965:
953:
54:
33:
830:. Before planting, the seeds should be soaked for 12 hours in cold water, or 3 hours in warm water. Seeds should be planted 5–10 mm (0.2–0.4 in) deep, and spaced 15–30 cm (5.9–11.8 in) apart. The seedlings will emerge in 10–20 days, and it will continue to produce greens through the summer. Mature plant will self-seed. Seeds will overwinter up to USDA zone 5.
1470:
715:
The plant has a trailing habit, and will form a thick carpet on the ground or climb through other vegetation and hang downwards. It can have erect growth when young. The leaves of the plant are 3–15 cm long, triangular in shape, and bright green. The leaves are thick, and covered with tiny
1025:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).
666:
1004:
879:
perhaps more regularly. According to
Murdoch Riley, "to counteract the bitterness of the older leaves of this herb, the Māori boiled it with the roots of the convolvulus (
1304:
2065:
1193:
2195:
1726:
2446:
1414:
1350:
699:
in many parts of Africa, Europe, North
America, and South America. Its natural habitat is sandy shorelines and bluffs, often in disturbed areas. It is a
2436:
2426:
964:
2308:
2029:
1674:
1081:
1982:
2321:
2091:
1687:
761:
This widely distributed plant has many common names, depending on its location. In addition to the name New
Zealand spinach, it is also known as
2451:
2182:
2148:
1762:
1109:
1744:
2441:
1449:
1230:
1037:
2431:
2421:
1474:
2491:
2471:
1977:
1625:
1032:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
2476:
2461:
1337:
788:
996:
807:
the leaves in hot water for one minute, then rinsing in cold water before cooking. It thrives in hot weather, and is considered an
795:
for ground cover. It can be an annual or perennial. As some of its names signify, it has similar flavour and texture properties to
2466:
2334:
1713:
2208:
2109:
1847:
1360:
1308:
2096:
1800:
1051:
2130:
2481:
1197:
992:
1524:
2282:
2078:
1921:
1821:
1553:
773:), sea spinach, and tetragon. Its Australian names of Warrigal Greens and Warrigal Cabbage come from the local use of
1072:
53:
2486:
2357:
2213:
1852:
1808:
1731:
2104:
754:
695:
It is a widespread species, native to eastern Asia, Australia, and New
Zealand. It has been introduced and is an
2496:
2362:
1813:
1767:
952:
2456:
2016:
1956:
2021:
2008:
1995:
1656:
1578:
1173:
1159:
1990:
1946:
1651:
1486:
662:
2326:
524:
157:
1692:
653:
1936:
2349:
1754:
1599:
938:
576:
537:
1441:
Foraging Wild Edible Plants of North
America: More than 150 Delicious Recipes Using Nature's Edibles
2411:
804:
2122:
1969:
2383:
2231:
2187:
2003:
1880:
1113:
808:
737:
511:
491:
295:
183:
174:
48:
1862:
921:(table). In a reference amount of 100 g (3.5 oz), the spinach is particularly rich in
2070:
2416:
2295:
1775:
1586:
1445:
1439:
1356:
1333:
1226:
1043:
1033:
855:
770:
589:
393:
1780:
792:
696:
410:
2057:
1247:
32:
2223:
2156:
1872:
91:
665:
for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
2174:
1535:
2200:
2169:
1643:
1252:(in Russian). Saint Petersburg: Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences. pp. 151–157.
1249:
Enumeratio plantarum quae in hortoi viri illustris atque escell. Dni. Procopi a
Demidof
884:
839:
114:
78:
1790:
2405:
1376:
872:
was the only cultivated vegetable to have originated from
Australia and New Zealand.
704:
251:
2388:
2300:
2236:
1885:
1591:
906:
861:
227:
2287:
2274:
1826:
1558:
1545:
2263:
1926:
1912:
2135:
2117:
2042:
1700:
1518:
1263:
926:
865:
745:
211:
1027:
1267:
930:
889:
843:
762:
563:
427:
376:
134:
1630:
1509:
1638:
1612:
934:
922:
775:
717:
700:
689:
550:
469:
456:
443:
349:
124:
2083:
1146:
1047:
1469:
1390:
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2257:
2143:
1906:
1839:
1834:
1739:
1568:
1503:
847:
359:
104:
2161:
1666:
688:
and other local names, is a flowering plant in the fig-marigold family (
2313:
2034:
1964:
1679:
918:
910:
902:
800:
796:
329:
1705:
1355:. Paraparaumu, New Zealand: Viking Sevenseas N.Z. Ltd. pp. 7–10.
893:. The tips of the spinach can be pinched off and eaten raw or cooked.
2047:
851:
721:
1480:
720:
that look like waterdrops on the top and bottom of the leaves. The
2339:
1718:
1617:
1377:"Māori Healing and Herbal - New Zealand Ethnobotanical Sourcebook"
1085:
827:
816:
725:
241:
65:
1415:"Māori Plant Use Database Plant Use Details of Calystegia sepium"
823:
812:
602:
1604:
1484:
868:
during the latter half of the 18th century. For two centuries,
1307:(movie). The Sydney Morning Herald. 2011-06-28. Archived from
914:
271:
1225:. Te Papa Te Taiao Nature Series. Te Papa Press. p. 45.
803:; its medium to low levels of oxalates need to be removed by
1196:. The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust. Archived from
997:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
779:
to describe plants that are wild (not farmed originally).
201:
New
Zealand spinach, cooked, boiled, drained, without salt
1272:. Vol. v.2. Leipzig, Germany: A. Felix. p. 264.
799:, and is cooked like spinach. Like spinach, it contains
1220:
1124:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team
728:
are small, hard capsules each with 4-10 horned seeds.
2247:
1896:
1493:
838:The species, rarely used by indigenous people as a
638:
626:
601:
588:
575:
562:
549:
536:
523:
510:
489:
468:
455:
442:
426:
409:
392:
375:
358:
348:
327:
292:
268:
250:
240:
224:
210:
205:
1029:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
1219:Lehnebach, Carlos A.; Meudt, Heidi (2022-10-01).
501:
339:
43:, growing in sand in its native habitat in Japan
692:). It is often cultivated as a leafy vegetable.
929:(DV). It also contains appreciable amounts of
875:There are some indications that Māori did eat
206:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
1379:. Viking Sevenseas NZ Ltd. 1994. p. 221.
826:should be planted just after the last spring
8:
200:
860:. It spread when the explorer and botanist
1481:
993:United States Food and Drug Administration
758:, resulting in its current binomial name.
309:
199:
31:
20:
1444:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 135.
1116:Tetragonia tetragonioides
846:. It was immediately picked, cooked, and
1082:Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland
1288:adjective (of a plant) not cultivated:
1188:
1186:
1184:
984:
948:
905:, New Zealand spinach is 95% water, 2%
1141:
1139:
1122:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov)
7:
2350:77e0f4ef-a625-4a6b-a8ad-2144c347b246
2214:3aabdc16-7e9f-4c80-95ef-a903edee4ad0
1853:7fbcf07e-5fe9-405b-99cb-50e1a30f4e0f
1755:905a42da-f69f-431d-bcff-81d49bcb3a88
1419:maoriplantuse.landcareresearch.co.nz
811:. Few insects consume it, and even
2447:Crops originating from New Zealand
1284:The New Oxford American Dictionary
14:
854:, and taken with the crew of the
724:of the plant are yellow, and the
2437:Crops originating from Australia
2427:Crops originating from Argentina
2363:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:322561-2
1814:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:364795-1
1468:
963:
951:
791:, and can be used as food or an
748:placed the species in the genus
52:
1332:, Angus & Robertson, 1991,
1054:from the original on 2024-05-09
1007:from the original on 2024-03-27
883:)", in reference to species of
1305:"Hungry? Try some bush tucker"
1149:. Invasive Species Compendium.
822:The thick, irregularly-shaped
1:
2452:Eudicots of Western Australia
1438:Nyerges, Christopher (2016).
1330:Wild Food Plants of Australia
2442:Crops originating from Chile
1246:Pallas, Peter Simon (1781).
661:Percentages estimated using
2432:Crops originating from Asia
2422:Caryophyllales of Australia
1194:"Tetragonia tetragonioides"
1147:"Tetragonia tetragonioides"
819:do not seem to feed on it.
654:Link to USDA Database entry
2513:
1391:"pōhue - Māori Dictionary"
917:, while supplying only 12
913:, and contains negligible
842:, was first documented by
2492:Flora of Victoria (state)
2472:Flora of Lord Howe Island
2149:Tetragonia~tetragonioides
2009:Tetragonia tetragonioides
1983:Tetragonia_tetragonioides
1957:tetragonia-tetragonioides
1898:Tetragonia tetragonioides
1475:Tetragonia tetragonioides
1269:Revisio Generum Plantarum
1222:Native Plants of Aotearoa
1175:Tetragonia tetragonioides
1161:Tetragonia tetragonioides
765:spinach, Cook's cabbage,
755:Revisio Generum Plantarum
744:in 1781. German botanist
740:described the species as
677:Tetragonia tetragonioides
660:
650:
646:
622:
614:
485:
481:
323:
319:
312:
308:
288:
284:
264:
260:
220:
216:51 kJ (12 kcal)
189:
182:
167:Tetragonia tetragonioides
163:
156:
49:Scientific classification
47:
41:Tetragonia tetragonioides
39:
30:
25:Tetragonia tetragonioides
23:
2477:Flora of South Australia
2462:Flora of New South Wales
1791:Tetragonia_tetragonoides
1745:Tetragonia~tetragonoides
1525:Tetragonia tetragonoides
1495:Tetragonia tetragonoides
1352:Maori Healing and Herbal
925:, providing 243% of the
2467:Flora of Norfolk Island
2249:Demidovia tetragonoides
1349:Riley, Murdoch (1994).
742:Demidovia tetragonoides
663:US recommendations
1286:(3rd ed.). 2012.
1164:Flora of North America
667:the National Academies
149:T. tetragonioides
1395:maoridictionary.co.nz
941:(14–23% DV) (table).
314:Vitamins and minerals
1477:at Wikimedia Commons
973:showing erect growth
901:When consumed after
787:It is grown for the
736:Prussian naturalist
2482:Flora of Queensland
864:took seeds back to
682:New Zealand spinach
411:Pantothenic acid (B
202:
1200:on 9 February 2014
887:now classified as
809:heirloom vegetable
703:and grows well in
680:, commonly called
628:Other constituents
192:Tetragonia expansa
2487:Flora of Tasmania
2399:
2398:
1776:Open Tree of Life
1487:Taxon identifiers
1473:Media related to
1451:978-1-4930-1499-6
1232:978-1-9911509-3-6
1039:978-0-309-48834-1
971:T. tetragonioides
870:T. tetragonioides
752:in his 1891 work
673:
672:
618:
617:
198:
197:
2504:
2392:
2391:
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2317:
2316:
2304:
2303:
2291:
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2268:
2267:
2266:
2240:
2239:
2227:
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2217:
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2204:
2203:
2191:
2190:
2178:
2177:
2165:
2164:
2152:
2151:
2139:
2138:
2136:NHMSYS0000464380
2126:
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2113:
2112:
2100:
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2038:
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2012:
2011:
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1260:
1254:
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1243:
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1236:
1216:
1210:
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1205:
1190:
1179:
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1150:
1143:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1090:
1084:. Archived from
1079:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1059:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1012:
989:
967:
955:
793:ornamental plant
697:invasive species
505:
431:
414:
397:
380:
363:
343:
310:
203:
169:
57:
56:
35:
21:
16:Species of plant
2512:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2497:Leaf vegetables
2402:
2401:
2400:
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2387:
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2338:
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2207:
2199:
2194:
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2173:
2168:
2160:
2157:Observation.org
2155:
2147:
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2090:
2082:
2077:
2069:
2064:
2056:
2054:
2046:
2041:
2033:
2028:
2020:
2015:
2007:
2002:
1994:
1989:
1981:
1976:
1968:
1963:
1955:
1953:
1945:
1943:
1935:
1933:
1925:
1920:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1892:
1884:
1879:
1871:
1869:
1861:
1859:
1851:
1846:
1838:
1833:
1825:
1820:
1812:
1807:
1799:
1797:
1789:
1787:
1779:
1774:
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1603:
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1585:
1577:
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1567:
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1557:
1552:
1544:
1542:
1534:
1532:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1489:
1465:
1460:
1459:
1452:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1423:
1421:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1399:
1397:
1389:
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1384:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1363:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1327:
1323:
1314:
1312:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1290:warrigal melons
1282:
1281:
1277:
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1257:
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1218:
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1213:
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1040:
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1008:
991:
990:
986:
981:
974:
968:
959:
956:
947:
899:
836:
785:
734:
713:
686:Warrigal greens
656:
651:
609:
596:
583:
570:
557:
544:
531:
518:
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476:
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450:
437:
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2510:
2508:
2500:
2499:
2494:
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2464:
2459:
2457:Flora of Japan
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2404:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2389:wfo-0000640968
2380:
2367:
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2331:
2318:
2305:
2292:
2279:
2269:
2253:
2251:
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2244:
2242:
2241:
2237:wfo-0000414976
2228:
2218:
2205:
2192:
2179:
2166:
2153:
2140:
2127:
2114:
2101:
2088:
2075:
2062:
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2013:
2000:
1987:
1974:
1961:
1951:
1941:
1931:
1918:
1902:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1886:wfo-0000414976
1877:
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1857:
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1463:External links
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1275:
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1178:Flora of China
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1135:
1101:
1074:BSBI List 2007
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1038:
1017:
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969:
962:
960:
957:
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885:Convolvulaceae
850:to help fight
840:leaf vegetable
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1338:0-207-16930-6
1335:
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1311:on 2011-06-29
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789:edible leaves
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377:Riboflavin (B
374:
367:
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252:Dietary fiber
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223:
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158:Binomial name
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79:Tracheophytes
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46:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
2248:
1897:
1494:
1440:
1433:
1422:. Retrieved
1418:
1409:
1398:. Retrieved
1394:
1385:
1371:
1351:
1344:
1329:
1324:
1313:. Retrieved
1309:the original
1299:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1268:
1264:Kuntze, Otto
1258:
1248:
1241:
1221:
1214:
1202:. Retrieved
1198:the original
1174:
1169:
1160:
1155:
1126:. Retrieved
1121:
1115:
1104:
1093:. Retrieved
1086:the original
1073:
1067:
1056:. Retrieved
1028:
1020:
1009:. Retrieved
1000:
987:
970:
900:
888:
880:
876:
874:
869:
862:Joseph Banks
856:
844:Captain Cook
837:
821:
786:
774:
766:
760:
753:
749:
741:
738:Peter Pallas
735:
714:
694:
685:
681:
676:
675:
674:
632:
627:
502:
497:
490:
340:
335:
328:
294:
270:
226:
191:
190:
166:
164:
148:
147:
135:
98:
85:
72:
40:
24:
18:
2175:kew-2445492
2118:NatureServe
2043:iNaturalist
1701:iNaturalist
1519:Wikispecies
1204:10 February
927:Daily Value
866:Kew Gardens
783:Cultivation
746:Otto Kuntze
711:Description
360:Thiamine (B
92:Angiosperms
2412:Tetragonia
2406:Categories
2170:Plant List
1944:Calflora:
1860:WisFlora:
1576:Calflora:
1424:2021-05-09
1400:2021-05-09
1362:0854670955
1315:2011-06-28
1128:19 January
1110:USDA, NRCS
1095:2014-10-17
1058:2024-06-21
1011:2024-03-28
979:References
931:vitamin B6
890:Calystegia
763:Botany Bay
750:Tetragonia
564:Phosphorus
136:Tetragonia
2264:Q50839457
2022:200007018
1996:200007018
1954:Cal-IPC:
1913:Q28936712
1657:242351601
1639:FloraBase
1328:Low, T.,
939:manganese
935:vitamin C
923:vitamin K
897:Nutrition
857:Endeavour
805:blanching
701:halophyte
690:Aizoaceae
577:Potassium
551:Manganese
538:Magnesium
470:Vitamin K
457:Vitamin E
444:Vitamin C
428:Vitamin B
394:Niacin (B
350:Vitamin A
143:Species:
125:Aizoaceae
62:Kingdom:
2417:Bushfood
2371:Tropicos
2340:322561-2
2258:Wikidata
2209:VicFlora
2144:NSWFlora
2123:2.143265
2071:11427683
1978:eFloraSA
1907:Wikidata
1848:VicFlora
1835:Tropicos
1788:PalDat:
1740:NSWFlora
1719:364795-1
1566:BioLib:
1504:Wikidata
1266:(1891).
1112:(n.d.).
1052:Archived
1048:30844154
1005:Archived
995:(2024).
919:calories
801:oxalates
776:warrigal
732:Taxonomy
718:papillae
633:Quantity
558:0.526 mg
498:Quantity
492:Minerals
438:0.237 mg
422:0.256 mg
388:0.107 mg
336:Quantity
330:Vitamins
184:Synonyms
177:) Kuntze
121:Family:
105:Eudicots
2314:5554749
2201:1989-42
2105:MoBotPF
2035:5384307
1965:Ecocrop
1937:81-4-3b
1680:5554574
1510:Q278283
945:Gallery
911:protein
903:boiling
848:pickled
834:As food
797:spinach
722:flowers
610:0.31 mg
532:0.66 mg
512:Calcium
464:1.23 mg
405:0.39 mg
371:0.03 mg
354:3622 IU
296:Protein
131:Genus:
111:Order:
66:Plantae
2376:700033
2347:NZOR:
2327:404953
2288:189704
2275:130266
2272:APDB:
2183:PLANTS
2110:275442
1934:APSA:
1840:700027
1827:161521
1781:744044
1752:NZOR:
1706:418653
1667:TETTET
1664:FoIO:
1631:185114
1605:595055
1559:144782
1546:202735
1543:APDB:
1533:AoFP:
1448:
1359:
1336:
1229:
1046:
1036:
958:Flower
937:, and
877:kōkihi
852:scurvy
817:snails
767:kōkihi
642:94.8 g
597:107 mg
590:Sodium
584:102 mg
477:292 μg
279:0.17 g
246:0.25 g
242:Sugars
235:2.13 g
212:Energy
2301:34L7D
2221:WoI:
2196:SANBI
2188:TETE3
2097:19938
2084:52942
2066:IRMNG
2055:IPA:
2048:79336
2004:FoAO2
1970:10370
1927:73383
1870:WoI:
1798:PFI:
1763:NZPCN
1732:45318
1693:36385
1626:EUNIS
1618:TEATE
1592:7C2YJ
1579:13131
1569:38459
1089:(xls)
1078:(xls)
909:, 1%
881:pōhue
828:frost
824:seeds
813:slugs
771:Māori
726:fruit
639:Water
571:22 mg
545:32 mg
519:48 mg
451:16 mg
303:1.3 g
256:1.4 g
175:Pall.
99:Clade
86:Clade
73:Clade
2358:POWO
2335:IPNI
2322:GRIN
2309:GBIF
2283:APNI
2224:3172
2162:7544
2092:ITIS
2058:6523
2030:GBIF
1947:7945
1922:APNI
1873:3172
1863:8679
1809:POWO
1727:NCBI
1714:IPNI
1688:GRIN
1675:GBIF
1644:2824
1613:EPPO
1554:APNI
1536:1881
1446:ISBN
1357:ISBN
1334:ISBN
1227:ISBN
1206:2014
1130:2018
1044:PMID
1034:ISBN
815:and
769:(in
603:Zinc
525:Iron
475:243%
2384:WFO
2296:CoL
2232:WFO
2131:NBN
2079:ISC
2017:FoC
1991:FNA
1881:WFO
1822:RHS
1801:573
1768:325
1652:FNA
1600:EoL
1587:CoL
1001:FDA
915:fat
556:23%
503:%DV
449:18%
436:14%
341:%DV
272:Fat
2408::
2386::
2373::
2360::
2337::
2324::
2311::
2298::
2285::
2260::
2234::
2211::
2198::
2185::
2172::
2159::
2146::
2133::
2120::
2107::
2094::
2081::
2068::
2045::
2032::
2019::
2006::
1993::
1980::
1967::
1924::
1909::
1883::
1850::
1837::
1824::
1811::
1778::
1765::
1742::
1729::
1716::
1703::
1690::
1677::
1654::
1641::
1628::
1615::
1602::
1589::
1556::
1521::
1506::
1417:.
1393:.
1183:^
1138:^
1120:.
1080:.
1050:.
1042:.
1003:.
999:.
933:,
707:.
684:,
608:3%
595:5%
582:3%
569:2%
543:8%
530:4%
517:4%
462:8%
420:5%
403:2%
386:8%
369:3%
101::
88::
75::
1454:.
1427:.
1403:.
1365:.
1318:.
1292:.
1235:.
1208:.
1132:.
1118:"
1114:"
1098:.
1061:.
1014:.
669:.
430:6
415:)
413:5
398:)
396:3
381:)
379:2
364:)
362:1
173:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
