670:, the Supreme Court concluded that Texas and other plaintiff states did not have standing to bring the initial challenge of the individual mandate, as those states could not show a past or future injury related to the mandate provision. The Court's decision did not address the constitutionality question of the individual mandate. Breyer wrote in the majority opinion that Texas and the other plaintiff states had failed to show standing as "Unsurprisingly, the states have not demonstrated that an unenforceable mandate will cause their residents to enroll in valuable benefits programs that they would otherwise forgo".
485:
is still impermissible under the
Interstate Commerce Clause—meaning the Individual Mandate is unconstitutional." He then further reasoned that the individual mandate is an essential part of the entire law, and thus was not severable, making the entire law unconstitutional. O'Connor's decision rendered the ACA unconstitutional but did not immediately overturn the law, granting a stay pending the resolution of the case on appeal. Among reaction to this decision was California and several other states, vowing to lead a challenge to the ruling.
51:
572:
739:, whose office brought one of the original lawsuits leading to the Supreme Court appeal, said that he will continue to seek legal means to challenge the ACA. "If the government is allowed to mislead its citizens, pass a massive government takeover of healthcare, and yet still survive after Supreme Court review, this spells doom for the principles of Federalism and limited government." Republicans such as Sen.
422:. Trump had campaigned on the promise of replacing the ACA once in office, and repealing the law was one of the early targets of the Republicans, but early efforts failed by mid 2017 due to in-party disputes, specifically the deciding vote which was to come from Senator John McCain who denied the Republican Party due to the fact that a promised replacement plan was not forthcoming.
557:. The Fifth Circuit also asked the District Court to consider a suggestion that the Justice Department had included in one of its briefs where the ACA may be invalid only in those states that had challenged it. As questions remained to the degree to which the ACA was unconstitutional, the ACA remained in enforcement following the decision.
501:, making it a critical issue for either party. Four additional states joined California's challenge by February 2019, bringing the number to 21. The Democrat-controlled House of Representatives following the 2018 election also joined in the defense. The Department of Justice filed a brief in support of the defendants (Texas
633:
After
Democrats won control of Congress through the 2020 elections (and associated runoffs in 2021), speculation arose that the Democratic-controlled Congress would follow President Joe Biden's desire to reinstate the individual mandate. This would effectively nullify any ruling against Obamacare, as
484:
released his opinion on the case, affirming that without the individual mandate, the whole of the ACA was unconstitutional, going farther than the
Justice Department had even indicated. O'Connor wrote that the "Individual Mandate can no longer be fairly read as an exercise of Congress's Tax Power and
595:
to the
Supreme Court by January 3, 2020, in response to the Fifth Circuit's decision. The filing asked for the case to be heard on an expedited schedule, "because of the practical importance of the questions presented for review and the pressing need for their swift resolution by this Court". Texas
476:
told the district court in June 2018 that it mostly agreed with the general basis of the lawsuit, in that without the individual mandate, certain provisions of the ACA were invalidated such as the protections it had provided for those with pre-existing conditions, and would not defend those factors
548:
The Fifth
Circuit issued its ruling on December 18, 2019. The 2–1 decision, joined by Judges Elrod and Engelhardt, upheld in principle District Judge O'Connor's decision that with the elimination of the individual mandate, parts of the ACA were potentially unconstitutional. However, the decision
700:
said that by avoiding the constitutional question of the individual mandate and instead deciding on standing, the
Supreme Court "made it much harder for anyone to get that issue into the courts going forward. In essence, they sucked the oxygen out of the ACA's continuing constitutional fire."
540:
focused on the constitutional challenge, the intent of
Congress when they wrote and passed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, and on the matter of standing. Observers believed the case would be decided upholding O'Connor's ruling due to how the questioning fell, with Judges Elrod and Engelhardt, both
614:
The
Supreme Court refused to hear the case on an expedited schedule for the 2019–2020 term, but did agree, on March 2, 2020, to hear the case during the 2020–2021 term, reviewing not only the severability factors but the standing issue raised by the Fifth Circuit. The Court consolidated both
634:
the case is predicated upon a $ 0 individual mandate penalty. The
Department of Justice under Biden did submit a new amicus brief in February 2021 following the oral hearings asserting that they now believe the ACA is constitutional and the mandate is severable from the rest of the ACA.
363:
In a 7–2 decision issued on June 17, 2021, the
Supreme Court ruled that Texas and other states that initially challenged the individual mandate did not have standing, as they had not shown past or future injury related to the provision. The Supreme Court otherwise did not rule on the
396:
penalty for those that did not have health insurance, otherwise known as the "individual mandate". Passage of the ACA was controversial, and remained an issue that was divided along political lines, with Democrats seeing the law as promoting the public good and
451:
in federal spending, although it would cause premium rates to go up for some individual taxpayers. Political commentators recognized that the removal of the individual mandate penalty was a partial victory for the Republicans who were trying to repeal the ACA.
716:
stated that " decision means that all Americans continue to have a right to access affordable care, free of discrimination." Barack Obama stated that "The principle of universal coverage has been established," and that the law "is here to stay."
176:
Plaintiffs do not have standing to challenge §5000A(a)'s minimum essential coverage provision because they have not shown a past or future injury fairly traceable to defendants' conduct enforcing the specific statutory provision they attack as
731:
also heralded the ruling, with Schumer stating "For more than a decade, the assault on our health care law was relentless from Republicans in Congress, from the executive branch itself and from Republican attorneys general in the courts."
4829:
4092:
2615:
566:
2647:
4068:
2077:
505:) in March 2019, now in full agreement with O'Connor's decision that the ACA as a whole was unconstitutional without the individual mandate, and would support Texas in defending the challenge. Briefs were also filed by the
4265:
549:
remanded the case back to the district court, arguing that O'Connor's conclusion that the whole of the ACA was unconstitutional may be flawed. The Fifth Circuit decision asked the District Court to consider the concept of
901:
4669:
332:
concluded that this individual mandate was a critical provision of the ACA and that, with a penalty amount equal to zero, some or all of the ACA was potentially unconstitutional as an improper use of Congress's
4621:
3371:
708:
in a statement called the ruling "a major victory for all Americans," affirming that "healthcare is a right and not a privilege" and that "it is time move forward and keep building on this landmark law."
6336:
4837:
461:
329:
4132:
4002:
497:, as the Justice Department had indicated it would not challenge the ruling. At this point, it was recognized that the case was likely bound for the Supreme Court, and would land in the midst of the
642:
The Court issued its decision on June 17, 2021. In a 7–2 ruling, the Court reversed the Fifth Circuit's ruling and remanded the case for further review. In the majority opinion written by Justice
4981:
4949:
4629:
673:
Justice Thomas also wrote a concurring opinion. While Thomas agreed with the dissenting opinion that the Court had erred in how it handled the ACA in the past, he wrote that the decision in
6306:
2786:
6331:
4637:
4233:
5998:
5929:
3066:
2348:
403:
6296:
5058:
4390:
4100:
3301:
4709:
2415:
6076:
4353:
4193:
2519:
1837:
718:
103:
4933:
4519:
4060:
3355:
3269:
2994:
2890:
2679:
494:
439:. Among many other tax cuts, the Act eliminated the individual mandate requirement from the ACA by reducing penalty amount related to the required amount of health coverage to
345:
5745:
4845:
4556:
1270:
4565:
4415:
2575:
401:
seeing it as a tax burden. The law had been challenged in courts multiple times, with the Supreme Court having seen two cases previously. In 2012, the Court ruled 5–4 in
5554:
5225:
4869:
4805:
4108:
5241:
5083:
5037:
4116:
2663:
2223:
600:
and allow it to proceed through the normal judicial process, but that should it accept the case, to review and affirm the ruling that the ACA is now unconstitutional.
4605:
1677:
630:, along with the three more liberal Justices, appeared to accept the severability arguments of the individual mandate that would leave the rest of the ACA in place.
344:, the federal government had declined to challenge the lower court ruling, leading California and several other states to intervene and appeal the ruling, which the
6351:
5005:
4781:
4337:
4031:
3746:
3661:
2810:
506:
291:
5013:
4717:
4503:
4423:
3948:
3807:
3669:
1216:
348:
granted. The Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit upheld the ruling that the individual mandate was unconstitutional, but determined that the mandate might be
6291:
6046:
6018:
5949:
5765:
5629:
5384:
5262:
5189:
5182:
4909:
4431:
4273:
3099:
2938:
2256:
2163:
2110:
2041:
2037:
1988:
1984:
1935:
1931:
1917:
5498:
3940:
6356:
5067:
4535:
4345:
4217:
4185:
3876:
3251:
2858:
771:
Internal Revenue Code sec. 5000A(c)(2)(B)(iii), as amended by sec. 11081(a)(1) and (a)(2) of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, Pub. L. No. 115-97 (Dec. 22, 2017).
696:
Legal experts believed that the decision based on lack of standing would make it difficult for any other party to challenge the ACA further. Law professor
2970:
6361:
4853:
2802:
2655:
464:
challenging the constitutionality of the ACA following the removal of the individual mandate from the Internal Revenue Code. The plaintiffs in the suit,
6099:
5974:
5826:
4257:
3980:
2623:
2292:
1402:
4613:
4511:
3754:
3738:
3730:
725:
596:
and the other states also filed a petition in February 2020 for the Supreme Court, asking them to deny the expedited review of the case as it was not
1731:
4925:
4645:
4399:
3791:
3637:
3629:
2551:
6346:
6234:
6115:
5886:
5787:
5738:
4941:
3932:
3557:
2687:
2607:
2300:
4321:
2842:
929:
611:, filed a brief arguing that the individual mandate is unconstitutional and that, because of this, the rest of the law must be struck down, too.
352:
from the rest of the ACA. Both California and Texas petitioned review of the Fifth's decision to the Supreme Court; the Court consolidated both
4893:
4543:
3972:
2850:
2431:
1646:
985:
604:
468:, argued that since the penalty related to the individual mandate was seen as core provision of the ACA as determined by the Supreme Court in
312:(ACA), colloquially known as Obamacare. It was the third such challenge to the ACA seen by the Supreme Court since its enactment. The case in
6341:
5698:
5458:
5029:
4997:
4797:
4789:
4581:
4361:
4329:
4209:
4164:
4084:
2874:
2770:
2399:
3677:
688:. Alito stated that the individual mandate was "clearly unconstitutional" and criticized the majority opinion for "judicial inventiveness".
4463:
4377:
4076:
4010:
3799:
3653:
3645:
3018:
2730:
2559:
2511:
1905:
1617:
1589:
1507:
1561:
524:
Prior to the July 2019 oral hearings, the judges in the Fifth Circuit raised the question of whether California and the other states had
5075:
5021:
4297:
4124:
3831:
3774:
3206:
2535:
510:
473:
1087:
6196:
5731:
4885:
4369:
4249:
4140:
2978:
2962:
2567:
2527:
2479:
2069:
2008:
1955:
1914:
55:
5538:
4861:
4733:
4573:
3924:
3908:
3762:
2914:
2866:
2754:
2631:
6242:
1533:
5706:
4901:
4813:
4589:
4439:
2503:
2487:
2463:
817:
415:
398:
373:
5319:
4447:
4305:
4039:
2455:
2423:
2130:
393:
3293:
1011:
5913:
5530:
3496:
3074:
2439:
2308:
1059:
518:
2906:
1159:
541:
appointed under Republican presidents, asking the bulk of the questions, while Senior Judge King, appointed under Democrat
6261:
6150:
5522:
5434:
4022:
3815:
3721:
3194:
2671:
2183:
743:
criticized the decision and the ACA, suggesting that Republicans would focus on policymaking. In a joint statement, Reps.
436:
317:
845:
320:
and the change to the tax penalty amount for Americans without required insurance that reduced the "individual mandate" (
28:
6123:
5990:
5608:
4281:
3285:
2922:
2471:
1430:
554:
498:
5108:
4877:
4201:
3685:
2826:
2599:
2231:
1703:
444:
341:
305:
418:
held control of both the House and Senate and gained control of the Executive branch with the election of President
6055:
6032:
5773:
5506:
5161:
4653:
3042:
2591:
2495:
2407:
2252:
1374:
873:
782:
408:
334:
287:
6091:
5966:
5921:
5650:
5642:
5153:
4495:
3900:
3847:
3050:
3002:
2898:
2834:
2284:
5514:
6177:
6107:
5982:
5849:
5442:
5335:
5287:
5045:
4677:
4471:
4241:
3823:
3783:
3701:
2175:
1898:
514:
385:
5546:
1799:
957:
5958:
5857:
5137:
4749:
4527:
4455:
3868:
3839:
2382:
2340:
2316:
2268:
2138:
2106:
1590:"Justice Department tells Supreme Court it thinks Obamacare is constitutional, reversing Trump-era position"
1479:
1092:
1243:
1187:
87:
5682:
5474:
4965:
4765:
4685:
3964:
3884:
3709:
3549:
3331:
3034:
3010:
83:
1298:
472:, its removal should make the entire law an unconstitutional exercise of Congressional taxing power. The
6215:
5802:
5658:
5121:
4176:
3916:
3859:
3565:
3516:
3391:
3231:
3223:
3169:
3131:
2946:
2778:
2543:
2447:
1841:
533:
321:
98:
5466:
2954:
1131:
677:
was correct as Texas and the other states did not show any injury pending from the individual mandate.
622:
Oral arguments were heard on November 10, 2020. Observers to the arguments believed that Chief Justice
5810:
5690:
5587:
5129:
4989:
4725:
4701:
4661:
3621:
3488:
3339:
2332:
2122:
1764:
1451:
1407:
1064:
5674:
5407:
5351:
5327:
4597:
3605:
3589:
3573:
3424:
3323:
2930:
2794:
2000:
1891:
1848:
1435:
1346:
1275:
934:
906:
529:
477:
in court. However, the Justice Department still believed certain provisions of the ACA were valid.
309:
6301:
6169:
6142:
5397:
5311:
5303:
5233:
4821:
4289:
3892:
3693:
3597:
3581:
3464:
3456:
3363:
3347:
3113:
2882:
2324:
2204:
2159:
1769:
1484:
1456:
1379:
1351:
1303:
962:
850:
553:, since the individual mandate aspect was not apparently tied to other parts of the ACA like the
493:
By early January 2019, 17 states led by California filed an appeal of O'Connor's decision to the
1088:"Federal Judge Rules Affordable Care Act Is Unconstitutional Without Insurance-Coverage Penalty"
5834:
5600:
5450:
5209:
5145:
4693:
4487:
4407:
4156:
3525:
3504:
3400:
3277:
3178:
3058:
2818:
2639:
2391:
1963:
1875:
1774:
667:
608:
244:
5905:
5878:
5818:
5426:
5295:
5201:
4917:
4773:
4741:
4225:
3533:
3416:
3239:
3156:
2762:
2722:
2706:
2276:
2216:
2053:
1621:
1251:
1244:"ACA Round-Up: New Uninsured Data, Resources On 1332, Briefs In Texas | Health Affairs Blog"
1197:
481:
381:
380:. Among much of its provisions, it provided programs for states to provide free or low-cost
5666:
5380:
4957:
4757:
4313:
3541:
3472:
3448:
3408:
3261:
2986:
2738:
2714:
2583:
2369:
2085:
2016:
1857:
663:
655:
651:
627:
537:
236:
220:
200:
1883:
1117:
407:
that the individual mandate was constitutional as a granted power of Congress under the
392:. ACA encouraged all Americans to have health insurance and as part of this, created an
141:
5723:
5562:
5490:
5343:
5279:
4973:
3956:
3440:
3432:
3379:
3186:
3026:
2061:
1192:
752:
744:
713:
643:
525:
208:
1255:
1201:
6325:
5482:
5217:
4479:
3992:
3613:
3480:
3313:
3215:
1947:
1164:
748:
740:
728:
710:
697:
1041:
615:
California's and Texas's petitions (Dockets 19-840 and 19–1019, respectively) under
130:
5359:
4148:
1328:
1016:
721:
685:
681:
647:
623:
571:
550:
542:
419:
377:
349:
325:
232:
212:
192:
151:
17:
3123:
1642:
902:"Senate Republicans' effort to 'repeal and replace' Obamacare all but collapses"
659:
224:
127:
1732:"Biden applauds Supreme Court ACA decision, says it is a victory for Americans"
1217:"Challenge to Obamacare could leave 20 million people without health insurance"
818:"Supreme Court dismisses challenge to Affordable Care Act, leaving it in place"
435:
By December 2017, President Trump signed into law a large tax relief bill, the
4051:
2746:
1708:
736:
161:
4830:
Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank
4093:
College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board
1778:
1160:"17 attorneys general are appealing the court decision overturning Obamacare"
528:
to bring the challenge to the original suit. The oral hearings before Judges
1299:"Appeals Court Seems Skeptical About Constitutionality of Obamacare Mandate"
1221:
1045:
705:
134:
4069:
San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee
2616:
Oregon Waste Systems, Inc. v. Department of Environmental Quality of Oregon
567:
Constitutional challenges to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
2078:
Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission
1866:
1332:
878:
597:
389:
155:
2648:
United Haulers Ass'n v. Oneida-Herkimer Solid Waste Management Authority
460:
In February 2018, Texas led 19 other states in a federal lawsuit in the
74:
California, et al. v. Texas, et al.; Texas, et al. v. California, et al.
1803:
1681:
261:
Breyer, joined by Roberts, Thomas, Sotomayor, Kagan, Kavanaugh, Barrett
443:
starting in 2019. The elimination of the penalty was estimated by the
4670:
Walker Process Equipment, Inc. v. Food Machinery & Chemical Corp.
4266:
Quality King Distributors Inc., v. L'anza Research International Inc.
1815:
1508:"Justices will hear argument in ACA case one week after Election Day"
1347:"Obamacare Insurance Mandate Is Struck Down by Federal Appeals Court"
2971:
Hodel v. Virginia Surface Mining & Reclamation Association, Inc.
4622:
Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. v. Supermarket Equipment Corp.
3372:
Consolidated Safety-Valve Co. v. Crosby Steam Gauge & Valve Co.
1403:"GOP states tell Supreme Court to wait on reviewing ObamaCare case"
27:
This article is about the Supreme Court case. For the rivalry, see
1651:
1431:"Trump administration asks Supreme Court to strike down Obamacare"
1012:"The Federal Government Abandons the Most Popular Part of the ACA"
846:"Supreme Court Upholds Health Care Law, 5-4, in Victory for Obama"
570:
755:
criticized the ACA and called on Congress to improve healthcare.
1678:"U.S. Supreme Court rejects Trump-backed challenge to Obamacare"
1594:
1566:
1538:
148:
6280:
6074:
5763:
5727:
5627:
5585:
5378:
5260:
5180:
5106:
4838:
J. E. M. Ag Supply, Inc. v. Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc.
3154:
3097:
2367:
2250:
2202:
2157:
2104:
2035:
1982:
1929:
1887:
900:
Eilperin, Juliet; Sullivan, Sean; O'Keefe, Ed (July 18, 2017).
462:
United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas
50:
4133:
Lexmark International, Inc. v. Static Control Components, Inc.
4003:
Motion Picture Patents Co. v. Universal Film Manufacturing Co.
1736:
1647:"Affordable Care Act survives Supreme Court challenge (again)"
1136:
989:
822:
787:
376:
leadership in both houses of Congress and signed by President
4630:
Graver Tank & Manufacturing Co. v. Linde Air Products Co.
1765:"Affordable Care Act Survives Latest Supreme Court Challenge"
1375:"Democrats Ask Supreme Court for Quick Decision on Obamacare"
328:) to zero, effective for months after December 31, 2018. The
4982:
Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc.
4950:
Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc.
1534:"Supreme Court appears willing to leave Obamacare in place"
2787:
Houston East & West Texas Railway Co. v. United States
1800:"U.S. Supreme Court rejects latest challenge to Obamacare"
930:"The final GOP tax bill is complete. Here's what is in it"
364:
constitutionality of the individual mandate in this case.
1452:"Supreme Court Will Not Rule Quickly on Obamacare Appeal"
1132:"Federal judge in Texas strikes down Affordable Care Act"
4638:
Aro Manufacturing Co. v. Convertible Top Replacement Co.
4234:
Feist Publications, Inc., v. Rural Telephone Service Co.
5999:
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
5930:
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
5675:
Northeast Bancorp v. Federal Reserve Board of Governors
3067:
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
2416:
Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois
2349:
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
1618:"Supreme Court dismisses challenge to Obama health law"
404:
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
308:
case that dealt with the constitutionality of the 2010
6337:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Roberts Court
4101:
Cooper Industries, Inc. v. Leatherman Tool Group, Inc.
3302:
General Talking Pictures Corp. v. Western Electric Co.
1188:"House, Four New States Allowed To Intervene In Texas"
591:
The California-led group filed a petition for writ of
4354:
Fourth Estate Public Benefit Corp. v. Wall-Street.com
4194:
Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.
3270:
Hollister v. Benedict & Burnham Manufacturing Co.
2520:
Hunt v. Washington State Apple Advertising Commission
956:
Kaplan, Thomas; Rappeport, Alan (December 19, 2017).
816:
de Vogue, Ariane; Duster, Chandelis (June 18, 2021).
575:
Map of states involved after cases were consolidated
147:
Affirmed in part, vacated in part, and remanded, 945
4934:
Stanford University v. Roche Molecular Systems, Inc.
4520:
Fortnightly Corp. v. United Artists Television, Inc.
4061:
Inwood Laboratories, Inc. v. Ives Laboratories, Inc.
3356:
City of Elizabeth v. American Nicholson Pavement Co.
2995:
Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority
2680:
Tennessee Wine and Spirits Retailers Assn. v. Thomas
1271:"Appellate court raises potential new threat to ACA"
986:"20 states challenge constitutionality of Obamacare"
6253:
6226:
6207:
6188:
6161:
6134:
6083:
6045:
6017:
5948:
5897:
5870:
5772:
5418:
5395:
5056:
4846:
Festo Corp. v. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co.
4710:
Anderson's-Black Rock, Inc. v. Pavement Salvage Co.
4554:
4388:
4175:
4050:
4021:
3991:
3858:
3773:
3720:
3515:
3390:
3312:
3250:
3205:
3168:
3111:
2698:
2381:
1671:
1669:
1130:de Vogue, Ariane; Luhby, Tami (December 14, 2018).
281:
273:
265:
257:
252:
181:
170:
116:
111:
93:
79:
69:
62:
41:
4566:Continental Paper Bag Co. v. Eastern Paper Bag Co.
4416:Order of St. Benedict of New Jersey v. Steinhauser
2576:South-Central Timber Development, Inc. v. Wunnicke
5226:Immigration and Naturalization Service v. St. Cyr
4870:Illinois Tool Works Inc. v. Independent Ink, Inc.
4806:Warner-Jenkinson Co. v. Hilton Davis Chemical Co.
4606:Sinclair & Carroll Co. v. Interchemical Corp.
4109:TrafFix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc.
2891:United States v. South-Eastern Underwriters Ass'n
1704:"Court again leaves Affordable Care Act in place"
1562:"Joe Biden vows to bring back Individual Mandate"
958:"Republican Tax Bill Passes Senate in 51-48 Vote"
5242:Department of Homeland Security v. Thuraissigiam
5084:Patent and Trademark Office v. Booking.com B. V.
5038:TC Heartland LLC v. Kraft Foods Group Brands LLC
4117:Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp.
3662:United Dictionary Co. v. G. & C. Merriam Co.
2664:Comptroller of the Treasury of Maryland v. Wynne
2568:White v. Mass. Council of Construction Employers
2224:Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha
684:wrote the dissenting opinion, joined by Justice
330:District Court of the Northern District of Texas
6332:United States Constitution Article One case law
5539:Energy Reserves Group v. Kansas P. & L. Co.
5006:Akamai Techs., Inc. v. Limelight Networks, Inc.
4782:Bonito Boats, Inc. v. Thunder Craft Boats, Inc.
4338:American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc.
2811:A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States
1060:"Federal judge in Texas strikes down ObamaCare"
507:Association of American Physicians and Surgeons
5555:Keystone Bituminous Coal Ass'n v. DeBenedictis
5014:Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. v. Sandoz, Inc.
4718:Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Research, Inc.
4504:Miller Music Corp. v. Charles N. Daniels, Inc.
4424:International News Service v. Associated Press
3949:F. W. Woolworth Co. v. Contemporary Arts, Inc.
3941:Fred Fisher Music Co. v. M. Witmark & Sons
3808:White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.
3670:White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.
811:
809:
807:
805:
384:to low-income residents through programs like
5739:
5068:G. & C. Merriam Co. v. Syndicate Pub. Co.
4910:Quanta Computer, Inc. v. LG Electronics, Inc.
4432:L. A. Westermann Co. v. Dispatch Printing Co.
4274:Feltner v. Columbia Pictures Television, Inc.
2939:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
1899:
1429:Flynn, Meagan; Elfrink, Tim (June 25, 2020).
874:"Trump releases plan for replacing Obamacare"
372:The ACA (Obamacare) was passed in 2010 under
8:
4032:Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC
3877:DeJonge and Co. v. Breuker & Kessler Co.
3747:Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC
5499:Home Building & Loan Ass'n v. Blaisdell
4536:Teleprompter Corp. v. Columbia Broadcasting
4346:Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc.
4218:Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid
4186:Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.
3981:Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States
2859:McGoldrick v. Berwind-White Coal Mining Co.
2624:C&A Carbone, Inc. v. Town of Clarkstown
6277:
6071:
5760:
5746:
5732:
5724:
5624:
5582:
5392:
5375:
5257:
5177:
5103:
4854:Merck KGaA v. Integra Lifesciences I, Ltd.
3165:
3151:
3108:
3094:
2803:Board of Trade of City of Chicago v. Olsen
2656:Department of Revenue of Kentucky v. Davis
2378:
2364:
2247:
2199:
2154:
2101:
2032:
1979:
1926:
1906:
1892:
1884:
38:
4614:Funk Bros. Seed Co. v. Kalo Inoculant Co.
4512:Pub. Affairs Associates, Inc. v. Rickover
3792:McLoughlin v. Raphael Tuck & Sons Co.
3755:United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc.
3739:Interstate Circuit, Inc. v. United States
3731:Straus v. American Publishers Association
3638:McLoughlin v. Raphael Tuck & Sons Co.
6100:Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.
5975:Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.
4926:Global-Tech Appliances, Inc. v. SEB S.A.
4646:Compco Corp. v. Day-Brite Lighting, Inc.
4400:American Lithographic Co. v. Werkmeister
4322:Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
3630:Bleistein v. Donaldson Lithographing Co.
2843:NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
2552:Kassel v. Consolidated Freightways Corp.
2293:Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.
1480:"Supreme Court to Hear Obamacare Appeal"
6235:Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad Co.
6116:Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad Co.
5531:Allied Structural Steel Co. v. Spannaus
4942:Microsoft Corp. v. i4i Ltd. Partnership
4258:Lotus Dev. Corp. v. Borland Int'l, Inc.
3973:Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Stiffel Co.
3933:Sheldon v. Metro-Goldwyn Pictures Corp.
3558:Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony
2688:National Pork Producers Council v. Ross
2608:Chemical Waste Management, Inc. v. Hunt
2432:George W. Bush & Sons Co. v. Malloy
2301:Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad Co.
1373:Sanger-Katz, Margot (January 3, 2020).
1086:Armour, Stephanie (December 14, 2018).
764:
603:On June 25, the Trump administration's
6352:United States Commerce Clause case law
4894:KSR International Co. v. Teleflex Inc.
4790:Eli Lilly & Co. v. Medtronic, Inc.
4544:Twentieth Century Music Corp. v. Aiken
4210:Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises
2851:United States v. Carolene Products Co.
1401:Weixel, Nathaniel (February 3, 2020).
984:McFarland, Susan (February 27, 2018).
605:Solicitor General of the United States
5699:Polar Tankers, Inc. v. City of Valdez
5459:Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge
5030:Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co.
4998:Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank International
4798:Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc.
4582:United States v. General Electric Co.
4362:Rimini Street Inc. v. Oracle USA Inc.
4330:Petrella v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc.
4165:Romag Fasteners, Inc. v. Fossil, Inc.
4085:Qualitex Co. v. Jacobson Products Co.
2875:United States v. Wrightwood Dairy Co.
2771:Southern Railway Co. v. United States
2400:Willson v. Black-Bird Creek Marsh Co.
1985:Qualifications Clauses of Sections II
1758:
1756:
1754:
1588:Higgens, Tucker (February 10, 2021).
1560:Bursztynsky, Jessica (July 5, 2019).
1532:Higgens, Tucker (November 10, 2020).
1345:Goodnough, Abby (December 18, 2019).
1058:Sullivan, Peter (December 14, 2018).
480:On December 14, 2018, District Judge
36:2021 United States Supreme Court case
7:
5754:United States constitutional tax law
5523:U.S. Trust Co. of N.Y. v. New Jersey
4464:George v. Victor Talking Machine Co.
4378:Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.
4077:Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc.
4011:Morton Salt Co. v. G.S. Suppiger Co.
3800:American Tobacco Co. v. Werckmeister
3654:Werckmeister v. American Tobacco Co.
3646:American Tobacco Co. v. Werckmeister
3019:Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida
2731:Cooper Manufacturing Co. v. Ferguson
2560:Sporhase v. Nebraska ex rel. Douglas
2512:Complete Auto Transit, Inc. v. Brady
1010:Newkirk II, Vann R. (June 8, 2018).
316:followed after the enactment of the
6357:Taxing and Spending Clause case law
5076:Kellogg Co. v. National Biscuit Co.
5022:Kimble v. Marvel Entertainment, LLC
4298:MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.
4125:Moseley v. V Secret Catalogue, Inc.
3832:Caliga v. Inter Ocean Newspaper Co.
3775:International Copyright Act of 1891
2536:Exxon Corp. v. Governor of Maryland
1269:Abutaleb, Yasmeen (June 26, 2019).
928:Long, Heather (December 15, 2017).
511:American Center for Law and Justice
474:United States Department of Justice
6243:Burnet v. Sanford & Brooks Co.
6197:Commissioner v. Glenshaw Glass Co.
4886:MedImmune, Inc. v. Genentech, Inc.
4250:Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.
4141:POM Wonderful LLC v. Coca-Cola Co.
2979:Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana
2963:National League of Cities v. Usery
2528:City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey
2480:Bibb v. Navajo Freight Lines, Inc.
2070:U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton
2009:U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton
1956:Department of Commerce v. New York
1676:Hurley, Lawrence (June 17, 2021).
1186:Keith, Katie (February 15, 2019).
56:Supreme Court of the United States
25:
6362:United States Supreme Court cases
6297:Amendment affecting apportionment
5844:Decline of sovereign tax immunity
4902:Microsoft Corp. v. AT&T Corp.
4862:eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C.
4734:United States v. Glaxo Group Ltd.
4574:Minerals Separation, Ltd. v. Hyde
3925:Washingtonian Pub. Co. v. Pearson
3909:Buck v. Jewell-LaSalle Realty Co.
3763:Broadcast Music, Inc. v. CBS Inc.
2867:United States v. Darby Lumber Co.
2755:United States v. E. C. Knight Co.
2632:West Lynn Creamery, Inc. v. Healy
1844:___ (2021) is available from:
1450:Liptak, Adam (January 21, 2020).
1256:10.1377/forefront.20190514.704702
1215:Alltucker, Ken (March 26, 2019).
1202:10.1377/forefront.20190215.143918
783:"Timeline of the health care law"
164:. granted, 140 S. Ct. 1262 (2020)
6292:Apportionment of representatives
5707:Texas v. New Mexico and Colorado
4814:Pfaff v. Wells Electronics, Inc.
4590:United States v. Univis Lens Co.
4440:Lumiere v. Mae Edna Wilder, Inc.
2504:Hughes v. Alexandria Scrap Corp.
2488:National Bellas Hess v. Illinois
2464:Dean Milk Co. v. City of Madison
2424:Swift & Co. v. United States
1297:Goodnough, Abby (July 9, 2019).
1158:Kliff, Sarah (January 3, 2019).
49:
6302:Origination of bills of revenue
5827:Pollock v. Farmers' L. & T.
5320:Garner v. Board of Public Works
4448:Educational Films Corp. v. Ward
4306:Reed Elsevier, Inc. v. Muchnick
3678:Dun v. Lumbermen's Credit Ass'n
2907:H.P. Hood & Sons v. Du Mond
2456:Southern Pacific Co. v. Arizona
1616:Sherman, Mark (June 17, 2021).
6347:2021 in United States case law
5914:Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co.
3497:Mifflin v. R. H. White Company
2440:Baldwin v. G.A.F. Seelig, Inc.
2309:Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co.
1763:Liptak, Adam (June 17, 2021).
1478:Liptak, Adam (March 2, 2020).
844:Liptak, Adam (June 29, 2012).
781:Smith, Emily (June 28, 2012).
346:Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals
140:Stay granted, 352 F. Supp. 3d
1:
6262:Bowers v. Kerbaugh-Empire Co.
6151:Bowers v. Kerbaugh-Empire Co.
5507:W.B. Worthen Co. v. Kavanaugh
5435:Dartmouth College v. Woodward
4023:Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914
3816:Globe Newspaper Co. v. Walker
3722:Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890
3294:Bauer & Cie. v. O'Donnell
3195:Globe Newspaper Co. v. Walker
2672:South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc.
2592:Healy v. Beer Institute, Inc.
2184:United States v. Munoz-Flores
1506:Howe, Amy (August 19, 2020).
872:Demko, Paul (March 2, 2016).
437:Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017
431:Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017
318:Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017
304:, 593 U.S. 659 (2021), was a
6342:Affordable Care Act lawsuits
6124:Stanton v. Baltic Mining Co.
5991:Stanton v. Baltic Mining Co.
5871:Uniformity of indirect taxes
5609:Canton Railroad Co. v. Rogan
4282:New York Times Co. v. Tasini
3286:Schillinger v. United States
2923:Canton Railroad Co. v. Rogan
2472:Miller Bros. Co. v. Maryland
1876:Supreme Court (slip opinion)
646:and joined by Chief Justice
555:health insurance marketplace
6162:Taxable corporate dividends
5109:Necessary and Proper Clause
4878:LabCorp v. Metabolite, Inc.
4202:Mills Music, Inc. v. Snyder
3686:Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus
2827:Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan
2600:Quill Corp. v. North Dakota
2232:Clinton v. City of New York
1702:Howe, Amy (June 17, 2021).
1118:352 F. Supp. 3d 665
1042:340 F. Supp. 3d 579
445:Congressional Budget Office
342:Donald Trump administration
306:United States Supreme Court
6378:
6189:Taxable corporate earnings
6056:Cooley v. Board of Wardens
6033:Cooley v. Board of Wardens
6019:State import-export duties
5887:Brushaber v. Union Pacific
5788:Brushaber v. Union Pacific
5515:City of El Paso v. Simmons
5162:United States v. Kebodeaux
4654:Wilbur-Ellis Co. v. Kuther
2915:Henderson v. United States
2496:Pike v. Bruce Church, Inc.
2408:Cooley v. Board of Wardens
2253:Taxing and Spending Clause
1867:Oyez (oral argument audio)
1730:Judd, DJ (June 17, 2021).
1120: (N.D. Tex. 2018).
564:
409:Taxing and Spending Clause
288:Case or Controversy Clause
122:Summary judgment granted,
26:
6287:
6276:
6227:Deductions and exemptions
6092:Springer v. United States
6070:
5967:Springer v. United States
5922:United States v. Kahriger
5759:
5651:Virginia v. West Virginia
5637:
5623:
5595:
5581:
5391:
5374:
5274:
5263:No Bills of Attainder or
5256:
5196:
5176:
5154:United States v. Comstock
5116:
5102:
4496:Commissioner v. Wodehouse
3901:Fox Film Corp. v. Knowles
3848:Kalem Co. v. Harper Bros.
3164:
3150:
3107:
3093:
3051:United States v. Morrison
3003:New York v. United States
2899:North American Co. v. SEC
2835:Carter v. Carter Coal Co.
2377:
2363:
2285:Springer v. United States
2263:
2246:
2212:
2198:
2170:
2153:
2117:
2100:
2048:
2031:
1995:
1978:
1942:
1925:
545:, was relatively silent.
286:
186:
175:
48:
6178:United States v. Phellis
6108:Flint v. Stone Tracy Co.
5983:Flint v. Stone Tracy Co.
5443:Sturges v. Crowninshield
5336:Barr v. City of Columbia
5288:Sturges v. Crowninshield
5046:Peter v. NantKwest, Inc.
4678:Graham v. John Deere Co.
4472:KVOS v. Associated Press
4242:Fogerty v. Fantasy, Inc.
4040:Dowling v. United States
3824:Bong v. Campbell Art Co.
3784:Press Pub. Co. v. Monroe
3702:Bong v. Campbell Art Co.
2176:Flint v. Stone Tracy Co.
2131:United States v. Johnson
515:Foundation for Moral Law
277:Alito, joined by Gorsuch
63:Argued November 10, 2020
29:California–Texas rivalry
5959:Hylton v. United States
5858:South Carolina v. Baker
5547:Exxon Corp. v. Eagerton
4750:Sakraida v. Ag Pro Inc.
4528:Goldstein v. California
4456:Fox Film Corp. v. Doyal
3869:Hills and Co. v. Hoover
3840:Hills and Co. v. Hoover
3075:Taylor v. United States
2383:Dormant Commerce Clause
2317:United States v. Butler
2269:Hylton v. United States
2139:Gravel v. United States
2107:Speech or Debate Clause
1093:The Wall Street Journal
735:Texas attorney general
5797:Sovereign tax immunity
5683:New Jersey v. New York
5138:Sabri v. United States
4966:Bowman v. Monsanto Co.
4766:Diamond v. Chakrabarty
4686:United States v. Adams
3965:De Sylva v. Ballentine
3885:Herbert v. Shanley Co.
3710:Henry v. A.B. Dick Co.
3550:Schreiber v. Sharpless
3332:Hotchkiss v. Greenwood
3043:Jones v. United States
3035:United States v. Locke
3011:United States v. Lopez
2341:Sabri v. United States
1325:Texas v. United States
1114:Texas v. United States
1038:Texas v. United States
726:Senate Majority Leader
588:
124:Texas v. United States
6307:Federal voting rights
6216:Crane v. Commissioner
5803:McCulloch v. Maryland
5659:Virginia v. Tennessee
5122:McCulloch v. Maryland
4177:Copyright Act of 1976
3917:Douglas v. Cunningham
3860:Copyright Act of 1909
3566:Thornton v. Schreiber
3517:Copyright Act of 1870
3392:Copyright Act of 1831
3170:Copyright Act of 1790
3132:Juilliard v. Greenman
2947:Katzenbach v. McClung
2779:Hoke v. United States
2544:Reeves, Inc. v. Stake
2448:Edwards v. California
1248:www.healthaffairs.org
574:
565:Further information:
534:Jennifer Walker Elrod
360:under the same case.
65:Decided June 17, 2021
6047:State tonnage duties
5850:Flint v. Stone Tracy
5811:Veazie Bank v. Fenno
5691:Virginia v. Maryland
5588:Import-Export Clause
5475:Stone v. Mississippi
5130:Lambert v. Yellowley
4990:FTC v. Actavis, Inc.
4726:Gottschalk v. Benson
4702:Lear, Inc. v. Adkins
4662:Brulotte v. Thys Co.
3622:Bolles v. Outing Co.
3489:Bolles v. Outing Co.
2333:South Dakota v. Dole
2123:Kilbourn v. Thompson
1329:945 F.3d 355
292:U.S. Const. Art. III
6084:History and purpose
6007:California v. Texas
5938:California v. Texas
5898:Regulatory taxation
5408:Hepburn v. Griswold
5352:Kansas v. Hendricks
5328:De Veau v. Braisted
4598:Altvater v. Freeman
3606:Belford v. Scribner
3590:Thompson v. Hubbard
3574:Banks v. Manchester
3425:Stevens v. Gladding
3324:Pennock v. Dialogue
3252:Patent infringement
2931:Boynton v. Virginia
2795:Hammer v. Dagenhart
2001:Powell v. McCormack
1834:California v. Texas
1436:The Washington Post
1276:The Washington Post
935:The Washington Post
907:The Washington Post
617:California v. Texas
530:Carolyn Dineen King
358:Texas v. California
354:California v. Texas
310:Affordable Care Act
301:California v. Texas
44:Texas v. California
42:California v. Texas
18:Texas v. California
6282:Related provisions
6254:Diminution of loss
6170:Eisner v. Macomber
6143:Eisner v. Macomber
5782:Scope of authority
5643:Florida v. Georgia
5398:Legal Tender Cases
5312:Samuels v. McCurdy
5304:Hawker v. New York
5234:Boumediene v. Bush
4822:Dickinson v. Zurko
4290:Eldred v. Ashcroft
3893:Manners v. Morosco
3694:Scribner v. Straus
3598:Higgins v. Keuffel
3582:Callaghan v. Myers
3465:Higgins v. Keuffel
3457:Callaghan v. Myers
3364:Egbert v. Lippmann
3348:Cochrane v. Deener
3207:Patent Act of 1793
3114:Legal Tender Cases
2883:Wickard v. Filburn
2325:Helvering v. Davis
2205:Presentment Clause
2160:Origination Clause
1932:Enumeration Clause
1915:U.S. Supreme Court
1770:The New York Times
1485:The New York Times
1457:The New York Times
1380:The New York Times
1352:The New York Times
1304:The New York Times
963:The New York Times
851:The New York Times
589:
447:to save more than
197:Associate Justices
6319:
6318:
6315:
6314:
6272:
6271:
6066:
6065:
5835:Davis v. Michigan
5721:
5720:
5717:
5716:
5619:
5618:
5601:Brown v. Maryland
5577:
5576:
5573:
5572:
5467:Bronson v. Kinzie
5451:Ogden v. Saunders
5370:
5369:
5252:
5251:
5210:Ex parte Merryman
5186:Suspension Clause
5172:
5171:
5146:Gonzales v. Raich
5098:
5097:
5094:
5093:
4694:Brenner v. Manson
4488:Buck v. Gallagher
4408:Ferris v. Frohman
4157:Iancu v. Brunetti
3526:Perris v. Hexamer
3505:Mifflin v. Dutton
3401:Wheaton v. Peters
3340:O'Reilly v. Morse
3278:Rowell v. Lindsay
3179:Wheaton v. Peters
3146:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3059:Gonzales v. Raich
2955:Maryland v. Wirtz
2819:Gold Clause Cases
2640:Granholm v. Heald
2392:Brown v. Maryland
2359:
2358:
2242:
2241:
2194:
2193:
2149:
2148:
2096:
2095:
2027:
2026:
1974:
1973:
1964:Trump v. New York
1645:(June 17, 2021).
668:Amy Coney Barrett
609:Noel J. Francisco
586: Respondents
580: Petitioners
297:
296:
245:Amy Coney Barrett
177:unconstitutional.
16:(Redirected from
6369:
6278:
6072:
5906:Head Money Cases
5879:Head Money Cases
5819:Collector v. Day
5774:Authority to tax
5761:
5748:
5741:
5734:
5725:
5625:
5583:
5427:Fletcher v. Peck
5393:
5376:
5296:Ex parte Garland
5258:
5202:Ex parte Bollman
5178:
5104:
4918:Bilski v. Kappos
4774:Diamond v. Diehr
4742:Dann v. Johnston
4226:Stewart v. Abend
3534:Trade-Mark Cases
3417:Stephens v. Cady
3240:Evans v. Hettich
3166:
3157:Copyright Clause
3152:
3109:
3095:
2763:Champion v. Ames
2723:Paul v. Virginia
2707:Gibbons v. Ogden
2379:
2365:
2277:Collector v. Day
2248:
2217:Pocket Veto Case
2200:
2155:
2102:
2054:Ex parte Siebold
2038:Elections Clause
2033:
1980:
1927:
1908:
1901:
1894:
1885:
1880:
1874:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1847:
1820:
1819:
1813:
1811:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1760:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1673:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1622:Associated Press
1613:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1342:
1336:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1127:
1121:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1055:
1049:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1007:
1001:
1000:
998:
996:
981:
975:
974:
972:
970:
953:
947:
946:
944:
942:
925:
919:
918:
916:
914:
897:
891:
890:
888:
886:
869:
863:
862:
860:
858:
841:
835:
834:
832:
830:
813:
800:
799:
797:
795:
778:
772:
769:
585:
579:
450:
442:
416:Republican Party
382:health insurance
182:Court membership
144:(N.D. Tex. 2018)
53:
52:
39:
21:
6377:
6376:
6372:
6371:
6370:
6368:
6367:
6366:
6322:
6321:
6320:
6311:
6283:
6268:
6249:
6222:
6203:
6184:
6157:
6130:
6079:
6062:
6041:
6027:Privilege taxes
6013:
5944:
5893:
5866:
5768:
5755:
5752:
5722:
5713:
5667:Wharton v. Wise
5633:
5615:
5591:
5569:
5414:
5387:
5381:Contract Clause
5366:
5270:
5248:
5192:
5168:
5112:
5111:of Section VIII
5090:
5059:trademark cases
5052:
4958:Kappos v. Hyatt
4758:Parker v. Flook
4550:
4391:copyright cases
4384:
4370:Allen v. Cooper
4314:Golan v. Holder
4171:
4046:
4017:
3987:
3854:
3769:
3716:
3542:Merrell v. Tice
3511:
3473:Holmes v. Hurst
3449:Baker v. Selden
3409:Backus v. Gould
3386:
3308:
3262:Evans v. Jordan
3246:
3201:
3160:
3159:of Section VIII
3138:
3103:
3102:of Section VIII
3081:
2987:EEOC v. Wyoming
2739:Kidd v. Pearson
2715:Passenger Cases
2694:
2584:Maine v. Taylor
2373:
2372:of Section VIII
2370:Commerce Clause
2355:
2259:
2238:
2208:
2190:
2166:
2145:
2113:
2092:
2086:Moore v. Harper
2044:
2023:
2017:Cook v. Gralike
1991:
1970:
1938:
1921:
1912:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1863:
1860:
1854:
1851:
1845:
1829:
1824:
1823:
1809:
1807:
1806:. June 17, 2021
1798:
1797:
1793:
1783:
1781:
1762:
1761:
1752:
1742:
1740:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1714:
1712:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1686:
1684:
1675:
1674:
1667:
1657:
1655:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1626:
1624:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1600:
1598:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1572:
1570:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1544:
1542:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1516:
1514:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1490:
1488:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1462:
1460:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1413:
1411:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1385:
1383:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1357:
1355:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1323:
1319:
1309:
1307:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1281:
1279:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1227:
1225:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1170:
1168:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1142:
1140:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1112:
1108:
1098:
1096:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1070:
1068:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1036:
1032:
1022:
1020:
1009:
1008:
1004:
994:
992:
983:
982:
978:
968:
966:
955:
954:
950:
940:
938:
927:
926:
922:
912:
910:
899:
898:
894:
884:
882:
871:
870:
866:
856:
854:
843:
842:
838:
828:
826:
815:
814:
803:
793:
791:
780:
779:
775:
770:
766:
761:
694:
664:Brett Kavanaugh
656:Sonia Sotomayor
652:Clarence Thomas
640:
628:Brett Kavanaugh
587:
583:
581:
577:
569:
563:
538:Kurt Engelhardt
519:Citizens United
491:
458:
449:US$ 300 billion
448:
440:
433:
428:
370:
335:taxation powers
237:Brett Kavanaugh
235:
223:
221:Sonia Sotomayor
211:
201:Clarence Thomas
86:
64:
58:
43:
37:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6375:
6373:
6365:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6324:
6323:
6317:
6316:
6313:
6312:
6310:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6288:
6285:
6284:
6281:
6274:
6273:
6270:
6269:
6267:
6266:
6257:
6255:
6251:
6250:
6248:
6247:
6239:
6230:
6228:
6224:
6223:
6221:
6220:
6211:
6209:
6205:
6204:
6202:
6201:
6192:
6190:
6186:
6185:
6183:
6182:
6174:
6165:
6163:
6159:
6158:
6156:
6155:
6147:
6138:
6136:
6132:
6131:
6129:
6128:
6120:
6112:
6104:
6096:
6087:
6085:
6081:
6080:
6075:
6068:
6067:
6064:
6063:
6061:
6060:
6051:
6049:
6043:
6042:
6040:
6039:
6038:
6037:
6023:
6021:
6015:
6014:
6012:
6011:
6003:
5995:
5987:
5979:
5971:
5963:
5954:
5952:
5946:
5945:
5943:
5942:
5934:
5926:
5918:
5910:
5901:
5899:
5895:
5894:
5892:
5891:
5883:
5874:
5872:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5864:
5863:
5862:
5854:
5841:
5840:
5839:
5831:
5823:
5815:
5807:
5794:
5793:
5792:
5778:
5776:
5770:
5769:
5764:
5757:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5750:
5743:
5736:
5728:
5719:
5718:
5715:
5714:
5712:
5711:
5703:
5695:
5687:
5679:
5671:
5663:
5655:
5647:
5638:
5635:
5634:
5630:Compact Clause
5628:
5621:
5620:
5617:
5616:
5614:
5613:
5605:
5596:
5593:
5592:
5586:
5579:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5567:
5563:Sveen v. Melin
5559:
5551:
5543:
5535:
5527:
5519:
5511:
5503:
5495:
5491:Block v. Hirsh
5487:
5479:
5471:
5463:
5455:
5447:
5439:
5431:
5422:
5420:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5412:
5403:
5401:
5389:
5388:
5379:
5372:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5365:
5364:
5356:
5348:
5344:Teague v. Lane
5340:
5332:
5324:
5316:
5308:
5300:
5292:
5284:
5280:Calder v. Bull
5275:
5272:
5271:
5261:
5254:
5253:
5250:
5249:
5247:
5246:
5238:
5230:
5222:
5214:
5206:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5181:
5174:
5173:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5166:
5158:
5150:
5142:
5134:
5126:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5107:
5100:
5099:
5096:
5095:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5088:
5080:
5072:
5063:
5061:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5050:
5042:
5034:
5026:
5018:
5010:
5002:
4994:
4986:
4978:
4974:Gunn v. Minton
4970:
4962:
4954:
4946:
4938:
4930:
4922:
4914:
4906:
4898:
4890:
4882:
4874:
4866:
4858:
4850:
4842:
4834:
4826:
4818:
4810:
4802:
4794:
4786:
4778:
4770:
4762:
4754:
4746:
4738:
4730:
4722:
4714:
4706:
4698:
4690:
4682:
4674:
4666:
4658:
4650:
4642:
4634:
4626:
4618:
4610:
4602:
4594:
4586:
4578:
4570:
4561:
4559:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4548:
4540:
4532:
4524:
4516:
4508:
4500:
4492:
4484:
4476:
4468:
4460:
4452:
4444:
4436:
4428:
4420:
4412:
4404:
4395:
4393:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4374:
4366:
4358:
4350:
4342:
4334:
4326:
4318:
4310:
4302:
4294:
4286:
4278:
4270:
4262:
4254:
4246:
4238:
4230:
4222:
4214:
4206:
4198:
4190:
4181:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4161:
4153:
4145:
4137:
4129:
4121:
4113:
4105:
4097:
4089:
4081:
4073:
4065:
4056:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4036:
4027:
4025:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4007:
3998:
3996:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3977:
3969:
3961:
3957:Mazer v. Stein
3953:
3945:
3937:
3929:
3921:
3913:
3905:
3897:
3889:
3881:
3873:
3864:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3844:
3836:
3828:
3820:
3812:
3804:
3796:
3788:
3779:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3759:
3751:
3743:
3735:
3726:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3706:
3698:
3690:
3682:
3674:
3666:
3658:
3650:
3642:
3634:
3626:
3618:
3610:
3602:
3594:
3586:
3578:
3570:
3562:
3554:
3546:
3538:
3530:
3521:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3501:
3493:
3485:
3477:
3469:
3461:
3453:
3445:
3441:Paige v. Banks
3437:
3433:Little v. Hall
3429:
3421:
3413:
3405:
3396:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3380:Voss v. Fisher
3376:
3368:
3360:
3352:
3344:
3336:
3328:
3319:
3317:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3298:
3290:
3282:
3274:
3266:
3257:
3255:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3236:
3232:Evans v. Eaton
3228:
3224:Evans v. Eaton
3220:
3211:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3191:
3187:Paige v. Banks
3183:
3174:
3172:
3162:
3161:
3155:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3128:
3119:
3117:
3105:
3104:
3100:Coinage Clause
3098:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3071:
3063:
3055:
3047:
3039:
3031:
3027:Reno v. Condon
3023:
3015:
3007:
2999:
2991:
2983:
2975:
2967:
2959:
2951:
2943:
2935:
2927:
2919:
2911:
2903:
2895:
2887:
2879:
2871:
2863:
2855:
2847:
2839:
2831:
2823:
2815:
2807:
2799:
2791:
2783:
2775:
2767:
2759:
2751:
2743:
2735:
2727:
2719:
2711:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2684:
2676:
2668:
2660:
2652:
2644:
2636:
2628:
2620:
2612:
2604:
2596:
2588:
2580:
2572:
2564:
2556:
2548:
2540:
2532:
2524:
2516:
2508:
2500:
2492:
2484:
2476:
2468:
2460:
2452:
2444:
2436:
2428:
2420:
2412:
2404:
2396:
2387:
2385:
2375:
2374:
2368:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2345:
2337:
2329:
2321:
2313:
2305:
2297:
2289:
2281:
2273:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2251:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2228:
2220:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2207:of Section VII
2203:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2180:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2158:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2135:
2127:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2105:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2082:
2074:
2066:
2062:Smiley v. Holm
2058:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2036:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2013:
2005:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1983:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1960:
1952:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1930:
1923:
1922:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1903:
1896:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1849:Google Scholar
1828:
1827:External links
1825:
1822:
1821:
1791:
1750:
1722:
1694:
1665:
1634:
1608:
1580:
1552:
1524:
1498:
1470:
1442:
1421:
1393:
1365:
1337:
1317:
1289:
1261:
1235:
1207:
1193:Health Affairs
1178:
1150:
1122:
1106:
1078:
1050:
1030:
1002:
976:
948:
920:
892:
864:
836:
801:
773:
763:
762:
760:
757:
753:Elise Stefanik
745:Kevin McCarthy
714:Xavier Becerra
693:
690:
644:Stephen Breyer
639:
636:
582:
576:
562:
559:
499:2020 elections
490:
487:
457:
456:District Court
454:
432:
429:
427:
424:
369:
366:
322:26 U.S.C.
295:
294:
284:
283:
279:
278:
275:
271:
270:
267:
263:
262:
259:
255:
254:
250:
249:
248:
247:
209:Stephen Breyer
198:
195:
190:
184:
183:
179:
178:
173:
172:
168:
167:
166:
165:
159:
145:
138:
118:
114:
113:
109:
108:
95:
91:
90:
81:
77:
76:
71:
70:Full case name
67:
66:
60:
59:
54:
46:
45:
35:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6374:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6329:
6327:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6289:
6286:
6279:
6275:
6264:
6263:
6259:
6258:
6256:
6252:
6245:
6244:
6240:
6237:
6236:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6225:
6218:
6217:
6213:
6212:
6210:
6208:Taxable gains
6206:
6199:
6198:
6194:
6193:
6191:
6187:
6180:
6179:
6175:
6172:
6171:
6167:
6166:
6164:
6160:
6153:
6152:
6148:
6145:
6144:
6140:
6139:
6137:
6133:
6126:
6125:
6121:
6118:
6117:
6113:
6110:
6109:
6105:
6102:
6101:
6097:
6094:
6093:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6082:
6078:
6077:Amendment XVI
6073:
6069:
6058:
6057:
6053:
6052:
6050:
6048:
6044:
6035:
6034:
6030:
6029:
6028:
6025:
6024:
6022:
6020:
6016:
6009:
6008:
6004:
6001:
6000:
5996:
5993:
5992:
5988:
5985:
5984:
5980:
5977:
5976:
5972:
5969:
5968:
5964:
5961:
5960:
5956:
5955:
5953:
5951:
5947:
5940:
5939:
5935:
5932:
5931:
5927:
5924:
5923:
5919:
5916:
5915:
5911:
5908:
5907:
5903:
5902:
5900:
5896:
5889:
5888:
5884:
5881:
5880:
5876:
5875:
5873:
5869:
5860:
5859:
5855:
5852:
5851:
5847:
5846:
5845:
5842:
5837:
5836:
5832:
5829:
5828:
5824:
5821:
5820:
5816:
5813:
5812:
5808:
5805:
5804:
5800:
5799:
5798:
5795:
5790:
5789:
5785:
5784:
5783:
5780:
5779:
5777:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5762:
5758:
5749:
5744:
5742:
5737:
5735:
5730:
5729:
5726:
5709:
5708:
5704:
5701:
5700:
5696:
5693:
5692:
5688:
5685:
5684:
5680:
5677:
5676:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5656:
5653:
5652:
5648:
5645:
5644:
5640:
5639:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5622:
5611:
5610:
5606:
5603:
5602:
5598:
5597:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5580:
5565:
5564:
5560:
5557:
5556:
5552:
5549:
5548:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5536:
5533:
5532:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5520:
5517:
5516:
5512:
5509:
5508:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5496:
5493:
5492:
5488:
5485:
5484:
5483:Smyth v. Ames
5480:
5477:
5476:
5472:
5469:
5468:
5464:
5461:
5460:
5456:
5453:
5452:
5448:
5445:
5444:
5440:
5437:
5436:
5432:
5429:
5428:
5424:
5423:
5421:
5417:
5410:
5409:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5400:
5399:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5377:
5373:
5362:
5361:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5341:
5338:
5337:
5333:
5330:
5329:
5325:
5322:
5321:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5301:
5298:
5297:
5293:
5290:
5289:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5277:
5276:
5273:
5269:of Section IX
5268:
5266:
5265:Ex post facto
5259:
5255:
5244:
5243:
5239:
5236:
5235:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5218:Ex parte Endo
5215:
5212:
5211:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5199:
5198:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5185:
5184:Habeas corpus
5179:
5175:
5164:
5163:
5159:
5156:
5155:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5119:
5118:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5101:
5086:
5085:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5060:
5055:
5048:
5047:
5043:
5040:
5039:
5035:
5032:
5031:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4819:
4816:
4815:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4651:
4648:
4647:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4553:
4546:
4545:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4480:Gibbs v. Buck
4477:
4474:
4473:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4387:
4380:
4379:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4174:
4167:
4166:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4013:
4012:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3993:Patent misuse
3990:
3983:
3982:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3857:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3712:
3711:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3614:Brady v. Daly
3611:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3481:Brady v. Daly
3478:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:Patentability
3311:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3249:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3216:Tyler v. Tuel
3213:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3149:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3092:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1948:Utah v. Evans
1945:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1916:
1909:
1904:
1902:
1897:
1895:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1877:
1868:
1859:
1850:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1817:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1792:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1726:
1723:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1698:
1695:
1683:
1679:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1609:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1584:
1581:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1556:
1553:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1528:
1525:
1513:
1509:
1502:
1499:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1474:
1471:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1446:
1443:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1425:
1422:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1397:
1394:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1369:
1366:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1318:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1293:
1290:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1265:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1236:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1211:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1182:
1179:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1154:
1151:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1107:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1082:
1079:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1031:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1006:
1003:
991:
987:
980:
977:
965:
964:
959:
952:
949:
937:
936:
931:
924:
921:
909:
908:
903:
896:
893:
881:
880:
875:
868:
865:
853:
852:
847:
840:
837:
825:
824:
819:
812:
810:
808:
806:
802:
790:
789:
784:
777:
774:
768:
765:
758:
756:
754:
750:
749:Steve Scalise
746:
742:
741:John Barrasso
738:
733:
730:
729:Chuck Schumer
727:
723:
720:
719:House Speaker
715:
712:
711:HHS Secretary
707:
702:
699:
698:Steve Vladeck
691:
689:
687:
683:
678:
676:
671:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
650:and Justices
649:
645:
637:
635:
631:
629:
625:
620:
618:
612:
610:
606:
601:
599:
594:
573:
568:
561:Supreme Court
560:
558:
556:
552:
546:
544:
539:
535:
531:
527:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
495:Fifth Circuit
489:Fifth Circuit
488:
486:
483:
482:Reed O'Connor
478:
475:
471:
467:
466:Texas v. Azar
463:
455:
453:
446:
438:
430:
425:
423:
421:
417:
414:In 2016, the
412:
410:
406:
405:
400:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
367:
365:
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
338:
336:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
302:
293:
289:
285:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
253:Case opinions
251:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:Chief Justice
188:
187:
185:
180:
174:
169:
163:
160:
157:
153:
150:
146:
143:
139:
136:
132:
129:
125:
121:
120:
119:
115:
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82:
78:
75:
72:
68:
61:
57:
47:
40:
34:
30:
19:
6260:
6241:
6233:
6214:
6195:
6176:
6168:
6149:
6141:
6122:
6114:
6106:
6098:
6090:
6054:
6031:
6026:
6006:
6005:
5997:
5989:
5981:
5973:
5965:
5957:
5950:Direct taxes
5937:
5936:
5928:
5920:
5912:
5904:
5885:
5877:
5856:
5848:
5843:
5833:
5825:
5817:
5809:
5801:
5796:
5786:
5781:
5705:
5697:
5689:
5681:
5673:
5665:
5657:
5649:
5641:
5632:of Section X
5607:
5599:
5590:of Section X
5561:
5553:
5545:
5537:
5529:
5521:
5513:
5505:
5497:
5489:
5481:
5473:
5465:
5457:
5449:
5441:
5433:
5425:
5406:
5396:
5360:Smith v. Doe
5358:
5350:
5342:
5334:
5326:
5318:
5310:
5302:
5294:
5286:
5278:
5264:
5240:
5232:
5224:
5216:
5208:
5200:
5183:
5160:
5152:
5144:
5136:
5128:
5120:
5082:
5074:
5066:
5044:
5036:
5028:
5020:
5012:
5004:
4996:
4988:
4980:
4972:
4964:
4956:
4948:
4940:
4932:
4924:
4916:
4908:
4900:
4892:
4884:
4876:
4868:
4860:
4852:
4844:
4836:
4828:
4820:
4812:
4804:
4796:
4788:
4780:
4772:
4764:
4756:
4748:
4740:
4732:
4724:
4716:
4708:
4700:
4692:
4684:
4676:
4668:
4660:
4652:
4644:
4636:
4628:
4620:
4612:
4604:
4596:
4588:
4580:
4572:
4564:
4557:patent cases
4542:
4534:
4526:
4518:
4510:
4502:
4494:
4486:
4478:
4470:
4462:
4454:
4446:
4438:
4430:
4422:
4414:
4406:
4398:
4376:
4368:
4360:
4352:
4344:
4336:
4328:
4320:
4312:
4304:
4296:
4288:
4280:
4272:
4264:
4256:
4248:
4240:
4232:
4224:
4216:
4208:
4200:
4192:
4184:
4163:
4155:
4149:Matal v. Tam
4147:
4139:
4131:
4123:
4115:
4107:
4099:
4091:
4083:
4075:
4067:
4059:
4038:
4030:
4009:
4001:
3979:
3971:
3963:
3955:
3947:
3939:
3931:
3923:
3915:
3907:
3899:
3891:
3883:
3875:
3867:
3846:
3838:
3830:
3822:
3814:
3806:
3798:
3790:
3782:
3761:
3753:
3745:
3737:
3729:
3708:
3700:
3692:
3684:
3676:
3668:
3660:
3652:
3644:
3636:
3628:
3620:
3612:
3604:
3596:
3588:
3580:
3572:
3564:
3556:
3548:
3540:
3532:
3524:
3503:
3495:
3487:
3479:
3471:
3463:
3455:
3447:
3439:
3431:
3423:
3415:
3407:
3399:
3378:
3370:
3362:
3354:
3346:
3338:
3330:
3322:
3300:
3292:
3284:
3276:
3268:
3260:
3238:
3230:
3222:
3214:
3193:
3185:
3177:
3130:
3122:
3112:
3073:
3065:
3057:
3049:
3041:
3033:
3025:
3017:
3009:
3001:
2993:
2985:
2977:
2969:
2961:
2953:
2945:
2937:
2929:
2921:
2913:
2905:
2897:
2889:
2881:
2873:
2865:
2857:
2849:
2841:
2833:
2825:
2817:
2809:
2801:
2793:
2785:
2777:
2769:
2761:
2753:
2745:
2737:
2729:
2721:
2713:
2705:
2686:
2678:
2670:
2662:
2654:
2646:
2638:
2630:
2622:
2614:
2606:
2598:
2590:
2582:
2574:
2566:
2558:
2550:
2542:
2534:
2526:
2518:
2510:
2502:
2494:
2486:
2478:
2470:
2462:
2454:
2446:
2438:
2430:
2422:
2414:
2406:
2398:
2390:
2347:
2339:
2331:
2323:
2315:
2307:
2299:
2291:
2283:
2275:
2267:
2257:Section VIII
2230:
2222:
2182:
2174:
2137:
2129:
2121:
2084:
2076:
2068:
2060:
2052:
2015:
2007:
1999:
1962:
1954:
1946:
1833:
1814:– via
1808:. Retrieved
1794:
1782:. Retrieved
1768:
1741:. Retrieved
1735:
1725:
1713:. Retrieved
1707:
1697:
1685:. Retrieved
1656:. Retrieved
1650:
1643:Benen, Steve
1637:
1625:. Retrieved
1611:
1601:February 10,
1599:. Retrieved
1593:
1583:
1571:. Retrieved
1565:
1555:
1545:November 10,
1543:. Retrieved
1537:
1527:
1515:. Retrieved
1511:
1501:
1489:. Retrieved
1483:
1473:
1461:. Retrieved
1455:
1445:
1434:
1424:
1412:. Retrieved
1406:
1396:
1384:. Retrieved
1378:
1368:
1356:. Retrieved
1350:
1340:
1324:
1320:
1308:. Retrieved
1302:
1292:
1280:. Retrieved
1274:
1264:
1247:
1238:
1226:. Retrieved
1220:
1210:
1191:
1181:
1169:. Retrieved
1163:
1153:
1141:. Retrieved
1135:
1125:
1113:
1109:
1097:. Retrieved
1091:
1081:
1071:December 15,
1069:. Retrieved
1063:
1053:
1037:
1033:
1021:. Retrieved
1017:The Atlantic
1015:
1005:
993:. Retrieved
979:
967:. Retrieved
961:
951:
939:. Retrieved
933:
923:
911:. Retrieved
905:
895:
883:. Retrieved
877:
867:
855:. Retrieved
849:
839:
827:. Retrieved
821:
792:. Retrieved
786:
776:
767:
734:
722:Nancy Pelosi
703:
695:
686:Neil Gorsuch
682:Samuel Alito
679:
674:
672:
648:John Roberts
641:
632:
626:and Justice
624:John Roberts
621:
616:
613:
602:
592:
590:
551:severability
547:
543:Jimmy Carter
523:
502:
492:
479:
469:
465:
459:
434:
426:Case history
420:Donald Trump
413:
402:
378:Barack Obama
371:
362:
357:
353:
339:
326:§ 5000A
313:
300:
299:
298:
282:Laws applied
240:
233:Neil Gorsuch
228:
216:
213:Samuel Alito
204:
193:John Roberts
123:
112:Case history
102:
73:
33:
5267:Laws Clause
3124:Knox v. Lee
2164:Section VII
1573:February 1,
1335: 2019).
1048: 2018).
1044:, 593 (
660:Elena Kagan
399:Republicans
266:Concurrence
225:Elena Kagan
128:F. Supp. 3d
80:Docket nos.
6326:Categories
5190:Section IX
4052:Lanham Act
2747:In re Debs
2111:Section VI
2042:Section IV
1936:Section II
1709:SCOTUSblog
1517:August 20,
1512:SCOTUSblog
759:References
737:Ken Paxton
704:President
675:California
593:certiorari
394:income tax
374:Democratic
368:Background
340:Under the
314:California
5766:Article I
5385:Section X
1918:Article I
1779:0362-4331
1222:USA Today
1046:N.D. Tex.
706:Joe Biden
692:Reactions
350:severable
135:N.D. Tex.
94:Citations
3995:case law
3316:case law
3254:case law
1920:case law
1832:Text of
1810:June 19,
1784:June 19,
1743:June 18,
1715:June 18,
1687:June 17,
1658:June 17,
1627:June 17,
1491:March 2,
1463:March 2,
1414:March 2,
1408:The Hill
1386:March 2,
1358:March 2,
1333:5th Cir.
1310:March 2,
1282:March 2,
1250:. 2019.
1228:March 2,
1171:March 2,
1143:March 2,
1099:March 2,
1065:The Hill
1023:March 2,
995:March 2,
969:March 2,
941:March 2,
913:March 2,
885:March 7,
879:Politico
857:March 7,
829:June 19,
794:March 7,
680:Justice
638:Decision
526:standing
470:Sebelius
390:Medicaid
386:Medicare
258:Majority
156:5th Cir.
1804:Reuters
1682:Reuters
274:Dissent
171:Holding
88:19-1019
6265:(1926)
6246:(1931)
6238:(1915)
6219:(1947)
6200:(1955)
6181:(1921)
6173:(1920)
6154:(1926)
6146:(1920)
6135:Income
6127:(1916)
6119:(1915)
6111:(1911)
6103:(1895)
6095:(1881)
6059:(1851)
6036:(1851)
6010:(2020)
6002:(2012)
5994:(1916)
5986:(1911)
5978:(1895)
5970:(1881)
5962:(1796)
5941:(2020)
5933:(2012)
5925:(1953)
5917:(1922)
5909:(1884)
5890:(1915)
5882:(1884)
5861:(1988)
5853:(1911)
5838:(1989)
5830:(1895)
5822:(1871)
5814:(1869)
5806:(1819)
5791:(1915)
5710:(2018)
5702:(2009)
5694:(2003)
5686:(1998)
5678:(1985)
5670:(1894)
5662:(1893)
5654:(1871)
5646:(1855)
5612:(1951)
5604:(1827)
5566:(2018)
5558:(1987)
5550:(1983)
5542:(1983)
5534:(1978)
5526:(1977)
5518:(1965)
5510:(1935)
5502:(1934)
5494:(1921)
5486:(1898)
5478:(1880)
5470:(1843)
5462:(1837)
5454:(1827)
5446:(1819)
5438:(1819)
5430:(1810)
5419:Others
5411:(1870)
5363:(2003)
5355:(1997)
5347:(1989)
5339:(1964)
5331:(1960)
5323:(1951)
5315:(1925)
5307:(1898)
5299:(1866)
5291:(1819)
5283:(1798)
5245:(2020)
5237:(2008)
5229:(2001)
5221:(1944)
5213:(1861)
5205:(1807)
5165:(2013)
5157:(2010)
5149:(2005)
5141:(2004)
5133:(1926)
5125:(1819)
5087:(2020)
5079:(1938)
5071:(1915)
5057:Other
5049:(2019)
5041:(2017)
5033:(2016)
5025:(2015)
5017:(2015)
5009:(2014)
5001:(2014)
4993:(2013)
4985:(2013)
4977:(2013)
4969:(2013)
4961:(2012)
4953:(2012)
4945:(2011)
4937:(2011)
4929:(2011)
4921:(2010)
4913:(2008)
4905:(2007)
4897:(2007)
4889:(2007)
4881:(2006)
4873:(2006)
4865:(2006)
4857:(2005)
4849:(2002)
4841:(2001)
4833:(1999)
4825:(1999)
4817:(1998)
4809:(1997)
4801:(1996)
4793:(1990)
4785:(1989)
4777:(1981)
4769:(1980)
4761:(1978)
4753:(1976)
4745:(1976)
4737:(1973)
4729:(1972)
4721:(1971)
4713:(1969)
4705:(1969)
4697:(1966)
4689:(1966)
4681:(1966)
4673:(1965)
4665:(1964)
4657:(1964)
4649:(1964)
4641:(1961)
4633:(1950)
4625:(1950)
4617:(1948)
4609:(1945)
4601:(1943)
4593:(1942)
4585:(1926)
4577:(1916)
4569:(1908)
4555:Other
4547:(1975)
4539:(1974)
4531:(1973)
4523:(1968)
4515:(1962)
4507:(1960)
4499:(1949)
4491:(1939)
4483:(1939)
4475:(1936)
4467:(1934)
4459:(1932)
4451:(1931)
4443:(1923)
4435:(1919)
4427:(1918)
4419:(1914)
4411:(1912)
4403:(1911)
4389:Other
4381:(2020)
4373:(2020)
4365:(2019)
4357:(2019)
4349:(2017)
4341:(2014)
4333:(2014)
4325:(2013)
4317:(2012)
4309:(2010)
4301:(2005)
4293:(2003)
4285:(2001)
4277:(1998)
4269:(1998)
4261:(1996)
4253:(1994)
4245:(1994)
4237:(1991)
4229:(1990)
4221:(1989)
4213:(1985)
4205:(1985)
4197:(1984)
4189:(1977)
4168:(2020)
4160:(2019)
4152:(2017)
4144:(2014)
4136:(2014)
4128:(2003)
4120:(2003)
4112:(2001)
4104:(2001)
4096:(1999)
4088:(1995)
4080:(1992)
4072:(1987)
4064:(1982)
4043:(1985)
4035:(1941)
4014:(1942)
4006:(1917)
3984:(1973)
3976:(1964)
3968:(1956)
3960:(1954)
3952:(1952)
3944:(1943)
3936:(1940)
3928:(1939)
3920:(1935)
3912:(1931)
3904:(1923)
3896:(1920)
3888:(1917)
3880:(1914)
3872:(1911)
3851:(1911)
3843:(1911)
3835:(1909)
3827:(1909)
3819:(1908)
3811:(1908)
3803:(1907)
3795:(1903)
3787:(1896)
3766:(1979)
3758:(1948)
3750:(1941)
3742:(1939)
3734:(1913)
3713:(1912)
3705:(1909)
3697:(1908)
3689:(1908)
3681:(1908)
3673:(1908)
3665:(1907)
3657:(1907)
3649:(1907)
3641:(1903)
3633:(1903)
3625:(1899)
3617:(1899)
3609:(1892)
3601:(1891)
3593:(1889)
3585:(1888)
3577:(1888)
3569:(1888)
3561:(1884)
3553:(1884)
3545:(1881)
3537:(1879)
3529:(1879)
3508:(1903)
3500:(1903)
3492:(1899)
3484:(1899)
3476:(1899)
3468:(1891)
3460:(1888)
3452:(1879)
3444:(1872)
3436:(1856)
3428:(1854)
3420:(1853)
3412:(1849)
3404:(1834)
3383:(1885)
3375:(1885)
3367:(1881)
3359:(1878)
3351:(1876)
3343:(1853)
3335:(1851)
3327:(1829)
3305:(1938)
3297:(1913)
3289:(1894)
3281:(1885)
3273:(1885)
3265:(1815)
3243:(1822)
3235:(1822)
3227:(1818)
3219:(1810)
3198:(1908)
3190:(1872)
3182:(1834)
3135:(1884)
3127:(1871)
3078:(2016)
3070:(2012)
3062:(2005)
3054:(2000)
3046:(2000)
3038:(2000)
3030:(2000)
3022:(1996)
3014:(1995)
3006:(1992)
2998:(1985)
2990:(1983)
2982:(1981)
2974:(1981)
2966:(1976)
2958:(1968)
2950:(1964)
2942:(1964)
2934:(1960)
2926:(1951)
2918:(1950)
2910:(1949)
2902:(1946)
2894:(1944)
2886:(1942)
2878:(1942)
2870:(1941)
2862:(1940)
2854:(1938)
2846:(1937)
2838:(1936)
2830:(1935)
2822:(1935)
2814:(1935)
2806:(1923)
2798:(1918)
2790:(1914)
2782:(1913)
2774:(1911)
2766:(1903)
2758:(1895)
2750:(1895)
2742:(1888)
2734:(1885)
2726:(1869)
2718:(1849)
2710:(1824)
2699:Others
2691:(2023)
2683:(2019)
2675:(2018)
2667:(2015)
2659:(2008)
2651:(2007)
2643:(2005)
2635:(1994)
2627:(1994)
2619:(1994)
2611:(1992)
2603:(1992)
2595:(1989)
2587:(1986)
2579:(1984)
2571:(1983)
2563:(1982)
2555:(1981)
2547:(1980)
2539:(1978)
2531:(1978)
2523:(1977)
2515:(1977)
2507:(1976)
2499:(1970)
2491:(1967)
2483:(1959)
2475:(1954)
2467:(1951)
2459:(1945)
2451:(1941)
2443:(1935)
2435:(1925)
2427:(1905)
2419:(1886)
2411:(1852)
2403:(1829)
2395:(1827)
2352:(2012)
2344:(2004)
2336:(1987)
2328:(1937)
2320:(1936)
2312:(1922)
2304:(1916)
2296:(1895)
2288:(1881)
2280:(1871)
2272:(1796)
2235:(1998)
2227:(1983)
2219:(1929)
2187:(1990)
2179:(1911)
2142:(1972)
2134:(1966)
2126:(1881)
2089:(2023)
2081:(2015)
2073:(1995)
2065:(1932)
2057:(1879)
2020:(2001)
2012:(1995)
2004:(1969)
1967:(2020)
1959:(2019)
1951:(2002)
1879:
1873:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1858:Justia
1855:
1852:
1846:
1816:CBC.ca
1777:
1331: (
666:, and
584:
578:
536:, and
517:, and
503:et al.
324:
269:Thomas
243:
241:·
239:
231:
229:·
227:
219:
217:·
215:
207:
205:·
203:
126:, 340
84:19-840
1840:
1652:MSNBC
441:US$ 0
158:2019)
137:2018)
117:Prior
101:659 (
1987:and
1842:U.S.
1812:2021
1786:2021
1775:ISSN
1745:2021
1717:2021
1689:2021
1660:2021
1629:2021
1603:2021
1595:CNBC
1575:2021
1567:CNBC
1547:2020
1539:CNBC
1519:2020
1493:2020
1465:2020
1416:2020
1388:2020
1360:2020
1312:2020
1284:2020
1230:2020
1173:2020
1145:2020
1101:2020
1073:2018
1025:2020
997:2020
971:2020
943:2020
915:2020
887:2020
859:2020
831:2021
796:2020
751:and
724:and
598:ripe
388:and
356:and
162:Cert
149:F.3d
104:more
99:U.S.
97:593
5383:of
5188:of
2255:of
2162:of
2109:of
2040:of
1989:III
1934:of
1838:593
1737:CNN
1252:doi
1198:doi
1165:Vox
1137:CNN
990:UPI
823:CNN
788:CNN
152:355
142:665
131:579
6328::
1836:,
1802:.
1773:.
1767:.
1753:^
1734:.
1706:.
1680:.
1668:^
1649:.
1620:.
1592:.
1564:.
1536:.
1510:.
1482:.
1454:.
1433:.
1405:.
1377:.
1349:.
1327:,
1301:.
1273:.
1246:.
1219:.
1196:.
1190:.
1162:.
1134:.
1116:,
1090:.
1062:.
1040:,
1014:.
988:.
960:.
932:.
904:.
876:.
848:.
820:.
804:^
785:.
747:,
662:,
658:,
654:,
619:.
607:,
532:,
521:.
513:,
509:,
411:.
337:.
290:,
5747:e
5740:t
5733:v
1907:e
1900:t
1893:v
1818:.
1788:.
1747:.
1719:.
1691:.
1662:.
1631:.
1605:.
1577:.
1549:.
1521:.
1495:.
1467:.
1439:.
1418:.
1390:.
1362:.
1314:.
1286:.
1258:.
1254::
1232:.
1204:.
1200::
1175:.
1147:.
1103:.
1075:.
1027:.
999:.
973:.
945:.
917:.
889:.
861:.
833:.
798:.
154:(
133:(
107:)
31:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.