253:. This is because, unlike in most works of fiction, the main character is closely associated with the player, and the events are seen to be happening as the player plays. While older text adventures often identified the protagonist with the player directly, newer games tend to have specific, well-defined protagonists with separate identities from the player. The classic essay "Crimes Against Mimesis" discusses, among other IF issues, the nature of "You" in interactive fiction. A typical response might look something like this, the response to "look in tea chest" at the start of
213:, where going north from area A takes you to area B, but going south from area B did not take you back to area A. This can create mazes that do not behave as players expect, and thus players must maintain their own map. These illogical spaces are much more rare in today's era of 3D gaming, and the Interactive Fiction community in general decries the use of mazes entirely, claiming that mazes have become arbitrary 'puzzles for the sake of puzzles' and that they can, in the hands of inexperienced designers, become immensely frustrating for players to navigate.
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220:('MUDs'). MUDs, which became popular in the mid-1980s, rely on a textual exchange and accept similar commands from players as do works of IF; however, since interactive fiction is single player, and MUDs, by definition, have multiple players, they differ enormously in gameplay styles. MUDs often focus gameplay on activities that involve communities of players, simulated political systems, in-game trading, and other gameplay mechanics that are not possible in a single player environment.
881:(1992). During this period, the Club de Aventuras AD (CAAD), the main Spanish speaking community around interactive fiction in the world, was founded, and after the end of Aventuras AD in 1992, the CAAD continued on its own, first with their own magazine, and then with the advent of Internet, with the launch of an active internet community that still produces interactive non commercial fiction nowadays.
153:
642:. When writing this game, it was not possible to include all of the information in the limited (80KB) disk space, so Infocom created the first feelies for this game; extra items that gave more information than could be included within the digital game itself. These included police interviews, the coroner's findings, letters, crime scene evidence and photos of the murder scene.
1850:, but replaced P with Z for Zork, the celebrated adventure game of 1977–79. The Z-machine evolved during the 1980s but over 30 years later, it remains in use essentially unchanged. Glulx was designed by Andrew Plotkin in the late 1990s as a new-generation IF virtual machine. It overcomes the technical constraint on the Z-machine by being a 32-bit rather than 16-bit processor.
107:", however, graphical text adventure games, where the text is accompanied by graphics (still images, animations or video) still fall under the text adventure category if the main way to interact with the game is by typing text. Some users of the term distinguish between interactive fiction, known as "Puzzle-free", that focuses on narrative, and "text adventures" that focus on
362:). Having just gone through a divorce, he was looking for a way to connect with his two young children. Over the course of a few weekends, he wrote a text based cave exploration game that featured a sort of guide/narrator who spoke in full sentences and who understood simple two word commands that came close to natural English. Adventure was programmed in
1862:. Over time it was ported to other platforms, such as Unix, RISC OS, Mac OS and most recently iOS. Modern Glulx interpreters are based on "Glulxe", by Andrew Plotkin, and "Git", by Iain Merrick. Other interpreters include Zoom for Mac OS X, or for Unix or Linux, maintained by Andrew Hunter, and Spatterlight for Mac OS X, maintained by Tor Andersson.
1075:, further helped to improve the quality and complexity of the games. Modern games go much further than the original "Adventure" style, improving upon Infocom games, which relied extensively on puzzle solving, and to a lesser extent on communication with non player characters, to include experimentation with writing and story-telling techniques.
838:, who produced 70 games in the Italian language. The wave of interactive fiction in Italy lasted for a couple of years thanks to the various magazines promoting the genre, then faded and remains still today a topic of interest for a small group of fans and less known developers, celebrated on Web sites and in related newsgroups.
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which allowed the user to type complex instructions to the game. Unlike earlier works of interactive fiction which only understood commands of the form 'verb noun', Infocom's parser could understand a wider variety of sentences. For instance one might type "open the large door, then go west", or "go
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to take input from their user and respond in a virtual and conversational manner. ELIZA simulated a psychotherapist that appeared to provide human-like responses to the user's input, while SHRDLU employed an artificial intelligence that could move virtual objects around an environment and respond to
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that many interpreters support. A filename ending .zblorb is a story file intended for a Z-machine in a Blorb wrapper, while a filename ending .gblorb is a story file intended for a Glulx in a Blorb wrapper. It is not common but IF files are sometimes also seen without a Blorb wrapping, though this
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are the software used to play the works of interactive fiction created with a development system. Since they need to interact with the player, the "story files" created by development systems are programs in their own right. Rather than running directly on any one computer, they are programs run by
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elements not available in other interactive fiction. While SwordThrust published seven different titles, it was vastly overshadowed by the non-commercial Eamon system which allowed private authors to publish their own titles in the series. By March 1984, there were 48 titles published for the Eamon
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was widely regarded as the best of its era. It accepted complex, complete sentence commands like "put the blue book on the writing desk" at a time when most of its competitors parsers were restricted to simple two word verb-noun combinations such as "put book". The parser was actively upgraded with
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Some IF works dispense with second-person narrative entirely, opting for a first-person perspective ('I') or even placing the player in the position of an observer, rather than a direct participant. In some 'experimental' IF, the concept of self-identification is eliminated, and the player instead
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These materials were very difficult for others to copy or otherwise reproduce, and many included information that was essential to completing the game. Seeing the potential benefits of both aiding game-play immersion and providing a measure of creative copy-protection, in addition to acting as a
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In addition to commercial distribution venues and individual websites, many works of free interactive fiction are distributed through community websites. These include the
Interactive Fiction Database (IFDb), The Interactive Fiction Reviews Organization (IFRO), a game catalog and recommendation
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While familiarity with a programming language leads many new authors to attempt to produce their own complete IF application, most established IF authors recommend use of a specialised IF language, arguing that such systems allow authors to avoid the technicalities of producing a full featured
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Some special-purpose interactive fiction development systems were used by the ordinary home computer owner of the 1980s. An important early one was Donald Brown's 1980 freeware system Eamon, a system for creating text-based role-playing games... Eamon was used to create more than 240
1082:, a former Implementor at Infocom, started a new game company, Cascade Mountain Publishing, whose goals were to publish interactive fiction. Despite the Interactive Fiction community providing social and financial backing, Cascade Mountain Publishing went out of business in 2000.
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titles together with plot-specific coins and other trinkets. This concept would be expanded as time went on, such that later game feelies would contain passwords, coded instructions, page numbers, or other information that would be required to successfully complete the game.
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Despite their lack of graphics, text adventures include a physical dimension where players move between rooms. Many text adventure games boasted their total number of rooms to indicate how much gameplay they offered. These games are unique in that they may create an
205:), could understand complete sentences. Later parsers could handle increasing levels of complexity parsing sentences such as "open the red box with the green key then go north". This level of complexity is the standard for works of interactive fiction today.
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In Italy, interactive fiction games were mainly published and distributed through various magazines in included tapes. The largest number of games were published in the two magazines Viking and
Explorer, with versions for the main 8-bit home computers
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Due to their text-only nature, they sidestepped the problem of writing for widely divergent graphics architectures. This feature meant that interactive fiction games were easily ported across all the popular platforms at the time, including
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were also closed in 1985, leaving
Infocom as the leading company producing text-only adventure games on the Apple II with sophisticated parsers and writing, and still advertising its lack of graphics as a virtue. The company was bought by
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usually means cover art, help files, and so forth are missing, like a book with the covers torn off. Z-machine story files usually have names ending .z5 or .z8, the number being a version number, and Glulx story files usually end .ulx.
291:, above, for an example). The late Douglas Adams, in designing the IF version of his 'Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy', created a unique solution to the final puzzle of the game: the game requires the one solitary item that the player
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by
Admiral Jota (2007). A comedic interactive fiction about an orc finding a pig that escaped from his farm. It won best game, best writing, best individual non-player character, and best individual player character in the 2007
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new features like undo and error correction, and later games would 'understand' multiple sentence input: 'pick up the gem and put it in my bag. take the newspaper clipping out of my bag then burn it with the book of matches'.
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led to the wide success of interactive fiction during the late 1970s, when home computers had little, if any, graphics capability. Many elements of the original game have survived into the present, such as the command
1473:, by Andrew Plotkin (2004). Designed for those new to IF, it provides an extensive help section and tutorials. Although the puzzles are not too difficult, it can be a challenge for both novice and experienced players.
119:(not known for gaming or strong graphics capabilities). The number of interactive fiction works is increasing steadily as new ones are produced by an online community, using freely available development systems.
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is one of the first interactive fiction games, as well as being one of the first commercially sold. It is one of the most famous interactive fiction games. Here it is portrayed running on
Gargoyle, a modern
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is a cornerstone of the online IF community; there currently exist dozens of different independently programmed versions, with additional elements, such as new rooms or puzzles, and various scoring systems.
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The breakthrough that allowed the interactive fiction community to truly prosper, however, was the creation and distribution of two sophisticated development systems. In 1987, Michael J. Roberts released
126:, where the reader is instead given choices at different points in the text; these decisions determine the flow and outcome of the story. The most famous example of this form of printed fiction is the
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takes the role of an inanimate object, a force of nature, or an abstract concept; experimental IF usually pushes the limits of the concept and challenges many assumptions about the medium.
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Interpreters, or virtual machines, which are designed specially for IF. They may be part of the development system, or can be compiled together with the work of fiction as a standalone
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to a Z-Code story file. Each of these systems allowed anyone with sufficient time and dedication to create a game, and caused a growth boom in the online interactive fiction community.
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in 1989. It started out from the ashes of
Infocom. The text adventures produced by Legend Entertainment used (high-resolution) graphics as well as sound. Some of their titles include
201:. Parsers may vary in sophistication; the first text adventure parsers could only handle two-word sentences in the form of verb-noun pairs. Later parsers, such as those built on ZIL (
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Despite the lack of commercial support, the availability of high quality tools allowed enthusiasts of the genre to develop new high quality games. Competitions such as the annual
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The term
Implementer was the self-given name of the creators of the text adventure series Zork. It is for this reason that game designers and programmers can be referred to as an
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encompasses topics related to playing interactive fiction games, such as hint requests and game reviews. As of late 2011, discussions between writers have mostly moved from
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Interactive fiction features two distinct modes of writing: the player input and the game output. As described above, player input is expected to be in simple command form (
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deterrent to software piracy, Infocom and later other companies began creating feelies for numerous titles. In 1987, Infocom released a special version of the first three
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questions asked about the environment's shape. The development of effective natural language processing would become an essential part of interactive fiction development.
498:, thus creating the first commercial adventure game. In 1979 he founded Adventure International, the first commercial publisher of interactive fiction. That same year,
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1441:(2000). Galatea is focused entirely on interaction with the animated statue of the same name. Galatea has one of the most complex interaction systems for a
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In Spain, interactive fiction was considered a minority genre, and was not very successful. The first
Spanish interactive fiction commercially released was
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264:"That was the first place you tried, hours and hours ago now, and there's nothing there but that boring old book. You pick it up anyway, bored as you are."
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genre. The player uses text input to control the game, and the game state is relayed to the player via text output. Interactive fiction usually relies on
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In a non-technical sense, Infocom was responsible for developing the interactive style that would be emulated by many later interpreters. The
Infocom
2277:"Even the description of the volcano, which some writers have claimed was modelled after Mount Doom, was written with no particular vision in mind."
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1654:-like programming language called ZIL (Zork Implementation Language or Zork Interactive Language; it was referred to as both) that compiled into a
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After the decline of the commercial interactive fiction market in the 1990s, an online community eventually formed around the medium. In 1987, the
1765:, most games were written for Inform, with a strong minority of games for TADS and ADRIFT, followed by a small number of games for other systems.
2019:
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Keller, Daniel. "Reading and playing: what makes interactive fiction unique" p. 276-298. in
Williams, J. P., & Smith, J. H. (2007).
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393:, and in 1977 obtained and expanded Crowther's source code (with Crowther's permission). Woods's changes were reminiscent of the writings of
3293:(IFRO), huge repository for text adventure game reviews written and rated by Interactive Fiction community players and members since 2004.
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While the majority of modern interactive fiction that is developed is distributed for free, there are some commercial endeavors. In 1998,
703:, Infocom's database software program, and stopped producing text adventures a few years later. Soon after Telaium/Trillium also closed.
1254:, by Steve Meretzky of Infocom (1985), a story-heavy, puzzle-light game often touted as Infocom's first serious work of science fiction.
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136:" format has also been described as a form of interactive fiction. The term "interactive fiction" is sometimes used also to refer to
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setting, the game integrates meta-game functionality (saving, restoring, restarting) into the game world itself. The game won four
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857:, emerged from Dinamic, became the main interactive fiction publisher in Spain, including titles like a Spanish adaptation of
628:(physical props associated with a game). The tradition of 'feelies' (and the term itself) is believed to have originated with
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1761:, but they diverged in their approach to IF-writing during the 2000s, giving today's IF writers an objective choice. By 2006
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input, although text-to-speech synthesizers allow blind and visually impaired users to play interactive fiction titles as
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programming language. Considered one of the first "modern" games to meet the high standards set by Infocom's best titles.
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Works may be distributed for playing with in a separate interpreter. In which case they are often made available in the
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usually depends on the author's desired balance of ease of use versus power, and the portability of the final product.
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For years, amateurs with the IF community produced interactive fiction works of relatively limited scope using the
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287:), address the player with an informal tone, sometimes including sarcastic remarks (see the transcript from
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834:). The software house producing those games was Brainstorm Enterprise, and the most prolific IF author was
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3323:, a z-machine interpreter written in javascript and playable in any browser. Links to many playable games.
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wrote that "the demands of the market are weighted heavily toward hi-res graphics" in games like Sierra's
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Many other companies such as Level 9 Computing, Magnetic Scrolls, Delta 4 and Zenobi had closed by 1992.
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that could be implemented on a large number of platforms, and took standardized "story files" as input.
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and Steve Meretzky of Infocom (1984), involved the author of the original work in the reinterpretation.
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Seegert, Alf. (2009), "'Doing there' vs. 'being there': performing presence in interactive fiction",
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The term can also be used to refer to literary works that are not read in a linear fashion, known as
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for Z-Code story files. As a result, it became possible to play Infocom's work on modern computers.
325:(1968–1970) can formally be considered early examples of interactive fiction, as both programs used
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to the hall". With the Z-machine, Infocom was able to release most of their games for most popular
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for both impressive graphics and realistic physics. In 2004, Legend Entertainment was acquired by
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gaming system for the Apple II. SwordThrust and Eamon were simple two-word parser games with many
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3305:(IFDB), a community site where one can find personalized recommendations for IF games to play.
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Robinson Wheeler, J, & Kevin, Jackson-Mead (2014), "IF Theory Reader", JRW Digital Media.
1948:(MUD), which may be considered as a kind of multiplayer or collaborative interactive fiction.
1532:. It is commonly seen as an easy gateway for people to get involved with interactive fiction.
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claimed to be the first game character who evoked a strong emotional commitment from players.
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became the dominant form of the genre on computers with graphics, like the Apple II. By 1982
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in 1999 including the XYZZY Award for Best Game, and had a scholarly essay written about it.
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Probably the first commercial work of interactive fiction produced outside the U.S. was the
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as designated by the "if" graphic that was displayed on startup. Their titles included the
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6. A number of systems for writing interactive fiction now exist. The most popular remain
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3311:, a beginner's introduction and setup guide to Interactive Fiction games and interpreters
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began releasing versions of its games with graphics. The company went bankrupt in 1985.
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During the 1990s Interactive fiction was mainly written with C-like languages, such as
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One of the most important early developments was the reverse-engineering of Infocom's
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in two volumes, a collection containing most of Infocom's games, followed in 1996 by
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1044:, a programming language designed to produce works of interactive fiction. In 1993,
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3299:, a large archive of free-to-download and play interactive fiction (random mirror).
3287:, a timeline of events in interactive fiction history at the Brass Lantern website.
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by Michael Mateas, Andrew Stern and John Grieve (2005). An interactive drama using
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Interactive fiction became a standard product for many software companies. By 1982
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2975:"Face It, Tiger, You Just Hit the Jackpot: Reading and Playing Cadre's Varicella"
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1172:(1979 onwards) was the first text adventure to see widespread commercial release.
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Though neither program was developed as a narrative work, the software programs
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This is a reformatted version of a set of articles originally posted to Usenet:
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1401:(1998), one of the first almost entirely puzzle-free games. It won the annual
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2310:"Jerz's Introduction (Storytelling and Computer Games; UWEC Panel, May 2001)"
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3335:, the quarterly e-zine of the Society for the Promotion of Adventure Gaming
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The original Interactive fiction Colossal Cave Adventure was programmed in
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played the game and decided to design one of their own, but with graphics.
397:, and included a troll, elves, and a volcano, which some claim is based on
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1954:, which are occasionally described as another form of interactive fiction.
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once, rather than once each game. Each game file included a sophisticated
605:
In order to make its games as portable as possible, Infocom developed the
344:, a programmer and an amateur caver, wrote the first text adventure game,
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into interactive fiction, with several independent non-player characters.
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40:"Text-based video game" redirects here. For the video game graphics, see
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was also directly responsible for the founding of Sierra Online (later
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and influence the environment. Works in this form can be understood as
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Many text adventures, particularly those designed for humour (such as
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The players' realm: studies on the culture of video games and gaming.
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1417:(1998), an award-winning espionage story with many twists and turns.
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but the project fell through and she ended up releasing it herself.
416:, and was included with the floppy-disk distribution of Microsoft's
3329:– MobyGames examines the history (and future) of this gaming genre.
2637:
2552:"Le collane avventurose in Italia (Adventure game series in Italy)"
4346:
4187:
2944:
1904:, reducing the requirement for an Interpreter or virtual machine.
1875:
1851:
1731:
1535:
1346:
946:
515:
318:
3338:
3320:
2840:
1159:, is considered one of the defining works of interactive fiction.
1897:
1754:
1742:
1715:
1651:
1647:
1542:. It is a "serialized speculative fiction multimedia narrative."
1524:
1234:
game with a large vocabulary and unique character personalities.
1164:
1119:
To learn more about the history of interactive fiction, see the
1041:
527:
271:
116:
3348:
521:
The largest company producing works of interactive fiction was
2867:"Interactive Fiction Bibliography - Manifestos and Taxonomies"
1859:
1769:
parser, while allowing broad community support. The choice of
1637:
1104:, a graphically enhanced cyberpunk game and various titles by
953:
and released for both Microsoft Windows and Microsoft's Xbox.
831:
193:
Input is usually provided by the player in the form of simple
2035:
XYZZY News - The Magazine for Interactive Fiction Enthusiasts
3290:
2893:"History of the 14th Annual Interactive Fiction Competition"
925:
The last text adventure created by Legend Entertainment was
354:
because a filename could only be six characters long in the
3973:
3037:"Results of the 9th Annual Interactive Fiction Competition"
2663:
2075:"The Next Generation 1996 Lexicon A to Z: Text Adventure".
197:
such as "get key" or "go east", which are interpreted by a
3332:
3195:
Twisty Little Passages: An Approach to Interactive Fiction
3137:"Games of the 12th Annual Interactive Fiction Competition"
2524:
Twisty Little Passages: An Approach to Interactive Fiction
2399:"FAQ 2/3: (2.3) How did Infocom make those neat packages?"
2219:
Twisty Little Passages: An Approach To Interactive Fiction
1846:, in 1979. They were influenced by the then-new idea of a
1457:, by Star C. Foster and Daniel Ravipinto (2003). Set in a
1180:, by Chuck Benton, a popular adult game that inspired the
594:
In early 1979, the game was completed. Ten members of the
412:
to this day. The game has since been ported to many other
3314:
3058:
1885:
Alternatively, works may be distributed for playing in a
999:
is interactive fiction authorship and programming, while
3302:
2526:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. p. 196.
2056:
High Score!: The Illustrated History of Electronic Games
1854:
is a modern Z-machine interpreter originally written in
1353:
original), surreal text adventure that has shipped with
576:. The game was programmed in a computer language called
1510:(2014). An interactive adventure based on the novel by
1266:(1986), a trilogy of interactive science fiction games.
931:(1992), while the last game ever created by Legend was
242:
The responses from the game are usually written from a
2611:
3281:, a more user-friendly interface for the IF archive.
1942:, adventure games with roots in interactive fiction.
1085:
Other commercial endeavors include: Peter Nepstad's
4394:
4310:
4274:
4236:
4130:
4123:
4048:
3964:
3939:
3889:
3854:
3826:
3788:
3779:
3717:
3687:
3657:
3614:
3588:
3515:
3492:
3427:
3404:
3395:
3317:, a MediaWiki wiki specific to Interactive Fiction.
1554:(2018). An interactive film in the science fiction
1214:of Infocom (1983), featured Floyd the robot, which
490:, which was loosely patterned after the (original)
2434:"Genuine Zorkmid coin minted for the Zork Trilogy"
1381:(1998) is a highly rated horror story inspired by
591:, often shortened to "Imp", rather than a writer.
83:. These works can also be understood as a form of
60:simulating environments in which players use text
3011:"Photopia is a short story, Varicella is a world"
2921:. Xyzzynews.com. 6 February 1999. Archived from
2486:
2484:
2482:
2558:(in Italian). Roberto Nicoletti. Archived from
1091:, several games by Howard Sherman published as
216:Interactive fiction shares much in common with
170:Text adventures are one of the oldest types of
3279:Baf's Guide to the Interactive Fiction Archive
2058:McGraw-Hill/Osborne, Berkeley, Calif., p. 52,
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1842:The Z-machine was designed by the founders of
972:Classic Text Adventure Masterpieces of Infocom
624:Several companies offered optional commercial
370:. Crowther's original version was an accurate
3360:
2815:"XYZZYnews Issue #1 Interview: Graham Nelson"
2054:DeMaria, Rusel and Wilson, Johnny L. (2002)
1871:engine, and the Interactive Fiction Archive.
1021:in 1987 by a group of enthusiasts called the
8:
3291:The Interactive Fiction Reviews Organization
2522:Montfort, Nick (2005) . "The Independents".
2221:. Cambridge: The MIT Press. pp. 84–85.
1194:, by Philip Mitchell and Veronika Megler of
1007:to the Interactive Fiction Community Forum.
853:. After several other attempts, the company
1198:(1982) was an early reinterpretation of an
391:Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
4127:
3785:
3401:
3367:
3353:
3345:
3232:Creating Interactive Fiction with Inform 7
3082:"These Are the Top 10 Video Games of 2014"
3055:"People's Republic of Interactive Fiction"
1982:Montfort, Nick & Urbano, Paulo (Tr.).
764:also produced interactive fiction for the
602:when it was incorporated later that year.
2737:The Escapist, Issue #7: Classical Studies
2280:"Interactive Fiction? I prefer Adventure"
1965:, a documentary about interactive fiction
531:series and many other titles, among them
3309:Interactive Fiction: More Than Retro Fun
2337:"A short history of interactive fiction"
1317:(1991), a text-based spy adventure game.
480:(not to be confused with the creator of
151:
2012:Rollings, Andrew; Ernest Adams (2006).
1975:
1900:, the standard language used to create
564:began writing the mainframe version of
514:, spawning legions of similar games in
404:In early 1977, Adventure spread across
3285:A Brief History of Interactive Fiction
3092:from the original on 23 November 2017.
2660:"Home of the Best Interactive Fiction"
2648:from the original on 25 December 2011.
2413:from the original on 18 September 2009
2242:
2240:
2238:
2173:Giner-Sorolla, Roger (29 April 2006).
2154:Giner-Sorolla, Roger (25 April 2006).
2135:Giner-Sorolla, Roger (18 April 2006).
2116:Giner-Sorolla, Roger (11 April 2006).
2022:from the original on 17 February 2009.
1679:of the time simultaneously, including
1329:(1993), the first game written in the
991:was created, and was soon followed by
634:(1982), the third Infocom title after
95:. In common usage, the term refers to
3219:Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co.
3043:from the original on 13 January 2013.
2316:from the original on 30 December 2010
2259:from the original on 6 September 2007
2032:Soultanis, Greg. Mullin, Eileen, ed.
1305:, a text-only adventure published by
1112:was commissioned to develop the game
1025:and the subsequent development of an
861:, an adaptation of the Spanish comic
381:Stanford University graduate student
7:
3255:Journal of Gaming and Virtual Worlds
3170:from the original on 5 December 2006
3164:"Choosing a Text Adventure Language"
3017:from the original on 18 January 2007
2847:from the original on 27 January 2011
2795:from the original on 27 January 2011
2769:from the original on 25 January 2011
2397:Stephen van Egmond (17 April 2004).
2378:from the original on 12 October 2007
2290:from the original on 4 February 2012
2247:Jerz, Dennis G. (17 February 2004).
2181:from the original on 2 November 2011
2162:from the original on 2 November 2011
2143:from the original on 2 November 2011
2124:from the original on 2 November 2011
1926:, interactive fiction with graphics.
1699:(one disc worked on both machines),
1239:The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
540:The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
278:The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
132:book series, and the collaborative "
3327:Something about Interactive Fiction
3143:from the original on 3 January 2007
3117:from the original on 7 January 2017
2951:from the original on 9 January 2011
2743:from the original on 18 August 2007
2693:from the original on 9 January 2007
2347:from the original on 27 August 2007
2249:"Colossal Cave Adventure (c. 1975)"
2096:Giner-Sorolla, Roger (April 2006).
1776:Other development systems include:
1520:as their Game of the Year for 2014.
1449:called Galatea "the best NPC ever".
574:MIT Laboratory for Computer Science
103:where the entire interface can be "
2592:from the original on 12 March 2008
2467:from the original on 11 April 2009
1985:A quarta Era da Ficção Interactiva
1425:by Adam Cadre (1999). It won four
729:). Other leading companies in the
25:
3341:, an online z-machine interpreter
2991:from the original on 19 June 2008
2873:from the original on 3 March 2011
2503:from the original on 11 July 2014
1827:Interpreters and virtual machines
803:as a commercial successor to the
3579:
2973:; Stuart Moulthrop (July 2003).
2899:from the original on 7 June 2011
2366:Allen Varney (9 December 2006).
2175:"Crimes Against Mimesis, Part 4"
2156:"Crimes Against Mimesis, Part 3"
2137:"Crimes Against Mimesis, Part 2"
2118:"Crimes Against Mimesis, Part 1"
1445:in an interactive fiction game.
1357:since 1994, and thus comes with
725:(later expanded and reissued by
3297:The Interactive Fiction Archive
2817:. Xyzzynews.com. Archived from
2731:Allen Varney (23 August 2005).
2618:from the original on 8 May 2011
2491:Maher, Jimmy (28 August 2012).
1995:. Nada, Volume 8. October 2006.
1569:Interactive Fiction Competition
1403:Interactive Fiction Competition
1095:, The General Coffee Company's
1065:Interactive Fiction Competition
437:', which is now included as an
2685:Emily Short (5 October 2003).
2662:. Textfyre.com. Archived from
2038:. Issue #4. July/August 1995.
1858:by Stefan Jokisch in 1995 for
1658:able to run on a standardized
1278:, a risqué sci-fi parody from
784:Empire II: Interstellar Sharks
358:he was using, and later named
295:choose at the outset of play.
1:
4457:Role-playing game terminology
2638:"intfiction.org • Index page"
2614:. Caad.es. 13 November 2010.
1807:Professional Adventure Writer
1646:'s games of 1979–88, such as
966:The Lost Treasures of Infocom
741:. Also worthy of mention are
697:in 1986 after the failure of
3315:The Interactive Fiction Wiki
3303:Interactive Fiction Database
2919:"XYZZY Awards: 1998 Winners"
2341:The Inform Designer's Manual
1567:The games that won both the
1298:winning science fiction and
1088:1893: A World's Fair Mystery
818:in total as of March 2013).
596:MIT Dynamics Modelling Group
232:). A typical command may be:
203:Zork Implementation Language
3103:Bibby, Jay (11 June 2008).
2982:fineArt Forum Vol. 17 No. 8
2335:Graham Nelson (July 2001).
2015:Fundamentals of Game Design
1483:natural language processing
1271:Leather Goddesses of Phobos
1056:and set of libraries which
673:The Wizard and the Princess
327:natural language processing
313:Natural language processing
284:Leather Goddesses of Phobos
144:software popular in Japan.
87:, either in the form of an
4478:
3577:
2947:. Wurb.com. 30 June 2000.
2843:. Wurb.com. 30 June 2000.
1636:, originally developed by
1547:Black Mirror: Bandersnatch
1071:for longer works, and the
995:. By custom, the topic of
408:, and has survived on the
401:, but Woods says was not.
39:
29:
3387:List of video game genres
3382:
2712:Article at The Dot Eaters
2284:L'avventura è l'avventura
2085:. March 1996. p. 41.
2042:28 September 2004 at the
1792:Graphic Adventure Creator
707:Outside the United States
441:in modern games, such as
374:of part of the real life
174:and form a subset of the
129:Choose Your Own Adventure
3679:Digital collectible card
2459:Robin Lionheart (2009).
2098:"Crimes Against Mimesis"
1958:Interactive storytelling
1856:C (programming language)
1584:Slouching Towards Bedlam
1454:Slouching Towards Bedlam
1365:; often mistaken for an
937:(2003) – the well-known
934:Unreal II: The Awakening
780:Empire I: World Builders
676:and its imitators. Such
484:). In 1978, Adams wrote
75:, either in the form of
3764:Roguelike deck-building
3672:Roguelike deck-building
3236:Delmar Cengage Learning
3193:Montfort, Nick (2005).
2765:. SPAG. 19 April 1995.
2497:The Digital Antiquarian
2372:The Escapist, Issue #64
2217:Montfort, Nick (2003).
1848:virtual Pascal computer
1650:, were written using a
1251:A Mind Forever Voyaging
1136:Colossal Cave Adventure
859:Colossal Cave Adventure
682:Adventure International
546:A Mind Forever Voyaging
492:Colossal Cave Adventure
474:Adventure International
360:Colossal Cave Adventure
3258:1: 1, pp. 23–37,
2869:. Jerz.setonhill.edu.
2612:"Club de Aventuras AD"
2582:"Bonaventura Di Bello"
2432:Peter Scheyen (1987).
2312:. Jerz.setonhill.edu.
1896:publishes directly to
1892:Some software such as
1782:Adventure Game Toolkit
1514:, it was nominated by
1093:Malinche Entertainment
1034:Adventure Game Toolkit
941:action game using the
788:Empire III: Armageddon
267:
240:
167:
81:Interactive narrations
77:Interactive narratives
4447:Collaborative writing
4006:Tactical role-playing
3771:Tactical role-playing
3264:10.1386/jgvw.1.1.23/1
2461:"The Zorkmid Project"
2407:rec.games.int-fiction
2253:Seton Hill University
1919:Electronic literature
1685:Atari 8-bit computers
1067:for short works, the
1001:rec.games.int-fiction
993:rec.games.int-fiction
869:trilogy, composed by
444:Microsoft Minesweeper
389:while working at the
261:
234:
182:from a screen and on
155:
142:interactive narrative
36:Interactive narration
32:Interactive narrative
4386:Vertically scrolling
3230:Reed, Aaron (2010).
1443:non-player character
1054:programming language
1005:rec.arts.int-fiction
997:rec.arts.int-fiction
989:rec.arts.int-fiction
939:first-person shooter
890:Legend Entertainment
875:Los templos sagrados
836:Bonaventura Di Bello
556:, Bruce K. Daniels,
525:, which created the
455:Sierra Entertainment
230:imperative sentences
4452:Interactive fiction
4016:Turn-based strategy
3921:Submarine simulator
3727:Action role-playing
3634:Interactive fiction
2718:14 May 2013 at the
2588:. David Cornelson.
1990:17 May 2008 at the
1628:Development systems
1363:Linux distributions
1349:port from the 1983
1036:and similar tools.
871:La diosa de Cozumel
760:In the early 1980s
350:(originally called
218:Multi-User Dungeons
50:Interactive fiction
4417:Video game modding
4359:Nonlinear gameplay
4021:Turn-based tactics
3989:Real-time strategy
3162:Granade, Stephen.
3061:on 12 January 2011
2925:on 2 February 2007
2666:on 2 February 2011
2642:www.intfiction.org
2251:. Dennis G. Jerz,
1952:Role-playing games
1946:Multi-User Dungeon
1940:Graphic adventures
1788:Incentive Software
1689:IBM PC compatibles
1616:The Wizard Sniffer
1186:video game series.
1183:Leisure Suit Larry
1177:Softporn Adventure
959:In 1991 and 1992,
678:graphic adventures
501:Dog Star Adventure
428:The popularity of
168:
4434:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4422:Video game remake
4330:Emergent gameplay
4001:Real-time tactics
3960:
3959:
3899:Flight simulation
3629:Graphic adventure
3575:
3574:
3376:Video game genres
3245:978-1-4354-5506-1
3225:978-0-7864-2832-8
3208:978-0-262-63318-5
2821:on 5 January 2013
2687:"City of Secrets"
2533:978-0-262-13436-1
2018:. Prentice Hall.
1914:Hypertext fiction
1780:David Malmberg's
1379:Michael S. Gentry
1264:Level 9 Computing
865:, and mainly the
814:system (and over
739:Level 9 Computing
504:was published in
414:operating systems
93:role-playing game
16:(Redirected from
4469:
4412:Video game clone
4128:
4124:Related concepts
3931:Vehicular combat
3786:
3659:Digital tabletop
3639:Interactive film
3599:Grand Theft Auto
3590:Action-adventure
3583:
3540:Platform fighter
3419:Platform fighter
3402:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3346:
3249:
3212:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3057:. Archived from
3051:
3045:
3044:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3013:. January 2002.
3007:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2990:
2979:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2945:"Spider and Web"
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2728:
2722:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2562:on 14 March 2010
2548:
2542:
2541:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2488:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2436:. Archived from
2429:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2244:
2233:
2232:
2214:
2208:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2100:. Archived from
2093:
2087:
2086:
2072:
2066:
2052:
2046:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2009:
1996:
1980:
1771:authoring system
1705:Commodore Plus/4
1556:anthology series
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
949:, who published
903:Eric the Unready
885:During the 1990s
847:Dinamic Software
735:Magnetic Scrolls
686:Synapse Software
598:went on to join
463:Roberta Williams
395:J. R. R. Tolkien
356:operating system
321:(1964–1966) and
265:
238:
21:
4477:
4476:
4472:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4466:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4426:
4390:
4381:Twitch gameplay
4306:
4270:
4232:
4119:
4071:Survival horror
4044:
3994:Time management
3956:
3935:
3926:Train simulator
3885:
3850:
3822:
3775:
3713:
3683:
3653:
3610:
3584:
3571:
3511:
3507:Survival horror
3488:
3423:
3391:
3378:
3373:
3275:
3246:
3229:
3209:
3192:
3189:
3187:Further reading
3184:
3183:
3173:
3171:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3146:
3144:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3120:
3118:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3080:Peckham, Matt.
3079:
3078:
3074:
3064:
3062:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3020:
3018:
3009:
3008:
3004:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2977:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2954:
2952:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2928:
2926:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2902:
2900:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2876:
2874:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2850:
2848:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2824:
2822:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2798:
2796:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2772:
2770:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2746:
2744:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2720:Wayback Machine
2710:
2706:
2696:
2694:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2669:
2667:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2621:
2619:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2595:
2593:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2565:
2563:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2534:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2506:
2504:
2490:
2489:
2480:
2470:
2468:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2443:
2441:
2440:on 16 June 2006
2431:
2430:
2426:
2416:
2414:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2381:
2379:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2350:
2348:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2319:
2317:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2293:
2291:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2262:
2260:
2246:
2245:
2236:
2229:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2198:
2194:
2184:
2182:
2172:
2165:
2163:
2153:
2146:
2144:
2134:
2127:
2125:
2115:
2107:
2105:
2104:on 19 June 2005
2095:
2094:
2090:
2081:. No. 15.
2078:Next Generation
2074:
2073:
2069:
2053:
2049:
2044:Wayback Machine
2031:
2027:
2011:
2010:
1999:
1992:Wayback Machine
1981:
1977:
1972:
1910:
1868:
1837:executable file
1829:
1660:virtual machine
1630:
1625:
1552:Charlie Brooker
1383:H. P. Lovecraft
1307:Electronic Arts
1303:Thomas M. Disch
1131:
1114:City of Secrets
1019:virtual machine
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
981:
892:was founded by
887:
747:Melbourne House
709:
662:
657:
611:virtual machine
580:, a variant of
568:(also known as
476:was founded by
471:
338:
315:
310:
305:
263:
237:> PULL Lever
236:
226:
211:illogical space
150:
97:text adventures
45:
42:Text-based game
38:
28:
23:
22:
18:Text adventures
15:
12:
11:
5:
4475:
4473:
4465:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4439:
4438:
4432:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4398:
4396:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4376:Side-scrolling
4373:
4372:
4371:
4366:
4356:
4351:
4344:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4326:
4325:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4297:
4284:
4278:
4276:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4262:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4221:Climate change
4218:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4179:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4140:
4134:
4132:
4125:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4080:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4063:
4058:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4038:Grand strategy
4030:
4029:
4028:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3970:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3943:
3941:
3937:
3936:
3934:
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3928:
3923:
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3916:
3911:
3906:
3895:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3866:
3860:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3832:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3794:
3792:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3756:
3754:Monster-taming
3751:
3746:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3732:Looter shooter
3723:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3699:
3693:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3663:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3620:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3594:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3544:
3543:
3542:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3528:Hack and slash
3519:
3517:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3498:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3433:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3416:
3414:Endless runner
3410:
3408:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3339:Web-adventures
3336:
3330:
3324:
3318:
3312:
3306:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3282:
3274:
3273:External links
3271:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3250:
3244:
3227:
3213:
3207:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3154:
3128:
3095:
3072:
3046:
3028:
3002:
2971:Montfort, Nick
2962:
2936:
2910:
2895:. Ifcomp.org.
2884:
2858:
2832:
2806:
2780:
2754:
2723:
2704:
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2629:
2603:
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2514:
2478:
2451:
2424:
2389:
2358:
2327:
2301:
2270:
2234:
2227:
2209:
2200:Nelson, Graham
2192:
2088:
2067:
2047:
2025:
1997:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1960:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1921:
1916:
1909:
1906:
1879:package format
1867:
1864:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1809:
1804:
1795:
1785:
1677:home computers
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1565:
1564:
1543:
1533:
1521:
1499:
1486:
1474:
1466:
1450:
1430:
1418:
1415:Andrew Plotkin
1410:Spider and Web
1406:
1390:
1387:Cthulhu Mythos
1370:
1334:
1318:
1310:
1300:fantasy author
1283:
1276:Steve Meretzky
1267:
1259:Silicon Dreams
1255:
1247:
1235:
1228:Michael Berlyn
1219:
1212:Steve Meretzky
1203:
1200:existing novel
1187:
1173:
1160:
1148:
1130:
1127:
1080:Michael Berlyn
980:
977:
886:
883:
708:
705:
661:
658:
656:
653:
552:In June 1977,
470:
469:Commercial era
467:
337:
332:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
225:
222:
172:computer games
149:
146:
101:adventure game
89:adventure game
27:Software genre
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4474:
4463:
4462:Fiction forms
4460:
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4296:
4294:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4267:
4266:Single-player
4264:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
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4098:
4096:
4093:
4089:
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4084:
4081:
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4068:
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4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4047:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4031:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4011:Tower defense
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3953:
3952:Immersive sim
3950:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3938:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3915:
3912:
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3907:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3853:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3841:City-building
3839:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3825:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3784:
3782:
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3772:
3769:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3744:Dungeon crawl
3742:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3710:
3709:Tile-matching
3707:
3705:
3704:
3700:
3698:
3697:Hidden object
3695:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3686:
3680:
3677:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3667:Deck-building
3665:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
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3627:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3582:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3545:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3502:Battle royale
3500:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3468:
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3377:
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3340:
3337:
3334:
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3328:
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3313:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3247:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3204:
3200:
3199:The MIT Press
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2289:
2286:. June 2001.
2285:
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2250:
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2239:
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2228:0-262-13436-5
2224:
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2210:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2193:
2180:
2176:
2161:
2157:
2142:
2138:
2123:
2119:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2089:
2084:
2083:Imagine Media
2080:
2079:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2064:0-07-222428-2
2061:
2057:
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2048:
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2041:
2037:
2036:
2029:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2008:
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2002:
1998:
1994:
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1989:
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1709:Commodore 128
1706:
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1694:
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1500:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1484:
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1471:
1470:The Dreamhold
1467:
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1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1327:Graham Nelson
1324:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1314:Stellar Agent
1311:
1308:
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1301:
1297:
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1273:
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1245:
1244:Douglas Adams
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1229:
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1217:
1213:
1209:
1208:
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1201:
1197:
1196:Beam Software
1193:
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1188:
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1179:
1178:
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1167:
1166:
1161:
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1153:
1152:Adventureland
1149:
1146:
1142:
1141:Will Crowther
1138:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1129:Notable works
1128:
1126:
1125:documentary.
1124:
1123:
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1111:
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1103:
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1046:Graham Nelson
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1037:
1035:
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1024:
1023:InfoTaskForce
1020:
1017:
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1008:
986:
978:
976:
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948:
944:
943:Unreal Engine
940:
936:
935:
930:
929:
923:
921:
920:Frederik Pohl
917:
916:
911:
910:
905:
904:
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763:
758:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
719:
714:
713:dungeon crawl
706:
704:
702:
701:
696:
691:
687:
683:
679:
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674:
669:
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660:United States
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496:Adventureland
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487:Adventureland
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388:
384:
379:
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369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
348:
343:
342:Will Crowther
340:Around 1975,
336:
333:
331:
328:
324:
320:
312:
308:1960s and 70s
307:
302:
300:
296:
294:
290:
286:
285:
280:
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274:
273:
266:
260:
258:
257:
252:
251:present tense
248:
247:point of view
245:
244:second-person
239:
233:
231:
224:Writing style
223:
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138:visual novels
135:
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37:
33:
19:
4407:Toys-to-life
4347:
4340:
4292:
4237:Player modes
4201:Personalized
4186:
4175:
4143:
4049:Other genres
3979:Auto battler
3947:Falling-sand
3909:Lunar Lander
3719:Role-playing
3702:
3644:Visual novel
3633:
3606:Metroidvania
3598:
3552:
3484:Third-person
3457:Shoot 'em up
3442:First-person
3253:
3231:
3216:
3194:
3172:. Retrieved
3157:
3145:. Retrieved
3131:
3119:. Retrieved
3110:Jay Is Games
3108:
3098:
3085:
3075:
3063:. Retrieved
3059:the original
3049:
3031:
3019:. Retrieved
3005:
2993:. Retrieved
2981:
2965:
2953:. Retrieved
2939:
2927:. Retrieved
2923:the original
2913:
2901:. Retrieved
2887:
2875:. Retrieved
2861:
2849:. Retrieved
2841:"Anchorhead"
2835:
2823:. Retrieved
2819:the original
2809:
2797:. Retrieved
2783:
2771:. Retrieved
2757:
2745:. Retrieved
2736:
2726:
2707:
2695:. Retrieved
2680:
2668:. Retrieved
2664:the original
2654:
2641:
2632:
2620:. Retrieved
2606:
2594:. Retrieved
2585:
2576:
2564:. Retrieved
2560:the original
2555:
2546:
2537:
2523:
2517:
2505:. Retrieved
2496:
2469:. Retrieved
2454:
2442:. Retrieved
2438:the original
2427:
2415:. Retrieved
2392:
2380:. Retrieved
2371:
2361:
2349:. Retrieved
2340:
2330:
2318:. Retrieved
2304:
2292:. Retrieved
2283:
2273:
2261:. Retrieved
2218:
2212:
2202:
2195:
2183:. Retrieved
2164:. Retrieved
2145:. Retrieved
2126:. Retrieved
2106:. Retrieved
2102:the original
2091:
2076:
2070:
2055:
2050:
2033:
2028:
2014:
1983:
1978:
1924:Visual novel
1891:
1884:
1873:
1869:
1866:Distribution
1841:
1832:Interpreters
1830:
1775:
1767:
1740:
1701:Commodore 64
1642:
1631:
1614:
1613:(2013), and
1610:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1573:XYZZY Awards
1566:
1560:Black Mirror
1558:
1545:
1523:
1516:
1501:
1496:XYZZY Awards
1488:
1476:
1468:
1463:XYZZY Awards
1452:
1432:
1427:XYZZY Awards
1420:
1408:
1392:
1372:
1336:
1320:
1312:
1296:Nebula Award
1285:
1269:
1257:
1249:
1237:
1221:
1216:Allen Varney
1205:
1189:
1182:
1175:
1163:
1150:
1134:
1120:
1118:
1113:
1105:
1099:
1097:Future Boy!,
1096:
1086:
1084:
1077:
1073:XYZZY Awards
1069:Spring Thing
1062:
1038:
1031:
1009:
982:
970:
964:
958:
955:
950:
932:
926:
924:
922:'s novels).
913:
909:Spellcasting
907:
901:
888:
879:Chichen Itzá
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
855:Aventuras AD
850:
845:in 1983, by
842:
840:
828:Commodore 64
820:
811:role-playing
805:
798:
792:
787:
783:
779:
775:
770:
759:
716:
710:
698:
671:
665:
663:
647:
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639:
635:
629:
623:
615:
604:
595:
593:
586:
569:
565:
562:Dave Lebling
558:Tim Anderson
551:
544:
538:
532:
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509:
499:
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491:
485:
472:
450:
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442:
429:
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386:
380:
376:Mammoth Cave
359:
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169:
156:
140:, a type of
127:
121:
113:
99:, a type of
96:
53:
49:
48:
46:
4323:Hypercasual
4244:Multiplayer
4160:Educational
4110:Programming
4105:Photography
4078:Incremental
3874:Kart racing
3818:Virtual pet
3649:Walking sim
3624:Escape room
3523:Beat 'em up
3462:Bullet hell
3174:17 December
3147:17 December
3065:4 September
3021:17 December
2995:17 December
2733:"Read Game"
2185:17 December
2166:17 December
2147:17 December
2128:17 December
2108:17 December
1887:web browser
1802:inklewriter
1693:Amstrad CPC
1662:called the
1512:Jules Verne
1439:Emily Short
1343:Ron Schnell
1290:(1987), by
1157:Scott Adams
1110:Emily Short
1027:interpreter
1014:format and
912:series and
877:(1991) and
851:Don Quijote
824:ZX Spectrum
800:SwordThrust
795:CE Software
700:Cornerstone
609:, a custom
589:implementer
506:source code
478:Scott Adams
385:discovered
199:text parser
188:audio games
164:interpreter
64:to control
4441:Categories
4364:Open world
4275:Production
4196:Nonviolent
3879:Sim racing
3846:Government
3781:Simulation
3472:Twin-stick
3406:Platformer
2955:1 February
2929:1 February
2903:1 February
2877:1 February
2851:1 February
2825:1 February
2799:1 February
2789:"ISSUE #9"
2773:1 February
2763:"ISSUE #5"
2747:1 November
2697:1 November
2670:1 February
2622:1 February
2351:1 November
2320:1 February
2263:20 October
1930:Addventure
1611:Coloratura
1530:Adam Cadre
1447:Adam Cadre
1399:Adam Cadre
1374:Anchorhead
1367:easter egg
1292:Hugo Award
1207:Planetfall
1191:The Hobbit
1168:series by
987:newsgroup
979:Modern era
961:Activision
928:Gateway II
918:(based on
898:Mike Verdu
816:270 titles
797:published
749:, and the
727:Topologika
695:Activision
572:), at the
554:Marc Blank
439:Easter Egg
399:Mount Doom
372:simulation
134:addventure
85:video game
73:narratives
66:characters
30:See also:
4150:Christian
4138:Advergame
4026:Artillery
3759:Roguelike
3737:Soulslike
3616:Adventure
3452:Light gun
3321:Parchment
2417:7 October
2403:Newsgroup
2368:"Feelies"
1902:web pages
1816:The Quill
1724:Macintosh
1664:Z-machine
1656:byte code
1578:All Roads
1459:steampunk
1422:Varicella
1361:and most
1355:GNU Emacs
1223:Suspended
1145:Don Woods
1048:released
1016:Z-Machine
963:released
951:Unreal II
894:Bob Bates
867:Ci-U-Than
863:El Jabato
793:In 1981,
723:Acornsoft
690:Acornsoft
607:Z-machine
451:Adventure
430:Adventure
422:Adventure
387:Adventure
383:Don Woods
347:Adventure
335:Adventure
195:sentences
176:adventure
124:gamebooks
105:text-only
4402:Minigame
4354:Masocore
4300:Fan game
4170:Licensed
4095:Non-game
3966:Strategy
3836:Business
3535:Fighting
3494:Survival
3479:Tactical
3168:Archived
3141:Archived
3139:. 2006.
3115:Archived
3090:Archived
3041:Archived
3015:Archived
2986:Archived
2949:Archived
2897:Archived
2871:Archived
2845:Archived
2793:Archived
2791:. SPAG.
2767:Archived
2741:Archived
2716:Archived
2714:. 2006.
2691:Archived
2646:Archived
2616:Archived
2590:Archived
2501:Archived
2465:Archived
2411:Archived
2376:Archived
2345:Archived
2314:Archived
2288:Archived
2257:Archived
2179:Archived
2160:Archived
2141:Archived
2122:Archived
2040:Archived
2020:Archived
1988:Archived
1963:Get Lamp
1935:Gamebook
1908:See also
1728:Atari ST
1720:TI-99/4A
1681:Apple II
1668:computer
1623:Software
1619:(2017).
1609:(2010),
1607:Aotearoa
1605:(2008),
1599:(2007),
1596:Lost Pig
1593:(2005),
1587:(2003),
1581:(2001),
1571:and the
1540:Jon Bois
1490:Lost Pig
1405:in 1998.
1394:Photopia
1359:Mac OS X
1122:Get Lamp
1106:Textfyre
1058:compiled
873:(1990),
778:series (
771:Prisoner
766:Apple II
762:Edu-Ware
753:company
751:homebrew
715:game of
667:Softline
631:Deadline
511:SoftSide
508:form in
420:1.0 OS.
410:Internet
366:for the
70:literary
62:commands
58:software
4369:Sandbox
4211:Serious
4144:BishĹŤjo
4061:Fitness
4033:Wargame
3891:Vehicle
3864:Fishing
3803:Farming
3703:Sokoban
3567:Stealth
3553:Pac-Man
3429:Shooter
3121:12 June
2596:6 March
2566:6 March
2556:Ready64
2507:10 July
2471:10 July
2444:10 July
2405::
2382:10 July
2207:, 1993.
1844:Infocom
1812:Gilsoft
1644:Infocom
1634:Fortran
1590:Vespers
1503:80 Days
1434:Galatea
1351:MacLisp
1287:Amnesia
1280:Infocom
1232:Infocom
1230:was an
1170:Infocom
915:Gateway
743:Delta 4
718:Acheton
626:feelies
600:Infocom
570:Dungeon
534:Trinity
523:Infocom
482:Dilbert
406:ARPAnet
364:Fortran
303:History
180:reading
109:puzzles
4318:Casual
4311:Design
4293:Doujin
4206:Sci-fi
4182:Sexual
4155:Comedy
4131:Themes
4115:Typing
4088:Rhythm
4066:Horror
3904:Combat
3869:Racing
3856:Sports
3813:Social
3798:Dating
3749:MMORPG
3689:Puzzle
3397:Action
3242:
3223:
3205:
3105:"9:05"
2586:IFWiki
2539:games.
2530:
2493:"SAGA"
2294:22 May
2225:
2204:Curses
2062:
1763:IFComp
1759:ADRIFT
1751:Inform
1747:Inform
1745:2 and
1736:TRS-80
1734:, and
1713:Kaypro
1672:parser
1602:Violet
1478:Façade
1345:(1992
1338:DUNNET
1331:Inform
1322:Curses
1101:Cypher
1050:Inform
1012:Z-Code
985:Usenet
906:, the
843:Yenght
830:, and
776:Empire
755:Zenobi
636:Zork I
618:parser
560:, and
418:MS-DOS
368:PDP-10
352:ADVENT
323:SHRDLU
293:didn't
289:Curses
281:, and
256:Curses
184:typing
158:Zork I
148:Medium
4395:Other
4348:Kaizo
4341:Gacha
4287:Indie
4249:Co-op
4188:Eroge
4176:Otome
4165:Girls
4100:Party
4083:Music
3940:Other
3914:Space
3601:clone
3562:Snake
3555:clone
3516:Other
3437:Arena
2989:(PDF)
2978:(PDF)
1970:Notes
1894:Twine
1876:Blorb
1852:Frotz
1821:Twine
1798:Inkle
1794:(GAC)
1784:(AGT)
1757:, or
1732:Amiga
1550:, by
1536:17776
1508:inkle
1437:, by
1413:, by
1397:, by
1377:, by
1347:eLisp
1341:, by
1325:, by
1262:, by
1242:, by
1210:, by
1155:, by
1139:, by
947:Atari
806:Eamon
733:were
655:1980s
516:BASIC
435:xyzzy
319:ELIZA
249:, in
56:) is
4295:soft
4226:News
4056:Cozy
3984:MOBA
3790:Life
3547:Maze
3467:Rail
3447:Hero
3333:SPAG
3240:ISBN
3221:ISBN
3203:ISBN
3176:2006
3149:2006
3123:2018
3086:Time
3067:2013
3023:2006
2997:2006
2957:2011
2931:2011
2905:2011
2879:2011
2853:2011
2827:2011
2801:2011
2775:2011
2749:2006
2699:2006
2672:2011
2624:2011
2598:2008
2568:2008
2528:ISBN
2509:2014
2473:2009
2446:2009
2419:2009
2384:2009
2353:2006
2322:2011
2296:2007
2265:2006
2223:ISBN
2187:2006
2168:2006
2149:2006
2130:2006
2110:2006
2060:ISBN
1898:HTML
1755:TADS
1743:TADS
1716:CP/M
1652:LISP
1648:Zork
1575:are
1525:9:05
1517:TIME
1294:and
1165:Zork
1162:The
1143:and
1052:, a
1042:TADS
896:and
774:and
737:and
688:and
648:Zork
638:and
582:LISP
566:Zork
543:and
528:Zork
461:and
272:Zork
117:CP/M
34:and
4335:FMV
4282:AAA
4259:PVP
4254:MMO
4216:Art
3828:CMS
3808:God
3260:doi
1860:DOS
1814:'s
1800:'s
1790:'s
1697:PCW
1638:IBM
1538:by
1528:by
1506:by
1385:'s
1274:by
1226:by
832:MSX
790:).
578:MDL
459:Ken
457:);
91:or
79:or
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3201:.
3197:.
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3113:.
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3088:.
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3039:.
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2980:.
2739:.
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2370:.
2343:.
2339:.
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2237:^
2177:.
2158:.
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2120:.
2000:^
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1753:,
1738:.
1730:,
1726:,
1722:,
1718:,
1711:,
1707:,
1703:,
1691:,
1687:,
1683:,
1108:.
975:.
826:,
786:,
782:,
757:.
745:,
731:UK
640:II
584:.
549:.
537:,
518:.
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275:,
259::
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3125:.
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3025:.
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