510:, which are induced by various agents ranging from ethylene to pathogens themselves, and are structurally diverse and ubiquitous in plants: They include thaumatin, osmotin, tobacco major and minor PR proteins, alpha-amylase/trypsin inhibitor, and P21 and PWIR2 soybean and wheat leaf proteins. The proteins are involved in systematically-acquired stress resistance and stress responses in plants, although their precise role is unknown. Thaumatin is an intensely sweet-tasting protein (on a molar basis about 100,000 times as sweet as sucrose) found in the fruit of the West African plant
29:
1208:
568:
591:
of precipitant used. When crystallized with L- tartrate, thaumatin forms bipyramidal crystals and displays a solubility that increases with temperature; with D- and meso-tartrate, it forms stubby and prismatic crystals and displays a solubility that decreases with temperature. This suggests control
517:
Like other PR proteins, thaumatin is predicted to have a mainly beta structure, with a high content of beta-turns and little helix. Tobacco cells exposed to gradually increased salt concentrations develop a greatly increased tolerance to salt, due to the expression of osmotin, a member of the PR
600:
As a food ingredient, thaumatin is considered to be safe for consumption. In a chewing gum production plant, thaumatin has been identified as an allergen. Switching from using powdered thaumatin to liquid thaumatin reduced symptoms among affected workers. Additionally, eliminating contact with
518:
protein family. Wheat plants attacked by barley powdery mildew express a PR protein (PWIR2), which results in resistance against that infection. The similarity between this PR protein and other PR proteins and the maize alpha-amylase/
514:: it is induced by attack by viroids, which are single-stranded unencapsulated RNA molecules that do not code for protein. The thaumatin protein I consists of a single polypeptide chain of 207 residues.
1098:
Masuda T, Taguchi W, Sano A, et al. (July 2013). "Five amino acid residues in cysteine-rich domain of human T1R3 were involved in the response for sweet-tasting protein, thaumatin".
765:
Ruiz-Medrano R, Jimenez-Moraila B, Herrera-Estrella L, Rivera-Bustamante RF (December 1992). "Nucleotide sequence of an osmotin-like cDNA induced in tomato during viroid infection".
525:
Within West Africa, the katemfe fruit has been locally cultivated and used to flavour foods and beverages for some time. The fruit's seeds are encased in a membranous sac, or
1240:
608:
receptor to produce a sweet taste. The interacting residues are specific to old world monkeys and apes (including humans); only these animals can perceive it as sweet.
210:
808:
Edens L, Heslinga L, Klok R, et al. (April 1982). "Cloning of cDNA encoding the sweet-tasting plant protein thaumatin and its expression in
Escherichia coli".
142:
130:
496:. The thaumatin protein is considered a prototype for a pathogen-response protein domain. This thaumatin domain has been found in species as diverse as
895:
Mauch F, Hertig C, Rebmann G, et al. (June 1991). "A wheat glutathione-S-transferase gene with transposon-like sequences in the promoter region".
86:
1233:
110:
507:
1226:
1189:
1170:
736:
468:-like aftertaste at high concentrations. Thaumatin is highly water soluble, stable to heating, and stable under acidic conditions.
354:
261:
439:
and taste modifier. The protein is often used primarily for its flavor-modifying properties and not exclusively as a sweetener.
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Tschannen MP, Glück U, Bircher AJ, et al. (July 2017). "Thaumatin and gum arabic allergy in chewing gum factory workers".
230:
1422:
556:
555:
Thaumatin has been approved as a sweetener in the
European Union (E957), Israel, and Japan. In the United States, it is
1499:
1474:
1020:
Higginbotham JD, Snodin DJ, Eaton KK, Daniel JW (December 1983). "Safety evaluation of thaumatin (Talin protein)".
1434:
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154:
1484:
1479:
477:
452:
567:
218:
1494:
1489:
845:"Molecular Cloning of Osmotin and Regulation of Its Expression by ABA and Adaptation to Low Water Potential"
587:. The solubility of thaumatin, its crystal habit, and mechanism of crystal formation are dependent upon the
584:
601:
powdered gum arabic (a known allergen) resulted in the disappearance of symptoms in all affected workers.
537:
reported the isolation and sequencing of the two principal proteins found in thaumatin, which they dubbed
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989:"Effects of Protein Purity and Precipitant Stereochemistry on the Crystallization of Thaumatin"
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of precipitant chirality may be an important factor in protein crystallization in general.
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460:. Although very sweet, thaumatin's taste is markedly different from sugar's. The
79:
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ions, thaumatin-tartrate mixtures are frequently used as model systems to study
457:
416:
323:
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pathogens. Several members of the thaumatin protein family display significant
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723:. World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics. Vol. 85. pp. 129–32.
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of thaumatin builds very slowly. Perception lasts a long time, leaving a
387:
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Since thaumatin crystallizes very quickly and easily in the presence of
571:
Thaumatin crystal (~1 mm long) grown by liquid–liquid diffusion under a
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664:"Automatic generation of protein structure cartoons with Pro-origami"
635:
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began extracting thaumatin from the fruit. In 1990, researchers at
566:
522:
has suggested that PR proteins may act as some form of inhibitor.
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489:
526:
497:
187:
62:
1222:
559:
as a flavouring agent (FEMA GRAS 3732) but not as a sweetener.
1333:
638:, a non-nutritive sweetener up to 150 times sweeter than sugar
620:, a sweet protein from Malaysia with taste-modifying activity
1297:
662:
Stivala A, Wybrow M, Wirth A, et al. (December 2011).
644:, a sweetening agent up to 300,000 times sweeter than sugar
545:. These researchers were also able to express thaumatin in
719:
Green C (1999). "Thaumatin: a natural flavor ingredient".
626:, a protein from West Africa with taste-modifying activity
987:
Asherie N, Ginsberg C, Greenbaum A, et al. (2008).
1161:
Higginbotham JD (1986). Gelardi RC, Nabors LO (eds.).
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Singh NK, Nelson DE, Kuhn D, et al. (July 1989).
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529:, that is the source of thaumatin. In the 1970s,
442:The thaumatins were first found as a mixture of
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760:
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575:in outer space. Arrow marks nucleation point.
8:
721:Low-Calories Sweeteners: Present and Future
480:in response to an attack upon the plant by
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963:
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16:Low-calorie sweetener and flavor modifier
1057:American Journal of Industrial Medicine
654:
940:"Microgravity protein crystallization"
632:, a sweet protein found in West Africa
334:
241:
18:
7:
33:Ribbon diagram of thaumatin I. From
476:Thaumatin production is induced in
508:pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins
492:growth and sporulation by various
14:
1327:Additional chemicals (E1100–1599)
1206:
1180:Higginbotham J, Witty M (1994).
938:McPherson A, DeLucas LJ (2015).
27:
702:DeLano Scientific LLC. (2004).
604:Thaumatin interacts with human
1:
1423:Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone
681:10.1093/bioinformatics/btr575
182:Available protein structures:
1165:. New York: M. Dekker, Inc.
1112:10.1016/j.biochi.2013.01.010
1034:10.1016/0278-6915(83)90218-1
1022:Food and Chemical Toxicology
822:10.1016/0378-1119(82)90050-6
557:generally recognized as safe
993:Crystal Growth & Design
1516:
1148:Chang HY (31 March 2015).
1435:Aspartame-acesulfame salt
1257:
1184:. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
393:
300:
177:
26:
1323:Miscellaneous (E900–999)
956:10.1038/npjmgrav.2015.10
512:Thaumatococcus daniellii
453:Thaumatococcus daniellii
355:Thaumatococcus daniellii
262:Thaumatococcus daniellii
897:Plant Molecular Biology
767:Plant Molecular Biology
704:Cartoon Representations
585:protein crystallization
1163:Alternative sweeteners
1154:InterPro Protein Focus
576:
547:genetically engineered
503:Caenorhabditis elegans
570:
1215:at Wikimedia Commons
1150:"The Sweetest Thing"
861:10.1104/pp.90.3.1096
573:micro-g environment
456:) (Marantaceae) of
435:) is a low-calorie
1500:E-number additives
1278:acidity regulators
1069:10.1002/ajim.22729
909:10.1007/BF00016083
779:10.1007/BF00028909
577:
446:isolated from the
1475:Sugar substitutes
1462:
1461:
1311:Flavour enhancers
1305:anticaking agents
1211:Media related to
1006:10.1021/cg800616q
999:(12): 4200–4207.
729:10.1159/000059716
520:trypsin inhibitor
506:. Thaumatins are
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1340:Synthetic glazes
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1480:Protein domains
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431:(also known as
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131:OPM superfamily
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1375:Acesulfame K
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1274:Antioxidants
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543:thaumatin II
542:
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339:Thaumatin II
338:
246:Thaumatin I
245:
1317:Antibiotics
1292:emulsifiers
1288:stabilisers
1121:2433/175269
816:(1): 1–12.
539:thaumatin I
458:West Africa
407:Swiss-model
345:Identifiers
314:Swiss-model
252:Identifiers
143:OPM protein
49:Identifiers
1469:Categories
1368:(E990–999)
1361:(E950–969)
1359:Sweeteners
1354:(E930–949)
1348:(E920–929)
1342:(E910–919)
1336:(E900–909)
1319:(E700–799)
1313:(E600–699)
1307:(E500–599)
1301:regulators
1294:(E400–499)
1284:Thickeners
1280:(E300–399)
1270:(E200–299)
1264:(E100–199)
649:References
403:Structures
398:Search for
310:Structures
305:Search for
194:structures
167:Membranome
1417:Thaumatin
1405:Sucralose
1399:Saccharin
1387:Cyclamate
1381:Aspartame
1250:E numbers
1213:Thaumatin
1182:Thaumatin
1100:Biochimie
950:: 15010.
642:Lugduname
624:Miraculin
589:chirality
466:liquorice
462:sweetness
437:sweetener
429:Thaumatin
104:PDOC00286
80:IPR001938
57:Thaumatin
1447:Lactitol
1441:Maltitol
1130:23370115
1085:42018297
1077:28543634
974:28725714
925:30899297
879:16666857
795:12039515
747:10647344
690:21994221
630:Monellin
618:Curculin
612:See also
581:tartrate
550:bacteria
535:Unilever
486:in vitro
444:proteins
417:InterPro
350:Organism
324:InterPro
257:Organism
211:RCSB PDB
75:InterPro
43:.
1453:Xylitol
1429:Neotame
1411:Alitame
1393:Isomalt
1262:Colours
1252:950–969
1042:6686588
965:5515504
917:1650615
870:1061849
830:7049841
787:1463856
478:katemfe
450:fruit (
448:katemfe
413:Domains
383:UniProt
320:Domains
290:UniProt
160:cd09215
99:PROSITE
92:SM00205
68:PF00314
1455:(E967)
1449:(E966)
1443:(E965)
1437:(E962)
1431:(E961)
1425:(E959)
1419:(E957)
1413:(E956)
1407:(E955)
1401:(E954)
1395:(E953)
1389:(E952)
1383:(E951)
1377:(E950)
1303:&
1290:&
1276:&
1188:
1169:
1128:
1083:
1075:
1040:
972:
962:
923:
915:
877:
867:
828:
793:
785:
745:
735:
688:
636:Stevia
606:TAS1R3
490:hyphal
482:viroid
388:P02884
362:Symbol
295:P02883
269:Symbol
226:PDBsum
200:
190:
124:SUPFAM
54:Symbol
1334:Waxes
1081:S2CID
921:S2CID
791:S2CID
494:fungi
433:talin
120:SCOPe
111:SCOP2
87:SMART
1186:ISBN
1167:ISBN
1126:PMID
1073:PMID
1038:PMID
970:PMID
913:PMID
875:PMID
826:PMID
810:Gene
783:PMID
743:PMID
733:ISBN
686:PMID
541:and
527:aril
500:and
498:rice
376:3wou
365:Thm2
283:1RQW
272:Thm1
219:PDBj
215:PDBe
198:ECOD
188:Pfam
172:1336
148:1aun
116:1thu
63:Pfam
40:1RQW
1116:hdl
1108:doi
1065:doi
1030:doi
1001:doi
960:PMC
952:doi
905:doi
865:PMC
857:doi
818:doi
775:doi
725:doi
676:doi
371:PDB
278:PDB
206:PDB
155:CDD
136:168
36:PDB
1471::
1298:pH
1286:,
1152:.
1124:.
1114:.
1104:95
1102:.
1079:.
1071:.
1061:60
1059:.
1036:.
1026:21
1024:.
995:.
991:.
968:.
958:.
946:.
942:.
919:.
911:.
901:16
899:.
887:^
873:.
863:.
853:90
851:.
847:.
824:.
814:18
812:.
789:.
781:.
771:20
769:.
755:^
741:.
731:.
711:^
684:.
672:27
670:.
666:.
552:.
217:;
213:;
196:/
122:/
118:/
38::
1242:e
1235:t
1228:v
1194:.
1175:.
1156:.
1132:.
1118::
1110::
1087:.
1067::
1044:.
1032::
1009:.
1003::
997:8
976:.
954::
948:1
927:.
907::
881:.
859::
832:.
820::
797:.
777::
749:.
727::
706:.
692:.
678::
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