1377:
422:
271:
54:
722:
727:
44:
822:
92:
825:
827:
1097:
1235:. While trying to make Faraday's "protochloride of carbon", Regnault found that his compound was different from Faraday's. Victor Regnault stated "According to Faraday, the chloride of carbon boiled around 70 °C (158 °F) to 77 °C (171 °F) degrees Celsius but mine did not begin to boil until 120 °C (248 °F) ".
1889:
Tetrachloroethylene exposure can be evaluated by a breath test, analogous to breath-alcohol measurements. Also, for acute exposures, tetrachloroethylene in expired air can be measured. Tetrachloroethylene can be detected in the breath for weeks following a heavy exposure. Tetrachloroethylene and its
1454:
infestation in humans and animals. Before Hall tested tetrachloroethylene on himself, in 1921 he discovered the powerful effect of carbon tetrachloride on intestinal parasites and was nominated for the Nobel Prize in
Physiology or Medicine, but a few years later he found tetrachloroethylene to be
1803:
Tetrachloroethylene begins to thermally decompose at 400 °C, decomposition accelerates around 600 °C, and completely decomposes at 800 °C. Organic decomposition products identified were trichlorobutene, 1,3-dichloro-2-propanone, tetrachlorobutadiene, dichlorocyclopentane, dichloropentene, methyl
1864:(IARC). There is a possibility that it is carcinogenic to humans in long-term exposure, but the evidence is limited since most of the evaluated dry-cleaners had heavy smoking and drinking habits which are known to cause multiple types of cancer. For context, drinking hot beverages and consuming
1831:
As an anthelmintic, tetrachloroethylene was given orally to approximately fifty thousand people between 1925 and 1943. The most severe side effects were nausea and vomiting due to the gastric tract irritation. Most reported poisonings were manifestations of its narcotic effects.
1812:
Tetrachloroethylene is much less toxic than other chlorinated solvents. The acute and chronic toxicity of tetrachloroethylene is moderate to low. Reports of human injury are uncommon despite its wide usage in dry cleaning and degreasing. Although limited by its low
1455:
more effective and safer. Tetrachloroethylene treatment has played a vital role in eradicating hookworms in the United States and abroad. Hall's innovation was considered a breakthrough in medicine. It was given orally as a liquid or in capsules along with
3042:
Doherty, R.E. (2000). "A History of the
Production and Use of Carbon Tetrachloride, Tetrachloroethylene, Trichloroethylene and 1,1,1-Trichloroethane in the United States: Part 1 - Historical Background; Carbon Tetrachloride and Tetrachloroethylene".
2197:
Rossberg, M.; Lendle, W.; Pfleiderer, G.; Tögel, A.; Dreher, E.-L.; Langer, E.; Rassaerts, H.; Kleinschmidt, P.; Strack, H.; Cook, R.; Beck, U.; Lipper, K.-A.; Torkelson, T.R.; Löser, E.; Beutel, K.K.; Mann, T. "Chlorinated
Hydrocarbons".
1880:
in adults. A review of 109 occupational studies estimated a mean exposure of 59 ppm in dry-cleaning employees. Exposure to tetrachloroethylene in a typical dry cleaning shop is considered far below the levels required to cause any risk.
1276:
Most tetrachloroethylene is produced by high-temperature chlorinolysis of light hydrocarbons. The method is related to
Faraday's method since hexachloroethane is generated and thermally decomposes. Side products include
735:
702:
2868:
2982:
Ryoo, D.; Shim, H.; Arenghi, F. L. G.; Barbieri, P.; Wood, T. K. (2001). "Tetrachloroethylene, Trichloroethylene, and
Chlorinated Phenols Induce Toluene-o-xylene Monooxoygenase Activity in Pseudomonas stutzeri OX1".
1817:, tetrachloroethylene has potent anaesthetic effects upon inhalation. The risk is minimal because most tetrachloroethylene is used in liquid phase and modern machinery has closed systems to avoid any vapour escape.
1871:
Epidemiologic cancer research has been conducted in the dry-cleaning industry since 1960. The evidence demonstrates a positive association between exposure to some dry-cleaning chemicals such as trichloroethylene,
2283:
Young, M.D.; Jeffery, G.M.; Morehouse, W.G.; Freed, J.E.; Johnson, R.S. (1960). "The
Comparative Efficacy of Bephenium Hydroxynaphthoate and Tetrachloroethylene against Hookworm and other Parasites of Man".
3111:
2890:
Campbell, Timothy J.; Burris, David R.; Roberts, A. Lynn; Wells, J. Raymond (October 2009). "Trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene reduction in a metallic iron–water-vapor batch system".
1898:
826:
2706:
Toxicological
Profile for Tetrachloroethylene: Draft. (1995). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.
1446:
infestation. In 1925, American veterinarian
Maurice Crowther Hall (1881–1938), working on anthelmintics, demonstrated the effectiveness of tetrachloroethylene in the treatment of
2063:
2019:
946:
1804:
trichloroacetate, tetrachloroacetone, tetrachloropropene, trichlorocyclopentane, trichloropentene, hexachloroethane, pentachloropropene, hexachloropropene, hexachlorobutadiene.
1110:
1840:
Tetrachloroethylene's biological half-life is approximately 3 days. About 98% of the inhaled
Tetrachloroethylene is exhaled unchanged and only about 1–3% is metabolised to
2537:
2200:
1820:
Despite the advantages of tetrachloroethylene, many have called for its replacement from widespread commercial use. It has been described as a possible "neurotoxicant,
3034:
2845:
1376:
828:
2043:
836:
471:
2354:
1861:
1913:
In principle, tetrachloroethylene contamination can be remediated by chemical treatment. Chemical treatment involves reducing metals such as iron powder.
3115:
1489:
and ethylene. It is resistant to hydrolysis and less corrosive than other chlorinated solvents. It does not tend to polymerise like fluorine analogue
3099:
3090:
1250:
ending was explained as the fourfold replacement of the hydrogens in ethylene. If only one atom of hydrogen was replaced, the word would end with
850:
697:
Inhalation of vapours can cause anaesthesia and respiratory irritation. Causes irritation in contact with skin and eyes with no residual injury.
2691:
2401:
1408:(1901–1991) suggested tetrachloroethylene to be used in dry cleaning as an alternative to highly flammable dry cleaning solvents such as
3142:
1986:
C. Chabrie "General Method for the
Preparation of Carbon Fluorides" in Journal - Chemical Society, London. (1890). UK: Chemical Society.
4852:
2554:
2217:
4847:
2446:
436:
1419:
and other metalworking industries, usually as a mixture with other chlorocarbons. It appears in a few consumer products including
2620:
Ceballos, Diana M.; Fellows, Katie M.; Evans, Ashley E.; Janulewicz, Patricia A.; Lee, Eun Gyung; Whittaker, Stephen G. (2021).
1079:
683:
4842:
2107:
1791:
The preparation of this crystalline solid compound from Tetrachloroethylene and nitrogen tetroxide was first described by
1117:
777:
4832:
767:
369:
53:
2169:
726:
721:
1902:
400:
2077:
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2111:
1591:-methylmorpholine) as stabilisers. But the reaction can be done intentionally to produce trichloroacetyl chloride.
984:
957:
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4561:
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1845:
1724:
1543:
1265:
Tetrachloroethylene can be made by passing chloroform vapour through a red-hot tube, the side products include
43:
1361:
Worldwide production was about 1 million metric tons (980,000 long tons; 1,100,000 short tons) in 1985.
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3848:
3755:
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3135:
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168:
122:); Dicarbon tetrachloride; Ethylene tetrachloride; Perchlor; Perchloroethene; Perchloroethylene; Chlorethose
4134:
789:
266:
4867:
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4726:
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and the remaining 85.5% is chlorine. It is the most stable compound among all chlorinated derivatives of
228:
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1600:
1539:
1231:
Faraday was previously falsely credited for the synthesis of tetrachloroethylene, which in reality, was
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2375:
Synopsis of materia medica, toxicology, and pharmacology for students and practitioners of medicine
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1039:
188:
2389:
2268:
Amos, J. Lawrence (1990). "Chlorinated solvents". In Boundy, Ray H.; Amos, J. Lawrence (eds.).
2233:
Gribble, G. W. (1996). "Naturally occurring organohalogen compounds – A comprehensive survey".
1860:
Tetrachloroethylene has been classified as "probably carcinogenic to humans" (Group 2A) by the
759:
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1905:(8-hour time-weighted average) of 20 ppm and a short-term exposure limit (15 min) of 40 ppm.
1364:
Although in very small amounts, tetrachloroethylene occurs naturally in volcanoes along with
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4006:
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parasite in humans. The recommended dose of Tetrachloroethylene for adults was about 3 mL.
1179:. It has a mild sweet, sharp odor, detectable by most people at a concentration of 50 ppm.
378:
4383:
4100:
3974:
3432:
3236:
2622:"Perchloroethylene and Dry Cleaning: It's Time to Move the Industry to Safer Alternatives"
2370:
1921:
1828:
and reproductive and developmental toxicant (...) a 'potential occupational carcinogen'".
1743:
1447:
1405:
1243:
1199:
297:
144:
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2942:
2927:"Anaerobic biodegradation of (Emerging) organic contaminants in the aquatic environment"
2505:
421:
270:
208:
3322:
3303:
2760:
2735:
2648:
2621:
2574:
2328:"Clinical Aspects and Treatment of the More Common Intestinal Parasites of Man (TB-33)"
1944:
1916:
1431:
Tetrachloroethylene was once extensively used as an intermediate in the manufacture of
1420:
1255:
1088:
773:
601:
4826:
4402:
3728:
2968:
2826:
2665:
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571:
561:
259:
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3012:
2911:
2606:
2521:
2313:
801:
2777:
2535:
Dreher, E.-L.; Torkelson, T. R.; Beutel, K. K. "Chlorethanes and Chloroethylenes".
1508:
1401:
1381:
1355:
1168:
1153:
1029:
665:
2793:"Occupational exposure to perchloroethylene in dry-cleaning shops in Tehran, Iran"
2209:
1015:
342:
2951:
2926:
2736:"Human health effects of tetrachloroethylene: key findings and scientific issues"
2327:
781:
17:
4797:
3403:
3095:
2925:
Ghattas, Ann-Kathrin; Fischer, Ferdinand; Wick, Arne; Ternes, Thomas A. (2017).
1927:
1825:
1821:
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906:
886:
862:
91:
4418:
4394:
2638:
2015:
1416:
516:
239:
2809:
2792:
2546:
2492:
Yasuhara, Akio (April 1993). "Thermal decomposition of tetrachloroethylene".
2297:
2155:
2055:
1396:
materials. Additionally, it is volatile, highly stable (easily recycled) and
1238:
A few years after its discovery, in the 1840s, Tetrachloroethylene was named
1728:
1608:
1535:
1397:
1167:. It is a non-flammable, stable, colorless and heavy liquid widely used for
656:
389:
3086:
3064:
3004:
2960:
2903:
2818:
2769:
2657:
2305:
2270:
A History of the Dow Chemical Physics Lab : the freedom to be creative
1995:
Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie. (1845). Germany: Verlag Chemie. Page 277
1442:
In the early 20th century, tetrachloroethene was used for the treatment of
755:
3087:
ATSDR Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Tetrachloroethylene Toxicity
2996:
2254:
1925:
spp. Under aerobic conditions, degradation may occur via co-metabolism by
1194:
first synthesized tetrachloroethylene in 1839 by thermal decomposition of
4805:
3550:
3152:
1865:
1642:
1547:
1478:
1474:
1451:
1443:
1335:
1297:
849:
842:
835:
808:
76:
2791:
Azimi Pirsaraei, S. R.; Khavanin, A; Asilian, H; Soleimanian, A (2009).
2751:
2478:
2246:
4789:
4430:
4410:
2168:
Transactions of the Pharmaceutical Meetings. (1847). UK: J. Churchill.
2082:
1919:
usually entails reductive dechlorination under anaerobic conditions by
1678:
1584:
1409:
1389:
1188:
547:
329:
279:
2717:"Tetrachloroethylene (IARC Summary & Evaluation, Volume 63, 1995)"
1400:, and has low toxicity. For these reasons, it has been widely used in
2841:"Tetrachloroethylene Toxicity: Section 3.1. Evaluation and Diagnosis"
1681:
is produced by the reaction of tetrachloroethylene with chlorine and
1604:
1486:
1482:
1347:
1202:'s 1820 synthesis of protochloride of carbon (carbon tetrachloride).
566:−22.0 to −22.7 °C (−7.6 to −8.9 °F; 251.2 to 250.5 K)
219:
66:
2462:
2139:
1481:. 14.49% of the molecular weight of tetrachloroethylene consists of
1087:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
974:
ppm (for 5 minutes in any 3-hour period), with a maximum peak of 300
317:
2734:
Guyton, KZ; Hogan, KA; Scott, CS; et al. (14 February 2014).
1375:
353:
199:
167:
157:
1579:
This reaction can be halted by using amines and phenols (usually
843:
793:
997:
797:
537:
308:
3124:
2140:"Ueber die Chlorverbindungen des Kohlenstoffs, C2Cl2 und CCl2"
2682:
Shane S. Que Hee, ed. (1993). "Biological Exposure Indices".
2394:
Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemical Carcinogens
2060:
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH)
2461:
Argo, W. L.; James, E. M.; Donnelly, J. L. (November 1919).
1931:
sp. Products of biological reductive dechlorination include
405:
52:
42:
2332:
Veterans Administration Technical Bulletin 1946 & 1947
2272:. New York and Basel: Marcel Dekker, Inc. pp. 71–79.
820:
1105:
1603:
in the gas phase in the presence of catalysts such as
895:
2629 mg/kg (oral, rat), >10000 mg/kg (dermal, rat)
2235:
Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products
2064:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2020:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2180:
W. Ramsay and S. Young, Jahresberichte, 1886, p. 628
1899:
Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits
2136:, vol. 70, pages 104–107. Reprinted in German as:
1599:Tetrachloroethylene can be partially or completely
1175:". It also has its uses as an effective automotive
2286:American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
1645:at 50–80 °C in the presence of a small amount of
3035:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
2846:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
1292:Several other methods have been developed. When
341:
1641:is formed when tetrachloroethylene reacts with
1415:It is also used to degrease metal parts in the
991:Ca Minimize workplace exposure concentrations.
824:
143:
2538:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
2201:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1901:(SCOEL) recommends for tetrachloroethylene an
3136:
3112:Sustainable uses and Industry recommendations
3031:"Toxicological Profile for Tetrachloroethene"
1507:Tetrachloroethylene may react violently with
1388:Tetrachloroethylene is an excellent nonpolar
8:
1354:is a major byproduct, which is separated by
576:121.1 °C (250.0 °F; 394.2 K)
2579:"Tetrachlorethylene as an Anesthetic Agent"
2568:
2566:
2355:United States National Agricultural Library
2044:Fischer Scientific Tetrachloroethylene MSDS
1862:International Agency for Research on Cancer
3143:
3129:
3121:
2422:Promyshlennyye khlororganicheskie produkty
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2132:(On the chlorides of carbon CCl and CCl),
2102:
2100:
1423:, aerosol preparations and spot removers.
1171:of fabrics, hence it is sometimes called "
420:
269:
247:
31:
3116:European Chlorinated Solvents Association
2950:
2808:
2759:
2647:
2637:
2596:
2130:"Sur les chlorures de carbone CCl et CCl"
1868:are also classified as Group 2A by IARC.
1848:. Trichloroacetyl chloride hydrolyses to
1300:, tetrachloroethylene is produced by the
532:Clear, very refractive, colorless liquid
377:
4767:
2396:(6th ed.). Elsevier. p. 2520.
2118:. Chemical Publishing. pp. 182–185.
2014:NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards.
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1738:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1500:
1496:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1163:
1159:
3100:Department of Health and Human Services
3096:Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene)
3091:Department of Health and Human Services
2456:
2454:
2116:Toxicity of Industrial Organic Solvents
2078:"Compound Summary: Tetrachloroethylene"
1979:
1956:
1473:Tetrachloroethylene is a derivative of
1404:worldwide since the 1930s. The chemist
476:
441:
416:
3173:
3151:Salts and covalent derivatives of the
2892:Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
2686:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 470.
2684:Biological Monitoring: An Introduction
2677:
2675:
2418:Промышленные хлорорганические продукты
2033:Sigma Aldrich Tetrachloroethylene MSDS
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
260:
118:Carbon bichloride; Carbon dichloride (
4473:
448:Key: CYTYCFOTNPOANT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
227:
207:
7:
3163:
1527:, beryllium, barium and aluminium.
458:Key: CYTYCFOTNPOANT-UHFFFAOYAO
332:
316:
3106:National Pollutant Inventory (NPI)
2388:Pohanish, Richard P., ed. (2012).
27:Chemical compound in very wide use
25:
2740:Environmental Health Perspectives
2467:The Journal of Physical Chemistry
1469:Chemical properties and reactions
2598:10.1097/00000542-194305000-00009
2134:Annales de Chimie et de Physique
1894:, can be detected in the blood.
1095:
725:
720:
506:
90:
2577:; Bishop, Kingsley (May 1943).
2369:Davison, Forrest Ramon (1940).
1477:with all hydrogens replaced by
1091:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
1080:Tetrachloroethylene (data page)
1844:which rapidly isomerises into
1296:is heated to 400 °C with
684:Occupational safety and health
500:
1:
2210:10.1002/14356007.a06_233.pub2
1136:or under the systematic name
951:(US health exposure limits):
2952:10.1016/j.watres.2017.02.001
2514:10.1016/0045-6535(93)90218-T
2439:Khimicheskaya Entsiklopediya
1731:of tetrachloroethylene with
1384:'s Tetrachloroethylene, 1952
1140:, and abbreviations such as
1909:Remediation and degradation
1903:occupational exposure limit
875:or concentration (LD, LC):
445:InChI=1S/C2Cl4/c3-1(4)2(5)6
38:
4884:
4475:
2626:Frontiers in Public Health
1538:of tetrachloroethylene by
455:InChI=1/C2Cl4/c3-1(4)2(5)6
4853:IARC Group 2A carcinogens
3175:
3160:
2985:Appl Microbiol Biotechnol
2639:10.3389/fpubh.2021.638082
2463:"Tetrachlordinitroethane"
1947:, ethylene and chloride.
1842:tetrachloroethylene oxide
1085:
1078:
1073:
1064:1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
1021:
945:
871:
701:
681:
676:
542:Mild, sharp and sweetish
487:
467:
432:
127:
115:
103:
98:
89:
37:
4848:Hazardous air pollutants
2810:10.2486/indhealth.47.155
2547:10.1002/14356007.o06_o01
2298:10.4269/ajtmh.1960.9.488
2156:10.1002/jlac.18390300310
1846:trichloroacetyl chloride
1725:Tetrachlorodinitroethane
1544:trichloroacetyl chloride
1074:Supplementary data page
768:Precautionary statements
3045:Environmental Forensics
2869:"SCOEL recommendations"
2541:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
2435:Химическая энциклопедия
2204:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
1427:Historical applications
1273:, as reported in 1886.
621:Magnetic susceptibility
3065:10.1006/enfo.2000.0010
2904:10.1002/etc.5620160404
2358:. Special Collections.
1687:antimony pentafluoride
1649:(0.1%) as a catalyst:
1385:
1254:. By Laurent's logic,
1183:History and production
893:3420 mg/kg (oral, rat)
831:
58:
48:
2997:10.1007/s002530100675
2390:"Tetrachloroethylene"
2144:Annalen der Pharmacie
2056:"Tetrachloroethylene"
1799:Thermal decomposition
1540:ultraviolet radiation
1513:alkaline earth metals
1379:
1334:This reaction can be
1192:Henri Victor Regnault
830:
120:Carboneum Dichloratum
56:
46:
4843:Halogenated solvents
2371:"Tetrachlorethylene"
2138:V. Regnault (1839).
1963:Previously spelt as
1941:1,2-dichloroethylene
1892:trichloroacetic acid
1885:Testing for exposure
1874:non-Hodgkin lymphoma
1850:trichloroacetic acid
1279:carbon tetrachloride
1233:carbon tetrachloride
1068:Carbon tetrachloride
907:median concentration
813:(fire diamond)
105:Preferred IUPAC name
33:Tetrachloroethylene
4833:Commodity chemicals
3057:2000EnvFo...1...69D
2943:2017WatRe.116..268G
2752:10.1289/ehp.1307359
2506:1993Chmsp..26.1507Y
2479:10.1021/j150197a004
2247:10.1021/np50088a001
2128:V. Regnault (1839)
2112:"Perchloroethylene"
1727:can be obtained by
1685:in the presence of
1521:potassium hydroxide
1491:tetrafluoroethylene
1287:hexachlorobutadiene
1130:Tetrachloroethylene
1036:Tetrafluoroethylene
583:Solubility in water
524: g/mol
189:Beilstein Reference
57:Tetrachloroethylene
47:Tetrachloroethylene
34:
1748:nitrogen tetroxide
1733:fuming nitric acid
1647:iron(III) chloride
1462:Necator americanus
1459:to get rid of the
1386:
1380:Advertisement for
1344:aluminium chloride
1340:potassium chloride
1294:1,2-dichloroethane
1173:dry-cleaning fluid
1118:Infobox references
1040:Tetrabromoethylene
1028:Related analogous
1022:Related compounds
1000:(Immediate danger)
832:
59:
49:
32:
4820:
4819:
4814:
4813:
2849:. 9 February 2021
2797:Industrial Health
2693:978-0-471-29083-4
2403:978-1-4377-7870-0
2350:"Maurice C. Hall"
1951:Explanatory notes
1933:trichloroethylene
1808:Health and safety
1457:magnesium sulfate
1366:trichloroethylene
1352:Trichloroethylene
1302:chemical reaction
1283:hydrogen chloride
1267:hexachlorobenzene
1156:with the formula
1138:tetrachloroethene
1134:perchloroethylene
1126:Chemical compound
1124:
1123:
1056:Trichloroethylene
1051:Related compounds
1044:Tetraiodoethylene
1010:Safety data sheet
750:Hazard statements
401:CompTox Dashboard
169:Interactive image
109:Tetrachloroethene
85:
84:
18:Tetrachloroethene
16:(Redirected from
4875:
4863:Perchlorocarbons
4770:
3164:
3145:
3138:
3131:
3122:
3076:
3038:
3017:
3016:
2991:(3–4): 545–549.
2979:
2973:
2972:
2954:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2812:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2763:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2713:
2707:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2679:
2670:
2669:
2651:
2641:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2600:
2573:Foot, Ellen B.;
2570:
2561:
2560:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2500:(8): 1507–1512.
2489:
2483:
2482:
2458:
2449:
2431:
2425:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2194:
2181:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2104:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2052:
2046:
2041:
2035:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2011:
1996:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1967:
1965:perchlorethylene
1961:
1878:multiple myeloma
1787:
1741:
1715:
1674:
1639:Hexachloroethane
1629:
1575:
1542:in air produces
1517:sodium hydroxide
1503:
1346:or by activated
1338:by a mixture of
1330:
1271:hexachloroethane
1227:
1196:hexachloroethane
1166:
1132:, also known as
1108:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1060:Dichloroethylene
977:
973:
967:
940:
936:
930:
926:
920:
916:
852:
845:
838:
823:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
761:
757:
729:
724:
671:
664:
638:Refractive index
630:
613:
609:
595:
591:
555:
523:
508:
502:
495:Chemical formula
425:
424:
409:
407:
381:
345:
334:
320:
298:Gmelin Reference
281:
273:
262:
251:
231:
211:
171:
147:
94:
74:
64:
39:
35:
21:
4883:
4882:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4873:
4872:
4823:
4822:
4821:
4816:
4815:
4809:
4801:
4793:
4785:
4780:
4778:
4769:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4753:
4745:
4737:
4732:
4730:
4722:
4714:
4706:
4701:
4699:
4694:
4692:
4687:
4685:
4677:
4672:
4670:
4662:
4657:
4655:
4647:
4634:
4629:
4627:
4619:
4614:
4612:
4604:
4596:
4588:
4583:
4581:
4573:
4565:
4557:
4552:
4550:
4542:
4537:
4535:
4527:
4519:
4514:
4512:
4504:
4496:
4488:
4434:
4426:
4422:
4414:
4406:
4398:
4387:
4364:
4359:
4357:
4349:
4341:
4336:
4334:
4326:
4321:
4314:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4295:
4290:
4288:
4283:
4276:
4271:
4269:
4261:
4256:
4254:
4249:
4247:
4239:
4234:
4232:
4227:
4225:
4220:
4218:
4210:
4205:
4203:
4198:
4196:
4191:
4189:
4181:
4176:
4174:
4169:
4167:
4162:
4160:
4155:
4153:
4145:
4140:
4138:
4133:
4131:
4123:
4115:
4104:
4089:
4084:
4082:
4077:
4070:
4065:
4058:
4053:
4051:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4032:
4027:
4025:
4017:
4012:
4010:
4002:
3997:
3995:
3990:
3983:
3970:
3962:
3954:
3949:
3947:
3942:
3940:
3932:
3927:
3925:
3917:
3912:
3910:
3905:
3903:
3898:
3896:
3891:
3889:
3881:
3876:
3874:
3869:
3867:
3859:
3854:
3852:
3847:
3845:
3837:
3827:
3804:
3799:
3797:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3776:
3774:
3769:
3767:
3759:
3754:
3752:
3744:
3739:
3732:
3724:
3719:
3712:
3704:
3699:
3697:
3689:
3684:
3682:
3674:
3669:
3667:
3659:
3654:
3652:
3647:
3645:
3637:
3632:
3630:
3625:
3623:
3618:
3616:
3608:
3603:
3601:
3596:
3594:
3586:
3576:
3571:
3554:
3546:
3541:
3539:
3534:
3532:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3511:
3509:
3504:
3502:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3483:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3453:
3448:
3441:
3423:
3418:
3416:
3411:
3402:
3400:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3362:
3360:
3355:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3340:
3337:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3307:
3302:
3300:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3281:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3240:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3222:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3192:
3156:
3149:
3083:
3041:
3029:
3026:
3024:Further reading
3021:
3020:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2874:
2872:
2871:. 22 April 2011
2867:
2866:
2862:
2852:
2850:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2701:
2694:
2681:
2680:
2673:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2575:Apgar, Virginia
2572:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2460:
2459:
2452:
2433:Knunyatsya IL.
2432:
2428:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2196:
2195:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2167:
2163:
2137:
2127:
2123:
2108:Browning, Ethel
2106:
2105:
2098:
2088:
2086:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2027:
2013:
2012:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1970:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1922:Dehalococcoides
1911:
1897:In Europe, the
1887:
1858:
1856:Carcinogenicity
1838:
1826:kidney toxicant
1810:
1801:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1744:nitrogen oxides
1740:
1736:
1722:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1636:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1597:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1533:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1471:
1448:ancylostomiasis
1429:
1421:paint strippers
1406:Sylvia Stoesser
1374:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1258:would be named
1244:Auguste Laurent
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1200:Michael Faraday
1185:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1127:
1120:
1115:
1114:
1113: ?)
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1001:
988:
975:
971:
969:
965:
961:
938:
934:
932:
928:
924:
922:
918:
914:
910:
904:
894:
890:
884:
857:
856:
855:
854:
847:
840:
833:
829:
821:
770:
752:
738:
717:
694:
669:
662:
648:
646:
628:
624:
611:
607:
593:
589:
585:
553:
521:
511:
505:
497:
483:
480:
479:ClC(Cl)=C(Cl)Cl
475:
474:
463:
460:
459:
456:
450:
449:
446:
440:
439:
428:
410:
403:
384:
364:
348:
335:
323:
300:
291:
254:
234:
214:
191:
182:PCE; Perc; Per
174:
161:
150:
137:
123:
111:
110:
81:
80:
72:
70:
62:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4881:
4879:
4871:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4825:
4824:
4818:
4817:
4812:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4776:
4772:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4697:
4690:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4477:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4467:
4464:
4461:
4458:
4455:
4452:
4449:
4446:
4443:
4440:
4437:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4366:
4362:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4316:
4312:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4286:
4278:
4274:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4252:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4230:
4223:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4201:
4194:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4172:
4165:
4158:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4136:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4087:
4080:
4072:
4068:
4060:
4056:
4049:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3993:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3945:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3908:
3901:
3894:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3872:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3850:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3815:
3814:
3811:
3806:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3772:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3628:
3621:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3599:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3474:
3470:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3421:
3414:
3406:
3398:
3391:
3387:
3380:
3376:
3369:
3365:
3358:
3347:
3343:
3335:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3305:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3279:
3272:
3268:
3261:
3257:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3231:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3140:
3133:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3109:
3102:
3093:
3082:
3081:External links
3079:
3078:
3077:
3039:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3018:
2974:
2931:Water Research
2917:
2898:(4): 625–630.
2882:
2860:
2832:
2783:
2746:(4): 325–334.
2726:
2721:www.inchem.org
2708:
2699:
2692:
2671:
2612:
2591:(3): 283–292.
2584:Anesthesiology
2562:
2556:978-3527306732
2555:
2527:
2484:
2473:(8): 578–585.
2450:
2426:
2409:
2402:
2380:
2377:. p. 181.
2361:
2341:
2319:
2292:(5): 488–491.
2275:
2260:
2225:
2219:978-3527306732
2218:
2182:
2173:
2161:
2150:(3): 350–352.
2121:
2096:
2069:
2047:
2036:
2025:
1997:
1988:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1945:vinyl chloride
1917:Bioremediation
1910:
1907:
1886:
1883:
1857:
1854:
1837:
1834:
1809:
1806:
1800:
1797:
1789:
1788:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1676:
1675:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1628:→ 2 C + 4 HCl
1596:
1593:
1577:
1576:
1532:
1529:
1470:
1467:
1428:
1425:
1373:
1370:
1332:
1331:
1256:vinyl chloride
1229:
1228:
1184:
1181:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1094:
1093:
1089:standard state
1086:
1083:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1033:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1006:
1005:
1002:
996:
993:
992:
989:
983:
980:
979:
962:
956:
953:
952:
943:
942:
911:
902:
900:
897:
896:
891:
882:
880:
877:
876:
869:
868:
867:Not flammable
865:
859:
858:
848:
841:
834:
819:
818:
817:
816:
814:
805:
804:
771:
766:
763:
762:
753:
748:
745:
744:
739:
734:
731:
730:
718:
713:
710:
709:
699:
698:
695:
692:
689:
688:
679:
678:
674:
673:
659:
653:
652:
649:
644:
636:
633:
632:
625:
619:
616:
615:
604:
602:Vapor pressure
598:
597:
586:
581:
578:
577:
574:
568:
567:
564:
558:
557:
550:
544:
543:
540:
534:
533:
530:
526:
525:
519:
513:
512:
509:
503:
498:
493:
490:
489:
485:
484:
482:
481:
478:
470:
469:
468:
465:
464:
462:
461:
457:
454:
453:
451:
447:
444:
443:
435:
434:
433:
430:
429:
427:
426:
413:
411:
399:
396:
395:
392:
386:
385:
383:
382:
374:
372:
366:
365:
363:
362:
358:
356:
350:
349:
347:
346:
338:
336:
328:
325:
324:
322:
321:
313:
311:
305:
304:
301:
296:
293:
292:
290:
289:
285:
283:
275:
274:
264:
256:
255:
253:
252:
244:
242:
236:
235:
233:
232:
224:
222:
216:
215:
213:
212:
204:
202:
196:
195:
192:
187:
184:
183:
180:
179:Abbreviations
176:
175:
173:
172:
164:
162:
155:
152:
151:
149:
148:
140:
138:
133:
130:
129:
125:
124:
117:
113:
112:
108:
107:
101:
100:
96:
95:
87:
86:
83:
82:
71:
61:
60:
50:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4880:
4869:
4868:Anthelmintics
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4858:Chloroalkenes
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4810:
4804:
4802:
4796:
4794:
4788:
4786:
4779:
4773:
4771:
4762:
4756:
4754:
4748:
4746:
4740:
4738:
4731:
4725:
4723:
4717:
4715:
4709:
4707:
4700:
4693:
4686:
4680:
4678:
4671:
4665:
4663:
4656:
4650:
4648:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4635:
4628:
4622:
4620:
4613:
4607:
4605:
4599:
4597:
4591:
4589:
4582:
4576:
4574:
4568:
4566:
4560:
4558:
4551:
4545:
4543:
4536:
4530:
4528:
4522:
4520:
4513:
4507:
4505:
4499:
4497:
4491:
4489:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4472:
4468:
4465:
4462:
4459:
4456:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4429:
4427:
4417:
4415:
4409:
4407:
4401:
4399:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4358:
4352:
4350:
4344:
4342:
4335:
4329:
4327:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4308:
4298:
4296:
4289:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4270:
4264:
4262:
4255:
4248:
4242:
4240:
4233:
4226:
4219:
4213:
4211:
4204:
4197:
4190:
4184:
4182:
4175:
4168:
4161:
4154:
4148:
4146:
4139:
4132:
4126:
4124:
4118:
4116:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4090:
4083:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4052:
4045:
4035:
4033:
4026:
4020:
4018:
4011:
4005:
4003:
3996:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3965:
3963:
3957:
3955:
3948:
3941:
3935:
3933:
3926:
3920:
3918:
3911:
3904:
3897:
3890:
3884:
3882:
3875:
3868:
3862:
3860:
3853:
3846:
3840:
3838:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3798:
3791:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3768:
3762:
3760:
3753:
3747:
3745:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3727:
3725:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3707:
3705:
3698:
3692:
3690:
3683:
3677:
3675:
3668:
3662:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3640:
3638:
3631:
3624:
3617:
3611:
3609:
3602:
3595:
3589:
3587:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3555:
3549:
3547:
3540:
3533:
3526:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3503:
3496:
3486:
3484:
3477:
3466:
3456:
3454:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3424:
3417:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3394:
3383:
3372:
3361:
3354:
3350:
3339:
3331:
3321:
3319:
3312:
3308:
3301:
3295:
3293:
3286:
3282:
3275:
3264:
3253:
3243:
3241:
3234:
3223:
3216:
3205:
3195:
3193:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3159:
3154:
3146:
3141:
3139:
3134:
3132:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2978:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2921:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2886:
2883:
2870:
2864:
2861:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2836:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2730:
2727:
2722:
2718:
2712:
2709:
2703:
2700:
2695:
2689:
2685:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2616:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2531:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2488:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2447:5-85270-039-8
2444:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2410:
2405:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2384:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2362:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2345:
2342:
2338:: 1–14. 1948.
2337:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2279:
2276:
2271:
2264:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2241:(10): 1–423.
2240:
2236:
2229:
2226:
2221:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2165:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2029:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1893:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1816:
1807:
1805:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1793:Hermann Kolbe
1753:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1633:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1571:COCl + 4 COCl
1553:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1383:
1378:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1177:brake cleaner
1174:
1170:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1119:
1112:
1107:
1090:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1030:organohalides
1026:
1025:
1020:
1017:
1016:External MSDS
1014:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
994:
990:
987:(Recommended)
986:
982:
981:
963:
960:(Permissible)
959:
955:
954:
950:
949:
944:
927:ppm (mouse, 4
912:
908:
899:
898:
892:
888:
879:
878:
874:
870:
866:
864:
861:
860:
853:
846:
839:
815:
812:
811:
807:
806:
772:
769:
765:
764:
754:
751:
747:
746:
743:
740:
737:
733:
732:
728:
723:
719:
716:
712:
711:
707:
705:
700:
696:
691:
690:
686:
685:
680:
675:
667:
660:
658:
655:
654:
650:
643:
639:
635:
634:
626:
622:
618:
617:
605:
603:
600:
599:
587:
584:
580:
579:
575:
573:
572:Boiling point
570:
569:
565:
563:
562:Melting point
560:
559:
551:
549:
546:
545:
541:
539:
536:
535:
531:
528:
527:
520:
518:
515:
514:
499:
496:
492:
491:
486:
477:
473:
466:
452:
442:
438:
431:
423:
419:
418:DTXSID2021319
415:
414:
412:
402:
398:
397:
393:
391:
388:
387:
380:
376:
375:
373:
371:
368:
367:
360:
359:
357:
355:
352:
351:
344:
340:
339:
337:
331:
327:
326:
319:
315:
314:
312:
310:
307:
306:
302:
299:
295:
294:
287:
286:
284:
282:
277:
276:
272:
268:
265:
263:
261:ECHA InfoCard
258:
257:
250:
246:
245:
243:
241:
238:
237:
230:
226:
225:
223:
221:
218:
217:
210:
206:
205:
203:
201:
198:
197:
193:
190:
186:
185:
181:
178:
177:
170:
166:
165:
163:
159:
154:
153:
146:
142:
141:
139:
136:
132:
131:
126:
121:
114:
106:
102:
97:
93:
88:
78:
68:
55:
51:
45:
41:
40:
36:
30:
19:
4838:Dry cleaning
3255:
3051:(2): 69–81.
3048:
3044:
2988:
2984:
2977:
2934:
2930:
2920:
2895:
2891:
2885:
2873:. Retrieved
2863:
2851:. Retrieved
2844:
2835:
2803:(2): 155–9.
2800:
2796:
2786:
2743:
2739:
2729:
2720:
2711:
2702:
2683:
2629:
2625:
2615:
2588:
2582:
2536:
2530:
2497:
2493:
2487:
2470:
2466:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2393:
2383:
2374:
2364:
2353:
2344:
2335:
2331:
2322:
2289:
2285:
2278:
2269:
2263:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2199:
2176:
2164:
2147:
2143:
2133:
2124:
2115:
2087:. Retrieved
2081:
2072:
2059:
2050:
2039:
2028:
1991:
1982:
1964:
1959:
1936:
1926:
1920:
1915:
1912:
1896:
1888:
1870:
1859:
1839:
1830:
1819:
1811:
1802:
1790:
1723:
1677:
1637:
1634:Chlorination
1598:
1588:
1580:
1578:
1534:
1506:
1472:
1460:
1441:
1437:refrigerants
1435:and related
1430:
1414:
1402:dry cleaning
1398:nonflammable
1387:
1382:Dow Chemical
1363:
1360:
1356:distillation
1333:
1291:
1275:
1264:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1239:
1237:
1230:
1186:
1172:
1169:dry cleaning
1154:chlorocarbon
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1128:
947:
872:
809:
741:
703:
693:Main hazards
682:
641:
354:RTECS number
229:ChEMBL114062
128:Identifiers
119:
116:Other names
29:
3104:Australian
2937:: 268–295.
2494:Chemosphere
2089:9 September
1928:Pseudomonas
1890:metabolite
1702:+ 3 HF + Cl
1525:nitric acid
1515:, alkalis (
1260:Chlorethase
1240:Chlorethose
937:ppm (rat, 8
917:ppm (rat, 4
887:median dose
873:Lethal dose
863:Flash point
736:Signal word
687:(OHS/OSH):
529:Appearance
488:Properties
267:100.004.388
209:CHEBI:17300
4827:Categories
2632:: 638082.
2416:Oshin LA,
1974:References
1836:Metabolism
1815:volatility
1450:caused by
1417:automotive
1198:following
715:Pictograms
517:Molar mass
379:TJ904HH8SN
240:ChemSpider
156:3D model (
135:CAS Number
2969:205698959
2827:270480590
2666:232116380
2441:). 1992.
1795:in 1869.
1729:nitration
1720:Nitration
1714:F + 3 HCl
1609:palladium
1595:Reduction
1536:Oxidation
1531:Oxidation
1336:catalyzed
1317:Cl + 3 Cl
790:P308+P313
706:labelling
657:Viscosity
390:UN number
361:KX3850000
288:204-825-9
280:EC Number
3153:chloride
3073:97680726
3013:23770815
3005:11549035
2961:28347952
2912:94525849
2875:22 April
2819:19367044
2770:24531164
2658:33748070
2607:70969652
2522:94961581
2424:). 1978.
2314:19521345
2306:13787477
2170:page 548
2110:(1953).
2066:(NIOSH).
2022:(NIOSH).
1866:red meat
1742:rich in
1643:chlorine
1567:→ 2 CCl
1548:phosgene
1479:chlorine
1475:ethylene
1452:hookworm
1444:hookworm
1433:HFC-134a
1298:chlorine
810:NFPA 704
677:Hazards
627:−81.6·10
623:(χ)
610:mmHg (20
249:13837281
194:1304635
145:127-18-4
77:Chlorine
4476:
3053:Bibcode
3037:. 1997.
2939:Bibcode
2853:2 March
2778:4146726
2761:3984230
2649:7973082
2502:Bibcode
2255:8795309
2083:PubChem
2016:"#0599"
1735:(conc.
1706:→ CClF
1679:CFC-113
1601:reduced
1585:pyrrole
1583:-methyl
1410:naphtha
1394:organic
1390:solvent
1329:+ 4 HCl
1189:chemist
1187:French
1152:, is a
1148:), and
1111:what is
1109: (
964:TWA 100
742:Warning
631:cm/mol
592:g/L (25
548:Density
330:PubChem
303:101142
3071:
3011:
3003:
2967:
2959:
2910:
2825:
2817:
2776:
2768:
2758:
2690:
2664:
2656:
2646:
2605:
2553:
2520:
2445:
2400:
2312:
2304:
2253:
2216:
1611:etc.:
1605:nickel
1509:alkali
1487:ethane
1483:carbon
1348:carbon
1285:, and
1246:. The
1106:verify
1103:
1012:(SDS)
976:
972:
966:
939:
935:
929:
925:
919:
915:
670:
663:
651:1.505
629:
612:
608:
594:
590:
554:
522:165.82
472:SMILES
318:C06789
220:ChEMBL
99:Names
75:
73:
67:Carbon
65:
63:
3098:U.S.
3089:U.S.
3069:S2CID
3009:S2CID
2965:S2CID
2908:S2CID
2823:S2CID
2774:S2CID
2662:S2CID
2603:S2CID
2518:S2CID
2310:S2CID
1822:liver
1771:→ NO
1746:) or
1624:+ 2 H
1563:+ 3 O
1325:C=CCl
1162:C=CCl
970:C 200
948:NIOSH
668:at 25
556:g/cm
552:1.622
437:InChI
394:1897
343:31373
200:ChEBI
158:JSmol
4806:NoCl
4798:MdCl
4790:FmCl
4782:EsCl
4775:EsCl
4766:CfCl
4758:CfCl
4750:BkCl
4742:CmCl
4734:AmCl
4727:AmCl
4719:PuCl
4711:NpCl
4674:PaCl
4667:PaCl
4659:ThCl
4652:ThCl
4644:AcCl
4631:YbCl
4624:YbCl
4616:TmCl
4609:TmCl
4601:ErCl
4593:HoCl
4585:DyCl
4578:DyCl
4570:TbCl
4562:GdCl
4554:EuCl
4547:EuCl
4539:SmCl
4532:SmCl
4524:PmCl
4516:NdCl
4509:NdCl
4501:PrCl
4493:CeCl
4485:LaCl
4411:DbCl
4403:RfCl
4395:LrCl
4384:RaCl
4379:FrCl
4369:AtCl
4361:PoCl
4354:PoCl
4346:BiCl
4338:PbCl
4331:PbCl
4323:TlCl
4319:TlCl
4311:HgCl
4292:AuCl
4285:(Au)
4281:AuCl
4273:PtCl
4266:PtCl
4258:IrCl
4251:IrCl
4244:IrCl
4236:OsCl
4229:OsCl
4222:OsCl
4215:OsCl
4207:ReCl
4200:ReCl
4193:ReCl
4186:ReCl
4142:TaCl
4135:TaCl
4128:TaCl
4120:HfCl
4112:LuCl
4101:BaCl
4096:CsCl
4086:XeCl
4079:XeCl
4075:XeCl
4055:TeCl
4048:TeCl
4029:SbCl
4022:SbCl
4014:SnCl
4007:SnCl
3999:InCl
3992:InCl
3988:InCl
3980:CdCl
3975:AgCl
3967:PdCl
3959:RhCl
3951:RuCl
3944:RuCl
3937:RuCl
3929:TcCl
3922:TcCl
3914:MoCl
3907:MoCl
3900:MoCl
3893:MoCl
3886:MoCl
3878:NbCl
3871:NbCl
3864:NbCl
3856:ZrCl
3849:ZrCl
3842:ZrCl
3824:SrCl
3819:RbCl
3809:BrCl
3801:SeCl
3794:SeCl
3771:AsCl
3764:AsCl
3756:GeCl
3749:GeCl
3741:GaCl
3737:GaCl
3729:ZnCl
3721:CuCl
3717:CuCl
3709:NiCl
3701:CoCl
3694:CoCl
3686:FeCl
3679:FeCl
3671:MnCl
3664:MnCl
3656:CrCl
3649:CrCl
3642:CrCl
3605:TiCl
3598:TiCl
3591:TiCl
3583:ScCl
3573:CaCl
3569:CaCl
3480:SiCl
3450:AlCl
3446:AlCl
3438:MgCl
3433:NaCl
3189:BeCl
3184:LiCl
3108:page
3001:PMID
2957:PMID
2877:2011
2855:2023
2815:PMID
2766:PMID
2688:ISBN
2654:PMID
2551:ISBN
2443:ISBN
2398:ISBN
2302:PMID
2251:PMID
2214:ISBN
2091:2020
1876:and
1824:and
1779:CCCl
1759:CCCl
1666:→ C
1662:+ Cl
1587:and
1546:and
1519:and
1392:for
1372:Uses
1342:and
1321:→ Cl
1309:ClCH
1269:and
1252:-ase
1248:-ose
1223:+ Cl
1146:PERC
1144:(or
1142:perc
1004:Ca
998:IDLH
978:ppm
941:hr)
933:4964
923:5200
913:4000
802:P501
798:P405
794:P391
786:P281
782:P273
778:P202
774:P201
760:H411
756:H351
661:0.89
614:°C)
596:°C)
588:0.15
538:Odor
370:UNII
309:KEGG
79:, Cl
4703:UCl
4696:UCl
4689:UCl
4682:UCl
4640:**
4469:Og
4466:Ts
4463:Lv
4460:Mc
4457:Fl
4454:Nh
4451:Cn
4448:Rg
4445:Ds
4442:Mt
4439:Hs
4431:BhO
4419:SgO
4391:**
4373:Rn
4178:WCl
4171:WCl
4164:WCl
4157:WCl
4150:WCl
4067:ICl
4063:ICl
3834:YCl
3813:Kr
3778:+As
3634:VCl
3627:VCl
3620:VCl
3613:VCl
3564:KCl
3558:Ar
3543:+SO
3536:SCl
3529:SCl
3506:PCl
3499:PCl
3427:Ne
3420:ClF
3413:ClF
3409:ClF
3397:ClO
3357:ClO
3353:ClO
3315:+NO
3304:ClN
3297:NCl
3289:+CO
3278:CCl
3237:+BO
3219:BCl
3178:He
3168:HCl
3155:ion
3061:doi
2993:doi
2947:doi
2935:116
2900:doi
2805:doi
2756:PMC
2748:doi
2744:122
2644:PMC
2634:doi
2593:doi
2543:doi
2510:doi
2475:doi
2294:doi
2243:doi
2206:doi
2152:doi
1937:cis
1763:+ N
1737:HNO
1710:CCl
1555:4 C
1523:),
1511:or
1242:by
1215:→ C
1150:PCE
985:REL
968:ppm
958:PEL
931:hr)
921:hr)
704:GHS
672:°C
406:EPA
333:CID
69:, C
4829::
4481:*
4435:Cl
4423:Cl
4304:Cl
4300:Hg
4108:*
4041:Cl
4037:Te
3787:Cl
3783:Se
3551:Cl
3522:Cl
3513:+P
3492:Cl
3473:Cl
3469:Si
3464:12
3462:Cl
3458:Si
3404:+O
3386:Cl
3375:Cl
3364:Cl
3342:Cl
3334:Cl
3323:Cl
3311:+N
3285:+C
3271:Cl
3260:Cl
3249:Cl
3230:Cl
3214:12
3212:Cl
3210:12
3201:Cl
3114:,
3067:.
3059:.
3047:.
3033:.
3007:.
2999:.
2989:56
2987:.
2963:.
2955:.
2945:.
2933:.
2929:.
2906:.
2896:16
2894:.
2843:.
2821:.
2813:.
2801:47
2799:.
2795:.
2772:.
2764:.
2754:.
2742:.
2738:.
2719:.
2674:^
2660:.
2652:.
2642:.
2628:.
2624:.
2601:.
2587:.
2581:.
2565:^
2549:.
2516:.
2508:.
2498:26
2496:.
2471:23
2469:.
2465:.
2453:^
2392:.
2373:.
2352:.
2336:10
2334:.
2330:.
2308:.
2300:.
2288:.
2249:.
2239:68
2237:.
2212:.
2185:^
2148:30
2146:.
2142:.
2114:.
2099:^
2080:.
2062:.
2058:.
2018:.
2000:^
1943:,
1935:,
1852:.
1783:NO
1775:Cl
1755:Cl
1750::
1698:Cl
1689::
1683:HF
1670:Cl
1658:Cl
1620:Cl
1607:,
1559:Cl
1550::
1504:.
1493:,
1439:.
1412:.
1368:.
1358:.
1350:.
1313:CH
1304::
1289:.
1281:,
1262:.
1219:Cl
1211:Cl
1158:Cl
903:50
901:LC
883:50
881:LD
800:,
796:,
792:,
788:,
784:,
780:,
776:,
758:,
708::
666:cP
606:14
507:Cl
4808:2
4800:2
4792:2
4784:3
4777:2
4768:2
4760:3
4752:3
4744:3
4736:3
4729:2
4721:3
4713:3
4705:6
4698:5
4691:4
4684:3
4676:5
4669:4
4661:4
4654:3
4646:3
4633:3
4626:2
4618:3
4611:2
4603:3
4595:3
4587:3
4580:2
4572:3
4564:3
4556:3
4549:2
4541:3
4534:2
4526:3
4518:3
4511:2
4503:3
4495:3
4487:3
4433:3
4425:2
4421:2
4413:5
4405:4
4397:3
4386:2
4363:4
4356:2
4348:3
4340:4
4333:2
4325:3
4313:2
4306:2
4302:2
4294:3
4287:2
4275:4
4268:2
4260:4
4253:3
4246:2
4238:5
4231:4
4224:3
4217:2
4209:6
4202:5
4195:4
4188:3
4180:6
4173:5
4166:4
4159:3
4152:2
4144:5
4137:4
4130:3
4122:4
4114:3
4103:2
4088:4
4081:2
4069:3
4057:4
4050:2
4043:2
4039:3
4031:5
4024:3
4016:4
4009:2
4001:3
3994:2
3982:2
3969:2
3961:3
3953:4
3946:3
3939:2
3931:4
3924:3
3916:6
3909:5
3902:4
3895:3
3888:2
3880:5
3873:4
3866:3
3858:4
3851:3
3844:2
3836:3
3826:2
3803:4
3796:2
3789:2
3785:2
3773:5
3766:3
3758:4
3751:2
3743:3
3731:2
3723:2
3711:2
3703:3
3696:2
3688:3
3681:2
3673:3
3666:2
3658:4
3651:3
3644:2
3636:5
3629:4
3622:3
3615:2
3607:4
3600:3
3593:2
3585:3
3575:2
3553:2
3545:4
3538:4
3531:2
3524:2
3520:2
3518:S
3508:5
3501:3
3494:4
3490:2
3488:P
3482:4
3475:6
3471:2
3460:5
3452:3
3440:2
3422:5
3415:3
3399:4
3392:7
3390:O
3388:2
3381:6
3379:O
3377:2
3370:4
3368:O
3366:2
3359:2
3348:2
3346:O
3344:2
3338:O
3336:2
3329:y
3327:O
3325:x
3317:3
3306:3
3299:3
3291:3
3280:4
3273:6
3269:2
3267:C
3262:4
3258:2
3256:C
3251:2
3247:2
3245:C
3239:3
3232:4
3228:2
3226:B
3221:3
3208:B
3203:4
3199:4
3197:B
3191:2
3144:e
3137:t
3130:v
3075:.
3063::
3055::
3049:1
3015:.
2995::
2971:.
2949::
2941::
2914:.
2902::
2879:.
2857:.
2829:.
2807::
2780:.
2750::
2723:.
2696:.
2668:.
2636::
2630:9
2609:.
2595::
2589:4
2559:.
2545::
2524:.
2512::
2504::
2481:.
2477::
2437:(
2420:(
2406:.
2316:.
2296::
2290:9
2257:.
2245::
2222:.
2208::
2158:.
2154::
2093:.
1939:-
1785:2
1781:2
1777:2
1773:2
1769:4
1767:O
1765:2
1761:2
1757:2
1739:3
1712:2
1708:2
1704:2
1700:4
1696:2
1694:C
1672:6
1668:2
1664:2
1660:4
1656:2
1654:C
1626:2
1622:4
1618:2
1616:C
1589:N
1581:N
1573:2
1569:3
1565:2
1561:4
1557:2
1501:4
1499:F
1497:2
1495:C
1327:2
1323:2
1319:2
1315:2
1311:2
1225:2
1221:4
1217:2
1213:6
1209:2
1207:C
1164:2
1160:2
1101:N
909:)
905:(
889:)
885:(
851:0
844:0
837:2
647:)
645:D
642:n
640:(
510:4
504:2
501:C
408:)
404:(
160:)
20:)
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