526:(used as an approach aid by the airport), which was located at the left side of the runway rather than at the middle of the runway (at track 225 degree). In Flight 261, the pilots were on track 215 degree with a visibility of less than 2,000 metres (6,600 ft). As such, the pilots were able to see the runway only if they had passed the runway centreline. In all of their attempts to land, they were too far left of the runway. It was a difficult approach for the pilots and this might have explained why the flight had gone through multiple go-around attempts. Additionally, the pilots were not familiar with non-precision approach.
554:
the aircraft's elevator. It managed to decrease the pitch rate for a small amount. However, it then started to increase again, reaching as high as 40 degree. The pilots, again, applied the elevator to decrease the pitch. The pitch was decreased to 32-33 degree for approximately 6 seconds. The pilots then suddenly did not apply the elevator anymore, causing the pitch to increase to 47-48 degree. By this time, the speed had decayed to 100 knots (185 km/h; 115 mph). The aircraft then entered a stall and crashed onto the swamp.
546:
move the throttle forward at a rate of 8 degree per second. This would cause the aircraft's nose to pitch up. If the pilots decided to use the autopilot, the pitch attitude would be regulated by the system. However, if the pilots decided to use manual control and the pilots were not aware with their surrounding, there would be a chance in that the pilots would lose control of the aircraft's pitch, causing the aircraft to enter an upset.
29:
1966:
298:(AAIC) opened an investigation into the accident. The investigation revealed that the crew were disoriented. As their attempts to land at the airport had failed multiple times, the crew became upset, causing them not to maintain awareness of the condition of their aircraft until it started to enter an upset condition. The pilots failed to recover the aircraft and the aircraft crashed into the swamp.
530:
noticed the high rate of climb of the aircraft. The co-pilot stated that it might have been caused by the light weight of the aircraft (Flight 261 was 102 tonnes while its permissible landing weight was 122 tonnes). The engines gradually increased and there was a low pitching up moment. Investigators noted that no signs of pilot fatigue were found in the first go-around attempt.
1954:
1978:
542:
arrived at the destination airport. The low visibility, the difficult landing attempt in Surat Thani, and the possibility of going back to
Bangkok caused a heavy workload on the pilots of Flight 261. The flight crew's attention was channelized due to the stress, causing them to work in not optimal condition. It would also endanger their situational awareness.
545:
The aircraft involved in the accident was an Airbus A310, a medium range airliner equipped with 2 large turbo fan engines, both of which were located under swept back wings. According to investigators, if the pilots decided to trigger the go lever during go-around mode, the autothrottle system would
409:
The Airbus A310 crashed onto a swampy ground near a flooded rubber plantation and exploded, bursting into flames. The crash site was located 760 yards (2,280 ft; 695 m) from the runway. Many of the occupants were drowned by the waist-deep water, while the remaining survivors had to crawl to
382:
At 18:26 local time, the co-pilot contacted Surat Thani controller for approach. The aircraft, at the time, was located at 70 nautical miles (81 mi; 130 km) from the airport. Surat Thani
Airport cleared the flight for an approach under the Instrument Flight Rules. The weather at Surat Thani
333:
Flight 261 was carrying 132 passengers and 14 crew members. There were 25 foreigners on board the flight, including nationalities from
Austria, Australia, Britain, Finland, Germany, Israel, Japan, Norway, Pakistan and the United States. The rest of the passengers were Thais. Among the passengers were
513:
At the time of the accident, several lights at the runway end were unlit as the lights were turned off due to a renovation at the airport. This caused the distance between the lights to change at a distance of 6 metres (20 ft) between each other rather than the usual 3 metres (10 ft). The
490:
Reports also emerged that the runway at Surat Thani
Airport was lacking an essential navigation system. Airport officials only commented that the radio navigation system was working normally and declined to comment further on the issue. Thai officials confirmed that a part of the navigation system,
453:(NTSB) in the United States for readout analysis. Pieces of the wreckage were recovered and were taken off site for further inspection by Thai investigators. Airbus, the aircraft manufacturer, announced that they would send a team of specialists to assist Thai authorities in the crash investigation.
386:
At 18:39 local time, the co-pilot contacted Surat Thani to report Flight 261's position. Surat Thani controller then stated that the
Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI) on the right side of the runway 22 was not functional and the indicator on the left side was in use. Two minutes later, Flight
553:
The pilots felt familiar with the nose up moment that had happened in their first and second go around. Thus, they didn't consider the possibility that the aircraft would ever enter an upset condition in the third attempt. The pitch continued to increase and the pilots tried to level the pitch with
549:
As the pilots began their third attempt, the pilots were manually flying the aircraft. They were unable to see the runway until they were too close. The flight crew then declared "cannot land, cannot land" and decided to go-around. The pilots then decided to trigger the go lever (autothrottle). The
541:
The flight crew of Flight 261 had attempted to land at the airport for at least 2 times. At the time of the accident, the flight crew were attempting their third attempt. If they failed all three attempts, then the flight would have to return to the departure airport (Bangkok), even though they had
533:
In the second attempt, the pilots decided to use the autopilot. The pilots tried to see the runway. This time, they were unable to see the runway. The unlit condition of several lights at the airport had caused confusion on the pilots. The pilots then decided to go-around with the autopilot and the
529:
During the first attempt, the wind was calm and the visibility was 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). The co-pilot sighted the runway and the pilot tried to land at the runway. However, the pilot announced that they were unable to land and decided to go-around. As they initiated the go-around, the pilot
465:
had caused it to crash. Investigators tried to probe on whether there was a link between the use of mobile phones and the crash. According to the investigation, only a few studies had been conducted on the effect of mobile phone to aircraft's equipment. There were no evidence that the use of mobile
562:
In the same year, Thai
Airways International began reducing the number of its foreign pilots. Vice-president of the company, Chamlong Poompuang, stated that pilots were trained to exercise high caution. At the same time, he recognized that the airline had undertaken fuel-saving measures due to the
537:
In the third attempt, the controller in Surat Thani informed the flight crew that the visibility had deteriorated to 1,000 meters. Both pilots began to worry on the matter. The co-pilot then reported "final approach fix" and the controller cleared Flight 261 to land. The pilots then disengaged the
448:
A search for the flight's black boxes was immediately conducted. The search was initially hampered due to the ground conditions at the crash site. Both the flight data recorder (FDR) and the cockpit voice recorder (CVR) were eventually found by the search and rescue team, and were taken from the
413:
More than 400 soldiers and police were deployed to assist in the rescue operation. By 12 December, rescuers managed to retrieve 100 bodies from the crash site. Overstretch on the resources caused the set up of makeshift morgue in Surat Thani
International Airport. The bodies were laid on the main
417:
Search operation was suspended on 13 December after the last victim was recovered. In total, 101 passengers and crew, including both the pilot and the co-pilot, were killed in the crash. Forty-five people survived, with 30 people suffering serious injuries. Among the survivors were 12 foreigners
414:
lobby and the body bags were opened given queuing passengers. Many of the bodies were burnt beyond recognition, causing difficulties on the identification process. Identification of the victims was also hampered by the fact that passengers were not required to fill a form for a domestic flight.
394:
At 19:05 local time, the flight crews were informed of the weather in the area, which the crew members acknowledged. The weather in the area deteriorated, and the visibility was reduced from 1,500 to 1,000 metres (4,900 to 3,300 ft). The pilots informed the passengers on the deteriorating
410:
escape from the wreckage. Local residents immediately rushed to the crash site to rescue the survivors. Search and rescue operation was hampered by the location of the crash, which was on a swamp. Rescuers reported that most of the survivors were seated at the front portion of the aircraft.
482:
was reportedly present prior to Flight 261's landing. Several survivors and victims relatives questioned the pilots decision to land at the airport even though the weather was not in acceptable condition for landing. Airline officials had told crew members to fly according to the company's
611:
Thai
Airways International offered compensation payment to the families affected by the crash. Chairman Wanglee stated in a news conference that the families of the 101 victims of the crash would receive a compensation payment of US$ 100,000, while the 45 injured survivors would receive a
390:
At 18:42 local time, the runway was sighted and the pilots attempted to land the aircraft. They then decided to go-around for a second approach. The flight was cleared for its second landing attempt. This time, however, the pilots could not see the runway and opted for another go-around.
483:
procedures, in which pilots should not land if the meteorological condition in the area was inclement. Investigators stated that bad weather was the probable cause of the accident, without ruling out pilot error. Other possible causes were also being investigated.
563:
economic downturn, but that flight operations should not be performed if safety was compromised. Thai
Airways International chairman, Thamnoon Wanglee emphasized, "Safety is our highest priority. What our policy is, and what happened, are two different things."
575:
After careful consideration. the
Aircraft Accident Investigation Committee of the Kingdom of Thailand ultimately came to the conclusion that the accident occurred because the aircraft entered into a stall condition which might be caused by the followings:
1467:
486:
According to the available weather data, at the time of the accident the wind was blowing at 3 knots (5.6 km/h; 3.5 mph) with a visibility of 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) with rain reportedly present.
1661:
469:
Both flight recorders didn't find any abnormalities on the navigation aids and on the flight control systems. The possibility that the use of mobile phone had caused the crash, therefore, was dismissed.
2013:
466:
phone would interfere with the aircraft's navigation system, communication and even the operation of the aircraft as a whole. At the time, FAA had not set strict policy on in-flight mobile phone use.
402:
During its go-around, the angle of attack of the aircraft gradually increased from 18 degrees to 48 degrees. The speed of the aircraft began to decay and the aircraft began to shake. It entered an
550:
engines then spun from 59% to 102% in a span of 8 seconds. The aircraft quickly pitched up, which was described by a surviving flight attendants as "the pilots pulling up the aircraft harshly".
514:
approach lights were also not turned on. The inclement weather condition and the unlit condition of the runway would make it harder for the pilots to see the runway and to land at the airport.
2038:
2018:
2048:
2008:
1460:
435:
348:
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In all of the flight crew's attempts to approach Surat Thani, the pilots always saw the runway at their right side rather than at the front side. This was caused by the placement of the
1654:
2028:
1905:
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406:. As it began to shake, surviving flight attendants recounted that passengers began to scream and jump out of their seats, with luggage reportedly "flying around everywhere".
2023:
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weather conditions and announced that they would attempt another landing for the third time and stated that if they failed again they would divert the flight back to
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registered in Thailand as HS-TIA, stalled and crashed into a swamp during its landing attempt at Surat Thani Airport. A total of 101 people were killed in the crash.
85:
1745:
1785:
1775:
856:"Aircraft Accident Investigation Report Thai Airways International Company Limited Airbus A310-204, HS-TIA Surat Thani Airport Thailand 11 December 1998"
589:
The pilots had not been informed of the document concerning the wide-body airplane upset recovery provided by Airbus Industrie for use in pilot training.
862:
295:
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in Thailand. It was cleared to fly at flight level 310. The estimated flight time was one hour and 55 minutes. At the time, Thailand was hosting the
495:(ILS), had to be taken off-line due to an expansion program at the airport. The system was scheduled to be put back on-line, however the subsequent
1489:
2033:
478:
In the initial aftermath of the accident, many believed that the weather played a major factor in the disaster. A heavy rainstorm caused by
1524:
450:
1259:
2003:
583:
The pilot could not maintain the VOR course as set forth in the approach chart. The aircraft flew left of VOR course on every approach.
1795:
884:
796:
367:
Flight TG261 departed from Bangkok's Don Mueang International Airport with 132 passengers and 14 crew members at 17:40 local time to
269:
201:
78:
917:
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423:
265:
191:
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The pilots suffered from the accumulation of stress and were not aware of the situation until the aircraft entered the situation
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1626:
1602:
1705:
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1211:
1835:
1540:
1328:
599:
Source: Aircraft Accident Investigation Committee of the Kingdom of Thailand, "Aircraft Accident Investigation Report"
496:
479:
359:
The unnamed first officer has been reported to have 2,839 flight hours, with 983 of them on the Airbus A300-600/A310.
387:
261 was cleared to land. The flight crews were cautioned of slippery runway due to deteriorating weather conditions.
1944:
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686:
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1159:
507:
418:(three Australians, three Japanese, three Germans, two Israelis and one Briton) and Thai actor and singer
403:
356:
The captain, Pinit Vechasilp, had 10,167 flight hours, including 3,000 hours on the Airbus A300-600/A310.
67:
1765:
178:
430:
343:
1885:
1567:
855:
322:
305:. It was the fifth worst accident involving the Airbus A310, the fourth hull loss of an Airbus A310.
302:
1875:
1497:
1639:
571:
Thailand's Aircraft Accident Investigation Committee concluded the cause of the crash as follows:
1895:
1805:
1397:
708:
419:
339:
735:
1445:
762:
678:
595:
Stall warning and pitch trim systems might not fully function as described in the FCOM and AMM.
426:
335:
379:
and many schools had been closed due to the event. Many Thais had headed to holiday resorts.
1438:
1340:
376:
33:
HS-TIA, the aircraft involved, photographed at Don Mueang International Airport in June 1997
1303:
925:
892:
1970:
1958:
1583:
1428:
1004:
317:, c/n 415, previously registered as F-WWBI for flight testing with Airbus. Given the name
314:
952:
499:
caused it to be postponed. A Thai air force pilot stated that due to the removal of the
580:
The pilot attempted to approach the airport in lower than minimum visibility with rain.
28:
592:
The lighting system and approach chart did not facilitate the low visibility approach.
1992:
1368:
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1029:
1982:
626:
281:
277:
147:
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1237:
1133:
1107:
978:
368:
288:
273:
136:
125:
63:
1433:
1387:
616:(US$ 5,600) each. The airline would pay the medical expenses of the injured.
100:
87:
613:
503:(ILS), pilots had to use a radio navigation system which was less accurate.
372:
1977:
1421:
396:
261:
449:
crash site for further investigation. Both recorders were sent to the
301:
The accident was the second deadliest plane crash in Thailand, behind
285:
679:"Aircraft accident Airbus A310-204 HS-TIA Surat Thani Airport (URT)"
440:, Member of Parliament from Surat Thani, were among those killed.
383:
Airport was in good condition with good visibility and calm wind.
334:
Siriwan, the sister of Thai Transport and Communications Minister
1389:ข่าวดังข้ามเวลา ตอน หายนะ..เที่ยวบิน 261 [คลิปเต็มรายการ]
1643:
1449:
1260:"Rescue workers recover bodies of 100 victims of plane crash"
789:"HS-TIA Thai Airways International Airbus A310-204 – cn 415"
321:, HS-TIA was first flown on 3 March 1986 and delivered to
736:"ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 767-3Z9ER OE-LAV Phu Toey"
1394:
Celebrity news across time when disaster .. Flight 261
2014:
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by pilot error
1422:
Cockpit Voice Recorder transcript and accident summary
506:
The investigation further revealed that the airport's
1942:
924:. Associated Press. 14 December 1998. Archived from
424:
Minister of Transport and Communications of Thailand
258:
Thai Airways International Flight 261 (TG261/THA261)
1594:
1551:
1508:
1481:
630:discussed Thai Airways International Flight 261 on
284:of Thailand. On 11 December 1998, the aircraft, an
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207:
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187:
177:
169:
161:
153:
143:
131:
121:
116:
73:
58:
43:
38:
2039:Thai Airways International accidents and incidents
2019:Airliner accidents and incidents caused by weather
2049:Airliner accidents and incidents caused by stalls
2009:Accidents and incidents involving the Airbus A310
979:"Thailand: Plane Survivors Describe Their Ordeal"
912:
910:
1363:
1361:
573:
260:was a scheduled domestic passenger flight from
1160:"Travelers Aghast Over Bodies at Thai Airport"
463:the use of mobile phones on board the aircraft
371:, a gateway city for popular resort island of
1906:Lignes Aériennes Congolaises Boeing 727 crash
1655:
1461:
313:The aircraft with registration HS-TIA was an
8:
2029:Aviation accidents and incidents in Thailand
1476:Aviation accidents and incidents in Thailand
21:
353:, a Member of Parliament from Surat Thani.
1786:Pakistan International Airlines Flight 544
1662:
1648:
1640:
1468:
1454:
1446:
1323:
1321:
20:
998:
996:
863:Aircraft Accident Investigation Committee
296:Aircraft Accident Investigation Committee
2024:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1998
634:, 30 May 2016, in "Flight 261 Disaster".
1949:
1746:Ariana Afghan Airlines Boeing 727 crash
1369:"Thai crash victims compensation offer"
1185:Khaikaew, Thaksina (11 December 1998).
1108:"Plane survivor 'I'm incredibly lucky'"
1003:Khaikaew, Thaksina (12 December 1998).
885:"Thai police stop search at crash site"
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
656:
276:, Thailand. The flight was operated by
1212:"Rescuers pull bodies from Thai swamp"
1082:"At least 20 survive Thai plane crash"
891:. AP. 13 December 1998. Archived from
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
1916:Thai Airways International Flight 261
1776:Occidental Petroleum Boeing 737 crash
1576:Thai Airways International Flight 261
1400:from the original on 13 December 2021
1187:"Thai Airbus Crashes with 146 Aboard"
1056:"100 killed as Thai aircraft crashes"
947:
945:
943:
672:
670:
668:
666:
664:
662:
660:
22:Thai Airways International Flight 261
7:
1304:"Cellphone link in Thai crash probe"
873:– via Aviation Safety Network.
451:National Transportation Safety Board
1238:"Four Britons killed in Thai crash"
1333:Disaster Prevention and Management
918:"Thai plane was missing equipment"
14:
1134:"Two Britons die in Thai tragedy"
270:Surat Thani International Airport
202:Surat Thani International Airport
79:Surat Thani International Airport
1976:
1964:
1952:
1672:Aviation accidents and incidents
510:(NDB) had also been turned off.
266:Don Mueang International Airport
192:Don Mueang International Airport
27:
1490:United Arab Airlines Flight 869
1339:(5). Emerald. 1 December 1999.
1005:"94 Killed in Thai Plane Crash"
62:Stalled during approach due to
1756:Philippine Airlines Flight 137
1627:Thai Flying Service Flight 209
1603:One-Two-GO Airlines Flight 269
422:. Siriwan, the sister of Thai
1:
1866:Cubana de Aviación Flight 389
1796:MIAT Mongolian Airlines crash
1619:Singapore Airlines Flight 321
1345:10.1108/dpm.1999.07308eac.008
709:"Thailand air safety profile"
2034:December 1998 events in Asia
1736:Formosa Airlines Flight 7623
16:Fatal airliner crash in 1998
1836:Proteus Airlines Flight 706
1541:Vietnam Airlines Flight 831
1525:Garuda Indonesia Flight 206
497:1997 Asian financial crisis
2065:
2004:1998 disasters in Thailand
1826:Indian Airlines Flight 503
1816:United Airlines Flight 863
1611:Bangkok Airways Flight 266
1560:Bangkok Airways Flight 125
1030:"People started screaming"
278:Thai Airways International
148:Thai Airways International
47:11 December 1998
1925:
1856:Myanma Airways Flight 635
1726:China Airlines Flight 676
1687:
953:"Thai Crash Clues Sought"
922:Lubbock Avalanche-Journal
889:Lubbock Avalanche-Journal
769:. Aviation Safety Network
742:. Aviation Safety Network
715:. Aviation Safety Network
645:China Airlines Flight 140
501:Instrument landing system
493:Instrument landing system
26:
1706:Cavalese cable car crash
1427:24 February 2019 at the
1386:สํานักข่าวไทย TNAMCOT,
1292:. BBC. 12 December 1998.
612:compensation of 200,000
518:Factors leading to stall
338:, Thai actor and singer
1696:Cebu Pacific Flight 387
1533:Thai Airways Flight 365
1517:Thai Airways Flight 231
1140:. BBC. 12 December 1998
1114:. BBC. 14 December 1998
687:Aviation Safety Network
1846:Korean Air Flight 8702
604:
508:non-directional beacon
461:There were fears that
68:spatial disorientation
1766:Air France Flight 422
1716:Sudan Air Force crash
1434:Victims of Flight 261
1886:PauknAir Flight 4101
1568:Lauda Air Flight 004
558:Management oversight
329:Passengers and crews
323:Thai Airways Company
303:Lauda Air Flight 004
101:9.12833°N 99.13806°E
1934:► 1999
1928:1997 ◄
1876:Swissair Flight 111
1498:EgyptAir Flight 864
1375:. 13 December 1998.
1191:The Washington Post
928:on 17 December 2013
895:on 17 December 2013
799:on 17 December 2013
767:aviation-safety.net
740:aviation-safety.net
713:aviation-safety.net
683:aviation-safety.net
620:Television episodes
97: /
23:
1931:
1896:Lionair Flight 602
1806:Propair Flight 420
1266:. 11 December 1998
1218:. 13 December 1998
1166:. 13 December 1998
1088:. 11 December 1998
1062:. 12 December 1998
1036:. 12 December 1998
959:. 11 December 1998
865:. 11 December 1998
480:Tropical Storm Gil
474:Landing difficulty
457:Mobile phone usage
420:Ruangsak Loychusak
340:Ruangsak Loychusak
325:on 29 April 1986.
132:Aircraft name
122:Aircraft type
1940:
1939:
1637:
1636:
1396:] (in Thai),
1164:Los Angeles Times
793:Planespotters.net
427:Suthep Thaugsuban
404:aerodynamic stall
336:Suthep Thaugsuban
255:
254:
106:9.12833; 99.13806
81:(URT) (Thailand)
2056:
2044:1998 meteorology
1999:1998 in Thailand
1981:
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1622:
1614:
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1605:(September 2007)
1587:
1586:(September 1999)
1579:
1571:
1563:
1544:
1543:(September 1988)
1536:
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1493:
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1439:Associated Press
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1286:"Grim task over"
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795:. Archived from
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747:
731:
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431:Thawat Wichaidit
377:1998 Asian Games
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344:Thawat Wichaidit
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1264:Deseret News
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1086:Deseret News
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930:. Retrieved
926:the original
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801:. Retrieved
797:the original
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771:. Retrieved
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179:Registration
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77:0.7 km S of
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1492:(July 1962)
1482:Before 1980
1404:12 December
1310:29 November
803:17 December
773:22 February
746:22 February
719:22 February
692:17 December
538:autopilot.
491:called the
434: [
369:Surat Thani
347: [
319:Phitsanulok
294:Thailand's
274:Surat Thani
198:Destination
137:Phitsanulok
104: /
64:pilot error
1993:Categories
1621:(May 2024)
1595:Since 2000
1570:(May 1991)
1329:"Aviation"
1244:4 December
651:References
567:Conclusion
232:Fatalities
216:Passengers
51:1998-12-11
981:. Reuters
607:Aftermath
373:Koh Samui
248:Survivors
208:Occupants
170:Call sign
92:99°8′17″E
89:09°7′42″N
1971:Thailand
1959:Aviation
1425:Archived
1398:archived
1373:BBC News
1290:BBC News
1138:BBC News
1112:BBC News
1034:BBC News
957:CBS News
869:21 April
639:See also
632:TimeLine
597:—
363:Accident
309:Aircraft
289:A310-204
240:Injuries
173:THAI 261
144:Operator
117:Aircraft
39:Accident
1945:Portals
1676: (
1674:in 1998
1441:Archive
1009:AP NEWS
397:Bangkok
262:Bangkok
59:Summary
49: (
1912:Dec 11
1902:Oct 10
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1118:31 May
1092:30 May
1066:30 May
1040:1 June
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963:1 June
429:, and
342:, and
286:Airbus
280:, the
183:HS-TIA
165:THA261
1983:1990s
1872:Sep 2
1842:Aug 5
1772:May 5
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1692:Feb 2
1552:1990s
1509:1980s
1436:from
1392:[
1306:. BBC
1240:. BBC
859:(PDF)
438:]
351:]
157:TG261
1678:1998
1406:2018
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1272:2020
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1224:2020
1198:2019
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1016:2019
987:2020
965:2020
934:2018
901:2018
871:2019
805:2013
775:2019
748:2019
721:2019
694:2013
614:baht
224:Crew
74:Site
66:and
44:Date
1341:doi
524:VOR
272:in
268:to
264:'s
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