1796:
but treatment with TBZ produces depression symptoms in patients (Kenney et al., 2006). Treatment of animals with the VMAT2 inhibitor TBZ induces a low effort bias or amotivational symptoms in these effort-based, decision-making tasks (Contreras-Mora et al., 2018; Nunes et al., 2013, 2014; Randall et al., 2014). Administration of the monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitor, deprenyl, has been shown to reverse the low effort bias or amotivational symptoms induced by TBZ in effort based decision-making tasks (Contreras-Mora et al., 2018). Treatment with the most common antidepressant drugs, SSRIs, fluoxetine or citalopram, does not reverse the effort based effects of TBZ and in fact produced further impairments in lever pressing (Yohn et al., 2016). Administration of a different class of antidepressant therapy, norepinephrine uptake inhibitor, desipramine, did not reverse TBZ effects either (Yohn et al., 2016). Interestingly MAO inhibitors can also be used in the treatment of depression but only irreversible MAO-B inhibitors like deprenyl, and not MAO-A inhibitors, have antidepressant effects in humans and recover TBZ effects in rodents (Contreras-Mora et al., 2018; Jang et al., 2013; Sclar et al., 2013). The dose–response of deprenyl generates an inverted U-shaped dose–response curve, suggesting correct dosing is essential (Contreras-Mora et al., 2018). It is possible deprenyl is blocking both MAO-A and MAO-B at higher doses which is producing the inverted U-shaped response.
523:
500:
38:
29:
1795:
However, there is currently only one published animal model of motivational dysfunction, using tetrabenazine (TBZ), which is a selective inhibitor of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) also known as solute carrier family 18 member 2 (SLC18A2). VMAT2 is a protein which depletes dopamine (DA),
1873:
Yohn SE, Errante EE, Rosenbloom-Snow A, Somerville M, Rowland M, Tokarski K, Zafar N, Correa M, Salamone JD (October 2016). "Blockade of uptake for dopamine, but not norepinephrine or 5-HT, increases selection of high effort instrumental activity: Implications for treatment of effort-related
1914:
Contreras-Mora H, Rowland MA, Yohn SE, Correa M, Salamone JD (March 2018). "Partial reversal of the effort-related motivational effects of tetrabenazine with the MAO-B inhibitor deprenyl (selegiline): Implications for treating motivational dysfunctions".
1447:
Burckard E, Medhaoui M, Montigneaux P, Pfitzenmeyer J, Pfitzenmeyer H, Schaetzel JC, et al. (January 1962). "" [Clinical, biological and electroencephalographic study of the action of tetrabenazine (Ro 956) in various chronic psychoses].
775:
The most common adverse reactions, which have occurred in at least 10% of subjects in studies and at least 5% greater than in subjects who received placebo, have been: sedation or somnolence, fatigue, insomnia, depression, suicidal thoughts,
3298:
1599:
Remington G, Kapur S, Foussias G, Agid O, Mann S, Borlido C, et al. (February 2012). "Tetrabenazine augmentation in treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial".
171:
899:
mg/kg. The low-effort bias of systemic administration of tetrabenazine also occurs when it is injected directly into the nucleus accumbens but not the overlying medial neostriatum (i.e.,
2995:
3333:
1057:
126:
2753:
1711:
Salamone JD, Correa M (January 2024). "The
Neurobiology of Activational Aspects of Motivation: Exertion of Effort, Effort-Based Decision Making, and the Role of Dopamine".
1475:
Kammerer T, Singer L, Geissmann P, Wetta JM (January 1962). "" [Use of a new neuroleptic: tetrabenazine. Clinical, biological and electroencephalographic results].
1089:
1980:
1084:[Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese).
809:
Inform patients, caregivers and families of the risk of depression and suicidality and instruct to report behaviours of concern promptly to the treating physician
184:
68:
1502:
Lingjaerde O (1963). "Tetrabenazine (Nitoman) in the treatment of psychoses. With a discussion on the central mode of action of tetrabenazine and reserpine".
1028:, are ineffective in reversing tetrabenazine-induced amotivational symptoms. SSRIs and NRIs actually induced further motivational impairments at high doses.
615:
2988:
830:
The precise mechanism of action of tetrabenazine is unknown. Its anti-chorea effect is believed to be due to a reversible depletion of monoamines such as
3323:
1956:
589:
3328:
5321:
2879:
2746:
2012:
891:
mg/kg in rats. In contrast, levels of serotonin and norepinephrine are only reduced by up to 15 to 30% at this dosage. A 10-fold higher dosage of 10
3318:
1965:
2981:
991:
1237:
Kenney C, Hunter C, Jankovic J (January 2007). "Long-term tolerability of tetrabenazine in the treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders".
2939:
2697:
5305:
2739:
973:
815:
Tetrabenazine is contraindicated in patients who are actively suicidal and in patients with untreated or inadequately treated depression
3671:
1077:
1003:
847:
704:," tetrabenazine was the first approved treatment for Huntington's disease in the U.S. The compound has been known since the 1950s.
635:
1970:
1821:"The Psychopharmacology of Effort-Related Decision Making: Dopamine, Adenosine, and Insights into the Neurochemistry of Motivation"
5351:
1556:
Malik A, Balkoski V (November 2007). "Neurotransmitter depleter tetrabenazine; potential candidate for schizophrenia treatment?".
803:
Balance risks of depression and suicidality with the clinical need for control of chorea when considering the use of tetrabenazine
5376:
5120:
1412:
Ashcroft GW, Macdougall EJ, Barker PA (March 1961). "A comparison of tetrabenazine and chlorpromazine in chronic schizophrenia".
1062:
289:
156:
1769:
Callaghan CK, Rouine J, O'Mara SM (2018). "Potential roles for opioid receptors in motivation and major depressive disorder".
983:
5325:
1327:
Smith ME (March 1960). "Clinical comparison of tetrabenazine (Ro 1-9569), reserpine and placebo in chronic schizophrenics".
4381:
2790:
1085:
1081:
643:
InChI=1S/C19H27NO3/c1-12(2)7-14-11-20-6-5-13-8-18(22-3)19(23-4)9-15(13)16(20)10-17(14)21/h8-9,12,14,16H,5-7,10-11H2,1-4H3
5301:
3023:
3004:
2005:
689:
419:
5371:
4665:
3941:
2956:
2714:
1022:
942:
879:
mg/kg and induces a low-effort bias in effort-based decision-making tasks at these doses. It has been found to reduce
479:
3660:
3172:
2849:
2658:
872:
850:, resulting in decreased uptake of monoamines into synaptic vesicles, as well as depletion of monoamine storage.
825:
5381:
2346:
2247:
935:
5161:
368:
5156:
1953:
1377:
Schmitt W (July 1960). "" [On the pharmacotherapy of psychoses: clinical research on tetrabenazine].
1281:
1158:
1082:"RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial"
5138:
2944:
2702:
2110:
1998:
1182:
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5366:
5317:
5313:
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4720:
3996:
3426:
3379:
2610:
2514:
2481:
2461:
2341:
2312:
2225:
2220:
2183:
2178:
931:
812:
Exercise caution when treating patients with a history of depression or prior suicide attempts or ideation
228:
800:
Increases the risk of depression and suicidal thoughts and behavior in patients with
Huntington's disease
468:
5361:
4438:
4370:
3844:
3146:
2907:
2566:
2324:
2242:
2075:
2058:
2034:
743:
600:
359:
5346:
5309:
5181:
4710:
4254:
3986:
3416:
3395:
3012:
2803:
1194:
Jankovic J, Beach J (1997). "Long-term effects of tetrabenazine in hyperkinetic movement disorders".
806:
Monitor patients for emergence or worsening of depression, suicidality or unusual changes in behavior
255:
1112:"Tetrabenazine (Xenazine), An FDA-Approved Treatment Option For Huntington's Disease-Related Chorea"
495:
4995:
4840:
4705:
4433:
4413:
4290:
4116:
3981:
3636:
3411:
2829:
752:
742:, a serious and sometimes irreversible side effect of long-term use of many antipsychotics, mainly
314:
5080:
3106:
1625:
1581:
1309:
1262:
1219:
739:
677:
86:
5278:
4820:
4815:
4096:
4091:
3910:
1159:"Xenazine (tetrabenazine) Tablets, for Oral Use. Full Prescribing Information. Revised: 6/2015"
5071:
4599:
3809:
3516:
3091:
1932:
1891:
1850:
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1738:
1674:
1617:
1573:
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1511:
1484:
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1429:
1394:
1359:
1332:
1301:
1254:
1211:
1133:
884:
730:
221:
197:
50:
5196:
4937:
1282:"Tetrabenazine treatment for tardive dyskinesia: assessment by randomized videotape protocol"
895:
mg/kg is needed to decrease serotonin levels as much as the reduction in dopamine levels at 1
5356:
5176:
5031:
4403:
3799:
3496:
3436:
3253:
3167:
2913:
2552:
2254:
1924:
1883:
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535:
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428:
5146:
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3890:
3824:
3238:
3126:
3101:
2844:
2494:
2302:
2289:
2284:
2274:
2190:
1960:
1015:
969:
945:
900:
605:
408:
238:
215:
934:
have been found to reverse the amotivational effects of tetrabenazine. These include the
1724:
522:
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323:
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4959:
4955:
4881:
4604:
4270:
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987:
839:
1985:
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5011:
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4911:
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4690:
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2133:
2102:
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2025:
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864:
734:
674:
139:
134:
1819:
Salamone JD, Correa M, Ferrigno S, Yang JH, Rotolo RA, Presby RE (October 2018).
1613:
1569:
348:
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5171:
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4755:
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4528:
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4408:
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4111:
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2319:
2237:
2205:
2163:
2153:
2120:
2087:
2070:
2053:
1350:
Sacerdoti G (1960). "" [First clinical experiences with tetrabenazine].
1058:"TETRABENAZINE RAN/TETRABENAZINE SUN/TETRABENAZINE RBX (Sun Pharma ANZ Pty Ltd)"
1018:
1011:
1007:
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20:
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953:
949:
843:
835:
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268:
72:
1936:
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1621:
1577:
1515:
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1398:
1363:
1336:
1305:
1297:
1258:
1137:
305:)-3-Isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-pyridoisoquinolin-2-one
28:
4526:
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin receptor modulators:
1836:
1542:
1215:
5260:
5211:
5201:
5100:
5046:
5007:
4985:
4775:
4765:
4558:
4351:
4294:
4280:
4051:
4041:
3743:
3728:
3693:
3551:
3546:
3536:
3506:
3308:
2889:
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2621:
2451:
2400:
2200:
2125:
2082:
1207:
980:
965:
912:
880:
831:
379:
119:
1990:
1733:
986:
in its efficacy in the model. In contrast to the preceding agents, many
388:
5066:
4896:
4849:
4845:
4795:
4790:
4745:
4735:
4695:
4624:
4503:
4172:
4125:
4121:
4071:
4066:
4021:
4011:
3971:
3895:
3814:
3576:
3566:
3556:
3526:
3471:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3223:
3121:
3045:
2215:
334:
1660:
1390:
1250:
5076:
4805:
4750:
4493:
4331:
4081:
4026:
3834:
3581:
3258:
2772:
781:
724:
459:
273:
247:
1529:
Matsumoto Y, Totsuka S, Kato M, Inoue M, Okagami K (July 1966). "".
1643:
Kaur N, Kumar P, Jamwal S, Deshmukh R, Gauttam V (September 2016).
448:
1974:
588:
579:
243:
1977:: Huntington's Disease Outreach Project for Education at Stanford
1868:
1866:
1864:
5150:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
927:
have similar amotivational effects as tetrabenazine in animals.
713:
439:
2977:
2735:
1994:
191:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
780:, anxiety, and nausea. It has also been reported to produce
751:, spontaneous flinging limb movements due to contra-lateral
484:
165:
97:
3672:
263:
10 hours parent compound (2 to 8 hours active metabolites)
5121:
846:
from nerve terminals. Tetrabenazine reversibly inhibits
178:
660:
4663:
Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors:
3939:
Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors:
4382:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
3024:
5250:
5119:
4369:
3659:
3011:
2822:
2789:
2771:
2650:
2480:
2357:
2033:
1531:
Nihon Rinsho. Japanese
Journal of Clinical Medicine
712:Tetrabenazine is used as a treatment, but not as a
599:
577:
564:
534:
529:
510:
478:
458:
438:
418:
398:
378:
367:
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333:
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280:
267:
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237:
227:
214:
206:
155:
150:
125:
111:
85:
67:
59:
49:
44:
3661:
1183:1st US drug for Huntington's disease wins approval
887:dopamine levels by 57 to 75% at a dose of 0.75–1.0
1986:Information on tetrabenazine from netdoctor.co.uk
1981:Detailed monograph on tetrabenazine on rxmed.com
347:
322:
496:DTXSID501127442 DTXSID0042614, DTXSID501127442
16:Medication for hyperkinetic movement disorders
4587:Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors:
4371:
3863:Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors:
3691:Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors:
2989:
2747:
2006:
1280:Ondo WG, Hanna PA, Jankovic J (August 1999).
8:
3777:Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors:
3013:
19:
1874:motivational symptoms in psychopathology".
692:approved the use of tetrabenazine to treat
688:among others. On August 15, 2008, the U.S.
673:is a drug for the symptomatic treatment of
4393:
3683:
3677:Tooltip Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
3035:
2996:
2982:
2974:
2754:
2740:
2732:
2013:
1999:
1991:
796:associated with the use of tetrabenazine:
623:O=C3C(CC(C)C)CN2C(c1c(cc(OC)c(OC)c1)CC2)C3
521:
498:
407:
36:
27:
1844:
1732:
1668:
1645:"Tetrabenazine: Spotlight on Drug Review"
1127:
427:
5126:Tooltip Vesicular monoamine transporters
4401:Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors:
2880:Sodium phenylbutyrate/ursodoxicoltaurine
859:Animal model of motivational dysfunction
767:, both in the past and in modern times.
1049:
992:selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
640:
620:
494:
387:
294:
1602:Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology
716:, for hyperkinetic disorders such as:
700:. Although other drugs had been used "
512:
18:
4387:Tooltip Serotonin reuptake inhibitors
467:
77:
7:
3029:Tooltip Dopamine reuptake inhibitors
1954:Xenazine prescribing information FDA
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
138:
2191:Levomepromazine (methotrimeprazine)
1725:10.1146/annurev-psych-020223-012208
974:catecholaminergic activity enhancer
680:. It is sold under the brand names
447:
338:
4721:Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505)
3997:Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505)
3666:Tooltip Norepinephrine transporter
3427:Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505)
1004:norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
863:Tetrabenazine is used in the only
759:Tetrabenazine has been used as an
14:
3239:Etybenzatropine (ethybenztropine)
1331:. 21(3)Suppl (3 Suppl): 120–123.
979:. Selegiline shows a complicated
848:vesicular monoamine transporter 2
55:Xenazine, Xentra, Nitoman, others
4711:Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354)
3987:Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354)
3417:Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354)
1888:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.06.018
1110:Yero T, Rey JA (December 2008).
1063:Therapeutic Goods Administration
871:. The drug results in selective
552:
546:
5322:Monoamine metabolism modulators
1092:from the original on 2023-08-03
648:Key:MKJIEFSOBYUXJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
1504:Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
1352:Rassegna di Studi Psichiatrici
1329:Diseases of the Nervous System
1286:American Journal of Psychiatry
555:
540:
1:
5302:Receptor/signaling modulators
4376:Tooltip Serotonin transporter
3005:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors
1477:Annales Médico-Psychologiques
1450:Annales Médico-Psychologiques
1414:The Journal of Mental Science
187:(Other controlled substances)
4216:Tetracyclic antidepressants:
3018:Tooltip Dopamine transporter
2762:Other nervous system drugs (
1614:10.1097/JCP.0b013e31823f913e
1570:10.1016/j.schres.2007.07.010
943:dopamine reuptake inhibitors
690:Food and Drug Administration
4666:3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine
3942:3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine
1023:monoamine oxidase inhibitor
875:at low doses of 0.25 to 1.0
5398:
5306:Monoamine releasing agents
4864:Tricyclic antidepressants:
4140:Tricyclic antidepressants:
3209:Benzatropine (benztropine)
2659:Monoamine-depleting agents
2154:Carphenazine (carfenazine)
1966:NIMH Repository data sheet
1783:10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.07.009
823:
530:Chemical and physical data
5294:
4930:
4859:
4658:
4582:
4396:
4247:
4211:
4135:
3934:
3858:
3772:
3686:
3342:
3196:
3160:
3084:
3038:
2934:
2692:
1929:10.1016/j.pbb.2018.01.001
1510:: SUPPL170:1–SUPPL17109.
1379:Psychiatria et Neurologia
826:Monoamine-depleting agent
656:
631:
611:
285:
79:Consumer Drug Information
35:
26:
4590:Atomoxetine (tomoxetine)
3866:Atomoxetine (tomoxetine)
2347:Zuclopenthixol decanoate
2248:Pipotiazine undecylenate
2111:Diphenylbutylpiperidines
1088:(published 2023-04-04).
1021:, and the non-selective
936:dopamine releasing agent
869:motivational dysfunction
276:(~75%) and fecal (7–16%)
5377:Tetrahydroisoquinolines
4968:mepyramine (pyrilamine)
2332:Tiotixene (thiothixene)
1917:Pharmacol Biochem Behav
1649:Annals of Neurosciences
1426:10.1192/bjp.107.447.287
1086:Diário Oficial da União
5242:Vanoxerine (GBR-12909)
5089:pethidine (meperidine)
4344:pethidine (meperidine)
3132:Pethidine (meperidine)
2515:Paliperidone palmitate
2462:Oxyprothepin decanoate
2342:Zuclopenthixol acetate
2313:Clopenthixol decanoate
2226:Perphenazine enanthate
2221:Perphenazine decanoate
2184:Fluphenazine enanthate
2179:Fluphenazine decanoate
1558:Schizophrenia Research
1298:10.1176/ajp.156.8.1279
932:pro-motivational drugs
744:typical antipsychotics
5326:Monoamine neurotoxins
4892:Dosulepin (dothiepin)
4439:Didesmethylcitalopram
4168:Dosulepin (dothiepin)
3845:Serdexmethylphenidate
3147:Serdexmethylphenidate
2567:Aripiprazole lauroxil
2325:Flupentixol decanoate
2243:Pipotiazine palmitate
2076:Haloperidol decanoate
2059:Bromperidol decanoate
1837:10.1124/pr.117.015107
873:depletion of dopamine
5352:Huntington's disease
5217:Methoxytetrabenazine
5182:Dihydrotetrabenazine
4996:Arylcyclohexylamines
4291:Arylcyclohexylamines
3442:Dizocilpine (MK-801)
3396:Chaenomeles speciosa
3097:Benocyclidine (BTCP)
2804:Mecasermin rinfabate
1208:10.1212/wnl.48.2.358
763:in the treatment of
723:– specifically, the
721:Huntington's disease
698:Huntington's disease
4841:Threohydrobupropion
4706:Desmethylsertraline
4434:Desmethylcitalopram
4117:Threohydrobupropion
3982:Desmethylsertraline
3637:Threohydrobupropion
3412:Desmethylsertraline
2850:Hydroxybutyric acid
984:dose–response curve
753:subthalamic nucleus
174:(Prescription only)
23:
5372:Tardive dyskinesia
5081:dextropropoxyphene
3107:Dexmethylphenidate
2961:Never to phase III
2719:Never to phase III
1959:2017-02-16 at the
1239:Movement Disorders
740:Tardive dyskinesia
727:associated with it
678:movement disorders
5334:
5333:
5329:
5115:
5114:
4390:
4365:
4364:
3810:Levophacetoperane
3680:
3655:
3654:
3517:Levophacetoperane
3092:4-Fluoropethidine
3032:
2971:
2970:
2729:
2728:
2553:Phenylpiperazines
1876:Neuropharmacology
1661:10.1159/000449184
1391:10.1159/000131224
1251:10.1002/mds.21222
1164:. H. Lundbeck A/S
923:antagonists like
911:antagonists like
885:nucleus accumbens
731:Tourette syndrome
668:
667:
590:Interactive image
480:CompTox Dashboard
222:first pass effect
195:
182:
169:
101:
5389:
5296:
5283:Antagonist-like:
5177:Deutetrabenazine
5127:
5123:
5067:MIN-117 (WF-516)
5032:Dextromethorphan
4404:6-Nitroquipazine
4394:
4388:
4384:
4379:
4377:
4373:
3800:Hydroxybupropion
3684:
3678:
3674:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3557:MIN-117 (WF-516)
3497:Hydroxybupropion
3437:Diphenylpyraline
3168:Diphenylprolinol
3036:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3019:
3015:
2998:
2991:
2984:
2975:
2914:Deutetrabenazine
2756:
2749:
2742:
2733:
2495:benzisothiazoles
2255:Prochlorperazine
2015:
2008:
2001:
1992:
1941:
1940:
1911:
1900:
1899:
1870:
1859:
1858:
1848:
1816:
1799:
1798:
1766:
1747:
1746:
1736:
1713:Annu Rev Psychol
1708:
1683:
1682:
1672:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1564:(1–3): 267–268.
1553:
1547:
1546:
1537:(7): 1360–1364.
1526:
1520:
1519:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1420:(447): 287–293.
1409:
1403:
1402:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1191:
1185:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1163:
1155:
1142:
1141:
1131:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1054:
1038:Deutetrabenazine
1014:, the selective
939:lisdexamfetamine
898:
894:
890:
878:
696:associated with
664:
663:
592:
572:
557:
554:
548:
542:
525:
514:
503:
502:
488:
486:
471:
451:
431:
411:
391:
371:
351:
341:
340:
326:
259:
193:
190:
180:
177:
167:
164:
142:
99:
96:
81:
40:
31:
24:
22:
5397:
5396:
5392:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5387:
5386:
5382:VMAT inhibitors
5337:
5336:
5335:
5330:
5290:
5268:DAT modulators:
5246:
5147:methamphetamine
5125:
5111:
5022:Cyclobenzaprine
4964:diphenhydramine
4952:brompheniramine
4926:
4855:
4654:
4620:Levomilnacipran
4578:
4386:
4378:
4375:
4361:
4259:brompheniramine
4243:
4207:
4131:
3930:
3891:Levomilnacipran
3854:
3825:Methylphenidate
3768:
3676:
3668:
3665:
3651:
3338:
3192:
3156:
3127:Methylphenidate
3102:Desoxypipradrol
3080:
3028:
3020:
3017:
3007:
3002:
2972:
2967:
2966:
2951:Clinical trials
2930:
2818:
2785:
2767:
2760:
2730:
2725:
2724:
2709:Clinical trials
2688:
2681:Others/unknown:
2646:
2476:
2353:
2303:Chlorprothixene
2290:Triflupromazine
2285:Trifluoperazine
2275:Thioproperazine
2029:
2019:
1971:"Tetrabenazine"
1961:Wayback Machine
1950:
1945:
1944:
1913:
1912:
1903:
1872:
1871:
1862:
1818:
1817:
1802:
1768:
1767:
1750:
1710:
1709:
1686:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1533:(in Japanese).
1528:
1527:
1523:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1181:
1177:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1145:
1122:(12): 690–694.
1109:
1108:
1104:
1095:
1093:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1034:
1016:MAO-A inhibitor
988:antidepressants
970:MAO-B inhibitor
946:methylphenidate
920:
908:
901:dorsal striatum
896:
892:
888:
876:
861:
856:
828:
822:
790:
773:
710:
659:
657:
652:
649:
644:
639:
638:
627:
624:
619:
618:
606:Racemic mixture
595:
570:
560:
551:
545:
506:
482:
474:
454:
434:
414:
394:
374:
354:
337:
329:
309:
306:
293:
292:
257:
229:Protein binding
220:Low, extensive
216:Bioavailability
208:Pharmacokinetic
202:
146:
114:
107:
88:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5395:
5393:
5385:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5339:
5338:
5332:
5331:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5288:
5276:
5264:
5263:
5258:DAT enhancers:
5254:
5252:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5136:
5130:
5128:
5117:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5104:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
4993:
4982:Antipsychotics
4979:
4976:tripelennamine
4960:dimenhydrinate
4956:chlorphenamine
4948:Antihistamines
4945:
4940:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4882:Cyanodothiepin
4879:
4874:
4869:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4853:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4605:Desvenlafaxine
4602:
4597:
4592:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4522:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4397:
4391:
4367:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4288:
4277:Antipsychotics
4274:
4271:tripelennamine
4263:chlorphenamine
4255:Antihistamines
4248:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3876:Desvenlafaxine
3873:
3868:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3687:
3681:
3657:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3642:Tripelennamine
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3365:Amfonelic acid
3362:
3357:
3352:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3117:Ethylphenidate
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3039:
3033:
3009:
3008:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2978:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2875:Sodium oxybate
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2795:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2777:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2736:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2604:
2599:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2548:
2547:
2540:Butyrophenones
2535:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2507:
2502:
2486:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2422:
2421:
2414:Butyrophenones
2409:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2337:Zuclopenthixol
2334:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2305:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2235:
2233:Piperacetazine
2230:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2159:Chlorpromazine
2156:
2151:
2146:
2144:Acetophenazine
2141:
2134:Phenothiazines
2129:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2068:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2051:
2044:Butyrophenones
2039:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2022:Antipsychotics
2020:
2018:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1968:
1963:
1949:
1948:External links
1946:
1943:
1942:
1901:
1860:
1831:(4): 747–762.
1800:
1771:Prog Brain Res
1748:
1684:
1655:(3): 176–185.
1635:
1591:
1548:
1521:
1494:
1483:(1): 106–115.
1467:
1456:(1): 115–119.
1439:
1404:
1369:
1354:(in Italian).
1342:
1319:
1292:(8): 1279–81.
1272:
1229:
1186:
1175:
1143:
1102:
1080:(2023-03-31).
1069:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1033:
1030:
918:
906:
860:
857:
855:
852:
840:norepinephrine
821:
818:
817:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
789:
786:
772:
769:
757:
756:
746:
737:
728:
709:
706:
666:
665:
654:
653:
651:
650:
647:
645:
642:
634:
633:
632:
629:
628:
626:
625:
622:
614:
613:
612:
609:
608:
603:
597:
596:
594:
593:
585:
583:
575:
574:
568:
562:
561:
558:
549:
543:
538:
532:
531:
527:
526:
516:
508:
507:
505:
504:
491:
489:
476:
475:
473:
472:
464:
462:
456:
455:
453:
452:
444:
442:
436:
435:
433:
432:
424:
422:
416:
415:
413:
412:
404:
402:
396:
395:
393:
392:
384:
382:
376:
375:
373:
372:
364:
362:
356:
355:
353:
352:
344:
342:
331:
330:
328:
327:
319:
317:
311:
310:
308:
307:
296:
288:
287:
286:
283:
282:
278:
277:
271:
265:
264:
261:
252:
251:
241:
235:
234:
231:
225:
224:
218:
212:
211:
204:
203:
201:
200:
188:
175:
161:
159:
153:
152:
148:
147:
145:
144:
131:
129:
123:
122:
117:
115:administration
109:
108:
106:
105:
103:
93:
91:
83:
82:
75:
65:
64:
61:
57:
56:
53:
47:
46:
42:
41:
33:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5394:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5367:Phenol ethers
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5328:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5318:Serotonergics
5315:
5314:Dopaminergics
5311:
5307:
5303:
5300:
5293:
5287:
5284:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5271:Agonist-like:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5262:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5249:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5232:Tetrabenazine
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5124:
5118:
5108:
5105:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5017:
5016:phencyclidine
5013:
5012:methoxetamine
5009:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4994:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4980:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4929:
4923:
4922:Protriptyline
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4912:Nortriptyline
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4867:Amitriptyline
4865:
4862:
4861:
4858:
4851:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4831:Tedatioxetine
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4691:Centanafadine
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4657:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4635:N-Methyl-PPPA
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4581:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4474:Norfluoxetine
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4414:Centpropazine
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4395:
4392:
4385:
4374:
4368:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4336:desmetramadol
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4316:Ginkgo biloba
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4300:
4299:phencyclidine
4296:
4292:
4289:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4275:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4246:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4210:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4198:Protriptyline
4196:
4194:
4193:Nortriptyline
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4143:Amitriptyline
4141:
4138:
4137:
4134:
4127:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4107:Tedatioxetine
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3967:Centanafadine
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3933:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3906:N-Methyl-PPPA
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3771:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3685:
3682:
3675:
3664:
3658:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3632:Tedatioxetine
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3254:Ioflupane (I)
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3165:Pyrrolidines:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3153:
3152:Tenocyclidine
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3137:Phencyclidine
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3027:
3016:
3010:
3006:
2999:
2994:
2992:
2987:
2985:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2919:Tetrabenazine
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2830:Amifampridine
2828:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2757:
2752:
2750:
2745:
2743:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2674:Tetrabenazine
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2579:Brexpiprazole
2577:
2575:
2574:Brilaroxazine
2572:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2491:Benzisoxazole
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2376:Levosulpiride
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2298:Thioxanthenes
2295:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2270:Thiopropazate
2268:
2266:
2265:Sulforidazine
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2103:Trifluperidol
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2011:
2009:
2004:
2002:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1825:Pharmacol Rev
1822:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1595:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1525:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1479:(in French).
1478:
1471:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1452:(in French).
1451:
1443:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1381:(in German).
1380:
1373:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1276:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1202:(2): 358–62.
1201:
1197:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1179:
1176:
1160:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1103:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1053:
1050:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
994:(SSRIs) like
993:
989:
985:
982:
978:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
944:
940:
937:
933:
928:
926:
922:
915:and dopamine
914:
910:
902:
886:
882:
874:
870:
866:
858:
853:
851:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
827:
819:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
798:
797:
795:
794:boxed warning
787:
785:
783:
779:
770:
768:
766:
765:schizophrenia
762:
761:antipsychotic
754:
750:
749:Hemiballismus
747:
745:
741:
738:
736:
735:tic disorders
732:
729:
726:
722:
719:
718:
717:
715:
707:
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
676:
672:
671:Tetrabenazine
662:
655:
646:
641:
637:
630:
621:
617:
610:
607:
604:
602:
598:
591:
587:
586:
584:
581:
576:
569:
567:
563:
539:
537:
533:
528:
524:
520:
517:
515:
513:ECHA InfoCard
509:
501:
497:
493:
492:
490:
481:
477:
470:
466:
465:
463:
461:
457:
450:
446:
445:
443:
441:
437:
430:
426:
425:
423:
421:
417:
410:
406:
405:
403:
401:
397:
390:
386:
385:
383:
381:
377:
370:
366:
365:
363:
361:
357:
350:
346:
345:
343:
336:
332:
325:
321:
320:
318:
316:
312:
304:
300:
295:
291:
284:
279:
275:
272:
270:
266:
262:
260:
253:
249:
245:
242:
240:
236:
232:
230:
226:
223:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
199:
189:
186:
176:
173:
163:
162:
160:
158:
154:
149:
141:
136:
133:
132:
130:
128:
124:
121:
118:
116:
110:
104:
95:
94:
92:
90:
84:
80:
76:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
52:
48:
45:Clinical data
43:
39:
34:
30:
25:
21:Tetrabenazine
5362:Orphan drugs
5298:
5297:
5282:
5270:
5267:
5257:
5231:
5167:Bietaserpine
5139:Amphetamines
5062:Mifepristone
5052:Medifoxamine
4934:
4877:Clomipramine
4872:Cianopramine
4863:
4716:Diclofensine
4686:Brasofensine
4662:
4586:
4574:Vortioxetine
4525:
4444:Escitalopram
4400:
4322:Indeloxazine
4314:
4251:
4234:Oxaprotiline
4215:
4203:Trimipramine
4158:Clomipramine
4153:Cianopramine
4148:Butriptyline
4139:
3992:Diclofensine
3962:Brasofensine
3938:
3862:
3850:Solriamfetol
3776:
3759:Teniloxazine
3719:Esreboxetine
3690:
3622:Solriamfetol
3542:Medifoxamine
3432:Dimethocaine
3422:Diclofensine
3394:
3346:
3234:Difluoropine
3229:Dichloropane
3214:Brasofensine
3200:
3188:Pyrovalerone
3164:
3089:Piperidines:
3088:
3043:Piperazines:
3042:
2918:
2908:hyperkinesis
2906:
2680:
2673:
2657:
2637:Pimavanserin
2628:
2611:+samidorphan
2590:
2562:Aripiprazole
2557:quinolinones
2551:
2545:Lumateperone
2538:
2510:Paliperidone
2489:
2468:
2437:Clocapramine
2432:Carpipramine
2425:
2412:
2364:
2308:Clopenthixol
2296:
2280:Thioridazine
2211:Perphenazine
2196:Mesoridazine
2174:Fluphenazine
2149:Butaperazine
2139:Acepromazine
2132:
2116:Fluspirilene
2109:
2042:
1920:
1916:
1879:
1875:
1828:
1824:
1794:
1774:
1770:
1734:10234/207207
1716:
1712:
1652:
1648:
1638:
1608:(1): 95–99.
1605:
1601:
1594:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1417:
1413:
1407:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1328:
1322:
1289:
1285:
1275:
1245:(2): 193–7.
1242:
1238:
1232:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1178:
1166:. Retrieved
1119:
1115:
1105:
1094:. Retrieved
1072:
1061:
1052:
990:, including
930:A number of
929:
903:). Dopamine
865:animal model
862:
829:
820:Pharmacology
791:
774:
771:Side effects
758:
711:
708:Medical uses
685:
681:
675:hyperkinetic
670:
669:
658:
469:ChEMBL117785
302:
298:
256:Elimination
157:Legal status
151:Legal status
5347:Anxiogenics
5310:Adrenergics
5237:Valbenazine
5227:Rose bengal
5172:Deserpidine
5143:amphetamine
5093:levorphanol
5037:Dextrorphan
4990:ziprasidone
4972:pheniramine
4907:Lofepramine
4887:Desipramine
4836:Tesofensine
4826:Sibutramine
4801:Perafensine
4761:JNJ-7925476
4756:Indatraline
4701:Dasotraline
4671:Amifitadine
4650:Venlafaxine
4630:Milnacipran
4529:Etoperidone
4509:Seproxetine
4499:Pirandamine
4479:Omiloxetine
4459:Fluvoxamine
4419:Cericlamine
4409:Alaproclate
4356:levorphanol
4285:ziprasidone
4267:pheniramine
4239:Setiptiline
4224:Maprotiline
4183:Lofepramine
4163:Desipramine
4112:Tesofensine
4102:Sibutramine
4077:Perafensine
4037:JNJ-7925476
4032:Indatraline
3977:Dasotraline
3947:Amifitadine
3926:Venlafaxine
3901:Milnacipran
3830:Nomifensine
3795:Fencamfamin
3724:Lortalamine
3714:Edivoxetine
3704:Ciclazindol
3699:Alseroxylon
3647:Venlafaxine
3627:Tametraline
3617:Sibutramine
3592:Perafensine
3572:Nomifensine
3502:Indatraline
3477:Fencamfamin
3452:DOV-216,303
3447:DOV-102,677
3407:Dasotraline
3402:Ciclazindol
3360:Armodafinil
3355:Amifitadine
3304:Tesofensine
3112:Difemetorex
2947:from market
2924:Valbenazine
2895:Troriluzole
2840:Eplontersen
2799:Arimoclomol
2705:from market
2684:Azacyclonol
2632:Blonanserin
2584:Cariprazine
2532:Ziprasidone
2527:Risperidone
2522:Perospirone
2500:Iloperidone
2457:Mosapramine
2442:Clorotepine
2406:Veralipride
2386:Remoxipride
2381:Nemonapride
2371:Amisulpride
2320:Flupentixol
2238:Pipotiazine
2206:Periciazine
2164:Cyamemazine
2121:Penfluridol
2088:Pipamperone
2071:Haloperidol
2054:Bromperidol
1882:: 270–280.
1358:: 450–460.
1019:moclobemide
1012:atomoxetine
1008:desipramine
925:haloperidol
792:There is a
573: g·mol
519:100.000.348
281:Identifiers
60:Other names
51:Trade names
5341:Categories
5286:SoRI-20041
5279:SoRI-20040
5207:Ketanserin
5134:Amiodarone
5097:tapentadol
5057:Mesembrine
5027:Delucemine
5004:esketamine
4917:Pipofezine
4902:Imipramine
4821:SEP-228432
4816:SEP-228431
4786:Nefazodone
4771:Liafensine
4741:Fezolamine
4731:DOV-216303
4726:DOV-102677
4681:Bicifadine
4676:Ansofaxine
4615:Eclanamine
4610:Duloxetine
4595:Bicifadine
4569:Vilazodone
4539:Lubazodone
4534:Litoxetine
4519:Zimelidine
4514:Sertraline
4489:Paroxetine
4484:Panuramine
4454:Fluoxetine
4449:Femoxetine
4429:Dapoxetine
4424:Citalopram
4348:tapentadol
4327:Nefazodone
4310:Ephenidine
4305:Dopexamine
4188:Melitracen
4178:Imipramine
4097:SEP-228432
4092:SEP-228431
4062:Nefazodone
4047:Liafensine
4017:Fezolamine
4007:DOV-216303
4002:DOV-102677
3957:Bicifadine
3952:Ansofaxine
3911:Nafenodone
3886:Eclanamine
3881:Duloxetine
3840:Radafaxine
3820:Manifaxine
3805:Lefetamine
3780:Amineptine
3764:Viloxazine
3739:Reboxetine
3734:Nisoxetine
3612:Sertraline
3602:Radafaxine
3587:Oroxylin A
3532:Manifaxine
3522:Liafensine
3512:Lefetamine
3492:GYKI-52895
3482:Fezolamine
3467:Esketamine
3462:Ephenidine
3385:BTS 74,398
3375:Ansofaxine
3370:Amineptine
3249:FP-β-CPPIT
3244:FE-β-CPPIT
3183:Prolintane
3076:Vanoxerine
3071:Nefazodone
2900:Vutrisiran
2870:Pitolisant
2860:Laquinimod
2845:Fampridine
2814:Xaliproden
2664:Oxypertine
2642:Sertindole
2617:Quetiapine
2607:Olanzapine
2592:Tricyclics
2505:Lurasidone
2447:Clotiapine
2427:Tricyclics
2396:Sultopride
2366:Benzamides
2169:Dixyrazine
2098:Timiperone
2066:Droperidol
2049:Benperidol
1777:: 89–119.
1168:9 December
1096:2023-08-16
1044:References
1000:citalopram
996:fluoxetine
977:selegiline
968:, and the
958:vanoxerine
824:See also:
733:and other
578:3D model (
566:Molar mass
429:Z9O08YRN8O
400:ChemSpider
360:IUPHAR/BPS
315:CAS Number
290:IUPAC name
250:-mediated)
239:Metabolism
5299:See also:
5274:SoRI-9804
5222:Reserpine
5192:GBR-12935
5187:Efavirenz
5107:Roxindole
5085:methadone
5072:N-Me-5-HT
5042:Efavirenz
5000:3-MeO-PCP
4943:Amoxapine
4811:Pridefine
4781:Naphyrone
4645:Tofenacin
4564:Trazodone
4554:SB-649915
4549:Quipazine
4544:LY-393558
4469:Ifoxetine
4464:Indalpine
4340:methadone
4229:Mianserin
4219:Amoxapine
4087:Pridefine
4057:Naphyrone
3921:Tofenacin
3871:CP-39,332
3790:Fencamine
3785:Bupropion
3754:Tandamine
3749:Talsupram
3709:Daledalin
3607:Rimcazole
3597:Pridefine
3562:Modafinil
3487:Fluorenol
3457:Efavirenz
3390:Bupropion
3350:Adrafinil
3314:Tropoxane
3204:Altropane
3201:Tropanes:
3178:Naphyrone
3142:Pipradrol
3066:GBR-13098
3061:GBR-13069
3056:GBR-12935
3051:GBR-12783
2957:Phase III
2945:Withdrawn
2885:Tafamidis
2865:Patisiran
2855:Inotersen
2835:Edaravone
2781:Tirilazad
2715:Phase III
2703:Withdrawn
2669:Reserpine
2602:Clozapine
2597:Asenapine
2472:Molindone
2419:Melperone
2391:Sulpiride
2260:Promazine
2093:Spiperone
1923:: 13–20.
1385:: 23–29.
1196:Neurology
1116:P & T
1026:pargyline
962:PRX-14040
954:modafinil
950:bupropion
844:histamine
836:serotonin
778:akathisia
702:off label
601:Chirality
269:Excretion
258:half-life
113:Routes of
87:Pregnancy
73:Drugs.com
63:Ro-1-9569
5261:Luteolin
5212:Lobeline
5202:Ibogaine
5101:tramadol
5047:Hypidone
5008:ketamine
4986:loxapine
4846:Tropanes
4776:Mazindol
4766:JZ-IV-10
4600:CP-39332
4559:TGBA01AD
4352:tramadol
4295:ketamine
4281:loxapine
4122:Tropanes
4052:Mazindol
4042:JZ-IV-10
3744:Talopram
3729:Mazindol
3694:Amedalin
3552:Metaphit
3547:Mesocarb
3537:Mazindol
3507:Ketamine
3309:Troparil
2890:Tofersen
2809:Riluzole
2622:Zotepine
2482:Atypical
2452:Loxapine
2401:Tiapride
2358:Disputed
2201:Perazine
2126:Pimozide
2083:Moperone
1957:Archived
1937:29309800
1896:27329556
1855:30209181
1791:30314570
1743:37788571
1719:: 1–32.
1679:27721587
1622:22198452
1586:39312847
1578:17683910
1516:14081399
1489:14453492
1462:13874731
1434:13684728
1399:13748124
1364:13745210
1337:13832091
1314:40131860
1306:10450276
1267:22001960
1259:17133512
1224:33577525
1138:19750050
1090:Archived
1032:See also
981:U-shaped
966:MRZ-9547
921:receptor
913:ecopipam
909:receptor
881:striatal
854:Research
832:dopamine
788:Warnings
686:Xenazine
661:(verify)
380:DrugBank
185:Class C1
127:ATC code
120:By mouth
102: B3
89:category
5357:Ketones
5197:GZ-793A
5141:(e.g.,
5079:(e.g.,
5077:Opioids
4998:(e.g.,
4984:(e.g.,
4950:(e.g.,
4938:A-80426
4935:Others:
4897:Doxepin
4850:cocaine
4848:(e.g.,
4796:NS-2359
4791:Nefopam
4746:HDMP-28
4736:EXP-561
4696:Cocaine
4625:McN5652
4504:RTI-353
4334:(e.g.,
4332:Opioids
4293:(e.g.,
4279:(e.g.,
4257:(e.g.,
4252:Others:
4173:Doxepin
4126:cocaine
4124:(e.g.,
4072:NS-2359
4067:Nefopam
4022:HDMP-28
4012:EXP-561
3972:Cocaine
3896:McN5652
3815:LR-5182
3577:NS-2359
3567:Nefopam
3527:LR-5182
3472:EXP-561
3347:Others:
3299:RTI-336
3294:RTI-229
3289:RTI-177
3284:RTI-150
3279:RTI-126
3274:RTI-121
3269:RTI-113
3264:RTI-112
3224:Cocaine
3122:HDMP-28
3046:DBL-583
2629:Others:
2469:Others:
2216:BL-1020
2035:Typical
1846:6169368
1670:5043267
1630:2649261
1543:6007641
1216:9040721
1129:2730806
1006:(NRIs)
682:Nitoman
571:317.429
536:Formula
389:DB04844
335:PubChem
324:58-46-8
143:)
137: (
135:N07XX06
5251:Others
4806:PRC200
4751:HP-505
4494:PIM-35
4082:PRC200
4027:HP-505
3835:O-2172
3582:O-2172
3259:RTI-55
2940:WHO-EM
2773:Stroke
2698:WHO-EM
2651:Others
1935:
1894:
1853:
1843:
1789:
1741:
1677:
1667:
1628:
1620:
1584:
1576:
1541:
1514:
1487:
1460:
1432:
1397:
1362:
1335:
1312:
1304:
1265:
1257:
1222:
1214:
1136:
1126:
1078:Anvisa
1002:, the
964:, and
941:, the
897:
893:
889:
877:
842:, and
782:apathy
755:damage
725:chorea
694:chorea
616:SMILES
460:ChEMBL
449:D08575
274:Kidney
248:CYP2D6
233:82–85%
198:℞-only
196:
183:
170:
5122:VMATs
3334:WF-33
3329:WF-31
3324:WF-23
3319:WF-11
2823:Other
1975:HOPES
1973:from
1626:S2CID
1582:S2CID
1310:S2CID
1263:S2CID
1220:S2CID
1162:(PDF)
636:InChI
580:JSmol
244:Liver
5162:AZIK
5151:MDMA
4640:PPPA
4383:SRIs
4372:SERT
3916:PPPA
3673:NRIs
3173:MDPV
3025:DRIs
2764:N07X
2026:N05A
1933:PMID
1892:PMID
1851:PMID
1787:PMID
1739:PMID
1675:PMID
1618:PMID
1574:PMID
1539:PMID
1512:PMID
1485:PMID
1458:PMID
1430:PMID
1395:PMID
1360:PMID
1333:PMID
1302:PMID
1255:PMID
1212:PMID
1170:2015
1134:PMID
1010:and
998:and
972:and
714:cure
684:and
440:KEGG
420:UNII
409:5796
369:4834
349:6018
210:data
69:AHFS
5157:APP
3662:NET
3380:BTQ
3219:CFT
3014:DAT
2791:ALS
1925:doi
1921:166
1884:doi
1880:109
1841:PMC
1833:doi
1779:doi
1775:239
1729:hdl
1721:doi
1665:PMC
1657:doi
1610:doi
1566:doi
1481:120
1454:120
1422:doi
1418:107
1387:doi
1383:140
1294:doi
1290:156
1247:doi
1204:doi
1124:PMC
883:or
867:of
485:EPA
339:CID
140:WHO
5343::
5324:•
5320:•
5316:•
5312:•
5308:•
5304:•
5281:;
5149:,
5145:,
5099:,
5095:,
5091:,
5087:,
5083:,
5014:,
5010:,
5006:,
5002:,
4988:,
4974:,
4970:,
4966:,
4962:,
4958:,
4954:,
4354:,
4350:,
4346:,
4342:,
4338:,
4297:,
4283:,
4269:,
4265:,
4261:,
2953::
2711::
1931:.
1919:.
1904:^
1890:.
1878:.
1863:^
1849:.
1839:.
1829:70
1827:.
1823:.
1803:^
1793:.
1785:.
1773:.
1751:^
1737:.
1727:.
1717:75
1715:.
1687:^
1673:.
1663:.
1653:23
1651:.
1647:.
1624:.
1616:.
1606:32
1604:.
1580:.
1572:.
1562:96
1560:.
1535:24
1508:39
1506:.
1428:.
1416:.
1393:.
1356:49
1308:.
1300:.
1288:.
1284:.
1261:.
1253:.
1243:22
1241:.
1218:.
1210:.
1200:48
1198:.
1146:^
1132:.
1120:33
1118:.
1114:.
1060:.
960:,
956:,
952:,
948:,
838:,
834:,
784:.
550:27
544:19
303:RR
299:SS
192:US
179:BR
172:S4
166:AU
98:AU
5153:)
5103:)
5018:)
4992:)
4978:)
4852:)
4389:)
4380:(
4358:)
4301:)
4287:)
4273:)
4128:)
3679:)
3670:(
3031:)
3022:(
2997:e
2990:t
2983:v
2766:)
2755:e
2748:t
2741:v
2661::
2613:)
2609:(
2594::
2559::
2555:/
2542::
2497::
2493:/
2429::
2416::
2368::
2300::
2136::
2113::
2046::
2028:)
2024:(
2014:e
2007:t
2000:v
1939:.
1927::
1898:.
1886::
1857:.
1835::
1781::
1745:.
1731::
1723::
1681:.
1659::
1632:.
1612::
1588:.
1568::
1545:.
1518:.
1491:.
1464:.
1436:.
1424::
1401:.
1389::
1366:.
1339:.
1316:.
1296::
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