552:, a tribe that supported Vindex, who therefore had to leave the siege of Lugdunum to come to their aid. Before Vesontio, Verginius and Vindex had a talk, during which they agreed to unite their forces against Nero. However, Verginius' legions ignored the agreement and charged the unprepared troops of Vindex, of whom up to 20,000 died, while Vindex committed suicide. Soon after, the Rhine legions proclaimed Verginius emperor, but he refused to accept. The soldiers were motivated by their hatred of Galba, as they had not forgotten his term as governor of Germania Superior in 39–41, during which he harshly repressed the legions that had supported the rebellion of
584:
744:
48:
783:
119:
606:. In Gaul, Galba executed Betuus Cilo, who as governor of Aquitania had fought Vindex. He also relieved Verginius Rufus from his post in Germania Superior because his acclamation by the legions could make him a dangerous rival. Meanwhile, in Rome, Nymphidius Sabinus realised that Galba had no intention of rewarding him with the post of praetorian prefect he coveted. He then pretended to be an illegitimate son of
667:
506:, the largest Spanish province. In mid-March 68, Vindex proceeded with his plan and raised an army composed of Gallic tribesmen, which nevertheless cut short his attempts to win over the officers of the seven legions posted on the Rhine, whose soldiers would not accept fighting alongside Gauls. As a result, Vindex turned towards Galba, the only man who had not denounced him to Nero.
683:, an influential and ambitious nobleman who desired the honour for himself. Otho bribed the Praetorian Guard, already very unhappy with the emperor. When Galba heard about the coup d'Ă©tat, he went to the streets in an attempt to stabilize the situation. It proved a mistake because he could not attract any supporters. Shortly afterwards the Praetorian Guard killed him in the
1091:
725:. These would prove to be the best arguments for his bid for power. Otho was not keen to begin another civil war and sent emissaries to propose a peace and convey his offer to marry Vitellius's daughter. It was too late to reason; Vitellius's generals were leading half of his army toward Italy. After a series of minor victories, Otho suffered defeat in the
696:
471:
850:, to negotiate a truce and start peace talks. The following day, messengers arrived with news that the enemy was at the gates of the city. Vitellius went into hiding and prepared to flee, but decided on one last visit to the palace, where Vespasian's men caught and killed him. In seizing the capital, they burned down the
774:
such demands. With financial affairs in a state of calamity, Vitellius took to killing citizens who had named him as their heir, often together with any co-heirs. Moreover, he sought to rid himself of every possible rival, inviting them to the palace with promises of power, only to order their hasty assassination.
845:
Surrounded by enemies, Vitellius made a last attempt to win the city to his side, distributing bribes and promises of power where needed. He tried to levy several allied tribes, such as the
Batavians, by force, but they refused. The Danube army was now very near Rome. Realizing the immediate threat,
674:
Moreover, at the beginning of the civil year of 69 on 1 January, the legions of
Germania Inferior refused to swear allegiance and obedience to Galba. On the following day, the legions acclaimed their governor Vitellius as emperor. Hearing the news of the loss of the Rhine legions, Galba panicked. He
773:
refers to three a day: morning, afternoon, and night) and triumphal parades that drove the imperial treasury close to bankruptcy. Debts quickly accrued, and moneylenders started to demand repayment. Vitellius showed his violent nature by ordering the torture and execution of those who dared to make
703:
On the day of Galba's murder, the Senate recognized Otho as emperor. They saluted the new emperor with relief. Although ambitious and greedy, Otho did not have a record of tyranny or cruelty and was expected to be a fair emperor. However, Otho's initial efforts to restore peace and stability were
494:, looked for support among other governors and administrators in order to start a revolt against Nero. Aware of his relatively humble origins, Vindex did not covet the Empire for himself, nor did he name a candidate, probably to maximise his chances of finding someone interested.
448:
had fought them since
Vitellius' acclamation. In 70, the new regime finally won the legions' surrender after negotiations, mainly because they lacked an alternative to Vespasian. Later, the new regime distorted the events—especially through the writings of the historian
751:
On the news of Otho's suicide, the Senate recognized
Vitellius as emperor. With this recognition, Vitellius set out for Rome; however, he faced problems from the start of his reign. The city remained very sceptical when Vitellius chose the anniversary of the
415:
on 14 April, defeating the emperor. Otho took his own life the next day, and
Vitellius was appointed emperor by the Senate on 19 April. The new emperor had little support outside of his veterans from the German legions, though. When Vespasian, legate of
622:
from sailors of the Roman navy; when Galba arrived at Rome, the new legionaries pressed Galba to confirm their status, but he ordered his troops to charge them, killing thousands. He then accepted their request, but after they submitted to a
613:
During the first half of
October, Galba finally completed his journey to Rome, which was described by Tacitus as "a long and bloody march", because of the officials he had murdered on his way and also for the massacre he committed on the
642:
to
Germania Inferior; the latter being mostly known at the time as a penniless glutton. In Rome, Galba considered with contempt anybody who had served under Nero. He only trusted three men who had been with him in Spain:
2486:
2476:
2481:
575:(equivalent to 10 years of wages), while he expected to be rewarded by the new emperor. On 9 June 68, the Senate declared Nero enemy of the state and proclaimed Galba emperor, which prompted Nero's suicide.
420:, made his bid known, he received the allegiance of the legions of the Danube as well as many former supporters of Galba and Otho. After his acclamation in Alexandria on 1 July, Vespasian sent his friend
432:
on 24 October. Vitellius was subsequently killed by a mob on 20 December. Mucianus arrived several days after and swiftly secured
Vespasian's position in Rome (Primus had acted independently from him).
266:
400:, which made Galba the new emperor. However, Galba was unable to establish his authority over the Empire, as several of his supporters were disappointed by his lack of gratitude. He especially adopted
2335:
610:
and started to conspire against Galba to make himself emperor. However, he was murdered by the
Praetorian Guards when he tried to read before them a speech announcing his bid for the Empire.
404:
as heir (Galba was childless and elderly), instead of Otho, who, it had widely been assumed, would be chosen. Angered by this disgrace, Otho murdered Galba on 15 January with the help of the
453:—in order to remove the embarrassment of having relied on the Batavi to fight Roman legions. The Batavi were therefore said to have revolted against Rome, and the events dubbed the
1627:
De Neron à Vespasien: études et perspectives historiques suivies de l'analyse, du catalogue, et de la reproduction des monnaies "oppositionnelles" connues des années 67 à 70. T. 2
655:, who had amassed money as Nero's protegés had, which likewise triggered popular resentment against the new emperor. Galba even turned against his first supporters, among them
259:
1763:
729:. Rather than flee and attempt a counter-attack, Otho decided to put an end to the anarchy and committed suicide. He had been emperor for a little more than three months.
553:
232:
408:, and became emperor instead. Unlike Galba, he rapidly earned considerable popularity, notably by bestowing favours and emulating Nero's successful early years.
252:
634:
Galba continued the practice set by Nero of appointing ineffectual men to the most important posts in the provinces: for example, he sent the old and disabled
2022:
594:
was still in Spain when he received the news he had become emperor. He took at least a month to secure the
Spanish provinces before leaving. He appointed
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2170:
2031:
401:
2278:
704:
soon checked by the revelation that Vitellius had declared himself Imperator in Germania and had dispatched half of his army to march on Italy.
2325:
2039:
1756:
631:, which severely lowered the troops' morale. Galba also refused to pay the Praetorians the money promised by Nymphidius for overthrowing Nero.
1719:
1696:
1669:
1634:
1615:
1596:
1577:
1537:
1417:
1151:
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remained in Judaea to deal with the Jewish rebellion. Before the eastern legions could reach Rome, the Danubian legions of the provinces of
2364:
919:
411:
Otho still had to face another claimant, Vitellius, who had been acclaimed by the legions of the Rhine on 1 January 69. Vitellius won the
69:
814:. A strong force drawn from the Judaean and Syrian legions marched on Rome under the command of Mucianus. Vespasian himself travelled to
2451:
851:
225:
2431:
1795:
1749:
676:
91:
380:, to claim the Empire. The latter was proclaimed emperor by his legion in early April. He was notably supported by Otho, legate of
583:
2446:
2411:
2399:
2015:
659:, former quaestor of Baetica, who had sent the money in his possession when Galba rebelled. The emperor had given him command of
396:, but they too rebelled against Nero. Finally, on 9 June 68, Nero took his own life after being declared a public enemy by the
218:
2069:
1975:
353:. The period witnessed several rebellions and claimants, with shifting allegiances and widespread turmoil in Rome and the
860:
Vespasian faced no direct threat to his imperial power after the death of Vitellius. He became the founder of the stable
1509:
436:
The death of Vitellius did not end the civil war, as the Rhine legions still rejected the rule of Vespasian and the new
2394:
2008:
1817:
770:
1859:
807:
806:
as emperor. Vespasian had received a special command in Judaea from Nero in AD 67, with the task of putting down the
62:
56:
1434:
769:
Events seemed to prove the omens right. With the throne tightly secured, Vitellius engaged in a series of banquets (
602:, the probable governor of Baetica. Escorted by the VII Galbiana, he left for Rome along the coastline, stopping at
1963:
1529:
2094:
2352:
1865:
1115:
970:
966:
838:, invaded Italy. In October, the forces led by Primus won a crushing victory over Vitellius's army at the Second
32:
2345:
73:
2049:
1889:
1513:
1121:
295:
36:
2379:
2298:
2283:
2074:
2054:
2384:
1071:
811:
624:
441:
421:
393:
2389:
2160:
743:
2441:
2261:
1981:
1841:
1785:
887:
865:
835:
819:
799:
791:
537:
503:
498:
tells that the people reached by Vindex forwarded his letters to Nero, except one: his southern neighbour
425:
346:
195:
2374:
2101:
2079:
2266:
2256:
2153:
2143:
1939:
1933:
656:
559:
In Rome, Nero was unable to organise resistance to Galba's claim and was even thinking about fleeing to
290:
2288:
2064:
509:
In early April 68, Galba accepted Vindex's proposition and was acclaimed emperor in Carthago Nova (now
486:
in 65, showing the disenchantment of the senatorial elite towards the Emperor. In the winter of 67–68,
2246:
2148:
2138:
1957:
1831:
1827:
595:
454:
445:
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305:
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as his replacement in his own province, but also murdered several of his opponents there, including
1109:
1096:
1009:
839:
753:
726:
660:
599:
487:
483:
429:
412:
361:
300:
1079:; while mainly focusing on the events of Palestine, these works also mention the revolts in Rome.
2466:
2227:
2059:
1945:
1021:
895:
635:
564:
491:
369:
571:, who convinced his men to abandon Nero, by promising that Galba would give each of them 30,000
126:
of the four Roman emperors of AD 69. Clockwise from top left: Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Vespasian.
2240:
2232:
2222:
2128:
1901:
1715:
1692:
1675:
1665:
1630:
1611:
1592:
1573:
1556:
1533:
1413:
1147:
922:
712:
541:
385:
17:
2340:
2251:
2175:
2116:
1969:
1915:
1883:
1657:
1003:
941:
782:
762:
652:
619:
568:
526:
522:
514:
510:
405:
1235:, pp. 22–24, calls Verginius a "mediocrity", for whom the Empire was out of his depth.
118:
2357:
2195:
2133:
2121:
2111:
1895:
1871:
1853:
1517:
962:
868:. He died of natural causes in 79. The Flavians, each in turn, ruled from AD 69 to AD 96.
861:
795:
719:
437:
350:
204:
2461:
2304:
2207:
2180:
1521:
1065:
648:
354:
1644:
Talbert, R.J.A. (1977). Badian, Ernst (ed.). "Some Causes of Disorder in A.D. 68-69".
1572:. Campus Historische Studien (2. ed.). Frankfurt: Campus-Verl. pp. 356–416.
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2425:
2315:
2293:
2190:
2185:
1909:
1772:
1653:
1409:
847:
708:
707:
Backing Vitellius were the finest legions of the Empire, composed of veterans of the
2310:
2217:
2212:
2165:
2084:
1790:
644:
615:
397:
326:
911:) by the Senate (8 June) and commits suicide (9 June); Galba is recognised emperor
424:
with a part of his army to fight Vitellius, but the Danubian legions commanded by
846:
Vitellius made a last attempt to gain time by sending emissaries, accompanied by
818:, where he was acclaimed emperor on 1 July, thereby gaining control of the vital
2436:
2273:
2202:
2089:
1741:
1037:
857:
The Senate acknowledged Vespasian as emperor the following day, 21 December 69.
684:
560:
545:
521:, the other two Iberian provinces, who provided him with the money to raise the
417:
1661:
982:
October – The Danubian army defeats Vitellius and Vespasian occupies Egypt
2106:
1812:
1086:
815:
666:
572:
392:, also rebelled against Nero. Vindex was defeated by the Rhine legions at the
1679:
1560:
618:, just before the city. In order to fight Galba, Nero had created the legion
1927:
1735:
1711:
1474:
1026:
958:
915:
803:
738:
639:
518:
381:
342:
338:
244:
170:
162:
28:
1547:
Connal, Robert (2012). "Rational Mutiny in the Year of the Four Emperors".
345:. It is considered an important interval, marking the transition from the
1822:
1528:. The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 10 (2nd ed.). Cambridge:
1458:
1191:
1076:
1056:
628:
607:
603:
533:
495:
377:
1401:
1104:
1014:
985:
20 December – Vitellius killed by soldiers in the Imperial Palace
757:
549:
482:'s reign (54–68) was marked by political trials and plots, such as the
450:
365:
2000:
975:
August – The Danubian legions announce support to Vespasian (in
891:
831:
827:
123:
997:
The most detailed historical sources about the events of 69 AD are:
934:
1 January – The Rhine legions refuse to swear loyalty to Galba
954:
16 April – Otho commits suicide; Vitellius recognised emperor
663:
in Germania Superior but recalled him for embezzlement soon after.
428:
had not waited for Mucianus and defeated Vitellius' legions at the
1146:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp. 104–105.
976:
883:
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781:
742:
695:
694:
665:
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582:
499:
470:
469:
330:
322:
146:
945:
899:
680:
479:
373:
334:
154:
2004:
1745:
536:, as its citizens were particularly devoted to Nero, which led
248:
41:
2487:
Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Europe
2477:
Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Africa
790:
Meanwhile, the legions stationed in the African province of
760:
according to Roman superstition, to accede to the office of
679:, as his successor. By doing so he offended many, above all
2482:
Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Asia
1570:
Den Kaiser herausfordern: die Usurpation im Römischen Reich
904:
May – The Rhine legions defeat and kill Vindex in Gaul
834:
also acclaimed Vespasian as emperor in August, and, led by
937:
2 January – Vitellius acclaimed emperor by the Rhine
1736:
Five maps covering the Year of Four Emperors at Omniatlas
532:
Meanwhile, Vindex had to besiege his own former capital,
465:
104:
Battles for succession to rule the Roman Empire (AD 69)
687:, along with Lucius and impaled their heads on poles.
1710:. Roman imperial biographies (3rd ed.). London:
1608:
Galba, Otho and Vitellius: careers and controversies
2324:
2038:
1629:. Ort nicht ermittelbar: Verlag nicht ermittelbar.
1063:Other sources on the Year of the Four Emperors are
810:. He gained the support of the governor of Syria,
329:, during which four emperors ruled in succession:
513:). He rapidly received support from officials of
988:21 December – Vespasian recognized emperor
466:Vindex's revolt and fall of Nero (March–June 68)
1689:Die anonymen MĂĽnzen des Jahres 68 nach Christus
2016:
1757:
979:) and invade Italy in September on his behalf
907:June – Nero is declared a public enemy (
260:
226:
8:
2400:Wars of the fall of the Western Roman Empire
1706:Wellesley, Kenneth; Levick, Barbara (2000).
2023:
2009:
2001:
1807:
1764:
1750:
1742:
267:
253:
245:
233:
219:
108:
1166:
944:; in the same day, the Senate recognizes
92:Learn how and when to remove this message
55:This article includes a list of general
2171:Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula
1134:
965:, proclaimed emperor by the legions of
951:14 April – Vitellius defeats Otho
940:15 January – Galba killed by the
181:
138:
111:
1388:
1376:
1364:
1352:
1340:
1328:
1316:
1304:
1292:
1280:
1268:
1256:
1244:
1232:
1220:
1208:
1178:
525:, a second legion, in addition to the
1512:(2010). "From Nero to Vespasian". In
349:, the first imperial dynasty, to the
7:
2279:Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain
794:and the Middle Eastern provinces of
1691:(in German). Mainz: P. von Zabern.
1646:American Journal of Ancient History
1591:. Oxford: Oxford University press.
544:, to march on Vindex. He besieged
376:and encouraged Galba, governor of
61:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
1589:69 A.D: the year of four emperors
961:, commander of the Roman army in
677:Lucius Calpurnius Piso Licinianus
325:, was the first civil war of the
2412:Military history of ancient Rome
1982:Emperors/Despots of Thessalonica
1964:Eastern Roman/Byzantine emperors
1610:. Spudasmata. Hildesheim: Olms.
1549:Arctos: Acta Philologica Fennica
1526:The Augustan Empire, 43 BC–AD 69
1089:
117:
46:
2395:Civil wars of the Third Century
2457:Civil wars of the Roman Empire
1625:Nicolas, Etienne Paul (1979).
563:. The decisive move came from
384:. Soon after, the legate of a
1:
1708:The Year of the four emperors
18:The year of the four emperors
1606:Murison, Charles L. (1993).
627:, a practice not used since
1818:Crisis of the Third Century
1687:Martin, Peter-Hugo (1974).
529:based in Galba's province.
2503:
2452:1st-century Roman emperors
1662:10.31826/9781463237196-008
1530:Cambridge University Press
1142:Martin, Ronald H. (1981).
756:(in 390 BC), a day of bad
736:
430:Second Battle of Bedriacum
26:
2432:Year of the Four Emperors
2408:
2353:Roman conquest of Britain
1805:
1780:
1116:Year of the Five Emperors
971:Tiberius Julius Alexander
727:First Battle of Bedriacum
675:adopted a young senator,
670:The Roman Empire in 68–69
638:to Germania Superior and
413:First Battle of Bedriacum
319:Year of the Four Emperors
286:
278:Year of the Four Emperors
133:Year of the Four Emperors
33:Year of the Five Emperors
1122:Year of the Six Emperors
567:, deputy prefect of the
112:Roman imperial dynasties
37:Year of the Six Emperors
27:Not to be confused with
2447:60s in the Roman Empire
2050:Roman conquest of Italy
1844:(27 BC–AD 68)
1072:Antiquities of the Jews
812:Gaius Licinius Mucianus
500:Servius Sulpicius Galba
76:more precise citations.
1958:Western Roman emperors
1890:Year of the 6 Emperors
1866:Year of the 5 Emperors
1860:Nerva–Antonine dynasty
1848:Year of the 4 Emperors
1842:Julio-Claudian dynasty
1786:List of Roman emperors
888:Hispania Tarraconensis
864:, which succeeded the
836:Marcus Antonius Primus
808:First Jewish–Roman War
787:
748:
700:
671:
588:
538:Lucius Verginius Rufus
504:Hispania Tarraconensis
475:
196:Julio-Claudian dynasty
2380:Domitian's Dacian War
2299:Liberators' civil war
1976:Emperors of Trebizond
1940:Valentinianic dynasty
1934:Constantinian dynasty
1587:Morgan, Gwyn (2006).
1051:and fragments of the
785:
746:
698:
669:
657:Aulus Caecina Alienus
586:
473:
301:1st and 2nd Bedriacum
2385:Trajan's Dacian Wars
2070:Roman–Hernician wars
1832:Eastern Roman Empire
1828:Western Roman Empire
1568:Flaig, Egon (2019).
822:from Egypt. His son
455:Revolt of the Batavi
306:Revolt of the Batavi
2284:Roman–Parthian Wars
2075:Roman–Volscian wars
2055:Roman–Etruscan Wars
1510:Wiedemann, T. E. J.
1097:Ancient Rome portal
840:Battle of Bedriacum
754:Battle of the Allia
681:Marcus Salvius Otho
600:Obultronius Sabinus
554:Lentulus Gaetilicus
488:Gaius Julius Vindex
484:Pisonian conspiracy
444:provincials led by
372:, revolted against
2390:Roman–Persian Wars
2289:Caesar's civil war
2161:Roman–Seleucid war
2060:Roman-Aequian wars
2032:Ancient Roman wars
1970:Emperors of Nicaea
1946:Theodosian dynasty
1916:Britannic emperors
1497:Life of Vespasian.
1491:Life of Vitellius.
1169:, pp. 280–282
1022:The Twelve Caesars
896:Gallia Lugdunensis
788:
749:
701:
672:
636:Hordeonius Flaccus
589:
565:Nymphidius Sabinus
540:, the governor of
502:, the governor of
492:Gallia Lugdunensis
476:
394:Battle of Vesontio
370:Gallia Lugdunensis
2419:
2418:
2375:Jewish–Roman wars
2247:Sulla's civil war
2241:Bellum Octavianum
2129:Illyro-Roman Wars
2102:Roman–Gallic wars
2080:Roman–Sabine wars
1998:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1902:Illyrian emperors
1884:Barracks emperors
1721:978-0-415-23620-1
1698:978-3-8053-0267-8
1671:978-1-4632-3719-6
1636:978-2-251-32831-7
1617:978-3-487-09756-5
1598:978-0-19-512468-2
1579:978-3-593-50952-5
1539:978-0-521-26430-3
1419:978-0-14-194248-3
1367:, pp. 42, 51
1153:978-0-520-04427-2
923:Germania Inferior
852:temple of Jupiter
548:, capital of the
542:Germania Superior
314:
313:
243:
242:
210:
209:
102:
101:
94:
16:(Redirected from
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2341:Marcomannic Wars
2252:Mithridatic Wars
2176:Celtiberian Wars
2065:Roman–Latin wars
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2018:
2011:
2002:
1808:
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1702:
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1602:
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1518:Champlin, Edward
1441:
1440:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1402:Tacitus, Publius
1398:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1379:, pp. 35–36
1374:
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1355:, pp. 46–47
1350:
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1343:, pp. 44–45
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1307:, pp. 39–41
1302:
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1271:, pp. 29–30
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1247:, pp. 25–27
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820:grain supplies
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1463:Life of Galba
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1045:Life of Galba
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1034:Roman History
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882:April –
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709:Germanic Wars
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82:December 2020
75:
71:
65:
64:
58:
53:
44:
43:
38:
34:
30:
19:
2410:
2369:
2365:Armenian War
2328:Roman Empire
2311:Perusine War
2303:
2239:
2218:Servile Wars
2213:Cimbrian War
2166:Galatian War
2085:Samnite Wars
1847:
1791:Roman Empire
1707:
1688:
1649:
1645:
1626:
1607:
1588:
1569:
1555:(1): 33–52.
1552:
1548:
1525:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1469:
1462:
1448:Bibliography
1436:Life of Otho
1435:
1428:
1405:
1396:
1391:, p. 36
1384:
1372:
1360:
1348:
1336:
1331:, p. 43
1324:
1319:, p. 21
1312:
1300:
1295:, p. 42
1288:
1283:, p. 38
1276:
1264:
1259:, p. 29
1252:
1240:
1228:
1216:
1204:
1195:
1186:
1174:
1162:
1143:
1137:
1108:
1070:
1064:
1062:
1053:Life of Nero
1052:
1049:Life of Otho
1048:
1044:
1033:
1020:
1008:
1002:
996:
908:
859:
856:
844:
789:
768:
761:
750:
721:
714:
706:
702:
673:
645:Titus Vinius
633:
612:
590:
558:
531:
523:VII Galbiana
508:
477:
435:
410:
359:
327:Roman Empire
318:
316:
276:
200:
191:
132:
106:
88:
79:
60:
2326:Wars of the
2274:Gallic Wars
2203:Achaean War
2090:Pyrrhic War
2040:Wars of the
1984:(1224–1246)
1978:(1204–1461)
1972:(1204–1261)
1966:(395–1453)
1928:Tetrarchies
1796:Family tree
1495:Suetonius,
1489:Suetonius,
1483:Suetonius,
1433:Suetonius.
1389:Morgan 2006
1377:Morgan 2006
1365:Morgan 2006
1353:Morgan 2006
1341:Morgan 2006
1329:Morgan 2006
1317:Morgan 2006
1305:Morgan 2006
1293:Morgan 2006
1281:Morgan 2006
1269:Morgan 2006
1257:Morgan 2006
1245:Morgan 2006
1233:Morgan 2006
1221:Morgan 2006
1209:Morgan 2006
1179:Morgan 2006
1038:Cassius Dio
920:governor of
478:The end of
388:in Africa,
291:Forum Julii
201:Followed by
192:Preceded by
74:introducing
2426:Categories
2346:Gothic War
2107:Punic Wars
2095:Social War
1886:(235–284)
1813:Principate
1468:Plutarch,
1129:References
948:as emperor
918:nominated
872:Chronology
816:Alexandria
802:acclaimed
711:, such as
625:decimation
620:I Adiutrix
527:VI Victrix
182:Succession
139:Chronology
57:references
2467:Vespasian
1960:(395–476)
1948:(378–455)
1942:(364–392)
1936:(305–363)
1930:(293–313)
1918:(286–297)
1912:(260–274)
1904:(268–284)
1898:(238–244)
1874:(193–235)
1868:(192–193)
1712:Routledge
1680:0362-8914
1656:: 69–85.
1561:0570-734X
1475:Suetonius
1110:Histories
1027:Suetonius
1010:Histories
959:Vespasian
916:Vitellius
804:Vespasian
786:Vespasian
778:Vespasian
771:Suetonius
747:Vitellius
739:Vitellius
733:Vitellius
715:Germanica
573:sesterces
519:Lusitania
382:Lusitania
355:provinces
343:Vespasian
339:Vitellius
171:Vespasian
163:Vitellius
29:Tetrarchy
1862:(96–192)
1823:Dominate
1524:(eds.).
1459:Plutarch
1404:(2009).
1192:Plutarch
1124:(AD 238)
1118:(AD 193)
1083:See also
1077:Josephus
1069:and the
1057:Plutarch
1007:and the
758:auspices
629:Tiberius
608:Caligula
546:Vesontio
534:Lugdunum
496:Plutarch
422:Mucianus
378:Hispania
1856:(69–96)
1850:(68–69)
1144:Tacitus
1105:Tacitus
1015:Tacitus
993:Sources
556:in 39.
550:Sequani
515:Baetica
461:History
451:Tacitus
446:Civilis
440:. Some
360:In 68,
70:improve
2262:Second
2228:Second
2154:Fourth
2144:Second
2117:Second
1811:Early
1718:
1695:
1678:
1668:
1633:
1614:
1595:
1576:
1559:
1536:
1416:
1150:
1047:, the
1004:Annals
969:under
963:Judaea
909:hostis
892:Vindex
890:, and
832:Moesia
828:Raetia
653:Icelus
651:, and
442:Batavi
398:Senate
386:legion
366:legate
362:Vindex
341:, and
59:, but
2462:Galba
2267:Third
2257:First
2233:Third
2223:First
2149:Third
2139:First
2122:Third
2112:First
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323:AD 69
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