Taivoan people - Knowledge (XXG)

3803: 3791: 2256: 1997: 969: 3815: 2600: 41: 3767: 3731: 1989: 3755: 3743: 2336: 2191: 3779: 1871: 1206: 1319: 787:, the first missionary to Dutch Formosa, wrote that there were eight tribes around modern-day Tainan, including "Sinkan, Mattau, Soulang, Bakloan, Taffakan, Tifulukan, Teopan and Tefurang", among which "the most remote village is Tefurang, which lies between the mountains". In 1694, Chinese officer Kao Gong-qian (高拱亁) recorded the first Chinese record of Tevorangh in "Taiwan Prefecture Gazetteer" (臺灣府志), stating that the tribe was located to the northwest of Ma-an Mt. Both records show the tribes' location and living environment in mountainous area of Taivoan or Tevorangh, compared to the 1221:, more Chinese immigrants flooded into Southern Taiwan, in turn driving Siraya people to inland Tainan. This resulted in the dispersal of Taivoan people from lowland to hilly areas in Tainan and Kaohsiung in the 18th century. Some Taivoan had climbed across Wu Mt. (烏山) and reached Alikuan (阿里關) between 1722–1744 As a result, today all the indigenous people in Yuchin Basin, the native habitat of the Taivoan, recognize themselves as ethnically "Siraya", while many Taivoan descendants still have strong Taivoan identity across new habitats founded after the 18th century, including: 2504: 2646: 1490: 811:, dispatched 63 Dutch soldiers to Mattau with the excuse of "arresting Chinese pirates". The effort was impeded by the local indigenous people, as they had been resentful at the Dutch colonists who invaded and slaughtered many of their people. On the way back, the 63 Dutch soldiers were drowned by the indigenous people of Mattau, resulting in the retaliation of Pieter Nuyts and later the Mattau Incident (麻豆社事件) in 1635. 3802: 365: 3790: 2218:) used to start from 8:00 pm or 9:00 pm on the full-moon of the first lunar month in Xiaolin, when all the local Taivoan women dressed beautifully, played games, and sang and danced in the streets. That evening, the Taivoan women could play games with the men or ask for money or cigarettes from a man, and the man could not refuse or get angry. 1897:. As a result, none of modern Taivoan communities, including Xiaolin, Alikuan, Pualiao, and Tuakhuhenn, has founded any church, compared to 83.94% of Taiwanese Highland indigenous people who have been converted into Christianity; only one of the 700-plus communities of the Taiwanese Highland indigenous people lacks a church. 3814: 743:

The Taivoan people are ethnically called "Taivoan" or "Tevorangh". While the former term comes from the self-identification of the indigenous people recorded by Japanese linguists in the early 20th century, the latter comes from one of the four main tribes or nations established by the Taivoan in the

2527:

The earliest written works in Taivoan language are "Hagnau ka d'llig matiktik, ka na Sasoulat ti Mattheus, ti Johannes appa.", titled "Het Heylige Euangelium Matthei En Joannis / oft: Overgeset Inde Formosansche Tale, Voor De Inwoonders Van Soulang, Mattau, Sinckan, Bacloan, Tavokan, En Tevorang" in

2271:); it is used not only for fishing but also for religious purpose in Taivoan culture. As fishing trap is not uncommon among different Taiwanese indigenous peoples, Taivoan people are the only ones who sanctify bamboo fishing basket and grant it an important role at all levels of religious activity. 2225:

s night was considered a direct challenge to the patriarchy of the wider society by the Japanese government, and therefore the festival was dissuaded and prohibited by the Japanese police officers and teachers from 1940, according to the elders. Not until 2014 did the Taivoan people begin to revive

959:

On October 6, 2016, Taivoan people across Kaohsiung held the first Inter-tribal Consensus Conference of Taivoan People and made a consensus statement that both "Tevorangh" (the classification recorded since the 17th century) and "Taivoan" (the classification since the 20th century) are accepted by

2419:

Taivoan people own some of the most abundant folk music among all the Taiwanese Plain indigenous peoples, ranging from hymns for the Highest Ancestral Spirits that can only be sung in front of the Shrine or during Khui-Hiang, to antiphonal work songs mocking Chinese immigrants. Many of these have

1560:

Taiwanese linguist Paul Jen-kuei Li and Japanese linguist Shigeru Tsuchida compared the corpora of the Gospel of St. Matthew in "Siraya", the Sinckan Manuscripts, and other corpora recorded by Japanese scholars in the early 20th century, and found some significant sound and morphological changes

2463:

As Taivoan language hasn't been in use for nearly a century, many ceremonial songs like "Kalawahe" can hardly be fully understood, but people could still try to catch a rough idea from some of the lyrics and the occasion of the song that it's about worship of the Highest Ancestral Spirits, e.g.

920:

That Tevorang is sometimes considered to be a Siraya village is mainly based on George Candidius' inclusion "Tefurang" in the eight Siraya villages that he claimed all had "the same manners, customs and religion, and speak the same language". Ferrell mentioned that this is erroneous and that

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in daily life, it is almost impossible to tell which ethnic group they are from simply by the languages spoken. Sometimes the surnames give a clue for an outsider; for example, one can guess a member from the Bang family in Xiaolin should have Siraya ancestry instead of Taivoan, as

921:

Candidious' assertion that he was well familiar with the eight supposed Siraya villages including Tevorang is extremely doubtful, as "he had not visited Tevorang when he wrote his famous account in 1628. The first Dutch visit to Tevorang appears to have been in January 1636".

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the water blessed by the Highest Ancestral Spirits. In Xiaolin, it is said when the local Taivoans in rebellion were escaping from the pursuit of Japanese army, the Hiang-water spilled out by them transformed into hundreds of soldiers, helping them defeat the Japanese.

1371:, Tainan, proven by the self-identification as "Taivoan", "Tau", "Makatau", or "Taiburan" by the local indigenous people in the early 20th century. Local ancestral worship marks strong Taivoan religious influence, and many locals claim they have ancestors from Xiaolin. 2544:, recent linguistic research results have shown that it "was not the product of one person only: this is clear from the text itself, and that there was a committee deciding over the final edition", as different languages, i.e. Taivoan and Siraya, are found in it. 1912:

in Taiwanese), which cannot be translated literally but conveys the idea of sorcery, taboo, and magic. Any important religious articles related to Taivoan animism could be titled "Hiang", e.g. the wine and water blessed by the Highest Ancestral Spirits are called

814:

On November 23, 1635, Nuyts led 500 Dutch soldiers and 500 Siraya soldiers from Sinckan to assail Mattau, killing 26 tribal people and burning all the buildings in Mattau. On December 18, Mattau surrendered and signed the Mattau Act (麻豆條約) with the Dutch governor

2238:) has been held by the Taivoan residents in Sunlight Xiaolin in spring annually since 2015, both in the hopes of reviving and promoting the culture of Taivoan, especially traditional Taivoan music, and to strengthen self-recognition among Taivoan people in the 2343:

Embroidery is one of the most notable handicrafts of Taivoan people, unique by its variety of decorative patterns and colours, and making a significant cultural identification different from indigenous peoples nearby, e.g. Cou, Bunun, Rukai, and Siraya.

1980:(禁向, literally, "taboo undertaken") takes place on the full-moon of the third lunar month the next year, when all the hunting and wedding practices are prohibited, and several religious songs should not be sung, until the next Khui-Hiang comes again. 2636:

came by Pualiao and was trying to subdue the Highest Ancestral Spirits, the youngest of the seven spirits transformed into a pearl and escaped successfully. The local Taivoans believe the youngest spirit is still hiding on a certain tree in Pualiao.

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Due to close contact with Chinese immigrants in Southern Taiwan, Taivoan people have been influenced by Chinese culture and have adopted Chinese surnames. Certain Chinese surnames are more common than others among different Taivoan communities:

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among Siraya, Taivoan, and Makatao, by which they think the Gospel of St. Matthew written by the Dutch people in the 17th century in Taiwan, having long been regarded as in the Siraya language, had actually been written in the Taivoan language:

845:

As a resistance to the long-term oppression by the Japanese government, many Taivoan people from Jiasian led the first local rebellion against Japan in July 1915, called the Jiasian Incident (甲仙埔事件). This was followed by a wider rebellion from

2442:, or the so-called "Out-of-the-Shrine Song" among the Taivoan people, is a ceremonial song that is normally sung when the indigenous people are walking out of the Shrine after worshiping to the Highest Ancestral Spirits at the Night Ceremony. 3766: 2255: 1996: 968: 3730: 3778: 3754: 3742: 866:(噍吧哖事件) in which more than 1,400 local people died or were killed by the Japanese government. Twenty-two years later, the Taivoan people struggled to carry on another rebellion; since most of the indigenous people were from 2574:

in the past one century, written in the Roman script taught by the Dutch missionaries. As most of the manuscripts are in the language of Sinckan or Siraya, they are called the Sinckan Manuscripts (新港文書) in combination.

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in Taiwanese): A religious practice in which all the Taivoans, holding hands, sing and dance to religious songs in a large circle in front of the Shrine in the evening, commonly regarded as the highlight of the Night

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Hung, Li-wan (2011). "Ethnic Interaction, Migration and Expanded Living Space of Shufan in Mountain Peripheral Areas of Jia Nan Plain during Qing Dynasty: A Study of Duo-luo-guo-she". Taipei: Institute of Taiwan

819:. In this act, Mattau agreed to grant all the land inherited or controlled and all the properties owned by the people of Mattau to the Dutch. The Mattau Act has two significant meanings in the history of Taiwan: 2431:, or the so-called "the Song in the Shrine" among the Taivoan people, is a ceremonial song that can be sung only in the Shrine at the Night Ceremony; singing on any other occasion is strictly prohibited. 2041:) is not only the day to lift the taboo (Khui-Hiang) but also the most important day for all the Taivoan people to worship their Highest Ancestral Spirits. The Highest Ancestral Spirits used to be called 1706:), in which the speakers input certain vowels and consonants in their mother tongues, whether Taiwanese or Taivoan, and generate a totally different speech. It is said the speech was developed during the 4877:"媽祖信仰/平埔族的「查某暝」/卑南族婦女節/「偷挽蔥，嫁好尪」─元宵挽蔥習俗 (Mazu, "Women's Night" of Plain Indigenous People, Women's Day of Pinuyumayan, "Steal Spring Onion for a Good Husband" the Custom on the First Full Moon Festival)" 2599: 40: 2632:

Taivoan people in Pualiao believe the forms of the local Highest Ancestral Spirits were seven pearls that flew back to the village only during the Night Ceremony. Decades ago, when a Taoist deity from

611: 4178:

Yen, Teen-yu (2015). "A Preliminary Study of the Relationship between the Liaosong Culture and the Xilaya People and the Changes in Their Society and Culture", 臺灣史前史專論, p.258. Taipei: 中央研究院、聯經出版公司.

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people hold a specific traditional ceremony or holiday for the women. Many regard the two cheerful festivals for women only as legacies of the matrilineal practices of Taivoan and Pinuyumayan.

2083:): A running race which used to be practiced by the Taivoan young men to show their manhood and also as the men's training. Now Patahim is open to the indigenous people of all genders and ages. 3869: 2487:

is a cheerful Taivoan work song among men and women while working in mountains. While most of the lyrics are in Taivoan, the word "Lawkhema" (literally "Old Hen", implying a stingy person in

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regards Taivoan as an indigenous ethnic group according to 17th century documents, and believes there were at least five indigenous peoples in the south-western plain of Taiwan at that time:

1988: 2583:

lip san kih lang tausiah tamoring san to lagalaij san 5 o koh hiro to panah san 5 ki koh. komma ta na-ga-girah ti tanbingan. ki banitok 204 nio hon gin. komma ta solat kata, na inni imdaij.

4830: 1862:

According to the scarce corpora Tsuchida obtained, he doubted the language is apparently a mixture of Kanakanabu, Taiwanese, Mantauran-Rukai, Bunun, Japanese, and some unknown elements.

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in Alikuan and Xiaolin, but only the Night Ceremony along with Khui-Hiang are still in practice among Taivoan communities nowadays on the full-moon of the ninth lunar month every year.

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Tou kidi k'anna ni-matta-naunamou ta ti Jesus matta-sasou, mattœ'i-k'ma-hynna, Si-lala, pa-salikough-â ki vanna-oumi ki ryh, ka ni-mou-touk ta pei-sasou-an ki tounnoun ki vullu-vullum.

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The thistle flowers in Taivoan embroidery are the most unique, not seen in any other Taiwanese indigenous arts. Some local Taivoan people believe the thistle flower patterns stand for

5213: 2335: 2190: 2585:(Translation: The contractor Tamoring from Tausiah has 5 units of farmland located in Lagalaij and 5 units of farmland located in Panah to be traded with Tan Bingan for 24 1501:

The concept that Taivoan spoke the Siraya language has been rejected by many linguists, based on documentary and linguistic evidence. Since the January 2019 code release,

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Not much folklore has been retained by modern-day Taivoan communities. Two examples of folklore that are still well-known even to the younger Taivoan generations are:

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dated in 1756 found in Wanli, written bilingually in Taivoan and Chinese. The Chinese name of the Taivoan contractor Tauvaija was stamped at the end of the contract.

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to be the place where the Highest Ancestral Spirits rest and the most sacred space inside the Shrine. As a common bamboo basket can be made of any kind of bamboo, a

597: 5206: 4801:戴上花冠，歡慶婦女節──Mugamut婦女除草完工祭（卑南族婦女節）(Wearing Wreathes, Celebrating for the Women's Day – Mugamus the Weeding Ceremony of Women (Pinuyumayan's Women's Day)) 2259:

Taivoan men worshiping the ancestral spirits inside the Shrine at the Night Ceremony. A bamboo basket fastened to the central axial column can be seen.

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Lin, Ming-yuan (2016). "Immigrants' Settlement and Industrious Changes of Jiasian District", pp.2–3. Kaohsiung: National Kaohsiung Normal University.

1976:(開向, literally "lift the taboo"), when the indigenous people can practice hunting, wedding, and singing several religious songs, until the six-month 1272:(匏仔寮), mainly founded by Kapoa-Taivoan, joined by many Tevorangh-Taivoan from Xiaolin through inter-tribal marriage since the early 20th century. 1044:

records in the 17th century, the Taivoan were settled in four main nations or tribes around the Yuchin Basin, and therefore they had been called

1972:

The Taivoan Night Ceremony is held on the full-moon of the ninth lunar month every year. The six months following the Night Ceremony are called

1545:"...... in Cannacannavo: Aloelavaos tot welcken de vertolckinge in Sinccans, Tarrocquans en Tevorangs geschiede, weder voor een jaer aengenomen" 5199: 5114: 4449: 4287: 4251: 4103: 4040: 3974: 1521:"De Dagregisters van het Kasteel Zeelandia" by the Dutch in the 17th century showed that, to communicate with the chieftain of Cannacannavo ( 4751:"10/19 禮拜六作夥來南台灣，看「台灣人」賽跑、聽「台灣人」唱牽曲，一起愛「台灣」啦！(Come to Southern Taiwan on 19th Oct for the Running Race and Round Dance of "Taiwan" people!)" 5461: 579: 3847: 3685: 1367:

and Taivoan people as the ethnic majority from Kaohsiung and Pingtung in the early 19th century, joined by very few Siraya people from

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Many leases, mortgages, and other commerce contracts written in Siraya, Taivoan, and Makatao have been found among the communities in

1338:

destroyed Xiaolin on August 9, 2009, the local villagers, mainly Taivoan people, were compelled to relocate to three new communities:

823:

The Mattau Act is the first sovereignty grant act signed between Taiwanese indigenous people and a foreign sovereignty in the history.

4976:"陳菊，我們也是原住民！小林村大武壠歌舞文化節籲早日正名 (We are indigenous people, too! Xiaolin Taivoan Cultural Festival Appealing for Indigenous Recognition)" 4519: 4337: 1205: 4695:

Chen, Han-guang (1991). "高雄縣阿里關及附近平埔族宗教信仰和習慣調查 (A Study of the Religions of Plains Indigenous Peoples around Aliguan, Kaohsiung)".

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A Taivoan woman playing basket, a traditional activity among Taivoan women on festivals, in Sunlight Xiaolin on the Women's Night

2172: 2057:(番太祖, literally "the Indigenous Grandmothers") in Taiwanese. Also, some Taivoan elders refer to the Highest Ancestral Spirits as 1360: 1698:

The Taivoan people from Xiaolin, Alikuan, Pualiao in Kaohsiung, and Liuchongxi in Tainan have developed a mixed language called

2657:

Many Taivoan names and surnames are found in the Sinckan Manuscripts, mainly from the manuscripts found in the communities of

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early 17th century, well-recorded by the Dutch and Chinese people in a couple of documents, in different spellings including

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According to some scholars, there should be more than 20,000 Taivoan people nowadays, estimated based on the records during

2515: 239: 172: 5133: 4096:種回小林村的記憶 : 大武壠民族植物暨部落傳承400年人文誌 (A 400-Year Memory of Xiaolin Taivoan: Their Botany, Their History, and Their People) 1130:(黃叔璥), a Chinese imperial emissary of Taiwan, in his “Records from the mission to Taiwan and its Strait" (臺海使槎錄) (1722): 5222: 5015:"傳承大武壠文化大滿舞團教童唱古謠 (Taivoan Theatre Teaching Traditional Songs in Elementary Schools for Taivoan Cultural Preservation)" 3842: 1841:

In Aug 1970, Japanese linguist Shigeru Tsuchida was told by one of his consultants that there was a Taivoan language in

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Chen, Han-guang (1991). "甲仙鄉匏仔寮平埔族宗教信仰調查 (A Study of the Religions of Plains Indigenous Peoples in Pualiao, Jiasian)".

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Besides the four main tribes, the Taivoan had founded the following tribes or nations in their history, according to

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also regard Taivoan as an independent Taiwanese indigenous people from the aspects of linguistics and anthropology.

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Chen, Han-guang (1991). "六龜鄉荖濃村平埔族信仰調查 (A Study of the Religions of Plains Indigenous Peoples in Laulong, Lakku)".

2662: 2150: 1711: 1327: 1263: 867: 5466: 2321: 2110: 1032:, where Taivoan later founded four of their most important communities, Tevorangh, Sia-urie, Vogavon, and Kapoa. 574: 5471: 1953:), and the religious instrument made out of fishing trap to worship to the Highest Ancestral Spirits is called 1699: 1693: 1005: 584: 4567: 2068:

Many rituals or religious activities are or used to be practiced on the day of the Night Ceremony, including:

1461: 4950:范, 情 (2006). "元宵暝，查某醒歸暝──西拉雅族查某暝 (Women's Night, Women Awaken All the Night - The Women's Night of Siraya)". 2554:(Translation: From that time Jesus began to preach and to say, "Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is near".) 1717:

Some examples of Banana colloquial speech still spoken among very few Taivoan people in Xiaolin and Pualiao:

5492: 997: 697: 2495:, showing the negative stereotype believed by many Taivoan people that the immigrants are mean and stingy. 4831:"Cultural Property and Change: A Study of Xiaolin Pingpu Ethnic Belief in Traditional Deities and Spirits" 2014: 1380: 1194: 3994:"首次大武壠族跨部落族群共識會議聲明稿 (Consensus Statement of the 1st Inter-tribal Consensus Conference of Taivoan People)" 4539: 1437: 5416: 5372: 3969:. Tainan: Cultural Affairs Bureau, Tainan City Government. pp. 21, 25–33, 44, 134, 162–164, 190. 2503: 1714:

during the early 20th century so that the Japanese could not understand what the Taivoan were saying.

1398: 1392: 1158: 929: 4902:"元宵夜揪竟發生什麼事，讓女人不睡瘋整夜！(What Happens on the First Full Moon Festival that Women Stay Up All the Night)" 3693: 1404: 993: 960:

the Taivoan people, but they refuse to be identified as "Siraya" or a subgroup of the Siraya people.

941: 893: 827: 556: 527: 5411: 4124:

Discours ende Cort verhaal, van't Eylant Formosa, ondersocht ende beschreven, door den Eerwaardingen

1410: 1169:-speaking areas should be Taivoan-speaking areas, according to their recent research results on the 925: 4442:大庄平埔西拉雅族文物圖說與民俗植物圖誌 (Illustrations of Cultural Relics and Ethnobotany of Pingpu Siraya in Dazhuang) 3688:, as the character means "indigenous people (番) living by the water (氵)". It is the counterpart of 2650: 2565: 1455: 1170: 953: 949: 5448: 5423: 2476:"water" that appear in the song are all the necessary offerings to the Highest Ancestral Spirits. 1281: 795:– the two indigenous peoples with a close relationship to Taivoan – who inhabit the lowland only. 641: 1017: 1009: 945: 937: 675: 646: 98: 1526: 1287: 1275: 980:

According to the oral history, Taivoan people originally lived in Taivoan community in nowadays

1061: 989: 5263: 5110: 4955: 4804: 4704: 4674: 4647: 4595: 4515: 4445: 4333: 4308: 4283: 4247: 4099: 4098:. Kaohsiung City: 高雄市杉林區日光小林社區發展協會 (Sunrise Xiaolin Community Development Association). 2017. 4036: 3970: 3700: 2529: 2507: 2404: 1522: 1502: 1431: 1425: 1299: 1162: 1087: 1025: 933: 410: 94: 4189: 2160: 1386: 1368: 1311: 1269: 1238: 1101: 1075: 5401: 3837: 3796:

Taivoan people in Xiaolin offer to the ancestral spirits at the Shrine at the Night Ceremony

2533: 2491:) that appears in the song repeatedly is a Hakka Chinese term that the singers sing to mock 2400: 1958: 1946: 1930: 1918: 1577: 1538: 1506: 1484: 1443: 1013: 855: 784: 522: 323: 292: 262: 195: 90: 4750: 4330:大武壠——人群移動、信仰與歌謠復振 (Taivoan, the People's Dispersion, Religion, and Revitalization of Songs) 2304:'Seat of Hiang Deities') in the middle of the Shrine, which is a combination of an 1449: 1115: 5293: 5288: 3820:

Taivoan ceremonial song transliterated in Chinese characters in the Shrine of Liuchongxi,

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in Dutch, Sinckan, Taivoan, and English. Original Dutch and Sinckan above is from 1661 by

1707: 1569: 1534: 1335: 1323: 1166: 1029: 981: 863: 840: 720: 435: 430: 5001:太祖的孩子-大武壠族古謠巡迴音樂會 ("Children of Taizu", the Tour Concert of Traditional Songs of Taivoan) 1190:

A small community located between Wanli and Tevorangh could be a Taivoan community, too:

5438: 5341: 5268: 5234: 4214:"麻豆協約◎福爾摩沙第一份簽署的主權讓渡和約 (Mattau Act, the First Sovereignty Grant Act Signed in Formosa)" 2658: 2541: 2511: 2204: 1530: 1418: 1364: 1353: 1021: 907: 883: 792: 701: 546: 474: 405: 138: 78: 74: 4926: 4775: 3708:(邦) is a dominant Chinese surname in many Siraya communities, where the surnames like 1489: 1020:

respectively. The indigenous people were later driven by Siraya again and migrated to

5486: 5443: 5428: 5396: 5384: 5379: 5367: 5346: 5308: 5298: 5278: 5273: 5258: 5248: 2488: 2339:

Taivoan embroideries displayed in a local exhibition in Xiaolin at the Night Ceremony

2208: 1374: 1218: 1127: 1041: 1001: 889: 879: 804: 788: 637: 551: 541: 536: 512: 508: 498: 479: 440: 420: 415: 400: 390: 134: 5077:從文獻資料看台灣平埔族群的語言 (Languages of Taiwanese Plain Indigenous Peoples in Early Documents) 4512:

Siraya. Retrieving the Phonology, Grammar and Lexicon of a Dormant Formosan Language

4213: 1241:(溪東), founded by Tevorangh-Taivoan. The local Taivoan were forced to relocate since 5433: 5406: 5283: 5253: 2492: 2099:: A religious practice in which the Taivoan boys and girls chased each other after 1894: 847: 816: 808: 532: 503: 460: 425: 395: 330: 269: 202: 118: 4876: 2603:

Taivoan people drinking Hiang-water after dancing at the Night Ceremony of Xiaolin

2420:

been recorded and even taught in local elementary schools in Taivoan communities.

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Ferrell, Raleigh (1971). "Aboriginal peoples of the Southwestern Taiwan plains".

700:, ranked as the second largest non-status indigenous people in Taiwan, after the 5389: 5318: 5313: 5243: 2275: 2121: 2019:

Many religious ceremonies used to be practiced by the Taivoan people, including

1938: 1497:

in Southwestern Taiwan has a close linguistic relationship to Siraya and Makatao

516: 455: 450: 445: 385: 5191: 5158: 4392:"Tribal Consolidation of Formosan Austronesians under Dutch East India Company" 1858:(Translation: I haven't seen you for a long time, so I don't know who you are.) 45:

Taivoan elders in traditional dress at the Night Ceremony in Xiaolin, Kaohsiung

5303: 4726:"大武壠小林平埔夜祭 (The Night Ceremony of Taivoan Plain Indigenous People in Xiaolin)" 3943:

Linguistic Materials of the Formosan Sinicized Populations I: Siraya and Basai

2184: 1293: 1242: 1232: 1150: 4852: 4708: 4678: 4651: 870:, the resistance taking place in 1937 was named the Xiaolin Incident (小林事件). 731:, which is the only indigenous community residing there whose name resembles 2666: 2589:

of indigenous silver. Thus written the contract, agreed by all the Inni's.)

2239: 1250: 1052: 859: 66: 830:

or the Taiwanese indigenous peoples was recognized by the Dutch government.

1266:(小林村), founded by Tevorangh-Taivoan from Alikuan in the late 19th century. 5062:從歌謠看西拉雅族聚落與族群 (A Glance of Siraya peoples and communities from the Songs) 4282:. Taipei: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica. pp. 7–24, 353. 2386: 2090: 1890: 1055:(大武壠社), also spelled as Tevorang, Tivorangh, or Tevurang. This includes: 711:

actually came from the indigenous people's name, as the pronunciation of

114: 17: 1889:

influenced by Chinese immigrants, while only very few Taivoans practice

1525:), the local official language Sinccan (Siraya) had to be translated to 1028:(Nunamu). Siraya eventually invaded Danei and forced Taivoan to move to 364: 4033:

Threads of Splendor - Taivoan Pingpu Clothes and Embroidery Collections

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as the ladder for the Highest Ancestral Spirits to land onto the earth.

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The Taivoan communities that still practice the Night Ceremonies are:

1909: 5014: 3821: 1886: 1494: 1225: 985: 851: 708: 122: 70: 5094:. Translated by Chen, Bien-horn. Taipei: Bien-Horn Chen. p. 41. 4465: 3784:

Taivoan people in traditional dress at the Night Ceremony in Xiaolin

3684:(潘) is the most dominant Chinese surname, adopted by almost all the 5092:

Notes on The Gospel According to Matthew in Formosan Siraya Dialect

4615: 1941:

for the Highest Ancestral Spirits to land onto the world is called

4444:. Hualien: Hualien County Cultural Affairs Bureau. pp. 8–14. 3941:

Tsuchida, Shigeru; Yamada, Yukihiro; Moriguchi, Tsunekazu (1991).

1305: 2514:; English in small type was added in 1888 by Scottish missionary 2312:, literally "tree, wood") of the Shrine. Taivoan people consider 4901: 3993: 3945:. The University of Tokyo Department of Linguistics. p. 29. 2586: 636:. The Taivoan originally settled around hill and basin areas in 5195: 4975: 3716:

that are common among Taivoan communities can hardly be found.

3699:

As almost all of the Taiwanese Plain indigenous peoples speak

2540:

in 1661. Although the writing is credited to Dutch missionary

1881:

Modern-day Taivoan people simultaneously practice traditional

4927:"平埔族的「查某暝」(The Women's Night of the Plain Indigenous People)" 2089:: A religious practice in which the Taivoan people exchanged 1900:

In Taivoan animism, the most important religious concept is

4328:

Cheng-yuan, Liu; Wen-ming, Chien; Ming-liang, Wang (2018).

3808:

Taivoan Dance Theatre performing traditional song and dance

2263:

A notable handicraft of Taivoan is bamboo basket (Taivoan:

727:. In addition, the Taivoan established a settlement called 5186: 4540:"Another Pepo Language: Taivoan or a Local Lingua Franca?" 2578:

An example of the Sinckan Manuscripts written in Taivoan:

1048:(四社熟番, literally "four tribes") in the history of Taiwan. 888:

The Taivoan people used to be classified as a subgroup of

4418:臺海使槎錄 (Records from the mission to Taiwan and its Strait) 2347:

Some common patterns found in Taivoan embroideries are:

2203:

While many Taiwanese indigenous peoples are regarded as

1209:

Taivoan expansion in Southern Taiwan before 20th century

776:

are probably dialectal variants of a common name (<

768:, and the like. Farrell also noted that the two terms " 5159:"泰雅族的命名文化──子父聯名 (Traditional Naming Culture of Tayal)" 1345:

Sunlight Xiaolin (日光小林), founded on December 24, 2011.

1235:(六重溪), founded by Tevorangh-Taivoan between 1650–1757. 976:

in Xiaolin in the evening of the annual Night Ceremony

723:

or the bay around Anping, which later became the name

5109:. Taipei: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica. 4730:

Bureau of Cultural Affairs, Kaohsiung City Government

1348:

Xiao'ai Xiaolin (小愛小林), founded on February 11, 2010.

972:

Taivoan people in traditional dress doing Unaunaw or

335: 274: 207: 2615:

Taivoan people believe in the supernatural power of

2547:

An example of the Gospel of St. Matthew in Taivoan:

719:, the people that the Dutch met around the coast of 5360: 5327: 5229: 1550:"De Dagregisters van het Kasteel Zeelandia", pp.6–8 1322:Sunlight Xiaolin, a new community of Taivoan after 1165:concluded that some areas previously considered as 329: 322: 317: 305: 291: 286: 268: 261: 256: 238: 224: 219: 201: 194: 189: 171: 157: 148: 128: 104: 84: 60: 50: 3736:The Night Ceremony of Taivoan in Dazhuang, Hualien 707:Many scholars propose that the name of the island 5128: 5126: 1992:Malubiw-erection on the Night Ceremony in Xiaolin 1509:as an independent language and assigned the code 1260:(阿里關), founded by Tevorangh-Taivoan from Khetang. 5049:. Kaohsiung: 大滿舞團 (Taivoan Dance Theatre). 2015. 4857:National Alliance of Taiwan Women's Associations 2450:Wa-he. Manie, he mahanru e, he kalawahe, wa-he. 2065:", as Kuba is the Taivoan word for the Shrine. 1543: 1308:(六龜), founded by Vogavon-Taivoan from Pangliao. 656: 2452:Talaloma e, he talaloma e, he kalawahe, wa-he. 663: 5207: 4547:The Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica 2214:Decades ago, the Women's Night (Chinese: 1296:(山杉林), founded by Siaurie-Taivoan after 1736. 605: 297: 244: 230: 177: 163: 8: 2806:Sangarau / Sangarou / Sangarony / Souguarouw 2234:The Taivoan Cultural Festival (Chinese: 2049:(太祖, literally "the Grandmothers"; Taivoan: 1314:(荖濃), founded by Vogavon-Taivoan after 1781. 1302:(枋寮), founded by Vogavon-Taivoan after 1761. 913:Pangsoia-Dolatok (now classified as Makatao) 33: 3772:The Shrine of Taivoan in Liuchongxi, Tainan 3760:The Shrine of Taivoan in Laonong, Kaohsiung 2458:Rarom he, he rarom he, he kalawahe, wa-he. 2299: 2004:(footrace) in Xiaolin at the Night Ceremony 5214: 5200: 5192: 4332:. Kaohsiung: Kaohsiung Museum of History. 4035:. Kaohsiung: Kaohsiung Museum of History. 3748:The Shrine of Taivoan in Dazhuang, Hualien 2456:Saviki e, he saviki e, he kalawahe, wa-he. 2454:Tamaku e, he tamaku e, he kalawahe, wa-he. 1851:(Translation: Why don't you know my name?) 1342:Wulipu (五里埔), founded on January 15, 2011. 1334:After a fatal landslide caused by typhoon 1004:, Taivoan were later forced to migrate to 612: 598: 352: 314: 253: 186: 39: 32: 27:Ethnic group indigenous to southern Taiwan 5134:"是不是平埔原住民該看DNA還是手臂那條線？3分鐘懶人包出爐，讓我們立刻尋根去！" 4776:"卑南族婦女節 (The Women's Day of Pinuyumayan)" 4494:De Dagregisters van het Kasteel Zeelandia 1493:Taivoan that used to be spoken in inland 3390:Common Surnames Adopted by the Taivoans 3381: 2644: 2598: 2502: 2334: 2254: 2189: 1995: 1987: 1869: 1719: 1563: 1488: 1317: 1204: 1149:A sub-tribe of Tevorangh (大武壠派社), today 967: 4853:"西拉雅族查某瞑 (The Women's Night of Siraya)" 3926: 3859: 3726: 3341:Vongsoey / Vonssoey / Vonsoy / Vangsoey 2308:and the central axial column (Taivoan: 2207:societies, only Taivoan in Xiaolin and 2045:in Taivoan but are now commonly called 1849:"ancua ikasu akia tavoLaa gwaa no miaa" 565: 371: 355: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5035: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4720: 4718: 4533: 4531: 4505: 4503: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4174: 4172: 4144:Bulletin of the Institute of Ethnology 1856:"ikuu ka ku boo pakciu cima vo tavLaa" 874:Classification and self-identification 145: 4690: 4688: 4633: 4631: 4488: 4486: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4117: 4115: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4072: 2852:Arisau / Arissau / Arissouw / Arrouso 1957:(向笱, literally "Hiang-fishing-trap"; 655:, later transliterated into Japanese 7: 5462:List of indigenous peoples of Taiwan 4616:"Taiwan's Indigenous Peoples Portal" 4070: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4014: 3988: 3986: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3694:Taiwanese Highland indigenous people 3308:Tulologh / Luluch / Loeloch / Lonoch 1751:Thank you, goodbye (lit. beautiful) 580:List of indigenous peoples of Taiwan 61:Regions with significant populations 5003:. Kaohsiung: Taivoan Theatre. 2017. 4466:"639 Identifier Documentation: tvx" 2403:, Kaohsiung, and some say they are 2093:after Patahim. No longer practiced. 1137:A second tribe of Tevorangh (大武壠二社) 928:and many modern scholars including 916:Longkiau (now classified as Paiwan) 3848:Taiwanese Plain Indigenous Peoples 2367:Straight lines and mountain shapes 2226:the festival in Sunlight Xiaolin. 1937:), the bamboo erected in front of 988:and later founded two communities 25: 5047:歡喜來牽戱 (Let's Dance a Round Dance) 3686:Taiwanese Plain indigenous people 2376:Geometric human faces and figures 2061:, literally "the Grandmothers in 2037:The Night Ceremony (Chinese: 1737:Welcome! (lit. Sit down please!) 4954:. Taipei: 女書文化. pp. 44–55. 4803:. Taipei: 女書文化. pp. 56–73. 3813: 3801: 3789: 3777: 3765: 3753: 3741: 3729: 1290:(下公館), founded by Kapoa-Taivoan. 1284:(頂公館), founded by Kapoa-Taivoan. 1278:(大丘園), founded by Kapoa-Taivoan. 1217:defeated the Dutch colonists in 363: 4697:高縣文獻 (Kaohsiung Historiography) 4667:高縣文獻 (Kaohsiung Historiography) 4640:高縣文獻 (Kaohsiung Historiography) 2320:must be made of thorny bamboo ( 2221:During Japanese rule, the women 1945:(向竹, literally "Hiang-bamboo"; 1012:, establishing two communities 803:In 1629, the third governor of 670:and later borrowed in Chinese ( 287:Second alternative Chinese name 2815:Taulangh / Taulang / Touliangh 1929:(向水, literally "Hiang-water"; 1837:"Local Lingua Franca" in Lakku 1703: 1245:were to be built in the 1980s. 336: 298: 275: 245: 231: 208: 178: 164: 1: 5107:Studies of Sinkang Manuscript 4594:. Taipei: 聯經出版公司. p. 9. 4514:. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. 4280:Studies of Sinkang Manuscript 2628:Ancestral Spirit That Escaped 1917:(向酒, literally "Hiang-wine"; 906:Takaraian (now classified as 862:in August 1915, known as the 5223:Taiwanese indigenous peoples 5019:Taiwan Indigenous Television 3843:Taiwanese indigenous peoples 3293:Tavoris / Tavouris / Tavoise 2385:Other geometric shapes like 2373:Geometric flowers and leaves 2109:-erection: A thorny bamboo ( 1712:Japanese colonial government 1671:(suffices for future tense) 674:). The Taivoan historically 357:Taiwanese indigenous peoples 4510:Adelaar, Alexander (2011). 4390:Kang, Pei-te (2010-03-01). 4188:Wong, Jiayin (2011-09-24). 4163:Taiwan Prefecture Gazetteer 1024:, setting up the community 835:Resistance against Japanese 657: 651:, which the Taivoan called 634:Taiwanese indigenous people 5509: 5105:Paul Jun-kuei, Li (2010). 5075:Li, Paul Jen-kuei (2010). 4931:臺灣女人 (The Women of Taiwan) 4780:臺灣女人 (The Women in Taiwan) 4399:Taiwan Historical Research 4278:Paul Jun-kuei, Li (2010). 4246:. 前衛出版. pp. 159–182. 4242:Li, Paul Jen-kuei (2010). 3696:, which means "high (高)". 3389: 2858:Capule / Capoule / Capoele 2563: 2379:Insects, birds, and snakes 2327:), implying its sanctity. 2012: 1874:Taivoan Night Ceremony in 1691: 1529:(regarded as a dialect of 1482: 877: 838: 5467:Plains indigenous peoples 5457: 4190:"麻豆社事件 (Mattau Incident)" 3365:stands for male name and 2530:the Gospel of St. Matthew 2370:Abstract geometric shapes 2295: 2235: 2230:Taivoan Cultural Festival 2215: 2038: 1732:Banana colloquial speech 1157:Citing Japanese linguist 664: 575:Plains indigenous peoples 347: 313: 252: 185: 153: 133: 109: 89: 65: 55: 38: 5472:Indigenous Area (Taiwan) 5090:Daniel, Gravius (2004). 4829:Chien, Wen-ming (2008). 2445:Some of the lyrics are: 2351:Square or diamond shapes 2000:Taivoan boys practicing 1984:Ceremonies and festivals 1700:Banana colloquial speech 1694:Banana colloquial speech 1688:Banana colloquial speech 924:Japanese anthropologist 585:Indigenous Area (Taiwan) 226:Traditional Chinese 220:Alternative Chinese name 159:Traditional Chinese 4416:Huang, Shujing (1722). 4357:. 臺南縣白河鎮公所. p. 57. 4161:Gao, Gong-qian (1694). 3965:Alak, Akatuang (2013). 2803:Lavore / Lapor / Loevor 2743:Tavila / Tvilah / Tvila 2611:Soldiers of Hiang-Water 2364:Extended diamond shapes 2120:is erected in front of 1710:of the Taivoan against 826:The sovereignty of the 698:Japanese rule of Taiwan 240:Simplified Chinese 173:Simplified Chinese 5230:Nationwide Recognized 2654: 2604: 2592: 2557: 2519: 2461: 2340: 2260: 2195: 2103:. No longer practiced. 2015:Taivoan Night Ceremony 2005: 1993: 1878: 1860: 1853: 1553: 1498: 1331: 1210: 977: 4303:Zhang, Yaoqi (2003). 2824:Toefingit / Toelingit 2648: 2602: 2580: 2549: 2523:Gospel of St. Matthew 2508:Gospel of St. Matthew 2506: 2447: 2338: 2258: 2198: 2193: 1999: 1991: 1873: 1854: 1847: 1669:Morphological change 1492: 1321: 1208: 1161:, Taiwanese linguist 971: 379:Nationally Recognized 129:Related ethnic groups 5328:Locally Recognized 4031:Hu, Chia-yu (2014). 3387:Taivoan communities 3347:Terrijverrrijvagangh 3233:Takalang / Taccaran 2948:Tackavier / Tasapier 2761:Terrijverrrijvagangh 2382:Human-in-boat shapes 2323:Bambusa stenostachya 2112:Bambusa stenostachya 1517:Documentary evidence 1201:Population dispersal 1195:Terrijverrrijvagangh 1036:Historical Documents 640:, especially in the 4568:"原住民族信仰基督宗教的比例有多少？" 4538:Tsuchida, Shigeru. 4122:Candidius, George. 3383: 3080:Foncksui / Tunchuij 2969:Takalaij / Tackarey 2797:Doclingh / Doelingh 2566:Sinckan Manuscripts 2560:Sinckan Manuscripts 1908:(transliterated as 1760:Masakasahansanrusu 1556:Linguistic evidence 1171:Sinckan Manuscripts 1146:Mongmingming (夢明明社) 35: 5235:central government 3382: 3266:Tarokaj / Tarokaij 3263:Taroaij / Taroaeij 3089:Ikaraijo / Karaijo 3035:Tongiti / Tongili 3008:Taroaeij / Taroaij 2655: 2651:Sinckan Manuscript 2605: 2520: 2341: 2261: 2196: 2006: 1994: 1879: 1499: 1332: 1211: 1183:Kiothaotseng (橋頭莊) 978: 783:In December 1628, 468:Locally recognized 5480: 5479: 5116:978-986-02-3342-1 4470:SIL International 4451:978-986-02-5684-0 4289:978-986-02-3342-1 4253:978-957-801-635-4 4105:978-986-95852-0-0 4042:978-957-801-635-4 3976:978-986-03-9416-0 3679: 3678: 3369:for female names. 2821:Tehangh / Tohongh 2472:"betel nut", and 2409:Gomphrena globosa 2397:(Thunb.) Sch. Bip 2302: 1834: 1833: 1685: 1684: 1640:Sound change (4) 1623:Sound change (3) 1606:Sound change (2) 1589:Sound change (1) 1503:SIL International 1363:(大庄), founded by 1163:Li, Paul Jen-kuei 1040:According to the 934:Li, Paul Jen-kuei 676:called themselves 622: 621: 401:Hla'alua (Saaroa) 351: 350: 343: 342: 324:Standard Mandarin 282: 281: 263:Standard Mandarin 215: 214: 196:Standard Mandarin 144: 143: 16:(Redirected from 5500: 5335: 5333:local government 5237: 5216: 5209: 5202: 5193: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5170: 5155: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5145: 5130: 5121: 5120: 5102: 5096: 5095: 5087: 5081: 5080: 5079:. Taipei: 中央研究院. 5072: 5066: 5065: 5057: 5051: 5050: 5043: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5026: 5011: 5005: 5004: 4997: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4987: 4972: 4966: 4965: 4947: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4937: 4923: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4913: 4898: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4888: 4873: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4863: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4826: 4815: 4814: 4796: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4786: 4772: 4766: 4765: 4763: 4762: 4747: 4741: 4740: 4738: 4737: 4722: 4713: 4712: 4692: 4683: 4682: 4662: 4656: 4655: 4635: 4626: 4625: 4623: 4622: 4612: 4606: 4605: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4577: 4572: 4563: 4557: 4556: 4554: 4553: 4544: 4535: 4526: 4525: 4507: 4498: 4497: 4490: 4481: 4480: 4478: 4477: 4462: 4456: 4455: 4437: 4431: 4428: 4422: 4421: 4413: 4407: 4406: 4396: 4387: 4374: 4370: 4359: 4358: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4275: 4258: 4257: 4239: 4228: 4227: 4225: 4224: 4210: 4204: 4203: 4201: 4200: 4185: 4179: 4176: 4167: 4166: 4158: 4152: 4151: 4139: 4128: 4127: 4119: 4110: 4109: 4092: 4047: 4046: 4028: 4009: 4008: 4006: 4005: 3990: 3981: 3980: 3962: 3947: 3946: 3938: 3914: 3900: 3899: 3898: 3896: 3888: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3874: 3872: 3864: 3838:Taivoan language 3817: 3805: 3793: 3781: 3769: 3757: 3745: 3733: 3384: 3239:Talaij / Tallaij 3119:Kasiang / Kasian 3083:Ihdang / Idangh 2906:Ngiti / Tongili 2891:Kasian / Kasiang 2830:Vaking / Vakingh 2532:translated into 2516:William Campbell 2318:kogitanta agisen 2314:kogitanta agisen 2303: 2300: 2297: 2292:kogitanta agisen 2237: 2224: 2217: 2040: 1729:Original phrase 1726:Native language 1720: 1705: 1564: 1551: 1485:Taivoan language 1479:Taivoan language 1159:Shigeru Tsuchida 1058:Tevorangh proper 1000:. As invaded by 930:Shigeru Tsuchida 903:Tevorang-Taivuan 785:George Candidius 669: 667: 666: 660: 650: 614: 607: 600: 367: 353: 339: 338: 315: 301: 300: 278: 277: 254: 248: 247: 234: 233: 211: 210: 187: 181: 180: 167: 166: 146: 51:Total population 43: 36: 21: 5508: 5507: 5503: 5502: 5501: 5499: 5498: 5497: 5483: 5482: 5481: 5476: 5453: 5356: 5330: 5329: 5323: 5232: 5231: 5225: 5220: 5187:Mahanru Taivoan 5183: 5178: 5177: 5168: 5166: 5157: 5156: 5152: 5143: 5141: 5132: 5131: 5124: 5117: 5104: 5103: 5099: 5089: 5088: 5084: 5074: 5073: 5069: 5060:Lin, Ging-cai. 5059: 5058: 5054: 5045: 5044: 5033: 5024: 5022: 5013: 5012: 5008: 4999: 4998: 4994: 4985: 4983: 4980:Mahanru Taivoan 4974: 4973: 4969: 4962: 4949: 4948: 4944: 4935: 4933: 4925: 4924: 4920: 4911: 4909: 4906:Mahanru Taivoan 4900: 4899: 4895: 4886: 4884: 4875: 4874: 4870: 4861: 4859: 4851: 4850: 4846: 4828: 4827: 4818: 4811: 4798: 4797: 4793: 4784: 4782: 4774: 4773: 4769: 4760: 4758: 4749: 4748: 4744: 4735: 4733: 4724: 4723: 4716: 4694: 4693: 4686: 4664: 4663: 4659: 4637: 4636: 4629: 4620: 4618: 4614: 4613: 4609: 4602: 4589: 4588: 4584: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4565: 4564: 4560: 4551: 4549: 4542: 4537: 4536: 4529: 4522: 4509: 4508: 4501: 4492: 4491: 4484: 4475: 4473: 4464: 4463: 4459: 4452: 4439: 4438: 4434: 4429: 4425: 4415: 4414: 4410: 4394: 4389: 4388: 4377: 4371: 4362: 4352: 4351: 4347: 4340: 4327: 4326: 4322: 4315: 4302: 4301: 4297: 4290: 4277: 4276: 4261: 4254: 4241: 4240: 4231: 4222: 4220: 4212: 4211: 4207: 4198: 4196: 4187: 4186: 4182: 4177: 4170: 4160: 4159: 4155: 4141: 4140: 4131: 4121: 4120: 4113: 4106: 4094: 4093: 4050: 4043: 4030: 4029: 4012: 4003: 4001: 3998:Mahanru Taivoan 3992: 3991: 3984: 3977: 3964: 3963: 3950: 3940: 3939: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3917: 3901:; also spelled 3894: 3892: 3891: 3890: 3889: 3885: 3877:; also spelled 3870: 3868: 3867: 3866: 3865: 3861: 3856: 3834: 3829: 3828: 3827: 3824: 3818: 3809: 3806: 3797: 3794: 3785: 3782: 3773: 3770: 3761: 3758: 3749: 3746: 3737: 3734: 3722: 3376: 3374:Modern surnames 3344: 3209:Tadiho / Tadiko 3095:Illong / Ilong 3052: 3047: 2999:Tarihi / Tarihe 2915:Olaeij / Olaij 2848: 2838: 2833: 2778: 2773: 2758: 2706: 2693: 2680: 2675: 2643: 2630: 2613: 2597: 2591: 2584: 2572:Southern Taiwan 2568: 2562: 2556: 2553: 2525: 2501: 2482: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2437: 2426: 2417: 2405:globe amaranths 2395:Cirsium lineare 2355:Thistle flowers 2333: 2253: 2248: 2246:Arts and crafts 2232: 2222: 2201: 2017: 2011: 1986: 1868: 1857: 1850: 1839: 1746:Misiunsununsun 1696: 1690: 1558: 1552: 1549: 1519: 1505:has recognized 1487: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1422: 1357: 1324:typhoon Morakot 1254: 1229: 1203: 1038: 966: 942:Chien, Wen-ming 894:Raleigh Farrell 886: 876: 864:Tapani Incident 843: 841:Tapani incident 837: 801: 799:Mattau Incident 741: 661: 644: 618: 589: 561: 489: 465: 306:Literal meaning 46: 31: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5506: 5504: 5496: 5495: 5493:Taivoan people 5485: 5484: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5458: 5455: 5454: 5452: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5420: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5399: 5394: 5393: 5392: 5387: 5377: 5376: 5375: 5364: 5362: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5338: 5336: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5240: 5238: 5227: 5226: 5221: 5219: 5218: 5211: 5204: 5196: 5190: 5189: 5182: 5181:External links 5179: 5176: 5175: 5150: 5122: 5115: 5097: 5082: 5067: 5052: 5031: 5006: 4992: 4967: 4960: 4942: 4918: 4893: 4868: 4844: 4816: 4809: 4791: 4767: 4742: 4714: 4684: 4657: 4627: 4607: 4600: 4582: 4558: 4527: 4520: 4499: 4482: 4457: 4450: 4440:張, 振岳 (2010). 4432: 4423: 4408: 4375: 4360: 4353:張, 溪南 (1998). 4345: 4338: 4320: 4313: 4295: 4288: 4259: 4252: 4229: 4205: 4180: 4168: 4153: 4129: 4111: 4104: 4048: 4041: 4010: 3982: 3975: 3948: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3916: 3915: 3883: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3851: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3833: 3830: 3826: 3825: 3819: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3776: 3774: 3771: 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2768: 2767: 2757: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2701: 2700: 2697: 2692: 2689: 2688: 2687: 2684: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2642: 2639: 2629: 2626: 2617:mimaw-pilinlin 2612: 2609: 2596: 2593: 2581: 2564:Main article: 2561: 2558: 2550: 2542:Daniel Gravius 2524: 2521: 2512:Daniel Gravius 2500: 2497: 2481: 2478: 2448: 2436: 2433: 2425: 2422: 2416: 2413: 2390: 2389: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2352: 2332: 2329: 2294:(Chinese: 2274:Every Taivoan 2252: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2231: 2228: 2200: 2197: 2188: 2187: 2176: 2175: 2164: 2163: 2158: 2153: 2147: 2146: 2137: 2136: 2125: 2104: 2094: 2084: 2055:Huan-Thài-Tsóo 2013:Main article: 2010: 2009:Night Ceremony 2007: 1985: 1982: 1935:mimaw palinlin 1867: 1864: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1818: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1804: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1790: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1776: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1762: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1748: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1734: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1702:(Chinese: 1692:Main article: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1666: 1665: 1659: 1653: 1647: 1641: 1637: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1620: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1603: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1586: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1572: 1567: 1557: 1554: 1547: 1518: 1515: 1483:Main article: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1465: 1459: 1453: 1447: 1441: 1435: 1429: 1421: 1416: 1415: 1414: 1408: 1402: 1396: 1390: 1384: 1378: 1372: 1356: 1351: 1350: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1316: 1315: 1309: 1303: 1297: 1291: 1285: 1279: 1273: 1267: 1261: 1253: 1248: 1247: 1246: 1236: 1228: 1223: 1202: 1199: 1198: 1197: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1155: 1154: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1124: 1123: 1113: 1106:Voungo Voungor 1099: 1085: 1084: 1083: 1073: 1064:(also spelled 1059: 1037: 1034: 965: 962: 926:Toichi Mabuchi 918: 917: 914: 911: 904: 901: 884:Makatao people 875: 872: 839:Main article: 836: 833: 832: 831: 824: 800: 797: 740: 737: 715:is similar to 702:Makatao people 620: 619: 617: 616: 609: 602: 594: 591: 590: 588: 587: 582: 577: 571: 568: 567: 566:Related topics 563: 562: 560: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 530: 525: 520: 506: 501: 495: 488: 487: 482: 477: 471: 464: 463: 461:Truku (Taroko) 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 382: 374: 373: 369: 368: 360: 359: 349: 348: 345: 344: 341: 340: 333: 327: 326: 320: 319: 318:Transcriptions 311: 310: 307: 303: 302: 295: 289: 288: 284: 283: 280: 279: 272: 266: 265: 259: 258: 257:Transcriptions 250: 249: 242: 236: 235: 228: 222: 221: 217: 216: 213: 212: 205: 199: 198: 192: 191: 190:Transcriptions 183: 182: 175: 169: 168: 161: 155: 154: 151: 150: 149:Taivoan people 142: 141: 131: 130: 126: 125: 107: 106: 102: 101: 87: 86: 82: 81: 63: 62: 58: 57: 56:20,000+ (est.) 53: 52: 48: 47: 44: 34:Taivoan people 29: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5505: 5494: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5459: 5456: 5450: 5447: 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4812: 4806: 4802: 4799:范, 情 (2006). 4795: 4792: 4781: 4777: 4771: 4768: 4756: 4752: 4746: 4743: 4731: 4727: 4721: 4719: 4715: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4691: 4689: 4685: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4661: 4658: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4634: 4632: 4628: 4617: 4611: 4608: 4603: 4597: 4593: 4590:蔣, 勳 (2005). 4586: 4583: 4569: 4562: 4559: 4548: 4541: 4534: 4532: 4528: 4523: 4521:9783110252958 4517: 4513: 4506: 4504: 4500: 4495: 4489: 4487: 4483: 4471: 4467: 4461: 4458: 4453: 4447: 4443: 4436: 4433: 4427: 4424: 4419: 4412: 4409: 4404: 4400: 4393: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4376: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4361: 4356: 4349: 4346: 4341: 4339:9789860574821 4335: 4331: 4324: 4321: 4316: 4310: 4306: 4299: 4296: 4291: 4285: 4281: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4260: 4255: 4249: 4245: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4230: 4219: 4215: 4209: 4206: 4195: 4191: 4184: 4181: 4175: 4173: 4169: 4165:. p. 15. 4164: 4157: 4154: 4149: 4145: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4130: 4125: 4118: 4116: 4112: 4107: 4101: 4097: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4083: 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3049: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3034: 3032: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2839: 2835: 2829: 2826: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2764: 2763: 2762: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2695: 2694: 2690: 2685: 2682: 2681: 2677: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2652: 2647: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2618: 2610: 2608: 2601: 2594: 2590: 2588: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2567: 2559: 2555: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2522: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2489:Hakka Chinese 2486: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2471: 2468:"cigarette", 2467: 2459: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2423: 2421: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2396: 2388: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2349: 2348: 2345: 2337: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2270: 2266: 2257: 2251:Bamboo basket 2250: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2229: 2227: 2219: 2212: 2210: 2206: 2199:Women's Night 2192: 2186: 2183: 2182: 2181: 2180: 2174: 2171: 2170: 2169: 2168: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2141: 2140: 2133: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2113: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2091:bottle gourds 2088: 2085: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2071: 2070: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2026: 2022: 2016: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1990: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1877: 1872: 1865: 1863: 1859: 1852: 1846: 1844: 1836: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1819: 1816:konsonkaisai 1815: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1805: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1791: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1777: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1701: 1695: 1687: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1667: 1664: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1646: 1642: 1639: 1638: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1621: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1604: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1565: 1562: 1555: 1546: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1516: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1339: 1337: 1329: 1325: 1320: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1244: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1220: 1219:Dutch Formosa 1216: 1207: 1200: 1196: 1193: 1192: 1191: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1152: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1134:Tapani (噍吧哖社) 1133: 1132: 1131: 1129: 1128:Huang Shujing 1121: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1086: 1081: 1077: 1074: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1050: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1035: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 1002:Siraya people 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 975: 970: 963: 961: 957: 955: 954:Zhang, Yao-qi 951: 950:Lin, Ging-cai 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 922: 915: 912: 909: 905: 902: 899: 898: 897: 895: 891: 885: 881: 880:Siraya people 873: 871: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 842: 834: 829: 825: 822: 821: 820: 818: 812: 810: 806: 805:Dutch Formosa 798: 796: 794: 790: 786: 781: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 738: 736: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 705: 703: 699: 694: 692: 688: 684: 680: 677: 673: 659: 654: 648: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 615: 610: 608: 603: 601: 596: 595: 593: 592: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 572: 570: 569: 564: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 518: 514: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 496: 494: 493: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 472: 470: 469: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 383: 381: 380: 376: 375: 370: 366: 362: 361: 358: 354: 346: 334: 332: 328: 325: 321: 316: 312: 308: 304: 296: 294: 290: 285: 273: 271: 267: 264: 260: 255: 251: 243: 241: 237: 229: 227: 223: 218: 206: 204: 200: 197: 193: 188: 184: 176: 174: 170: 162: 160: 156: 152: 147: 140: 136: 132: 127: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 103: 100: 96: 92: 88: 83: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 59: 54: 49: 42: 37: 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(灣丘) 1070:Teijnewangh 1018:Kogimauwang 946:Hu, Chia-yu 892:; however, 645: [ 309:four tribes 5264:Kanakanavu 5169:2018-02-08 5144:2018-01-24 5064:. 平埔文化資訊網. 5025:2018-02-08 4986:2018-01-27 4961:9578233612 4936:2018-02-08 4912:2018-02-08 4887:2018-02-08 4862:2018-02-08 4810:9578233612 4785:2018-01-27 4761:2018-02-08 4736:2018-02-08 4621:2018-01-25 4601:9570828943 4576:2018-01-25 4552:2018-06-03 4476:2019-01-29 4314:9574109895 4223:2018-01-25 4199:2018-01-27 4150:: 217–235. 4004:2018-01-24 3921:References 3565:Jiang (江) 3472:Xiang (向) 3302:Tingngaijo 3245:Tamillanah 2984:Takomasong 2809:Tamalavoos 2399:native to 2357:(Taivoan: 2331:Embroidery 2278:(Taivoan: 2185:Liuchongxi 2122:the Shrine 2087:Too' pulaw 1974:Khui-Hiang 1939:the Shrine 1927:Hiang-tsuí 1915:Hiang-tsiú 1845:, such as: 1824:Taiwanese 1810:Taiwanese 1796:Taiwanese 1782:Taiwanese 1768:Taiwanese 1757:Makahanru 1527:Tarrocquan 1523:Kanakanavu 1464:(成廣澳 / 小港) 1458:(宜灣 / 沙汝灣) 1446:(石寧埔 / 寧埔) 1428:(新開園 / 池上) 1326:destroyed 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85:Languages 67:Kaohsiung 18:Tevorangh 5487:Category 5294:Sakizaya 5289:Saisiyat 5259:Hla'alua 4841:: 24–34. 4835:文化資產保存學刊 4373:History. 4244:珍惜台灣南島語言 3907:Tivorang 3903:Tevorang 3832:See also 3511:Pualiao 3454:Laulong 3441:Jin (金) 3425:Alikuan 3407:Mao (毛) 3401:Liu (劉) 3398:Pan (潘) 3395:Xiaolin 3326:Varasaij 3317:Valivilj 3287:Tavangol 3269:Tauatal 3200:Sovalaij 3143:Maijiong 3113:Karaijo 3050:Toukapta 3029:Tongili 3023:Tavinoij 3011:Tauvaija 2996:Tapaijlu 2978:Takatang 2945:Tackarey 2888:Karinget 2885:Karingat 2864:Dangdang 2812:Tamoring 2794:Davolich 2740:Tapinahi 2716:Mourahay 2713:Lohraong 2704:Toukapta 2673:Surnames 2634:Pingtung 2595:Folklore 2499:Writings 2485:Lawkhema 2480:Lawkhema 2440:Kalawahe 2435:Kalawahe 2290:) has a 2236:大武壠歌舞文化節 2173:Dazhuang 2081:Tataheng 1955:Hiang-Kô 1891:Buddhism 1866:Religion 1813:kon-kài 1754:Taivoan 1740:Taivoan 1663:< *S 1661:< *k 1618:< *N 1601:< *l 1574:Taivoan 1548:— 1539:Tevorang 1474:Language 1432:Guanshan 1426:Chishang 1361:Dazhuang 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