
488:
487:
484:
479:
476:
475:
472:
466:
465:
462:
456:
455:
452:
448:
447:
441:
435:
434:
431:
425:
419:
413:
408:
403:
400:
399:
395:
394:
392:
391:
388:
380:
379:
378:
375:
374:
372:
371:
367:
364:
363:
361:
357:
354:
353:
345:
344:
343:
340:
339:
337:
336:
323:
321:
309:
306:
305:
303:
302:
294:
292:
286:
285:
283:
282:
274:
272:
264:
261:
260:
258:
257:
249:
247:
241:
240:
230:
222:
221:
219:
218:
210:
208:
202:
201:
199:
198:
190:
188:
182:
181:
179:
178:
170:
168:
162:
161:
158:
157:Abbreviations
154:
153:
151:
150:
142:
140:
133:
130:
129:
127:
126:
118:
116:
111:
108:
107:
103:
102:
89:
85:
84:
80:
79:
73:
72:
68:
67:
59:
58:
50:
49:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6090:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6043:
6042:
6038:
6035:
6034:
6031:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6009:
6008:
6004:
6000:
5996:
5993:
5990:
5987:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5972:
5968:
5967:benzoflavones
5964:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5936:
5932:
5931:dibenzofurans
5928:
5924:
5920:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5890:
5887:
5884:
5883:
5881:
5876:
5870:
5866:
5863:
5856:
5851:
5849:
5844:
5842:
5837:
5836:
5833:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5812:
5809:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5792:its compounds
5789:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5777:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5750:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5728:Tetanospasmin
5726:
5724:
5723:T-2 mycotoxin
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5653:Batrachotoxin
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5620:
5618:
5614:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5597:Allyl alcohol
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5569:
5567:
5563:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5524:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5457:Chloroacetone
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5442:Benzyl iodide
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5396:Xylyl bromide
5394:
5393:
5391:
5389:
5383:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5184:Butyrophenone
5182:
5180:
5177:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5166:
5160:
5154:
5153:o-Dianisidine
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5111:
5107:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
5000:Cadmium oxide
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4955:
4952:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4904:
4898:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4849:Batrachotoxin
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4767:
4764:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4750:
4747:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4733:
4732:Tetanospasmin
4730:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4703:
4699:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4607:
4604:
4601:
4598:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4474:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4388:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4290:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4093:
4090:
4087:
4084:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4004:
4003:Nettle agents
4000:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3933:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3805:Cacodyl oxide
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3740:
3734:
3729:
3727:
3722:
3720:
3715:
3714:
3711:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3673:
3672:
3671:la Repubblica
3667:
3661:
3658:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3631:
3628:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3596:
3593:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3538:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3502:
3493:
3490:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3430:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3386:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3368:
3362:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3339:
3336:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3295:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3251:
3248:
3243:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3222:
3219:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3183:
3180:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3152:(9148): 206.
3151:
3147:
3140:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3049:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3015:
3006:
3003:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2970:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2851:
2848:
2840:
2834:
2831:
2819:. August 2011
2818:
2814:
2808:
2805:
2792:
2791:cfpub.epa.gov
2788:
2785:Rice, Glenn.
2781:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2699:Dose-Response
2696:
2689:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2648:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2599:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2570:Ann Epidemiol
2564:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2428:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2348:
2345:
2340:
2339:
2331:
2328:
2323:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1976:9781118140574
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1930:(6): 661–75.
1929:
1925:
1918:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1744:(4): 221–30.
1743:
1739:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1609:(3): 419–28.
1608:
1604:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1423:United States
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1364:
1359:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1323:chlorophenols
1316:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1227:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1198:Dose-Response
1193:
1192:
1186:
1184:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1100:meta-analysis
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1084:birth defects
1081:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1064:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1005:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
972:
970:
966:
946:
942:
940:
934:
930:
928:
914:
907:
902:
885:
879:
876:
873:
870:
867:
866:
862:
858:
854:
853:
849:
846:(Recommended)
845:
841:
840:
836:
833:(Permissible)
832:
828:
827:
823:
822:
817:
813:
811:
808:
807:
800:
793:
786:
762:
759:
758:
754:
753:
647:
644:
640:
639:
605:
602:
598:
597:
594:
591:
588:
584:
583:
579:
574:
569:
564:
560:
557:
553:
552:
548:
546:
541:
537:
533:
528:
527:
523:
522:
517:
512:
508:
506:
503:
502:
498:
496:
495:
490:
489:
485:
482:
478:
477:
473:
471:
470:Melting point
468:
467:
463:
461:
458:
457:
453:
450:
449:
442:
440:
437:
436:
409:
406:
402:
401:
396:
387:
383:
376:
362:
352:
348:
341:
333:
329:
328:DTXSID2021315
325:
324:
322:
312:
308:
307:
300:
296:
295:
293:
291:
288:
287:
280:
276:
275:
273:
267:
263:
262:
255:
251:
250:
248:
246:
243:
242:
238:
234:
231:
229:
227:ECHA InfoCard
224:
223:
216:
212:
211:
209:
207:
204:
203:
196:
192:
191:
189:
187:
184:
183:
176:
172:
171:
169:
167:
164:
163:
159:
156:
155:
148:
144:
143:
141:
137:
132:
131:
124:
120:
119:
117:
114:
110:
109:
104:
99:
86:
78:
74:
69:
65:
60:
56:
51:
47:
42:
36:
33:
19:
6078:Blood agents
6063:Chloroarenes
6039:
6011:Antagonists:
6010:
5982:Tetrapyroles
5926:
5885:
5733:Tetrodotoxin
5683:Grayanotoxin
5462:Bromoacetone
5452:Thiophosgene
5407:Mace (spray)
5401:Pepper spray
5386:Lachrymatory
5371:Fluphenazine
5366:Procarbazine
5276:Sleeping gas
5124:Chloropicrin
5035:Nitric oxide
4937:Chloropicrin
4881:Cloflubicyne
4844:Oxotremorine
4793:Antillatoxin
4772:Tetrodotoxin
4721:Bungarotoxin
4617:Nitromethane
4579:Formaldoxime
4518:Cyclohexanol
4483:Acetonitrile
4230:GV (EA-5365)
4052:Nerve agents
3855:Lactonitrile
3844:
3765:Blood agents
3754:riot control
3669:
3660:
3650:25 September
3648:. Retrieved
3644:the original
3639:
3630:
3605:
3602:Lancet Oncol
3601:
3595:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3510:
3506:
3500:
3492:
3449:
3445:
3432:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3385:
3361:
3338:
3305:
3301:
3294:
3261:
3257:
3250:
3231:
3221:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3182:
3149:
3145:
3139:
3104:
3100:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3026:(1): 11–20.
3023:
3019:
3013:
3005:
2980:
2976:
2969:
2936:
2932:
2906:
2902:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2833:
2823:23 September
2821:. Retrieved
2816:
2807:
2795:. Retrieved
2790:
2780:
2747:
2743:
2737:
2702:
2698:
2688:
2661:
2657:
2647:
2612:
2608:
2598:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2528:
2524:
2514:
2479:
2475:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2405:(1): 19–34.
2402:
2398:
2362:
2358:
2347:
2337:
2330:
2310:
2255:
2251:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2134:
2130:
2088:
2084:
2074:
2041:
2037:
2031:
1998:
1994:
1958:
1952:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1890:
1887:Toxicol. Sci
1886:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1795:
1791:
1741:
1737:
1698:(4): 261–6.
1695:
1691:
1685:
1652:
1648:
1606:
1603:Environ. Res
1602:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1368:
1339:
1320:
1299:
1291:
1275:
1268:and cancer.
1249:
1231:
1223:
1208:
1196:
1189:
1187:
1175:
1170:for humans (
1166:(IARC) as a
1161:
1137:
1116:spina bifida
1108:cleft palate
1088:Agent Orange
1077:
1060:
1051:
1047:
1036:carcinogenic
1009:
988:Agent Orange
973:
938:
932:
926:
924:
923:
820:
756:
592:
544:
530:Main hazards
519:
493:
160:TCDD; TCDBD
106:Identifiers
97:
88:Other names
35:
5995:derivatives
5959:benzopyrene
5916:Halogenated
5892:metabolites
5743:Veratridine
5718:Shiga toxin
5673:Domoic acid
5536:Thioacetone
5497:Iodoacetone
5361:Pentazocine
5356:Sevoflurane
5321:CAR-302,668
5316:CAR-302,282
5311:CAR-302,196
5306:CAR-301,060
5301:CAR-226,086
5281:Carfentanil
5179:Apomorphine
5100:Green Cross
4891:Domoic acid
4702:Neurotoxins
4622:OPA mixture
4513:Chlorosoman
4508:Chlorosarin
4442:Phospholine
4141:Crotylsarin
4126:Fluorotabun
4098:Chlorosoman
4080:Chlorosarin
3640:rassegna.it
3467:10281/16136
2797:16 December
1893:(1): 5–38.
1526:-dioxins".
1403:Times Beach
1104:Stillbirths
1080:teratogenic
992:Vietnam War
810:Flash point
587:Signal word
524:(OHS/OSH):
451:Appearance
398:Properties
233:100.015.566
195:ChEMBL30327
175:CHEBI:28119
92:Tetradioxin
6057:Categories
5999:indigo dye
5992:Tryptophan
5896:lipoxin A4
5865:modulators
5693:Maitotoxin
5688:Guanitoxin
5668:Ciguatoxin
5663:Brevetoxin
5648:Anatoxin-a
5643:Aflatoxins
5556:Putrescine
5551:Cadaverine
5527:Malodorant
5346:Isoflurane
5331:Desflurane
5326:Benperidol
5271:Psilocybin
5266:PAVA spray
4948:Diphosgene
4901:Pulmonary/
4829:Picrotoxin
4788:Strychnine
4782:Brevetoxin
4766:Maitotoxin
4749:Guanitoxin
4743:Ciguatoxin
4710:Anatoxin-a
4643:Pinacolone
4476:Precursors
4437:Selenophos
4293:Carbamates
4209:Chinese VX
4115:Cyclosarin
4104:Ethylsarin
4075:Sarin (GB)
3926:Lewisite 3
3920:Lewisite 2
3889:Arsenicals
3559:The Lancet
3258:The Lancet
2181:Cancer Res
1481:References
1434:amenorrhea
1228:, in 2011:
1168:carcinogen
1157:estrogenic
1020:expression
998:. It is a
556:Pictograms
439:Molar mass
299:DO80M48B6O
206:ChemSpider
134:3D model (
113:CAS Number
30:See also:
6019:CH-223191
6003:indirubin
5986:bilirubin
5935:biphenyls
5911:Flutamide
5886:Agonists:
5788:Plutonium
5738:Volkensin
5713:Saxitoxin
5703:Palytoxin
5628:Aconitine
5351:Halothane
5341:Bufotenin
5336:Enflurane
5256:Kolokol-1
5236:Pethidine
5210:Etoxadrol
5195:Etorphine
5191:(CS-4640)
5175:(CS-4030)
5133:glycerine
5080:Salcomine
4839:Tremorine
4777:Aconitine
4760:Palytoxin
4738:Ryanodine
4715:Saxitoxin
4452:Ro 3-0422
4223:GV agents
4086:Thiosarin
3815:Phosphine
2258:(1): 39.
2066:216644694
1450:chloracne
1388:chloracne
1331:catalysts
1295:apoptosis
1144:genotoxic
1140:mutagenic
1124:sex ratio
741:P403+P235
737:P403+P233
729:P370+P378
725:P362+P364
721:P332+P313
713:P308+P313
701:P301+P310
547:labelling
486:0.2 μg/L
464:1.8 g/cm
123:1746-01-6
6036:See also
5797:Polonium
5698:Modeccin
5607:Acrolein
5572:Lewisite
5517:DRC-5593
5472:Acrolein
5296:CS-27349
5246:Ibogaine
5129:Litharge
5118:Adamsite
5095:Diborane
5085:Fluomine
5065:Ethenone
4960:Acrolein
4927:Fluorine
4921:Phosgene
4911:Chlorine
4311:EA-3887A
4283:C01-A042
4278:C01-A039
4273:C01-A035
4151:V-agents
4061:G-agents
3946:(EA-229)
3914:Lewisite
3773:Cyanogen
3622:15384216
3587:24761553
3579:19660807
3537:11564625
3476:10866441
3370:Archived
3350:Archived
3330:22200276
3286:23115128
3174:31562457
3131:15345345
3079:11485382
2961:45117354
2953:10912242
2772:24804623
2750:: 2–10.
2729:18648613
2680:14712494
2639:21810551
2590:21441038
2555:21718216
2506:16977594
2454:14623487
2419:16054739
2292:19754930
2228:16977593
2193:11156390
2159:24500449
2151:10912243
2107:16543362
2058:10912238
2023:59603271
2015:30718831
1944:16918318
1909:17569696
1855:16214954
1820:34036181
1812:20624415
1766:20508397
1758:15900503
1720:22295283
1712:10912240
1677:11814994
1669:10912244
1631:16445906
1556:53459209
1511:(NIOSH).
1464:See also
1425:history.
1407:Missouri
1256:anorexia
1041:such as
976:congener
757:NFPA 704
514:Hazards
5997:(e.g.,
5984:(e.g.,
5969:(e.g.,
5953:(e.g.,
5925:(e.g.,
5921:(e.g.,
5894:(e.g.,
5546:Skatole
5541:Allicin
5251:EA-3834
5241:EA-3580
5231:EA-3443
5226:EA-3167
5221:EA-2148
5205:CS-4297
5200:EA-2092
5189:EA-4941
4916:Bromine
4554:EA-1224
4534:EA-1250
4447:R-16661
4422:EA-2613
4417:EA-2098
4412:EA-2054
4407:EA-2012
4376:3152 CT
4366:TL-1317
4361:TL-1299
4356:TL-1238
4326:EA-4056
4321:EA-3990
4316:EA-3966
4306:EA-3887
4204:EA-1763
4164:EA-3148
4159:EA-2192
4136:EA-4352
4131:EA-1356
3865:Stibine
3699:Dioxins
3528:1240417
3484:6353869
3424:1826746
3404:Bibcode
3310:Bibcode
3278:1681353
3166:9923879
3122:1247522
3040:9299592
2997:1585364
2915:7899475
2881:6282188
2752:Bibcode
2720:2475943
2630:3261987
2546:3154583
2497:1934421
2381:9199536
2283:2754980
2260:Bibcode
1863:1913812
1611:Bibcode
1536:Bibcode
1505:"#0594"
1445:Ukraine
1411:NEPACCO
1317:Sources
1311:epoxide
1172:group 1
1114:, with
1092:2,4,5-T
1028:enzymes
984:dioxins
965:burning
935:) is a
906:what is
904: (
460:Density
266:PubChem
100:-dioxin
5764:Napalm
5529:agents
5388:agents
5291:JB-336
5286:JB-318
5261:LSD-25
5217:(DMHP)
5165:agents
4824:A-8564
4784:(PbTX)
4734:(TeNT)
4351:TL-599
4341:T-1194
4336:T-1152
4331:T-1123
4100:(ClGD)
4082:(ClGB)
3993:TL-301
3795:Arsine
3620:
3585:
3577:
3535:
3525:
3482:
3474:
3446:Lancet
3422:
3328:
3284:
3276:
3238:
3213:734660
3211:
3172:
3164:
3146:Lancet
3129:
3119:
3077:
3038:
2995:
2959:
2951:
2913:
2879:
2770:
2727:
2717:
2678:
2637:
2627:
2588:
2553:
2543:
2504:
2494:
2452:
2417:
2379:
2318:
2290:
2280:
2226:
2191:
2157:
2149:
2105:
2064:
2056:
2021:
2013:
1973:
1942:
1907:
1861:
1853:
1818:
1810:
1764:
1756:
1718:
1710:
1675:
1667:
1629:
1554:
1430:Vienna
1375:Seveso
1288:Cancer
1261:thymus
1252:organs
1134:Cancer
1110:, and
1096:causal
941:dioxin
929:dioxin
901:verify
898:
871:(SDS)
593:Danger
444:321.96
382:SMILES
254:C07557
186:ChEMBL
71:Names
5752:Other
5708:Ricin
5623:Abrin
5582:KB-16
4864:IPTBO
4795:(ATX)
4768:(MTX)
4762:(PTX)
4751:(GTX)
4745:(CTX)
4728:(BTX)
4584:Nital
4390:Other
4268:A-262
4263:A-242
4258:A-234
4253:A-232
4248:A-208
4092:Soman
4088:(SGB)
4069:Tabun
4028:KB-16
4021:Other
3583:S2CID
3480:S2CID
3442:(PDF)
3282:S2CID
3170:S2CID
2957:S2CID
2842:(PDF)
2155:S2CID
2062:S2CID
2019:S2CID
1859:S2CID
1816:S2CID
1762:S2CID
1716:S2CID
1673:S2CID
1552:S2CID
1379:Italy
1128:Yusho
1024:genes
863:N.D.
837:none
821:NIOSH
347:InChI
279:15625
215:14865
166:ChEBI
136:JSmol
5927:TCDD
5790:and
5403:(OC)
5120:(DM)
4950:(DP)
4939:(PS)
4923:(CG)
4874:TBPS
4869:TBPO
4717:(TZ)
4639:(TH)
4608:(DF)
4602:(SW)
4596:(TB)
4569:DMHP
4549:DEHP
4539:DIHP
4530:(KB)
4467:MSPI
4117:(GF)
4106:(GE)
4094:(GD)
4071:(GA)
4013:(CX)
3960:CEES
3928:(L3)
3922:(L2)
3910:(PD)
3904:(MD)
3898:(ED)
3791:(AC)
3785:(CK)
3652:2014
3618:PMID
3575:PMID
3533:PMID
3472:PMID
3420:PMID
3343:DHHS
3326:PMID
3274:PMID
3236:ISBN
3209:PMID
3162:PMID
3127:PMID
3075:PMID
3036:PMID
2993:PMID
2949:PMID
2911:PMID
2877:PMID
2825:2019
2799:2019
2768:PMID
2725:PMID
2676:PMID
2635:PMID
2586:PMID
2551:PMID
2502:PMID
2450:PMID
2415:PMID
2377:PMID
2316:ISBN
2288:PMID
2224:PMID
2189:PMID
2147:PMID
2103:PMID
2054:PMID
2011:PMID
1971:ISBN
1940:PMID
1905:PMID
1851:PMID
1808:PMID
1754:PMID
1708:PMID
1665:PMID
1627:PMID
1417:and
1394:and
1343:PCCD
1209:The
933:TCDD
875:MSDS
857:IDLH
749:P501
745:P405
733:P391
717:P331
697:P280
693:P273
689:P271
685:P264
681:P260
677:P243
673:P242
669:P241
665:P240
661:P233
657:P210
653:P202
649:P201
635:H410
631:H401
627:H373
623:H361
619:H336
615:H315
611:H304
607:H225
499:6.8
492:log
290:UNII
245:KEGG
5941:ΙΤΕ
5929:),
5874:AhR
5427:CNS
4956:(Z)
4498:AlP
4493:ATO
3988:HN3
3983:HN2
3978:HN1
3916:(L)
3610:doi
3567:doi
3563:374
3523:PMC
3515:doi
3511:109
3462:hdl
3454:doi
3450:355
3412:doi
3378:EPA
3318:doi
3266:doi
3262:338
3201:doi
3154:doi
3150:353
3117:PMC
3109:doi
3105:112
3067:doi
3063:174
3028:doi
3024:146
2985:doi
2981:114
2941:doi
2869:doi
2760:doi
2748:491
2715:PMC
2707:doi
2666:doi
2662:108
2625:PMC
2617:doi
2613:119
2578:doi
2541:PMC
2533:doi
2492:PMC
2484:doi
2442:doi
2407:doi
2367:doi
2363:145
2278:PMC
2268:doi
2216:doi
2139:doi
2093:doi
2046:doi
2003:doi
1963:doi
1932:doi
1895:doi
1843:doi
1800:doi
1746:doi
1742:175
1700:doi
1657:doi
1619:doi
1607:101
1544:doi
1443:of
1428:In
1419:EPA
1415:CDC
1401:In
1325:or
1305:of
1234:ppt
1215:TEQ
1142:or
1090:or
1082:or
1022:of
939:-p-
850:Ca
844:REL
831:PEL
545:GHS
316:EPA
269:CID
6059::
6001:,
5973:))
5965:,
5961:,
5957:,
5933:,
5898:,
5577:CX
5422:CR
5417:CS
5412:CN
5173:BZ
4688:TG
4683:TC
4658:QL
4544:ZS
4488:AT
4199:VX
4194:VS
4189:VR
4184:VP
4179:VM
4174:VG
4169:VE
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