154:
Atallah. Association director Dr. Rawda
Atallah said the findings were not surprising, since they were similar to the findings of a previous study published in November 2009, which reported that more than 4,000 mistakes in language and syntax were found in textbooks for second grade students in Arab schools. Researchers also spoke about the way in which Arab students' cultural and national identities are covered. For example, while textbooks state that Jews and non-Jews live in the Galilee, the word "Arab" is never mentioned. Dr. George Mansour, who examined the history textbooks, reported that they ignored the presence of the Arab-Palestinian people in Israel and stressed the Promised Land of the Jewish people: "There is a process of de-Palestinization, instilling of the Zionist narrative and minimizing of Arab culture," reported Dr. Mansour.
80:
friendships between Jews and Arabs in
Islamic countries and in Israel even in times of war. There are stories of Jews helping Arabs in daily life and in war as well as stories of Arabs rescuing Jews from physical harm and helping Jews to maintain their religion and identity. In many literary anthologies there are stories about the daily life of Arabs written by Arab authors. Some stories deal with the tensions created by the transition from a traditional society with its values and customs, to a modern western society. In some books in the ultra-orthodox network relations between Arabs and Jews were portrayed in negative terms. The official list of textbooks referred to is not compulsory, but was an indication of the Ministry of Education's recommendations, as published in a memo signed by the Ministry's Director.
125:
finding in the books she studied concerns the historical narrative of events in 1948, the year in which Israel fought a war to establish itself as an independent state. She claims that the killing of
Palestinians is depicted as something that was necessary for the survival of the nascent Jewish state. "It's not that the massacres are denied, they are represented in Israeli school books as something that in the long run was good for the Jewish state." "he Israeli version of events are stated as objective facts, while the Palestinian-Arab versions are stated as possibility, realized in openings such as 'According to the Arab version' ... '
55:(CMIP), now known as the Institute for Monitoring Peace and Cultural Tolerance in School Education, found that the legitimacy of the State of Israel as an independent Jewish state on the territory of the Land of Israel and the immigration of Jews to the country was never questioned. There was no indoctrination against the Arabs as a nation, nor a negative presentation of Islam. Islam, Arab culture and the Arabs' contribution to human civilization were presented in a positive light. No book called for violence or war. Many books express the yearning for peace between Israel and the Arab countries.
175:
edition of this textbook but the
Israeli debate regarding the occupation was shrunk to a few sentences in the most recent edition under right-wing education ministers. Another Israeli civics textbook completely omits discussion of the dispute over the occupied territories. In civics high school matriculation tests over the past 20 years, no question appeared on the limiting of the Palestinians’ rights. The geography matriculation exams ignore the
76:
to these sites is taught. The students are even taught about the
Muslims affinity to Jerusalem, although, the focus is on the religious, rather than the political dimension. The CIMP report found that it was only in the ultra-orthodox stream that textbooks contained prejudice, patronizing expressions and disrespect to Arabs.
203:
the contents of the book be reexamined. The
Ministry of Education took the unusual step of removing the book from the shelves and then redacted it. Among other changes, term "ethnic cleansing" in relation to the Nakba was removed and now refers instead to an organized policy of expulsion by the pre-state Jewish militia.
170:
of Tel Aviv
University. The lives and perspectives of Palestinians are rarely mentioned, an approach he terms “interpretive denial.” In most Israeli textbooks, “the Jewish control and the Palestinians’ inferior status appear as a natural, self-evident situation that one doesn’t have to think about."
105:
studied 124 textbooks used in
Israeli schools. He concluded that generations of Israeli Jews have been taught a negative and often delegitimizing view of Arabs. He claims Arabs are portrayed in these textbooks as primitive, inferior in comparison to Jews, violent, untrustworthy, fanatic, treacherous
202:
The book "Nationalism: Building a State in the Middle East," published by the Zalman Shazar Center, was approved for 11th and 12th classrooms by Israel's
Ministry of Education and distributed to shops throughout the country for use in high schools. However, the Minister of Education instructed that
124:
against and negative images of Arabs, and that they prepare young
Israelis for their compulsory military service. After examining "hundreds and hundreds" of books, Peled-Elhanan claims she did not find one photograph that depicted an Arab as a "normal person". She has stated that the most important
75:
established Islam and explain its fundamentals in a factual, objective manner. Many books highlight positive aspects in Islam. The language is factual and devoid of offensive terms and stereotypes. Sites holy to both Jews and Muslims are not presented as exclusively Jewish and the Arabs' attachment
174:
According to the Ben-Amos study, one of the main civics textbooks used in Israeli high schools fails to address at all the limited rights of the millions of Palestinians living in the West Bank under Israeli military occupation. The more general issue of the occupation was addressed in a previous
136:
She also states that contrary to the hope of previous studies "for 'the appearance of a new narrative in history textbooks' ... some of the most recent school books (2003–09) regress to the 'first generation' accounts — when archival information was less accessible — and are, like them 'replete
88:
CMIP states that no negative changes were noted in the new textbooks with regard to the image of the Arabs, the description of the conflict, the presentation of Islam, questions of war and peace and education to tolerance and conciliation. On the contrary, the positive trends noted in the earlier
58:
In textbooks for state-run schools, there was an effort to remove stereotypes and educate towards tolerance. In some textbooks for the Orthodox Jewish community, the researchers found derogatory adjectives, prejudices, patronizing expressions and disrespect toward Arabs. The Arab leadership was
132:
With reference to previous studies of Israeli school textbooks, Peled-Elhanan states that, despite some signs of improvement in the 1990s, the more recent books do not ignore, but justify, issues such as the Nakba. For example, in all the books mentioning Deir Yassin, the massacre is justified
153:
According to a 2011 report by the Arab Cultural Association, Arabic textbooks provided to third grade to ninth grade students in Israeli schools contained at least 16,255 mistakes. The report was based on a study and examination of textbooks in all subjects by a committee, headed by Dr. Elias
79:
The report further stated that in textbooks of both the general state-run network and the religious state-run network, there was a genuine effort to remove stereotypes and to build a foundation for coexistence and mutual respect between the two peoples. There are many stories that describe
144:
In 2013, it was reported that Israeli science textbook publishers had been instructed to remove details of "human reproduction, pregnancy prevention and sexually transmitted diseases from science textbooks used in state religious junior high schools as well as from their teacher manuals".
92:
Maps of Israel included all the territory between the Mediterranean Sea and the River Jordan. Many textbooks showed maps of the Middle East on which only Israel's name appeared, with the territories of the surrounding Arab countries left blank.
63:
is attributed to the fact that the Arabs fled from their homes. Only a few textbooks stated that some refugees were expelled by Israel or were forced to flee through threats. Some do not mention the Palestinian exodus at all.
217:
542:
530:
106:
and aggressive. While history books in the elementary schools hardly mentioned Arabs, the high school textbooks that covered the Arab–Jewish conflict stereotyped Arabs negatively, as intransigent and uncompromising.
59:
portrayed as motivated by an eternal hatred independent of historical circumstances. In textbooks for every age, Israel's wars are described as justified wars of defense, and the Arabs held responsible for them. The
543:
In Israeli Textbooks, the Palestinians Are All but Invisible: A Study by Avner Ben-Amos of Tel Aviv University Shows that the Occupation is Rarely Mentioned in History, Civics or Geography Textbooks
531:
In Israeli Textbooks, the Palestinians Are All but Invisible: A Study by Avner Ben-Amos of Tel Aviv University Shows that the Occupation is Rarely Mentioned in History, Civics or Geography Textbooks
498:
626:
35:
Israel's Compulsory Education Law provides free and compulsory education for all children between the ages of 5 and 18, from the last year of kindergarten up to 12th grade.
222:
133:
because: "the slaughter of friendly Palestinians brought about the flight of other Palestinians which enabled the establishment of a coherent Jewish state."
611:
372:
339:
52:
508:
191:
to be removed from Israeli Arab textbooks. The term was introduced in books for use in Arab schools in 2007 when the Education Ministry was run by
616:
455:
367:
129:
became a myth in the Palestinian narrative ... a horrifying negative image of the Jewish conqueror in the eyes of Israel's Arabs'.
291:
89:
report were strengthened. The textbooks of the ultra-Orthodox schools continued to use language conveying an air of superiority.
606:
24:
267:
71:
is described with respect in both the general the religious state-run educational streams. Many books elaborate in detail how
113:
472:
162:
In general, the Israeli occupation of Palestinian territories is hardly mentioned by Israeli textbooks or by high school
587:
621:
163:
395:
60:
232:
256:
CMIP 2000 report, p. 9: "The Compulsory Education Law adopted in 1949, extended in 1968, 1979 and 1999"
120:, an account of her study of the contents of Israeli school books. She asserts that the books promote
126:
591:
237:
176:
109:
102:
354:
335:
196:
451:
212:
554:
227:
167:
600:
445:
101:
In his 2004 article "The Arab Image in Hebrew School Textbooks", Dan Bar-Tal of
192:
199:
justified the ban by saying that the term was "propaganda against Israel".
473:"Israeli Science Textbook Publishers Ordered To Censor Human Reproduction"
218:
Institute for Monitoring Peace and Cultural Tolerance in School Education
72:
558:
503:
447:
Palestine in Israeli School Books: Ideology and Propaganda in Education
292:
CMIP 2000 report, p. 6 Center for Monitoring the Impact of Peace report
118:
Palestine in Israeli School Books: Ideology and Propaganda in Education
39:
Assessments of Hebrew textbooks in relation to their depiction of Arabs
121:
20:
572:
336:
Arabs and Palestinians in Israeli Textbooks, September 2000 Report
188:
68:
368:"Reports on Palestinian kids' hatred grossly exaggerated"
268:"Knesset extends compulsory education law to 12th grade"
396:"Academic claims Israeli school textbooks contain bias"
343:
319:
317:
137:
with bias, prejudice, errors, misrepresentations'" (
555:"Israel bans "catastrophe" term from Arab schools"
499:"Israel textbooks in Arabic are full of mistakes"
51:An analysis of Israeli textbooks in 2000 by the
112:, a professor of language and education at the
331:
329:
471:Lior Dattel; Yarden Skop (3 September 2013).
223:Textbooks in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
8:
627:Politics of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
573:|Israel Pulls Textbook With Chapter on Nakba
195:of the Labour party. Israeli Prime Minister
373:J. The Jewish News of Northern California
340:Center for Monitoring the Impact of Peace
53:Center for Monitoring the Impact of Peace
45:Center for Monitoring the Impact of Peace
588:How Israel teaches its children to hate
249:
450:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 228.
7:
166:, according to a study by Professor
27:and other educational institutions.
444:Peled-Elhanan, Nurit (2013-10-01).
394:Sherwood, Harriet (7 August 2011).
158:Teaching the Arab–Israeli conflict
14:
612:Education controversies in Israel
432:Palestine in Israeli School Books
420:Palestine in Israeli School Books
139:Palestine in Israeli School Books
25:Ministry of Education of Israel
266:Or Kashti (25 December 2007).
114:Hebrew University of Jerusalem
1:
617:Textbooks in the Middle East
187:Israel has ordered the word
643:
497:Jack Khoury (9 May 2011).
164:matriculation examinations
67:According to the report,
311:CMIP 2000 report, p. 78
302:CMIP 2000 report, p. 76
607:Textbook controversies
571:Haaretz, 19 Oct. 2009
541:Haaretz, 21 June 2020
529:Haaretz, 21 June 2020
323:CMIP 2000 report, p. 7
233:Anti-Arabism in Israel
179:and the Palestinians.
592:Middle East Monitor
355:2002 Update by CMIP
342:(also available at
238:Education in Israel
110:Nurit Peled-Elhanan
103:Tel Aviv University
17:Textbooks in Israel
197:Benjamin Netanyahu
61:Palestinian exodus
590:, July 26, 2019,
457:978-0-85773-069-5
213:Bias in education
183:Nakba terminology
97:Other Assessments
19:are published in
634:
622:Education issues
575:
569:
563:
562:
551:
545:
539:
533:
527:
521:
520:
518:
516:
507:. Archived from
494:
488:
487:
485:
483:
468:
462:
461:
441:
435:
429:
423:
417:
411:
410:
408:
406:
391:
385:
384:
382:
380:
363:
357:
352:
346:
333:
324:
321:
312:
309:
303:
300:
294:
289:
283:
282:
280:
278:
263:
257:
254:
149:Arabic textbooks
642:
641:
637:
636:
635:
633:
632:
631:
597:
596:
584:
579:
578:
570:
566:
553:
552:
548:
540:
536:
528:
524:
514:
512:
496:
495:
491:
481:
479:
470:
469:
465:
458:
443:
442:
438:
430:
426:
418:
414:
404:
402:
393:
392:
388:
378:
376:
365:
364:
360:
353:
349:
334:
327:
322:
315:
310:
306:
301:
297:
290:
286:
276:
274:
265:
264:
260:
255:
251:
246:
228:Saudi textbooks
209:
185:
160:
151:
99:
49:
41:
33:
12:
11:
5:
640:
638:
630:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
599:
598:
595:
594:
583:
582:External links
580:
577:
576:
564:
546:
534:
522:
489:
463:
456:
436:
424:
412:
386:
366:len traubman.
358:
347:
325:
313:
304:
295:
284:
258:
248:
247:
245:
242:
241:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
208:
205:
184:
181:
168:Avner Ben-Amos
159:
156:
150:
147:
98:
95:
86:
85:
48:
42:
40:
37:
32:
29:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
639:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
604:
602:
593:
589:
586:
585:
581:
574:
568:
565:
561:. 2009-07-22.
560:
556:
550:
547:
544:
538:
535:
532:
526:
523:
511:on 2011-05-14
510:
506:
505:
500:
493:
490:
478:
474:
467:
464:
459:
453:
449:
448:
440:
437:
433:
428:
425:
421:
416:
413:
401:
397:
390:
387:
375:
374:
369:
362:
359:
356:
351:
348:
344:
341:
337:
332:
330:
326:
320:
318:
314:
308:
305:
299:
296:
293:
288:
285:
273:
269:
262:
259:
253:
250:
243:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
210:
206:
204:
200:
198:
194:
190:
182:
180:
178:
172:
169:
165:
157:
155:
148:
146:
142:
140:
134:
130:
128:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
104:
96:
94:
90:
83:
82:
81:
77:
74:
70:
65:
62:
56:
54:
46:
43:
38:
36:
30:
28:
26:
22:
18:
567:
549:
537:
525:
513:. Retrieved
509:the original
502:
492:
480:. Retrieved
476:
466:
446:
439:
431:
427:
419:
415:
403:. Retrieved
400:The Guardian
399:
389:
377:. Retrieved
371:
361:
350:
307:
298:
287:
275:. Retrieved
271:
261:
252:
201:
186:
173:
161:
152:
143:
138:
135:
131:
117:
116:, published
108:
100:
91:
87:
78:
66:
57:
50:
44:
34:
16:
15:
477:The Forward
422:, pp. 50–51
141:, p. 228).
127:Deir Yassin
84:2001 update
601:Categories
244:References
193:Yuli Tamir
177:Green Line
515:25 March
482:25 March
434:, p. 178
405:8 August
379:16 March
277:25 March
207:See also
73:Muhammad
47:findings
559:Reuters
504:Haaretz
345:), p.10
272:Haaretz
31:History
23:by the
454:
122:racism
21:Israel
189:Nakba
69:Islam
517:2014
484:2014
452:ISBN
407:2011
381:2014
279:2014
338:by
603::
557:.
501:.
475:.
398:.
370:.
328:^
316:^
270:.
519:.
486:.
460:.
409:.
383:.
281:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.