208:
27:
381:, The two dialects share 98% basic lexicon and have a closer relation with Mường languages than Cuối and Poọng. They share 77%, 79% and 71% core lexicon with Mường Bi language, Mường Ống language and Nghệ An dialect of Vietnamese, respectively. Especially, Mọn and Họ are lexical closest with a Mường language in Như Xuân district (84%). Therefore, Nguyễn (2009) group them into a single language in Việt-Mường branch which have a closer relation with Mường languages. Maspéro (1912) named this language as
367:
1123:
1113:
55:
71:
402:
share respectively 94% and 95% basic lexicon with Nghệ An dialect. However, Nguyễn (2009) argued that two Thổ languages experienced a different phonological innovation with
Vietnamese. Thus, he placed it into a grey area between being dialects of Vietnamese or being member languages of Viet-Muong
219:
into territory of other Vietic speaking ethnic minorities such as the Cuối and intermixed with the local populations. After a period of evolution, were given the name Thổ. Their culture combines elements of Viet and Muong culture, with elements of
301:
Thổ is a heterogeneous group; thus, local groups have distinct languages. However, all of Thổ languages belong to Vietic branch . Nguyễn Hữu Hoành (2009) classify Thổ languages into 5 groups base on their position in Vietic branch.
207:
26:
330:- Lexicostatistical studies have found that Đan Lai and Poọng sharing 85% basic lexicon. Thus, Nguyễn (2009) identify them as dialects of a language. The speakers of this language reside mainly in
215:
The Thổ people are a heterogeneous mix of different Vietic peoples. Around the end of the 17th century, Vietnam experienced multiple social upheavals that caused multiple migrations of Viet and
244:, and use hemp to make bags, hammocks and nets. In the northern communes of Nghệ An, the stilt houses are identical to that of the Muong. In the South, however, they are in the Thái style.
362:. Because of sharing 66% basic lexicon with Poọng, Nguyễn (2009) proposed to group Cuối with Tày Poọng-Đan Lai to form a subbranch in Vietic, parallel to Việt-Mường branch and Chứt branch.
627:
354:, Nguyễn (2009) pointed out that Cuối is a distinct language with Vietnamese, Muong and Poọng-Đan Lai. This language have two dialects Cuối Chăm in Tân Hợp commune (
390:
share 99% lexicon with Nghệ An dialect of
Vietnamese. Thus, Nguyễn(2009) classified Kẹo as a dialect of Vietnamese or even a sub-dialect of Nghệ An dialect
598:Đặng Nghiêm Vạn & Nguyễn Anh Ngọc (1975). "Vài nét về ba nhóm Đan Lai, Ly Hà va 'Tày Poọng'". In, Ủy ban khoa học xã hội Việt Nam: Viện dân tộc học.
224:
culture. Their clothing is a mix of
Vietnamese, Muong, and Tai traditions from the early modern period. Some women wear clothing similar to the
620:
574:
573:“Nguyễn Hữu Hoành. 2009. Tìm hiểu ngôn ngữ các dân tộc ở Việt Nam: Vấn đề dân tộc Thổ xét từ góc độ ngôn ngữ, Hà Nội: NXB Khoa học xã hội.
240:. Men wear simple tunics and pants. Just like with the Muong, many clothing items are purchased from the Thái. They mainly grow rice and
550:
1152:
1126:
613:
1090:
505:
491:
335:
1080:
591:
Thi Nhị & Trần Mạnh Cát (1975). "Vài nét về người Thổ ở Nghệ An". In, Ủy ban khoa học xã hội Việt Nam: Viện dân tộc học.
427:
Quán Vi Miên (2013:12-13) lists ethnic Thổ populations and branches (ethnic subdivisions) for the following districts of
1021:
528:
467:
1070:
436:
809:
636:
252:
Thổ consists of various different ethnolinguistic groups. Quán Vi Miên (2013:12) lists the following branches.
880:
1147:
979:
648:
475:
355:
949:
837:
483:
428:
421:
417:
331:
165:
64:
229:
1085:
80:
177:
105:
84:
1112:
1004:
779:
672:
404:
398:
376:
1075:
1065:
905:
999:
394:
957:
900:
895:
724:
683:
605:
184:
910:
890:
652:
366:
101:
661:
192:
870:
789:
183:
The Thổ are one of the 4 main groups of Vietic speakers in
Vietnam, the others being the
1116:
972:
967:
885:
865:
860:
850:
827:
794:
729:
382:
359:
311:
225:
764:
1141:
1049:
984:
932:
845:
769:
754:
699:
350:
339:
325:
173:
97:
1044:
1034:
1009:
922:
917:
822:
784:
749:
734:
666:
216:
188:
137:
109:
1039:
994:
989:
927:
774:
759:
744:
739:
719:
704:
221:
962:
938:
875:
855:
817:
799:
714:
709:
196:
292:(Phoọng, Poọng, Phống) (Lao exonym for the "Khạ", or Mon-Khmer hill tribes)
195:. The name Thổ, which means "autochthonous" was originally applied to the
237:
121:
640:
161:
125:
60:
600:
Về vấn đề xác định thánh phần các dân tộc thiểu số ở miền bắc Việt Nam
593:
Về vấn đề xác định thánh phần các dân tộc thiểu số ở miền bắc Việt Nam
233:
440:: 18,394 people; Họ, Kẹo, Mọn branches, in the following communes:
1029:
365:
241:
206:
169:
343:
76:
609:
416:
As of 2009, 80% (59,579 persons) of all ethnic Thổ live in
265:(Keo) (Lao/Thai exonym for ethnic Kinh or Vietnamese)
1058:
1020:
948:
836:
808:
692:
647:
115:
91:
46:
36:
479:: 15,695 people; Họ, Kẹo, Mọn, Cuối Chăm branches
602:, 456-471. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản khoa học xã hội.
595:, 444-455. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản khoa học xã hội.
471:: 28,487 people; Họ, Kẹo, Mọn, Cuối Đếp branches
338:districts. It may also have close relation with
160:) inhabits the mountainous regions of northern
370:The position of Thổ languages in Vietic branch
199:ethnic group, however this usage is obsolete.
180:. The Thổ population numbered 91,430 in 2019.
621:
8:
523:
521:
19:
628:
614:
606:
25:
18:
588:. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản văn hóa thông tin.
420:, while 13% (9,652 persons) are found in
517:
487:: 3,220 people; Đan Lai, Ly Hà branches
531:. General Statistics Office of Vietnam
529:"Report on Results of the 2019 Census"
259:(Lao/Thai exonym for the Han Chinese)
7:
358:) and Cuối Nếp (or Cuối Làng Lỡ) in
47:Regions with significant populations
14:
1122:
1121:
1111:
506:List of ethnic groups in Vietnam
69:
53:
495:: 436 people; Tày Poọng branch
176:, which is closely related to
1:
586:Văn hóa dân gian: dân tộc Thổ
461:Quỳ Hợp city (265 ethnic Thổ)
446:Nghĩa Xuân (3,855 ethnic Thổ)
1107:– Not officially recognized
555:www.vietnamroyaltourism.com
449:Minh Hợp (1,983 ethnic Thổ)
1169:
693:Austroasiatic (non-Vietic)
458:Thọ Hợp (1,730 ethnic Thổ)
455:Văn Lợi (2,403 ethnic Thổ)
443:Tam Hợp (5,515 ethnic Thổ)
1099:
452:Hạ Sơn (2,652 ethnic Thổ)
120:
96:
51:
41:
24:
1153:Ethnic groups in Vietnam
637:Ethnic groups in Vietnam
424:Quán Vi Miên (2013:11).
551:"Tho People in Vietnam"
383:Southern Mường language
211:A traditional Tho dress
950:Sino-Tibetan languages
407:has a similar status).
371:
212:
369:
271:(Mol) (Mường autonym)
210:
172:. Many Thổ speak the
584:Quán Vi Miên. 2013.
492:Tương Dương District
81:Bolikhamsai Province
85:Khammouane Province
21:
484:Con Cuông District
468:Nghĩa Đàn District
422:Thanh Hóa Province
372:
213:
1135:
1134:
1022:Malayo-Polynesian
131:
130:
1160:
1125:
1124:
1115:
1108:
630:
623:
616:
607:
577:
571:
565:
564:
562:
561:
547:
541:
540:
538:
536:
525:
437:Quỳ Hợp District
429:Nghệ An Province
418:Nghệ An Province
166:Nghệ An Province
102:Vietic languages
75:
73:
72:
65:Nghệ An Province
59:
57:
56:
37:Total population
29:
22:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1103:
1095:
1054:
1016:
944:
832:
804:
688:
643:
641:language family
634:
581:
580:
572:
568:
559:
557:
549:
548:
544:
534:
532:
527:
526:
519:
514:
502:
476:Tân Kỳ District
414:
356:Tân Kỳ district
299:
250:
205:
70:
68:
54:
52:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1166:
1164:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1148:Vietic peoples
1140:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1119:
1117:Vietnam portal
1109:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1026:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
977:
976:
975:
970:
965:
954:
952:
946:
945:
943:
942:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
914:
913:
911:Thái Hàng Tổng
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
842:
840:
834:
833:
831:
830:
825:
820:
814:
812:
806:
805:
803:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
696:
694:
690:
689:
687:
686:
681:
676:
669:
664:
658:
656:
645:
644:
635:
633:
632:
625:
618:
610:
604:
603:
596:
589:
579:
578:
566:
542:
516:
515:
513:
510:
509:
508:
501:
498:
497:
496:
488:
480:
472:
464:
463:
462:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
413:
410:
409:
408:
391:
385:
364:
363:
347:
298:
295:
294:
293:
287:
282:
277:
272:
266:
260:
249:
246:
204:
201:
129:
128:
118:
117:
113:
112:
94:
93:
89:
88:
49:
48:
44:
43:
39:
38:
34:
33:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1165:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1128:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
982:
981:
980:Tibeto-Burman
978:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
960:
959:
956:
955:
953:
951:
947:
941:
940:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
883:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
843:
841:
839:
835:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
815:
813:
811:
807:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
697:
695:
691:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
674:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
659:
657:
654:
650:
649:Austroasiatic
646:
642:
638:
631:
626:
624:
619:
617:
612:
611:
608:
601:
597:
594:
590:
587:
583:
582:
575:
570:
567:
556:
552:
546:
543:
530:
524:
522:
518:
511:
507:
504:
503:
499:
494:
493:
489:
486:
485:
481:
478:
477:
473:
470:
469:
465:
460:
457:
454:
451:
448:
445:
442:
441:
439:
438:
434:
433:
432:
430:
425:
423:
419:
411:
406:
401:
400:
396:
392:
389:
386:
384:
380:
378:
374:
373:
368:
361:
360:Thái Hòa town
357:
353:
352:
348:
345:
341:
340:Hung language
337:
333:
329:
327:
322:
318:
314:
313:
308:
305:
304:
303:
296:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
270:
267:
264:
261:
258:
255:
254:
253:
247:
245:
243:
239:
235:
232:, but with a
231:
227:
223:
218:
217:Muong peoples
209:
202:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
181:
179:
175:
171:
168:southwest of
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
136:
127:
123:
119:
114:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
90:
86:
82:
78:
66:
62:
50:
45:
42:91,430 (2019)
40:
35:
28:
23:
1104:
973:Sán Dìu
937:
710:Bru-Vân Kiều
678:
671:
599:
592:
585:
569:
558:. Retrieved
554:
545:
533:. Retrieved
490:
482:
474:
466:
435:
426:
415:
412:Distribution
399:Thổ Như Xuân
393:
387:
375:
349:
324:
320:
316:
310:
306:
300:
289:
284:
279:
274:
268:
262:
256:
251:
248:Subdivisions
214:
182:
174:Tho language
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
138:ethnic group
134:
132:
31:Thổ clothing
16:Ethnic group
1005:Phù Lá
990:Hà Nhì
823:H'Mông/Mông
684:Việt (Kinh)
336:Tương Dương
1142:Categories
1059:Expatriate
1010:Si La
1000:Lô Lô
995:La Hủ
896:Thái Trắng
725:Giẻ Triêng
560:2020-01-22
512:References
395:Thổ Lâm La
342:(Toum) in
230:Áo tứ thân
178:Vietnamese
106:Vietnamese
1091:Taiwanese
906:Tày Thanh
838:Tai–Kadai
810:Hmong–Dao
332:Con Cuông
307:Tày Poọng
297:Languages
290:Tày Poọng
164:, mainly
158:Tay Poong
92:Languages
1127:Category
1086:Nigerian
1071:Japanese
901:Phu Thái
886:Thái Đen
871:Sán Chay
790:Xinh Mun
500:See also
403:branch (
238:Kerchief
226:Áo bà ba
122:Buddhism
116:Religion
1045:Gia Rai
891:Thái Đỏ
828:Pà Thẻn
795:Xơ Đăng
321:Đan Lai
280:Đan Lai
228:or the
203:History
162:Vietnam
126:Animism
61:Vietnam
1105:italic
1081:Jewish
1076:Korean
1066:Indian
1050:Raglai
1035:Chu Ru
933:Pu Péo
923:La Chí
918:Cơ Lao
780:Rơ Măm
770:Chơ Ro
755:Xtiêng
750:M'Nông
740:Khơ Mú
653:Vietic
379:and Họ
319:) and
236:and a
234:Sarong
191:, and
140:(also
74:
58:
928:La Ha
800:Khmer
785:Tà Ôi
760:Cơ Ho
735:Kháng
720:Cơ Tu
700:Ba Na
673:Nguồn
667:Mường
535:1 May
405:Nguồn
317:Phong
312:Poong
285:Ly Hà
242:ramie
189:Mường
170:Hanoi
1040:Ê Đê
1030:Chăm
985:Cống
968:Ngái
939:Thủy
881:Thái
866:Nùng
851:Giáy
846:Bố Y
775:Ơ Đu
745:Mảng
705:Brâu
662:Chứt
537:2020
397:and
351:Cuối
344:Laos
334:and
326:Liha
275:Cuối
222:Thái
193:Chứt
185:Việt
150:Cuoi
133:The
83:and
77:Laos
963:Hoa
958:Han
876:Tày
856:Lào
818:Dao
730:Hrê
679:Thổ
639:by
388:Kẹo
377:Mọn
315:or
269:Mọn
263:Kẹo
197:Tày
146:Mon
142:Keo
135:Thổ
110:Lao
98:Tho
20:Thổ
1144::
861:Lự
765:Mạ
715:Co
553:.
520:^
431:.
257:Họ
187:,
156:,
154:Ho
152:,
148:,
144:,
124:•
108:•
104:•
100:•
67:)
655:)
651:(
629:e
622:t
615:v
576:”
563:.
539:.
346:.
328:)
323:(
309:(
87:)
79:(
63:(
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