104:). If their eye skips to a later word, they may create an omission. They may resort to performing a rearranging of words to retain the overall meaning without compromising the context. In other instances, the copyist may add text from memory from a similar or parallel text in another location. Otherwise, they may also replace some text of the original with an alternative reading. Spellings occasionally change. Synonyms may be substituted. A pronoun may be changed into a proper noun (such as "he said" becoming "Jesus said").
22:
108:'s 1707 Greek New Testament was estimated to contain some 30,000 variants in its accompanying textual apparatus which was based on "nearly 100 manuscripts." Peter J. Gurry puts the number of non-spelling variants among New Testament manuscripts around 500,000, though he acknowledges his estimate is higher than all previous ones.
99:
Most of the variations are not significant and some common alterations include the deletion, rearrangement, repetition, or replacement of one or more words when the copyist's eye returns to a similar word in the wrong location of the original text. If their eye skips to an earlier word, they may
771:
999:
96:
arise when a copyist makes deliberate or inadvertent alterations to a text that is being reproduced. An abbreviated list of textual variants in this particular book is given in this article below.
1183:
1085:
1055:
1050:
992:
1070:
985:
1095:
1075:
1176:
1090:
1065:
1060:
1125:
1135:
1120:
1110:
766:
1140:
1130:
1045:
1040:
1276:
1169:
1105:
1150:
1020:
1261:
1115:
1100:
972:
295:
1145:
761:
248:
235:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1008:
776:
467:
43:
627:) – א, A, C, D, K, P, Ψ, 33, 81, 88, 104, 181, 326*, 330, 436, 614, 629, 630, 1241, 1739, 1877, 1881, 1984, 1985, 2127, 2992, Byz, Lect
1192:
277:
157:
151:
80:
859:
65:
943:, "A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament: A Companion Volume to the United Bible Societies' Greek New Testament", 1994,
223:
214:
175:
139:
931:, "The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture. The Effect of Early Christological Controversies on the Text of the New Testament",
206:
200:
169:
959:
129:
826:
390:
301:
265:
194:
1266:
527:
964:
36:
30:
1271:
439:
355:
47:
905:
541:
933:
921:
945:
550:
507:
488:
481:
105:
741:
446:
425:
557:
501:
117:
756:
751:
495:
418:
411:
369:
289:
188:
746:
404:
383:
341:
977:
855:
801:
John Mill and
Richard Bentley: A Study of the Textual Criticism of the New Testament 1675–1729
781:
534:
432:
85:
1214:
940:
912:
843:
460:
334:
513:
474:
453:
397:
348:
314:
928:
916:
847:
1255:
1224:
1161:
676:) – D K 88 104 181 326 330 436 451 614 629 630 1877 1984 1985 2127 2492 2495 Byz Lect
376:
89:
876:
239:
229:
919:, "The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration",
362:
101:
854:(4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 54, 62–86, 102–103.
616:
271:
120:(symbols and abbreviations) most frequently used in the body of this article.
93:
852:
The Text of the New
Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration
772:
List of New
Testament verses not included in modern English translations
307:
252:
827:
The Number of
Variants in the Greek New Testament: A Proposed Estimate
1209:
620:, א*, B, C*, G, I, Ψ*, 104*, 326, 451, 1962, 2495, it, vg, cop, eth
1219:
1206:
672:και διακονον του θεου συνεργον ημων εν τω ευαγγελιω του Χριστου (
669:διακονον και συνεργον του θεου εν τω ευαγγελιω του Χριστου – G it
1165:
981:
15:
674:
Gods servant and our fellow laborer in the Gospel of Christ
805:
Novum
Testamentum Graecum, cum lectionibus variantibus MSS
572:
Textual variants in the First
Epistle to the Thessalonians
803:(Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1954), pp. 105–115; John Mill,
1233:
1199:
662:και διακονον του θεου εν τω ευαγγελιω του Χριστου (
648:και συνεργον του θεου εν τω ευαγγελιω του Χριστου (
767:Comparison of codices Sinaiticus and Vaticanus
1177:
993:
973:Varianten Textus receptus versus Nestle-Aland
8:
960:The Comparative Critical Greek New Testament
937:, New York - Oxford, 1996, pp. 223–227.
1184:
1170:
1162:
1000:
986:
978:
909:, ed. E. Nestle, K. Aland, Stuttgart 1981.
655:και συνεργον εν τω ευαγγελιω του Χριστου (
66:Learn how and when to remove this message
29:This article includes a list of general
792:
762:Categories of New Testament manuscripts
650:Gods co-worker in the Gospel of Christ
1009:Textual variants in the New Testament
777:Textual variants in the New Testament
723:Textual variants in 1 Thessalonians 5
707:Textual variants in 1 Thessalonians 4
639:Textual variants in 1 Thessalonians 3
601:Textual variants in 1 Thessalonians 2
585:Textual variants in 1 Thessalonians 1
282:parenthesized (): approximate reading
7:
664:Gods servant in the Gospel of Christ
468:Codex Petropolitanus (New Testament)
84:are the subject of the study called
525:T8th: Tischendorf's 8th Edition of
1277:First Epistle to the Thessalonians
1193:First Epistle to the Thessalonians
906:Novum Testamentum Graece et Latine
81:First Epistle to the Thessalonians
35:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
925:New York, Oxford, 4 edition, 2005
877:"Legenda tekstkritische notities"
666:) – א A Π Ψ 81 629 1241 1739 1881
657:co-worker in the Gospel of Christ
816:Metzger and Ehrman (2005), p.154
688:) – א A B D Ψ Byz f m vg syr cop
272:individually numbered lectionary
162:superscript: partial attestation
20:
1262:Greek New Testament manuscripts
147:superscript: scribal correction
165:superscript: uncertain reading
100:create a repetition (error of
1:
144:superscript: original reading
875:J.P. van de Giessen (2003).
391:Codex Regius (New Testament)
528:Editio Octava Critica Maior
219:ƒ: Greek manuscripts family
1293:
1016:
440:Codex Tischendorfianus IV
356:Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus
328:
949:, London & New York.
652:) – D Byz f m vg syr cop
543:Novum Testamentum Graece
150:superscript: individual
79:Textual variants in the
934:Oxford University Press
695:) – א* D* F G a b vg bo
50:more precise citations.
946:United Bible Societies
881:bijbelaantekeningen.nl
844:Metzger, Bruce Manning
551:United Bible Societies
508:Codex Sangermanensis I
489:Codex Athous Dionysiou
482:Codex Athous Lavrensis
156:superscript: multiple
92:. Textual variants in
831:New Testament Studies
742:Alexandrian text-type
447:Codex Sangallensis 48
426:Codex Washingtonianus
278:numbered lectionaries
728:1 Thessalonians 5:1
712:1 Thessalonians 4:1
680:1 Thessalonians 3:9
644:1 Thessalonians 3:2
606:1 Thessalonians 2:7
590:1 Thessalonians 1:1
558:Editio Critica Maior
502:Codex Corbeiensis II
128:# beginning with 0:
833:62.1 (2016), p. 113
757:Caesarean text-type
752:Byzantine text-type
496:Codex Corbeiensis I
419:Codex Mosquensis II
412:Codex Vaticanus 354
370:Codex Claromontanus
288:: all other extant
189:Byzantine text-type
1267:Biblical criticism
965:Variantes textuais
747:Biblical inerrancy
405:Codex Porphyrianus
384:Codex Mosquensis I
342:Codex Alexandrinus
276:Lect: most or all
261:Italic and Vulgate
138:beginning with 0:
1272:Textual criticism
1249:
1248:
1159:
1158:
825:Peter J. Gurry, "
782:Western text-type
535:Westcott and Hort
522:Critical editions
433:Codex Dublinensis
224:Georgian versions
215:Ethiopic versions
176:Armenian versions
86:textual criticism
76:
75:
68:
1284:
1241:Textual variants
1186:
1179:
1172:
1163:
1002:
995:
988:
979:
969:
941:Bruce M. Metzger
913:Bruce M. Metzger
893:
892:
890:
888:
872:
866:
865:
840:
834:
823:
817:
814:
808:
797:
724:
721:
708:
705:
640:
637:
619:
602:
599:
586:
583:
573:
566:Textual variants
461:Codex Zacynthius
335:Codex Sinaiticus
332:
330:
71:
64:
60:
57:
51:
46:this article by
37:inline citations
24:
23:
16:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1229:
1195:
1190:
1160:
1155:
1086:2 Thessalonians
1081:1 Thessalonians
1012:
1006:
968:(in Portuguese)
967:
956:
901:
899:Further reading
896:
886:
884:
874:
873:
869:
862:
848:Ehrman, Bart D.
842:
841:
837:
824:
820:
815:
811:
798:
794:
790:
738:
733:
732:
731:
730:
725:
722:
719:
716:
715:
714:
709:
706:
703:
700:
699:
698:
641:
638:
635:
632:
631:
630:
615:
603:
600:
597:
594:
593:
592:
587:
584:
581:
577:
574:
571:
568:
563:
518:
514:Codex Bobiensis
475:Codex Beratinus
454:Codex Koridethi
398:Codex Angelicus
349:Codex Vaticanus
327:
320:
315:Textus Receptus
302:Syriac versions
296:Slavic versions
230:Gothic versions
207:Boharic version
201:Sahidic version
195:Coptic versions
170:Arabic versions
116:A guide to the
114:
72:
61:
55:
52:
42:Please help to
41:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1290:
1288:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1254:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1181:
1174:
1166:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1007:
1005:
1004:
997:
990:
982:
976:
975:
970:
962:
955:
954:External links
952:
951:
950:
938:
929:Bart D. Ehrman
926:
917:Bart D. Ehrman
910:
900:
897:
895:
894:
867:
860:
835:
818:
809:
791:
789:
786:
785:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
737:
734:
726:
718:
717:
710:
702:
701:
697:
696:
689:
678:
677:
670:
667:
660:
653:
642:
634:
633:
629:
628:
621:
604:
596:
595:
588:
580:
579:
575:
570:
569:
567:
564:
562:
561:
553:
547:
545:(Nestle–Aland)
538:
531:
523:
519:
517:
516:
510:
504:
498:
492:
485:
478:
471:
464:
457:
450:
443:
436:
429:
422:
415:
408:
401:
394:
387:
380:
373:
366:
359:
352:
345:
338:
325:
321:
319:
318:
310:
304:
298:
292:
283:
280:
274:
268:
262:
260:
255:
247:
242:
232:
226:
220:
217:
211:
210:
209:
203:
191:
178:
172:
166:
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160:
154:
148:
145:
142:
132:
126:
122:
113:
110:
74:
73:
28:
26:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1289:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1056:2 Corinthians
1054:
1052:
1051:1 Corinthians
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1010:
1003:
998:
996:
991:
989:
984:
983:
980:
974:
971:
966:
963:
961:
958:
957:
953:
948:
947:
942:
939:
936:
935:
930:
927:
924:
923:
918:
914:
911:
908:
907:
903:
902:
898:
882:
878:
871:
868:
863:
861:0-19-516667-1
857:
853:
849:
845:
839:
836:
832:
828:
822:
819:
813:
810:
807:(Oxford 1707)
806:
802:
796:
793:
787:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
739:
735:
729:
713:
694:
690:
687:
683:
682:
681:
675:
671:
668:
665:
661:
658:
654:
651:
647:
646:
645:
626:
622:
618:
613:
609:
608:
607:
591:
578:
565:
560:
559:
554:
552:
548:
546:
544:
539:
536:
532:
530:
529:
524:
521:
520:
515:
511:
509:
505:
503:
499:
497:
493:
490:
486:
483:
479:
476:
472:
469:
465:
462:
458:
455:
451:
448:
444:
441:
437:
434:
430:
427:
423:
420:
416:
413:
409:
406:
402:
399:
395:
392:
388:
385:
381:
378:
377:Codex Cyprius
374:
371:
367:
364:
360:
357:
353:
350:
346:
343:
339:
336:
326:
323:
322:
317:
316:
311:
309:
308:Latin Vulgate
305:
303:
299:
297:
293:
291:
287:
284:
281:
279:
275:
273:
269:
267:
263:
258:
256:
254:
250:
245:
243:
241:
237:
233:
231:
227:
225:
221:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
202:
198:
197:
196:
192:
190:
186:
183:
179:
177:
173:
171:
167:
164:
161:
159:
155:
153:
149:
146:
143:
141:
137:
133:
131:
127:
125:General sigla
124:
123:
121:
119:
111:
109:
107:
103:
97:
95:
91:
90:New Testament
87:
83:
82:
70:
67:
59:
56:December 2021
49:
45:
39:
38:
32:
27:
18:
17:
1240:
1080:
944:
932:
920:
904:
885:. Retrieved
880:
870:
851:
838:
830:
821:
812:
804:
800:
795:
727:
711:
692:
685:
679:
673:
663:
656:
649:
643:
624:
611:
605:
589:
576:
556:
542:
526:
324:Uncial sigla
313:
285:
240:Vetus Latina
184:
181:
135:
115:
98:
78:
77:
62:
53:
34:
1071:Philippians
693:to the Lord
363:Codex Bezae
290:manuscripts
158:manuscripts
102:dittography
94:manuscripts
48:introducing
1256:Categories
1151:Revelation
1076:Colossians
883:(in Dutch)
799:Adam Fox,
788:References
659:) – B 1962
152:manuscript
31:references
1096:2 Timothy
1091:1 Timothy
1066:Ephesians
1061:Galatians
140:minuscule
106:John Mill
1220:Silvanus
1106:Philemon
850:(2005).
736:See also
610:νήπιοι (
1234:Related
1225:Timothy
1200:Persons
1126:2 Peter
1121:1 Peter
1111:Hebrews
1021:Matthew
1011:by book
691:κυριω (
623:ἤπιοι (
331:
266:papyrus
253:Vulgate
88:of the
44:improve
1210:Christ
1141:3 John
1136:2 John
1131:1 John
1046:Romans
915:&
858:
686:to God
625:gentle
612:babies
537:(1881)
294:slav:
257:latt:
249:Italic
236:Italic
228:goth:
168:arab:
130:uncial
112:Legend
33:, but
1207:Jesus
1116:James
1101:Titus
887:4 May
684:θεω (
555:ECM:
549:UBS:
491:(045)
484:(044)
477:(043)
470:(041)
463:(040)
456:(038)
449:(037)
442:(036)
435:(035)
428:(032)
421:(031)
414:(028)
407:(025)
400:(020)
393:(019)
386:(018)
379:(017)
300:syr:
244:lat:
222:geo:
213:eth:
193:cop:
174:arm:
118:sigla
1215:Paul
1146:Jude
1041:Acts
1036:John
1031:Luke
1026:Mark
889:2022
856:ISBN
614:) –
540:NA:
533:WH:
500:ff:
494:ff:
372:(06)
365:(05)
358:(04)
351:(03)
344:(02)
337:(01)
306:vg:
286:rell
270:𝑙:
264:𝔓:
251:and
246:most
234:it:
205:bo:
199:sa:
922:OUP
512:k:
506:g:
487:Ω:
480:Ψ:
473:Φ:
466:Π:
459:Ξ:
452:Θ:
445:Δ:
438:Γ:
431:Z:
424:W:
417:V:
410:S:
403:P:
396:L:
389:L:
382:K:
375:K:
368:D:
361:D:
354:C:
347:B:
340:A:
312:ς:
259:all
185:Byz
180:𝔐
136:not
1258::
879:.
846:;
829:"
617:𝔓
333::
187::
182:or
134:#
1185:e
1178:t
1171:v
1001:e
994:t
987:v
891:.
864:.
720:0
704:0
636:2
598:1
582:0
329:א
238:/
69:)
63:(
58:)
54:(
40:.
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