Interactive fiction - Knowledge (XXG)

249:. This is because, unlike in most works of fiction, the main character is closely associated with the player, and the events are seen to be happening as the player plays. While older text adventures often identified the protagonist with the player directly, newer games tend to have specific, well-defined protagonists with separate identities from the player. The classic essay "Crimes Against Mimesis" discusses, among other IF issues, the nature of "You" in interactive fiction. A typical response might look something like this, the response to "look in tea chest" at the start of 209:, where going north from area A takes you to area B, but going south from area B did not take you back to area A. This can create mazes that do not behave as players expect, and thus players must maintain their own map. These illogical spaces are much more rare in today's era of 3D gaming, and the Interactive Fiction community in general decries the use of mazes entirely, claiming that mazes have become arbitrary 'puzzles for the sake of puzzles' and that they can, in the hands of inexperienced designers, become immensely frustrating for players to navigate. 3577: 216:('MUDs'). MUDs, which became popular in the mid-1980s, rely on a textual exchange and accept similar commands from players as do works of IF; however, since interactive fiction is single player, and MUDs, by definition, have multiple players, they differ enormously in gameplay styles. MUDs often focus gameplay on activities that involve communities of players, simulated political systems, in-game trading, and other gameplay mechanics that are not possible in a single player environment. 877:(1992). During this period, the Club de Aventuras AD (CAAD), the main Spanish speaking community around interactive fiction in the world, was founded, and after the end of Aventuras AD in 1992, the CAAD continued on its own, first with their own magazine, and then with the advent of Internet, with the launch of an active internet community that still produces interactive non commercial fiction nowadays. 149: 638:. When writing this game, it was not possible to include all of the information in the limited (80KB) disk space, so Infocom created the first feelies for this game; extra items that gave more information than could be included within the digital game itself. These included police interviews, the coroner's findings, letters, crime scene evidence and photos of the murder scene. 1846:, but replaced P with Z for Zork, the celebrated adventure game of 1977–79. The Z-machine evolved during the 1980s but over 30 years later, it remains in use essentially unchanged. Glulx was designed by Andrew Plotkin in the late 1990s as a new-generation IF virtual machine. It overcomes the technical constraint on the Z-machine by being a 32-bit rather than 16-bit processor. 103:", however, graphical text adventure games, where the text is accompanied by graphics (still images, animations or video) still fall under the text adventure category if the main way to interact with the game is by typing text. Some users of the term distinguish between interactive fiction, known as "Puzzle-free", that focuses on narrative, and "text adventures" that focus on 358:). Having just gone through a divorce, he was looking for a way to connect with his two young children. Over the course of a few weekends, he wrote a text based cave exploration game that featured a sort of guide/narrator who spoke in full sentences and who understood simple two word commands that came close to natural English. Adventure was programmed in 1858:. Over time it was ported to other platforms, such as Unix, RISC OS, Mac OS and most recently iOS. Modern Glulx interpreters are based on "Glulxe", by Andrew Plotkin, and "Git", by Iain Merrick. Other interpreters include Zoom for Mac OS X, or for Unix or Linux, maintained by Andrew Hunter, and Spatterlight for Mac OS X, maintained by Tor Andersson. 1071:, further helped to improve the quality and complexity of the games. Modern games go much further than the original "Adventure" style, improving upon Infocom games, which relied extensively on puzzle solving, and to a lesser extent on communication with non player characters, to include experimentation with writing and story-telling techniques. 834:, who produced 70 games in the Italian language. The wave of interactive fiction in Italy lasted for a couple of years thanks to the various magazines promoting the genre, then faded and remains still today a topic of interest for a small group of fans and less known developers, celebrated on Web sites and in related newsgroups. 1670:

which allowed the user to type complex instructions to the game. Unlike earlier works of interactive fiction which only understood commands of the form 'verb noun', Infocom's parser could understand a wider variety of sentences. For instance one might type "open the large door, then go west", or "go

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to take input from their user and respond in a virtual and conversational manner. ELIZA simulated a psychotherapist that appeared to provide human-like responses to the user's input, while SHRDLU employed an artificial intelligence that could move virtual objects around an environment and respond to

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that many interpreters support. A filename ending .zblorb is a story file intended for a Z-machine in a Blorb wrapper, while a filename ending .gblorb is a story file intended for a Glulx in a Blorb wrapper. It is not common but IF files are sometimes also seen without a Blorb wrapping, though this

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are the software used to play the works of interactive fiction created with a development system. Since they need to interact with the player, the "story files" created by development systems are programs in their own right. Rather than running directly on any one computer, they are programs run by

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elements not available in other interactive fiction. While SwordThrust published seven different titles, it was vastly overshadowed by the non-commercial Eamon system which allowed private authors to publish their own titles in the series. By March 1984, there were 48 titles published for the Eamon

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was widely regarded as the best of its era. It accepted complex, complete sentence commands like "put the blue book on the writing desk" at a time when most of its competitors parsers were restricted to simple two word verb-noun combinations such as "put book". The parser was actively upgraded with

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Some IF works dispense with second-person narrative entirely, opting for a first-person perspective ('I') or even placing the player in the position of an observer, rather than a direct participant. In some 'experimental' IF, the concept of self-identification is eliminated, and the player instead

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These materials were very difficult for others to copy or otherwise reproduce, and many included information that was essential to completing the game. Seeing the potential benefits of both aiding game-play immersion and providing a measure of creative copy-protection, in addition to acting as a

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In addition to commercial distribution venues and individual websites, many works of free interactive fiction are distributed through community websites. These include the Interactive Fiction Database (IFDb), The Interactive Fiction Reviews Organization (IFRO), a game catalog and recommendation

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While familiarity with a programming language leads many new authors to attempt to produce their own complete IF application, most established IF authors recommend use of a specialised IF language, arguing that such systems allow authors to avoid the technicalities of producing a full featured

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Some special-purpose interactive fiction development systems were used by the ordinary home computer owner of the 1980s. An important early one was Donald Brown's 1980 freeware system Eamon, a system for creating text-based role-playing games... Eamon was used to create more than 240

1078:, a former Implementor at Infocom, started a new game company, Cascade Mountain Publishing, whose goals were to publish interactive fiction. Despite the Interactive Fiction community providing social and financial backing, Cascade Mountain Publishing went out of business in 2000. 646:

titles together with plot-specific coins and other trinkets. This concept would be expanded as time went on, such that later game feelies would contain passwords, coded instructions, page numbers, or other information that would be required to successfully complete the game.

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Despite their lack of graphics, text adventures include a physical dimension where players move between rooms. Many text adventure games boasted their total number of rooms to indicate how much gameplay they offered. These games are unique in that they may create an

201:), could understand complete sentences. Later parsers could handle increasing levels of complexity parsing sentences such as "open the red box with the green key then go north". This level of complexity is the standard for works of interactive fiction today. 817:

In Italy, interactive fiction games were mainly published and distributed through various magazines in included tapes. The largest number of games were published in the two magazines Viking and Explorer, with versions for the main 8-bit home computers

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Due to their text-only nature, they sidestepped the problem of writing for widely divergent graphics architectures. This feature meant that interactive fiction games were easily ported across all the popular platforms at the time, including

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were also closed in 1985, leaving Infocom as the leading company producing text-only adventure games on the Apple II with sophisticated parsers and writing, and still advertising its lack of graphics as a virtue. The company was bought by

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usually means cover art, help files, and so forth are missing, like a book with the covers torn off. Z-machine story files usually have names ending .z5 or .z8, the number being a version number, and Glulx story files usually end .ulx.

287:, above, for an example). The late Douglas Adams, in designing the IF version of his 'Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy', created a unique solution to the final puzzle of the game: the game requires the one solitary item that the player 1489:

by Admiral Jota (2007). A comedic interactive fiction about an orc finding a pig that escaped from his farm. It won best game, best writing, best individual non-player character, and best individual player character in the 2007

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new features like undo and error correction, and later games would 'understand' multiple sentence input: 'pick up the gem and put it in my bag. take the newspaper clipping out of my bag then burn it with the book of matches'.

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led to the wide success of interactive fiction during the late 1970s, when home computers had little, if any, graphics capability. Many elements of the original game have survived into the present, such as the command

1469:, by Andrew Plotkin (2004). Designed for those new to IF, it provides an extensive help section and tutorials. Although the puzzles are not too difficult, it can be a challenge for both novice and experienced players. 115:(not known for gaming or strong graphics capabilities). The number of interactive fiction works is increasing steadily as new ones are produced by an online community, using freely available development systems. 157:

is one of the first interactive fiction games, as well as being one of the first commercially sold. It is one of the most famous interactive fiction games. Here it is portrayed running on Gargoyle, a modern

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is a cornerstone of the online IF community; there currently exist dozens of different independently programmed versions, with additional elements, such as new rooms or puzzles, and various scoring systems.

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The breakthrough that allowed the interactive fiction community to truly prosper, however, was the creation and distribution of two sophisticated development systems. In 1987, Michael J. Roberts released

122:, where the reader is instead given choices at different points in the text; these decisions determine the flow and outcome of the story. The most famous example of this form of printed fiction is the 2547: 295:

takes the role of an inanimate object, a force of nature, or an abstract concept; experimental IF usually pushes the limits of the concept and challenges many assumptions about the medium.

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Interpreters, or virtual machines, which are designed specially for IF. They may be part of the development system, or can be compiled together with the work of fiction as a standalone

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to a Z-Code story file. Each of these systems allowed anyone with sufficient time and dedication to create a game, and caused a growth boom in the online interactive fiction community.

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in 1989. It started out from the ashes of Infocom. The text adventures produced by Legend Entertainment used (high-resolution) graphics as well as sound. Some of their titles include

197:. Parsers may vary in sophistication; the first text adventure parsers could only handle two-word sentences in the form of verb-noun pairs. Later parsers, such as those built on ZIL ( 1059:

Despite the lack of commercial support, the availability of high quality tools allowed enthusiasts of the genre to develop new high quality games. Competitions such as the annual

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The term Implementer was the self-given name of the creators of the text adventure series Zork. It is for this reason that game designers and programmers can be referred to as an

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encompasses topics related to playing interactive fiction games, such as hint requests and game reviews. As of late 2011, discussions between writers have mostly moved from

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Interactive fiction features two distinct modes of writing: the player input and the game output. As described above, player input is expected to be in simple command form (

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deterrent to software piracy, Infocom and later other companies began creating feelies for numerous titles. In 1987, Infocom released a special version of the first three

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questions asked about the environment's shape. The development of effective natural language processing would become an essential part of interactive fiction development.

494:, thus creating the first commercial adventure game. In 1979 he founded Adventure International, the first commercial publisher of interactive fiction. That same year, 2174: 2155: 2136: 2117: 3744: 967: 2035: 1437:(2000). Galatea is focused entirely on interaction with the animated statue of the same name. Galatea has one of the most complex interaction systems for a 837:

In Spain, interactive fiction was considered a minority genre, and was not very successful. The first Spanish interactive fiction commercially released was

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genre. The player uses text input to control the game, and the game state is relayed to the player via text output. Interactive fiction usually relies on

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In a non-technical sense, Infocom was responsible for developing the interactive style that would be emulated by many later interpreters. The Infocom

2273:"Even the description of the volcano, which some writers have claimed was modelled after Mount Doom, was written with no particular vision in mind." 2555: 1650:-like programming language called ZIL (Zork Implementation Language or Zork Interactive Language; it was referred to as both) that compiled into a 979:

After the decline of the commercial interactive fiction market in the 1990s, an online community eventually formed around the medium. In 1987, the

1761:, most games were written for Inform, with a strong minority of games for TADS and ADRIFT, followed by a small number of games for other systems. 2015: 148: 4452: 3823: 3211:

Keller, Daniel. "Reading and playing: what makes interactive fiction unique" p. 276-298. in Williams, J. P., & Smith, J. H. (2007).

3085: 3239: 3220: 3202: 2527: 389:, and in 1977 obtained and expanded Crowther's source code (with Crowther's permission). Woods's changes were reminiscent of the writings of 3289:(IFRO), huge repository for text adventure game reviews written and rated by Interactive Fiction community players and members since 2004. 1074:

While the majority of modern interactive fiction that is developed is distributed for free, there are some commercial endeavors. In 1998,

699:, Infocom's database software program, and stopped producing text adventures a few years later. Soon after Telaium/Trillium also closed. 1250:, by Steve Meretzky of Infocom (1985), a story-heavy, puzzle-light game often touted as Infocom's first serious work of science fiction. 569: 2406: 2866: 2429: 132:" format has also been described as a form of interactive fiction. The term "interactive fiction" is sometimes used also to refer to 4249: 2222: 2059: 3163: 3010: 2283: 1457:

setting, the game integrates meta-game functionality (saving, restoring, restarting) into the game world itself. The game won four

2585: 2093: 2788: 2762: 2686: 2340: 4381: 3979: 3904: 3624: 1662:. As the games were text based and used variants of the same Z-machine interpreter, the interpreter only had to be ported to a 1564: 1398: 1362: 1083: 1060: 2252: 853:, emerged from Dinamic, became the main interactive fiction publisher in Spain, including titles like a Spanish adaptation of 624:(physical props associated with a game). The tradition of 'feelies' (and the term itself) is believed to have originated with 4442: 3355: 1757:, but they diverged in their approach to IF-writing during the 2000s, giving today's IF writers an objective choice. By 2006 3250: 2309: 4177: 3899: 3674: 1802: 1473: 961: 454: 182:

input, although text-to-speech synthesizers allow blind and visually impaired users to play interactive fiction titles as

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programming language. Considered one of the first "modern" games to meet the high standards set by Infocom's best titles.

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Works may be distributed for playing with in a separate interpreter. In which case they are often made available in the

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usually depends on the author's desired balance of ease of use versus power, and the portability of the final product.

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For years, amateurs with the IF community produced interactive fiction works of relatively limited scope using the

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wrote that "the demands of the market are weighted heavily toward hi-res graphics" in games like Sierra's

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Many other companies such as Level 9 Computing, Magnetic Scrolls, Delta 4 and Zenobi had closed by 1992.

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that could be implemented on a large number of platforms, and took standardized "story files" as input.

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and Steve Meretzky of Infocom (1984), involved the author of the original work in the reinterpretation.

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Seegert, Alf. (2009), "'Doing there' vs. 'being there': performing presence in interactive fiction",

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The term can also be used to refer to literary works that are not read in a linear fashion, known as

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for Z-Code story files. As a result, it became possible to play Infocom's work on modern computers.

321:(1968–1970) can formally be considered early examples of interactive fiction, as both programs used 4011: 3961: 3916: 3749: 3077: 2199: 1671:

to the hall". With the Z-machine, Infocom was able to release most of their games for most popular

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for both impressive graphics and realistic physics. In 2004, Legend Entertainment was acquired by

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gaming system for the Apple II. SwordThrust and Eamon were simple two-word parser games with many

4412: 4354: 4016: 3984: 3859: 3836: 3692: 3662: 3497: 3467: 2611: 1941: 1783: 1611: 1172: 845:, for the ZX Spectrum. Later on, in 1987, the same company produced an interactive fiction about 800: 790: 496: 434: 430: 213: 175: 2402: 1843: 4417: 4330: 4325: 3996: 3942: 3851: 3684: 3644: 3447: 3301:(IFDB), a community site where one can find personalized recommendations for IF games to play. 3235: 3216: 3198: 2523: 2218: 2055: 1947: 1909: 1684: 1374: 1369: 1259: 806: 734: 673: 3264:

Robinson Wheeler, J, & Kevin, Jackson-Mead (2014), "IF Theory Reader", JRW Digital Media.

1944:(MUD), which may be considered as a kind of multiplayer or collaborative interactive fiction. 1528:. It is commonly seen as an easy gateway for people to get involved with interactive fiction. 1214:

claimed to be the first game character who evoked a strong emotional commitment from players.

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became the dominant form of the genre on computers with graphics, like the Apple II. By 1982

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in 1999 including the XYZZY Award for Best Game, and had a scholarly essay written about it.

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Probably the first commercial work of interactive fiction produced outside the U.S. was the

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as designated by the "if" graphic that was displayed on startup. Their titles included the

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6. A number of systems for writing interactive fiction now exist. The most popular remain

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began releasing versions of its games with graphics. The company went bankrupt in 1985.

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During the 1990s Interactive fiction was mainly written with C-like languages, such as

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One of the most important early developments was the reverse-engineering of Infocom's

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in two volumes, a collection containing most of Infocom's games, followed in 1996 by

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by Michael Mateas, Andrew Stern and John Grieve (2005). An interactive drama using

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Interactive fiction became a standard product for many software companies. By 1982

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Though neither program was developed as a narrative work, the software programs

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This is a reformatted version of a set of articles originally posted to Usenet:

4359: 4335: 4282: 4170: 3874: 3793: 3401: 1925: 1525: 1442: 1397:(1998), one of the first almost entirely puzzle-free games. It won the annual 1394: 1287: 1202: 1195: 956: 893: 722: 690: 549: 394: 367: 183: 167: 129: 80: 68: 2456: 2306:"Jerz's Introduction (Storytelling and Computer Games; UWEC Panel, May 2001)" 490:. He took out a small ad in a computer magazine in order to promote and sell 4133: 4051: 3754: 3732: 3259: 3032: 2888: 2707: 1897: 1719: 1659: 1651: 1573: 1454: 1350: 1011: 1007: 889: 718: 685: 119: 100: 3331:, the quarterly e-zine of the Society for the Promotion of Adventure Gaming 1628:

The original Interactive fiction Colossal Cave Adventure was programmed in

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played the game and decided to design one of their own, but with graphics.

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once, rather than once each game. Each game file included a sophisticated

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In order to make its games as portable as possible, Infocom developed the

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into interactive fiction, with several independent non-player characters.

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was also directly responsible for the founding of Sierra Online (later

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and influence the environment. Works in this form can be understood as

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Many text adventures, particularly those designed for humour (such as

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The players' realm: studies on the culture of video games and gaming.

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but the project fell through and she ended up releasing it herself.

412:, and was included with the floppy-disk distribution of Microsoft's 3325:– MobyGames examines the history (and future) of this gaming genre. 2633: 2548:"Le collane avventurose in Italia (Adventure game series in Italy)" 4342: 4183: 2940: 1900:, reducing the requirement for an Interpreter or virtual machine. 1871: 1847: 1727: 1531: 1342: 942: 511: 314: 3334: 3316: 2836: 1155:, is considered one of the defining works of interactive fiction. 1893: 1750: 1738: 1711: 1647: 1643: 1538:. It is a "serialized speculative fiction multimedia narrative." 1520: 1230:

game with a large vocabulary and unique character personalities.

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To learn more about the history of interactive fiction, see the

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The largest company producing works of interactive fiction was

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parser, while allowing broad community support. The choice of

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and released for both Microsoft Windows and Microsoft's Xbox.

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Input is usually provided by the player in the form of simple

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XYZZY News - The Magazine for Interactive Fiction Enthusiasts

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The last text adventure created by Legend Entertainment was

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because a filename could only be six characters long in the

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such as "get key" or "go east", which are interpreted by a

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Twisty Little Passages: An Approach to Interactive Fiction

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Twisty Little Passages: An Approach to Interactive Fiction

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Twisty Little Passages: An Approach To Interactive Fiction

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In early 1979, the game was completed. Ten members of the

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to this day. The game has since been ported to many other

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Alternatively, works may be distributed for playing in a

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is interactive fiction authorship and programming, while

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High Score!: The Illustrated History of Electronic Games

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is a modern Z-machine interpreter originally written in

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original), surreal text adventure that has shipped with

572:. The game was programmed in a computer language called 1506:(2014). An interactive adventure based on the novel by 1262:(1986), a trilogy of interactive science fiction games. 927:(1992), while the last game ever created by Legend was 238:

The responses from the game are usually written from a

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Other commercial endeavors include: Peter Nepstad's

4390: 4306: 4270: 4232: 4126: 4119: 4044: 3960: 3935: 3885: 3850: 3822: 3784: 3775: 3713: 3683: 3653: 3610: 3584: 3511: 3488: 3423: 3400: 3391: 3313:, a MediaWiki wiki specific to Interactive Fiction. 1550:(2018). An interactive film in the science fiction 1210:of Infocom (1983), featured Floyd the robot, which 486:, which was loosely patterned after the (original) 2430:"Genuine Zorkmid coin minted for the Zork Trilogy" 1377:(1998) is a highly rated horror story inspired by 587:, often shortened to "Imp", rather than a writer. 79:. These works can also be understood as a form of 56:simulating environments in which players use text 3007:"Photopia is a short story, Varicella is a world" 2917:. Xyzzynews.com. 6 February 1999. Archived from 2482: 2480: 2478: 2554:(in Italian). Roberto Nicoletti. Archived from 1087:, several games by Howard Sherman published as 212:Interactive fiction shares much in common with 166:Text adventures are one of the oldest types of 3275:Baf's Guide to the Interactive Fiction Archive 2054:McGraw-Hill/Osborne, Berkeley, Calif., p. 52, 2003: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1838:The Z-machine was designed by the founders of 968:Classic Text Adventure Masterpieces of Infocom 620:Several companies offered optional commercial 366:. Crowther's original version was an accurate 3356: 2811:"XYZZYnews Issue #1 Interview: Graham Nelson" 2050:DeMaria, Rusel and Wilson, Johnny L. (2002) 1867:engine, and the Interactive Fiction Archive. 1017:in 1987 by a group of enthusiasts called the 8: 3287:The Interactive Fiction Reviews Organization 2518:Montfort, Nick (2005) . "The Independents". 2217:. Cambridge: The MIT Press. pp. 84–85. 1190:, by Philip Mitchell and Veronika Megler of 1003:to the Interactive Fiction Community Forum. 849:. After several other attempts, the company 1194:(1982) was an early reinterpretation of an 387:Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory 4123: 3781: 3397: 3363: 3349: 3341: 3228:Creating Interactive Fiction with Inform 7 3078:"These Are the Top 10 Video Games of 2014" 3051:"People's Republic of Interactive Fiction" 1978:Montfort, Nick & Urbano, Paulo (Tr.). 760:also produced interactive fiction for the 598:when it was incorporated later that year. 2733:The Escapist, Issue #7: Classical Studies 2276:"Interactive Fiction? I prefer Adventure" 1961:, a documentary about interactive fiction 527:series and many other titles, among them 3305:Interactive Fiction: More Than Retro Fun 2333:"A short history of interactive fiction" 1313:(1991), a text-based spy adventure game. 476:(not to be confused with the creator of 147: 2008:Rollings, Andrew; Ernest Adams (2006). 1971: 1896:, the standard language used to create 560:began writing the mainframe version of 510:, spawning legions of similar games in 400:In early 1977, Adventure spread across 3281:A Brief History of Interactive Fiction 3088:from the original on 23 November 2017. 2656:"Home of the Best Interactive Fiction" 2644:from the original on 25 December 2011. 2409:from the original on 18 September 2009 2238: 2236: 2234: 2169:Giner-Sorolla, Roger (29 April 2006). 2150:Giner-Sorolla, Roger (25 April 2006). 2131:Giner-Sorolla, Roger (18 April 2006). 2112:Giner-Sorolla, Roger (11 April 2006). 2018:from the original on 17 February 2009. 1675:of the time simultaneously, including 1325:(1993), the first game written in the 987:was created, and was soon followed by 630:(1982), the third Infocom title after 91:. In common usage, the term refers to 3215:Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co. 3039:from the original on 13 January 2013. 2312:from the original on 30 December 2010 2255:from the original on 6 September 2007 2028:Soultanis, Greg. Mullin, Eileen, ed. 1301:, a text-only adventure published by 1108:was commissioned to develop the game 1021:and the subsequent development of an 857:, an adaptation of the Spanish comic 377:Stanford University graduate student 7: 3251:Journal of Gaming and Virtual Worlds 3166:from the original on 5 December 2006 3160:"Choosing a Text Adventure Language" 3013:from the original on 18 January 2007 2843:from the original on 27 January 2011 2791:from the original on 27 January 2011 2765:from the original on 25 January 2011 2393:Stephen van Egmond (17 April 2004). 2374:from the original on 12 October 2007 2286:from the original on 4 February 2012 2243:Jerz, Dennis G. (17 February 2004). 2177:from the original on 2 November 2011 2158:from the original on 2 November 2011 2139:from the original on 2 November 2011 2120:from the original on 2 November 2011 1922:, interactive fiction with graphics. 1695:(one disc worked on both machines), 1235:The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy 536:The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy 274:The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy 128:book series, and the collaborative " 3323:Something about Interactive Fiction 3139:from the original on 3 January 2007 3113:from the original on 7 January 2017 2947:from the original on 9 January 2011 2739:from the original on 18 August 2007 2689:from the original on 9 January 2007 2343:from the original on 27 August 2007 2245:"Colossal Cave Adventure (c. 1975)" 2092:Giner-Sorolla, Roger (April 2006). 1772:Other development systems include: 1516:as their Game of the Year for 2014. 1445:called Galatea "the best NPC ever". 570:MIT Laboratory for Computer Science 99:where the entire interface can be " 2588:from the original on 12 March 2008 2463:from the original on 11 April 2009 1981:A quarta Era da Ficção Interactiva 1421:by Adam Cadre (1999). It won four 725:). Other leading companies in the 25: 3337:, an online z-machine interpreter 2987:from the original on 19 June 2008 2869:from the original on 3 March 2011 2499:from the original on 11 July 2014 1823:Interpreters and virtual machines 799:as a commercial successor to the 3575: 2969:; Stuart Moulthrop (July 2003). 2895:from the original on 7 June 2011 2362:Allen Varney (9 December 2006). 2171:"Crimes Against Mimesis, Part 4" 2152:"Crimes Against Mimesis, Part 3" 2133:"Crimes Against Mimesis, Part 2" 2114:"Crimes Against Mimesis, Part 1" 1441:in an interactive fiction game. 1353:since 1994, and thus comes with 721:(later expanded and reissued by 3293:The Interactive Fiction Archive 2813:. Xyzzynews.com. Archived from 2727:Allen Varney (23 August 2005). 2614:from the original on 8 May 2011 2487:Maher, Jimmy (28 August 2012). 1991:. Nada, Volume 8. October 2006. 1565:Interactive Fiction Competition 1399:Interactive Fiction Competition 1091:, The General Coffee Company's 1061:Interactive Fiction Competition 433:', which is now included as an 2681:Emily Short (5 October 2003). 2658:. Textfyre.com. Archived from 2034:. Issue #4. July/August 1995. 1854:by Stefan Jokisch in 1995 for 1654:able to run on a standardized 1274:, a risqué sci-fi parody from 780:Empire II: Interstellar Sharks 354:he was using, and later named 291:choose at the outset of play. 1: 4453:Role-playing game terminology 2634:"intfiction.org • Index page" 2610:. Caad.es. 13 November 2010. 1803:Professional Adventure Writer 1642:'s games of 1979–88, such as 962:The Lost Treasures of Infocom 737:. Also worthy of mention are 693:in 1986 after the failure of 3311:The Interactive Fiction Wiki 3299:Interactive Fiction Database 2915:"XYZZY Awards: 1998 Winners" 2337:The Inform Designer's Manual 1563:The games that won both the 1294:winning science fiction and 1084:1893: A World's Fair Mystery 814:in total as of March 2013). 592:MIT Dynamics Modelling Group 228:). A typical command may be: 199:Zork Implementation Language 3099:Bibby, Jay (11 June 2008). 2978:fineArt Forum Vol. 17 No. 8 2331:Graham Nelson (July 2001). 2011:Fundamentals of Game Design 1479:natural language processing 1267:Leather Goddesses of Phobos 1052:and set of libraries which 669:The Wizard and the Princess 323:natural language processing 309:Natural language processing 280:Leather Goddesses of Phobos 140:software popular in Japan. 83:, either in the form of an 4474: 3573: 2943:. Wurb.com. 30 June 2000. 2839:. Wurb.com. 30 June 2000. 1632:, originally developed by 1543:Black Mirror: Bandersnatch 1067:for longer works, and the 991:. By custom, the topic of 404:, and has survived on the 397:, but Woods says was not. 39: 29: 3383:List of video game genres 3378: 2708:Article at The Dot Eaters 2280:L'avventura è l'avventura 2081:. March 1996. p. 41. 2038:28 September 2004 at the 1788:Graphic Adventure Creator 703:Outside the United States 437:in modern games, such as 370:of part of the real life 170:and form a subset of the 125:Choose Your Own Adventure 18:Text-based adventure game 3675:Digital collectible card 2455:Robin Lionheart (2009). 2094:"Crimes Against Mimesis" 1954:Interactive storytelling 1852:C (programming language) 1580:Slouching Towards Bedlam 1450:Slouching Towards Bedlam 1361:; often mistaken for an 933:(2003) – the well-known 930:Unreal II: The Awakening 776:Empire I: World Builders 672:and its imitators. Such 480:). In 1978, Adams wrote 71:, either in the form of 3760:Roguelike deck-building 3668:Roguelike deck-building 3232:Delmar Cengage Learning 3189:Montfort, Nick (2005). 2761:. SPAG. 19 April 1995. 2493:The Digital Antiquarian 2368:The Escapist, Issue #64 2213:Montfort, Nick (2003). 1844:virtual Pascal computer 1646:, were written using a 1247:A Mind Forever Voyaging 1132:Colossal Cave Adventure 855:Colossal Cave Adventure 678:Adventure International 542:A Mind Forever Voyaging 488:Colossal Cave Adventure 470:Adventure International 356:Colossal Cave Adventure 3254:1: 1, pp. 23–37, 2865:. Jerz.setonhill.edu. 2608:"Club de Aventuras AD" 2578:"Bonaventura Di Bello" 2428:Peter Scheyen (1987). 2308:. Jerz.setonhill.edu. 1892:publishes directly to 1888:Some software such as 1778:Adventure Game Toolkit 1510:, it was nominated by 1089:Malinche Entertainment 1030:Adventure Game Toolkit 937:action game using the 784:Empire III: Armageddon 263: 236: 163: 77:Interactive narrations 73:Interactive narratives 4443:Collaborative writing 4002:Tactical role-playing 3767:Tactical role-playing 3260:10.1386/jgvw.1.1.23/1 2457:"The Zorkmid Project" 2403:rec.games.int-fiction 2249:Seton Hill University 1915:Electronic literature 1681:Atari 8-bit computers 1063:for short works, the 997:rec.games.int-fiction 989:rec.games.int-fiction 865:trilogy, composed by 440:Microsoft Minesweeper 385:while working at the 257: 230: 178:from a screen and on 151: 138:interactive narrative 36:Interactive narration 32:Interactive narrative 4382:Vertically scrolling 3226:Reed, Aaron (2010). 1439:non-player character 1050:programming language 1001:rec.arts.int-fiction 993:rec.arts.int-fiction 985:rec.arts.int-fiction 935:first-person shooter 886:Legend Entertainment 871:Los templos sagrados 832:Bonaventura Di Bello 552:, Bruce K. Daniels, 521:, which created the 451:Sierra Entertainment 226:imperative sentences 4448:Interactive fiction 4012:Turn-based strategy 3917:Submarine simulator 3723:Action role-playing 3630:Interactive fiction 2714:14 May 2013 at the 2584:. David Cornelson. 1986:17 May 2008 at the 1624:Development systems 1359:Linux distributions 1345:port from the 1983 1032:and similar tools. 867:La diosa de Cozumel 756:In the early 1980s 346:(originally called 214:Multi-User Dungeons 50:Interactive fiction 4413:Video game modding 4355:Nonlinear gameplay 4017:Turn-based tactics 3985:Real-time strategy 3158:Granade, Stephen. 3057:on 12 January 2011 2921:on 2 February 2007 2662:on 2 February 2011 2638:www.intfiction.org 2247:. Dennis G. Jerz, 1948:Role-playing games 1942:Multi-User Dungeon 1936:Graphic adventures 1784:Incentive Software 1685:IBM PC compatibles 1612:The Wizard Sniffer 1182:video game series. 1179:Leisure Suit Larry 1173:Softporn Adventure 955:In 1991 and 1992, 674:graphic adventures 497:Dog Star Adventure 424:The popularity of 164: 4430: 4429: 4426: 4425: 4418:Video game remake 4326:Emergent gameplay 3997:Real-time tactics 3956: 3955: 3895:Flight simulation 3625:Graphic adventure 3571: 3570: 3372:Video game genres 3241:978-1-4354-5506-1 3221:978-0-7864-2832-8 3204:978-0-262-63318-5 2817:on 5 January 2013 2683:"City of Secrets" 2529:978-0-262-13436-1 2014:. Prentice Hall. 1910:Hypertext fiction 1776:David Malmberg's 1375:Michael S. Gentry 1260:Level 9 Computing 861:, and mainly the 810:system (and over 735:Level 9 Computing 500:was published in 410:operating systems 89:role-playing game 16:(Redirected from 4465: 4408:Video game clone 4124: 4120:Related concepts 3927:Vehicular combat 3782: 3655:Digital tabletop 3635:Interactive film 3595:Grand Theft Auto 3586:Action-adventure 3579: 3536:Platform fighter 3415:Platform fighter 3398: 3365: 3358: 3351: 3342: 3245: 3208: 3176: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3155: 3149: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3129: 3123: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3096: 3090: 3089: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3053:. Archived from 3047: 3041: 3040: 3029: 3023: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3009:. 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Tolkien 352:operating system 317:(1964–1966) and 261: 234: 21: 4473: 4472: 4468: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4463: 4462: 4433: 4432: 4431: 4422: 4386: 4377:Twitch gameplay 4302: 4266: 4228: 4115: 4067:Survival horror 4040: 3990:Time management 3952: 3931: 3922:Train simulator 3881: 3846: 3818: 3771: 3709: 3679: 3649: 3606: 3580: 3567: 3507: 3503:Survival horror 3484: 3419: 3387: 3374: 3369: 3271: 3242: 3225: 3205: 3188: 3185: 3183:Further reading 3180: 3179: 3169: 3167: 3157: 3156: 3152: 3142: 3140: 3131: 3130: 3126: 3116: 3114: 3098: 3097: 3093: 3076:Peckham, Matt. 3075: 3074: 3070: 3060: 3058: 3049: 3048: 3044: 3031: 3030: 3026: 3016: 3014: 3005: 3004: 3000: 2990: 2988: 2984: 2973: 2965: 2964: 2960: 2950: 2948: 2939: 2938: 2934: 2924: 2922: 2913: 2912: 2908: 2898: 2896: 2887: 2886: 2882: 2872: 2870: 2861: 2860: 2856: 2846: 2844: 2835: 2834: 2830: 2820: 2818: 2809: 2808: 2804: 2794: 2792: 2783: 2782: 2778: 2768: 2766: 2757: 2756: 2752: 2742: 2740: 2726: 2725: 2721: 2716:Wayback Machine 2706: 2702: 2692: 2690: 2680: 2679: 2675: 2665: 2663: 2654: 2653: 2649: 2632: 2631: 2627: 2617: 2615: 2606: 2605: 2601: 2591: 2589: 2576: 2575: 2571: 2561: 2559: 2546: 2545: 2541: 2530: 2517: 2516: 2512: 2502: 2500: 2486: 2485: 2476: 2466: 2464: 2454: 2453: 2449: 2439: 2437: 2436:on 16 June 2006 2427: 2426: 2422: 2412: 2410: 2392: 2391: 2387: 2377: 2375: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2346: 2344: 2330: 2329: 2325: 2315: 2313: 2304: 2303: 2299: 2289: 2287: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2258: 2256: 2242: 2241: 2232: 2225: 2212: 2211: 2207: 2194: 2190: 2180: 2178: 2168: 2161: 2159: 2149: 2142: 2140: 2130: 2123: 2121: 2111: 2103: 2101: 2100:on 19 June 2005 2091: 2090: 2086: 2077:. 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Disch 1127: 1110:City of Secrets 1015:virtual machine 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 977: 888:was founded by 883: 743:Melbourne House 705: 658: 653: 607:virtual machine 576:, a variant of 564:(also known as 472:was founded by 467: 334: 311: 306: 301: 259: 233:> PULL Lever 232: 222: 207:illogical space 146: 93:text adventures 45: 42:Text-based game 38: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4471: 4469: 4461: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4435: 4434: 4428: 4427: 4424: 4423: 4421: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4394: 4392: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4372:Side-scrolling 4369: 4368: 4367: 4362: 4352: 4347: 4340: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4322: 4321: 4310: 4308: 4304: 4303: 4301: 4300: 4299: 4298: 4293: 4280: 4274: 4272: 4268: 4267: 4265: 4264: 4259: 4258: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4236: 4234: 4230: 4229: 4227: 4226: 4225: 4224: 4219: 4217:Climate change 4214: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4188: 4187: 4175: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4136: 4130: 4128: 4121: 4117: 4116: 4114: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4087: 4086: 4076: 4071: 4070: 4069: 4059: 4054: 4048: 4046: 4042: 4041: 4039: 4038: 4037: 4036: 4034:Grand strategy 4026: 4025: 4024: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3993: 3992: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3966: 3964: 3958: 3957: 3954: 3953: 3951: 3950: 3945: 3939: 3937: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3913: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3891: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3880: 3879: 3878: 3877: 3872: 3862: 3856: 3854: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3828: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3790: 3788: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3770: 3769: 3764: 3763: 3762: 3752: 3750:Monster-taming 3747: 3742: 3737: 3736: 3735: 3730: 3728:Looter shooter 3719: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3708: 3707: 3702: 3695: 3689: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3677: 3672: 3671: 3670: 3659: 3657: 3651: 3650: 3648: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3616: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3604: 3599: 3590: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3568: 3566: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3554: 3553: 3540: 3539: 3538: 3528: 3527: 3526: 3524:Hack and slash 3515: 3513: 3509: 3508: 3506: 3505: 3500: 3494: 3492: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3471: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3429: 3427: 3421: 3420: 3418: 3417: 3412: 3410:Endless runner 3406: 3404: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3386: 3385: 3379: 3376: 3375: 3370: 3368: 3367: 3360: 3353: 3345: 3339: 3338: 3335:Web-adventures 3332: 3326: 3320: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3270: 3269:External links 3267: 3266: 3265: 3262: 3246: 3240: 3223: 3209: 3203: 3184: 3181: 3178: 3177: 3150: 3124: 3091: 3068: 3042: 3024: 2998: 2967:Montfort, Nick 2958: 2932: 2906: 2891:. Ifcomp.org. 2880: 2854: 2828: 2802: 2776: 2750: 2719: 2700: 2673: 2647: 2625: 2599: 2569: 2539: 2528: 2510: 2474: 2447: 2420: 2385: 2354: 2323: 2297: 2266: 2230: 2223: 2205: 2196:Nelson, Graham 2188: 2084: 2063: 2043: 2021: 1993: 1970: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1963: 1962: 1956: 1951: 1945: 1939: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1917: 1912: 1905: 1902: 1875:package format 1863: 1860: 1824: 1821: 1820: 1819: 1814: 1805: 1800: 1791: 1781: 1673:home computers 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1561: 1560: 1539: 1529: 1517: 1495: 1482: 1470: 1462: 1446: 1426: 1414: 1411:Andrew Plotkin 1406:Spider and Web 1402: 1386: 1383:Cthulhu Mythos 1366: 1330: 1314: 1306: 1296:fantasy author 1279: 1272:Steve Meretzky 1263: 1255:Silicon Dreams 1251: 1243: 1231: 1224:Michael Berlyn 1215: 1208:Steve Meretzky 1199: 1196:existing novel 1183: 1169: 1156: 1144: 1126: 1123: 1076:Michael Berlyn 976: 973: 882: 879: 704: 701: 657: 654: 652: 649: 548:In June 1977, 466: 465:Commercial era 463: 333: 328: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 221: 218: 168:computer games 145: 142: 97:adventure game 85:adventure game 27:Software genre 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4470: 4459: 4458:Fiction forms 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4440: 4438: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4395: 4393: 4389: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4357: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4345: 4341: 4339: 4338: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4320: 4317: 4316: 4315: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4305: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4286: 4285: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4275: 4273: 4269: 4263: 4262:Single-player 4260: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4242: 4241: 4238: 4237: 4235: 4231: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4209: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4186: 4185: 4181: 4180: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4173: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4141: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4131: 4129: 4125: 4122: 4118: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4085: 4082: 4081: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4068: 4065: 4064: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4049: 4047: 4043: 4035: 4032: 4031: 4030: 4027: 4023: 4020: 4019: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4007:Tower defense 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3991: 3988: 3987: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3959: 3949: 3948:Immersive sim 3946: 3944: 3941: 3940: 3938: 3934: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3897: 3896: 3893: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3884: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3867: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3849: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3837:City-building 3835: 3833: 3830: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3821: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3774: 3768: 3765: 3761: 3758: 3757: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3740:Dungeon crawl 3738: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3725: 3724: 3721: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3712: 3706: 3705:Tile-matching 3703: 3701: 3700: 3696: 3694: 3693:Hidden object 3691: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3682: 3676: 3673: 3669: 3666: 3665: 3664: 3663:Deck-building 3661: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3652: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3609: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3583: 3578: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3552: 3550: 3546: 3545: 3544: 3541: 3537: 3534: 3533: 3532: 3529: 3525: 3522: 3521: 3520: 3517: 3516: 3514: 3510: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3498:Battle royale 3496: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3487: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3455: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3422: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3390: 3384: 3381: 3380: 3377: 3373: 3366: 3361: 3359: 3354: 3352: 3347: 3346: 3343: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3288: 3285: 3282: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3252: 3247: 3243: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3224: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3200: 3196: 3195:The MIT Press 3192: 3187: 3186: 3182: 3165: 3161: 3154: 3151: 3138: 3134: 3128: 3125: 3112: 3108: 3107: 3102: 3095: 3092: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3072: 3069: 3056: 3052: 3046: 3043: 3038: 3034: 3028: 3025: 3012: 3008: 3002: 2999: 2983: 2979: 2972: 2968: 2962: 2959: 2946: 2942: 2936: 2933: 2920: 2916: 2910: 2907: 2894: 2890: 2884: 2881: 2868: 2864: 2858: 2855: 2842: 2838: 2832: 2829: 2816: 2812: 2806: 2803: 2790: 2786: 2780: 2777: 2764: 2760: 2754: 2751: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2701: 2688: 2684: 2677: 2674: 2661: 2657: 2651: 2648: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2629: 2626: 2613: 2609: 2603: 2600: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2573: 2570: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2543: 2540: 2536: 2531: 2525: 2521: 2514: 2511: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2462: 2458: 2451: 2448: 2435: 2431: 2424: 2421: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2389: 2386: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2358: 2355: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2327: 2324: 2311: 2307: 2301: 2298: 2285: 2282:. June 2001. 2281: 2277: 2270: 2267: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2231: 2226: 2224:0-262-13436-5 2220: 2216: 2209: 2206: 2202: 2201: 2197: 2192: 2189: 2176: 2172: 2157: 2153: 2138: 2134: 2119: 2115: 2099: 2095: 2088: 2085: 2080: 2079:Imagine Media 2076: 2075: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2060:0-07-222428-2 2057: 2053: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2032: 2025: 2022: 2017: 2013: 2012: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1989: 1985: 1982: 1975: 1972: 1965: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1884: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1868: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1836: 1834: 1829: 1822: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1775: 1774: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1762: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1710: 1706: 1705:Commodore 128 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1623: 1618: 1616: 1614: 1613: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1599: 1594: 1593: 1588: 1587: 1582: 1581: 1576: 1575: 1570: 1566: 1558: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1544: 1540: 1537: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1523: 1522: 1518: 1515: 1514: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1500: 1496: 1493: 1488: 1487: 1483: 1480: 1476: 1475: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1466:The Dreamhold 1463: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1451: 1447: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1431: 1427: 1424: 1420: 1419: 1415: 1412: 1408: 1407: 1403: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1391: 1387: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1371: 1367: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1335: 1331: 1328: 1324: 1323:Graham Nelson 1320: 1319: 1315: 1312: 1311: 1310:Stellar Agent 1307: 1304: 1300: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1284: 1280: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1268: 1264: 1261: 1257: 1256: 1252: 1249: 1248: 1244: 1241: 1240:Douglas Adams 1237: 1236: 1232: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1220: 1216: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1204: 1200: 1197: 1193: 1192:Beam Software 1189: 1188: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1175: 1174: 1170: 1167: 1163: 1162: 1157: 1154: 1150: 1149: 1148:Adventureland 1145: 1142: 1138: 1137:Will Crowther 1134: 1133: 1129: 1128: 1125:Notable works 1124: 1122: 1121:documentary. 1120: 1119: 1113: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1085: 1079: 1077: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1042:Graham Nelson 1039: 1033: 1031: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1019:InfoTaskForce 1016: 1013: 1009: 1004: 982: 974: 972: 970: 969: 964: 963: 958: 953: 950: 948: 944: 940: 939:Unreal Engine 936: 932: 931: 926: 925: 919: 917: 916:Frederik Pohl 913: 912: 907: 906: 901: 900: 895: 891: 887: 880: 878: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 835: 833: 829: 825: 821: 815: 813: 808: 804: 803: 798: 797: 792: 787: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 768: 763: 759: 754: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 715: 710: 709:dungeon crawl 702: 700: 698: 697: 692: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 670: 665: 664: 656:United States 655: 650: 648: 645: 639: 637: 633: 629: 628: 623: 618: 615: 610: 608: 604: 599: 597: 593: 588: 586: 581: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 546: 544: 543: 538: 537: 532: 531: 526: 525: 520: 515: 513: 509: 508: 503: 499: 498: 493: 492:Adventureland 489: 485: 484: 483:Adventureland 479: 475: 471: 464: 462: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 442: 441: 436: 432: 427: 422: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 398: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 375: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 344: 339: 338:Will Crowther 336:Around 1975, 332: 329: 327: 324: 320: 316: 308: 304:1960s and 70s 303: 298: 296: 292: 290: 286: 282: 281: 276: 275: 270: 269: 262: 256: 254: 253: 248: 247:present tense 244: 243:point of view 241: 240:second-person 235: 229: 227: 220:Writing style 219: 217: 215: 210: 208: 202: 200: 196: 192: 187: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 161: 156: 155: 150: 143: 141: 139: 135: 134:visual novels 131: 127: 126: 121: 116: 114: 108: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 47: 43: 37: 33: 19: 4403:Toys-to-life 4343: 4336: 4288: 4233:Player modes 4197:Personalized 4182: 4171: 4139: 4045:Other genres 3975:Auto battler 3943:Falling-sand 3905:Lunar Lander 3715:Role-playing 3698: 3640:Visual novel 3629: 3602:Metroidvania 3594: 3548: 3480:Third-person 3453:Shoot 'em up 3438:First-person 3249: 3227: 3212: 3190: 3168:. 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