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canopy. This indicates that the apical meristem is dead and there will be no new leaf production or growth. In most cases, without close examination, the spear leaf will not be easy to find or observe if it is still alive. Occasionally, when the spear leaf dies, some palms experience root rot. This is a major symptom that differentiates TPPD from
332:. Depending on the insect vector and temperature, it could be anywhere between 10 (at 30°) and 45 (at 10°) days. The concentration of phytoplasmas, at the salivary glands of the insect vector after incubation period, also varies transmission. The concentration must meet a certain level before the insect transfers the infection into new plants.
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If the spear leaf dies, there are healthy leaves beneath them, and the control method of implementing the removal of dead spear leaves is to be used. Unless the removal of these dead spear leaves occurs, this gives a chance for the vector to use these diseased spear leaves and transmit the disease to
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Broschat, Timothy K., Monica L. Elliot, and Ian
Maguire. "Texas Phoenix Palm Decline." A Resource for Pests and Diseases of Cultivated Palms. University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF/IFAS), and the Center for Plant Health Science and Technology (USDA/APHIS/PPQ/CPHST), 1
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Texas
Phoenix palm decline is classified as a systemic disease and it is known to rapidly kill its hosts. Although it is dispersed around by vectors, at this time it is still unknown as to which what specific vectors exactly are carrying and spreading this disease. The palm disease TPPD has no known
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Future implications that have not been stable in terms of success or effectiveness, but that still hold promise are discovery of resistant strains of palm or control of vector population. These are not used however due to not knowing the complete known palms TPPD effects and the vector not being
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reached
Florida, but it is likely it was brought over from an unknown insect vector since movement of palms from the Texas coast to Florida is not routine. It is not known whether this phytoplasma prefers the climate of these coastal regions or a specific host. As of now, the only hosts known to
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When about a third of the oldest leaves become discolored, the spear leaf will die, displaying a tan, rather than green color. The spear leaf is the youngest leaf, generally seen in the center of the canopy. In obvious situations, the dead spear life can be seen hanging down or broken off of the
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If the palm tree is mature enough to produce fruit, it will experience two major symptoms. Premature drop of the majority or all of the fruit, within a short time period (about three days), is an obvious symptom. Soon after this, the flowers become necrotic. However, these symptoms can only be
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Phytoplasmas colonize in the phloem tissue of their hosts. This allows the pathogen to spread systemically through the vascular system into new leaves of the plant. Since phytoplasmas are not known to survive without their host (plant or insect), the process of the overwintering (unfavorable
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If the spear leaf has not yet been killed by TPPD, antibiotics are added to afflicted palm trees by injecting it into the trunk of the tree. These applications have a liquid composition. They are applied either when the plant is expressing symptoms of TPPD or as a source of protecting known
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When a healthy insect vector feeds by piercing the vein of a leaf and sucking the phloem sap, the pathogen is ingested into the gut of the insect. Before the infection can be spread from plant to plant, an incubation period is needed for distribution throughout the insect. Once the
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A large issue with controlling this disease is that it is difficult to diagnose. The early symptoms may appear to be the cause of 'over-trimming' of the leaves or nutrient deficiency. The progression of the symptoms is from the inside of the tree, out and are not immediate.
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The specific disease cycle for TPPD is not known, since the vector is unidentified. Planthoppers, psyllids, or treehoppers are the suspected carriers. For this reason, a general disease cycle of mollicutes by related insect vectors is described as the cycle for TPPD.
254:, starting at the tips of the oldest leaves. The leaf colors change from the normal green to different shades of reddish-brown, to dark brown. Declining palm trees are characterized by a large number of discolored leaves in the lower and mid-crown region of the tree.
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susceptible palm species from ever acquiring the disease. This antibiotic cannot be used on just any palm species. It should rather be used only on prone species palm to TPPD. Over the course of four months these antibiotics will be integrated, if used.
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palm trees: Canary Island date palm, silver or sylvester date palm, Queen palm, Sabal palm, and cabbage palm. All of these trees have been observed to have the same symptoms. The complete host range of this phytoplasma strain is not known.
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into the trunk must be done with a drill. It is not known how soon the TPPD phytoplasma can be detected from this test, but it is generally not seen in plants without symptoms. Other times, it is not detectable until the spear leaf dies.
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is ingested from the plant, it multiplies in the gut of the insect, travels into the hemolymph, then to the salivary glands. Here, in high enough concentrations, the phytoplasma is transmitted into new plants when the insect feeds.
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There is large concern for the destruction of the Sabal palm. Given its native status to
Florida, its loss could suffer severe consequences to the local ecosystem if there is no reliable management soon.
365:, namely, quarantines have been set up for various counties (Nueces, Hidalgo, Cameron, Willacy, and various portions of Kleberg county as well). Even more drastic measures have been implemented in
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There are two main methods of control for Texas
Phoenix palm decline: Removal of dead spear leaves of the palm tree and the application of an antibiotic called oxytetracycline HCl (OTC).
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known to attack palm trees in
Florida. The introduction of this disease has left the state of Florida struggling to control the potential damage to palm trees in landscapes statewide.
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Since phytoplasmas are not culturable, a molecular test can be done to confirm its presence. A sample must be sent to a local extension office for testing. To acquire a sample,
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It has been observed to almost exclusively attack the Canary Island palm, but is seen on other species. Since 2009, Texas
Phoenix palm disease is known to severely affect the
498:
Harrison, N. A.; Helmick, E. E.; Elliott, M.L. (August 2008). "Lethal
Yellowing-type Diseases of Palms Associated with Phytoplasmas Newly Identified in Florida, USA".
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To favor development, the area of infection must have a high population of insect vectors (planthoppers, psyllids, or treehoppers) for continuous, successful
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conditions) stage is unknown. The exact spot in the cycle where the spear leaf dies is not absolute, but it is thought to be early in the disease process.
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The only area this disease in known to infect is the southern coastal regions of Texas and
Florida. It is not known how the
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579:"Disease Attacking Florida's State Tree." Bartlett Tree Experts (2009): 20. American Forests. Web. 1 Dec. 2012.
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observed during flowering and fruiting season, and if the flowers have not been trimmed from the tree.
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Phytoplasma palmae. It takes its name from the state it was first identified in and the palm genus,
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Agrios, George N. Plant
Pathology. 5. London: Elsevier Academic Press, 2005. 689-690. Print.
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530:"First report of a phytoplasma-associated lethal decline of Sabal palmetto in Florida, USA"
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The TPPD strain is classified as group 16SrIV, subgroup D (16SrIV-D) and LY:16SrIV-A.
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469:(Report). Plant Pathology Department, UF/IFAS Extension, University of Florida.
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Several palms susceptible to the phytoplasma have been documented, including:
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http://itp.lucidcentral.org/id/palms/symptoms/Texas_Phoenix_Palm_Decline.htm
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At any palm age, early infection will show discoloration of the
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Harrison, N. A.; Helmick, E. E.; Elliott, M.L. (August 2009).
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suspected carriers: Planthoppers, psyllids or treehoppers
487:(Report). Plant Pathology Department, UF/IFAS Extension.
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Harrison, Nigel A.; Elliot, Monica L. (October 2015) .
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The death of the spear leaf indicates the death of the
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Harrison, Nigel A.; Elliot, Monica L. (June 2013) .
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398:"Emerging Palm Diseases in Florida"
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156:, is a plant disease caused by a
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222:was the only other strain of
107:Candidatus Phytoplasma palmae
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607:"Date Palm Lethal Decline"
464:Texas Phoenix Palm Decline
150:Texas Phoenix palm decline
89:Texas phoenix palm decline
500:Annals of Applied Biology
415:10.21273/HORTSCI.19.4.717
564:2010. Web. 23 Oct 2012.
482:Lethal Yellowing of Palm
396:Elliott, Monica (2009).
29:This article includes a
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352:totally known either.
215:Syagrus romanzoffiana
630:Tropical agriculture
611:TexasAgriculture.gov
191:Phoenix dactylifera
185:Phoenix canariensis
197:Phoenix sylvestris
31:list of references
330:incubation period
218:. Prior to 2006,
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318:phytoplasma
312:Environment
305:phytoplasma
266:Diagnostics
224:phytoplasma
158:phytoplasma
56:introducing
624:Categories
540:(4): 792.
377:References
356:Importance
336:Management
240:Sabal spp.
162:Candidatus
230:Symptoms
64:May 2010
367:Florida
252:foliage
170:Florida
166:Phoenix
138:Florida
126:Vectors
119:Phoenix
52:improve
283:boring
212:, and
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363:Texas
174:Texas
152:, or
142:Texas
114:Hosts
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