Actions of St Eloi Craters - Knowledge (XXG)

1340:, decided that it would be more advantageous to make a retaliatory attack at St Eloi, about 1 mi (1.6 km) to the west. Since an attack on 14 March 1915, the Germans had held a salient 600 yd (550 m) wide and 100 yd (91 m) deep around the Mound, against which an attack had been planned in November 1915. The salient was on a slight spur that ran down from the higher ground around Ypres, which gave a commanding view over the British lines. An attack on the Mound required mines to be sunk much deeper and work by the 172nd Tunnelling Company had begun in August 1915. Three shafts were dug 50–60 ft (15–18 m) deep and by November, when the Germans blew a mine at the Bluff, a line of shallow galleries had been dug. Work on the deep mines continued for a possible operation in February 1916; eventually it was decided to dig six galleries from the deep shafts. After another German mine explosion at the Bluff in January, work on the shallow mines was stopped and all efforts were made to finish the deep galleries at St Eloi. 2015:

The British had attacked with a tired and depleted division and had not achieved all of the objectives, making a second attempt necessary, at the cost of foregoing a quick, thorough consolidation. Against an attack on a narrow front where the defender had good observation over the area, the ground could not be held and at St Eloi, the German defenders had a full view of the British positions. It was an open question as to the width of front to attack, narrow enough to guarantee success, yet wide enough to force the Germans to disperse their artillery-fire so that captured ground could be held. The fighting at St Eloi was one of nine sudden attacks for local gains made by the Germans or the British between the appointment of Sir

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all waterlogged and incapable of resisting shell-splinters. There were no communication trenches and the four largest craters had to be by-passed, supply parties being tied together to pull out those who got stranded in flooded shell-holes. Wounded and dead lay everywhere and the relief parties could only find posts, some connected by shallow trenches. The Canadian commander recommended digging a temporary defence line along the west lips of the craters rather than the longer line in front, on a forward facing slope, easily watched from the ridges above, when a counter-attack was expected from the direction of the Bluff. The 6th Canadian Brigade, 2nd Canadian Pioneer Battalion and large working parties from the 4th and

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that the French gains of 1915 would have to be abandoned, a proposal that the French rejected out of hand. For political reasons, giving up ground around Ypres in Belgium was also unacceptable and to reach better positions, only an advance could be contemplated. Since the French and British anticipated early advances in 1916, there seemed little point in improving defences, at a time when the Germans were building more elaborate fortifications, except at Verdun. Rather than continue the informal truces that had developed between French and German trench garrisons, the British kept an active front and five of the German local attacks in the period were retaliation for three British set-piece attacks.

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positions had been detected near Kruisstraat and Dickebusch Lake and huts had been built near Wulverghem and Vierstraat but this had not been seen as suspicious. During the night of 25/26 March, the III Battalion, Reserve Infantry Regiment 216 (RIR 216) was relieved by RJB 18, with I Battalion, RIR 216 in close reserve. On the afternoon of 26 March a listening post overheard British troops discussing mines to be fired at St Eloi but a careful inspection by German tunnellers found no cause for alarm. As a precaution, RJB 18 thinned its front line to keep more troops in the support trenches and it was a quiet night.

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Division had fought hand-to-hand with the attackers but could not counter-attack, because of a lack of close reserves and German artillery barrages isolating the attack front. Just after midnight, two battalions managed to counter-attack and retook the village and the lost trenches. The Mound was not regained as the Germans had managed to consolidate and retained the advantage of observation from it. Another German attack on 17 March was a costly failure and on 14 April, after a four-day bombardment, the Germans blew another mine at

1810: 161: 1727: 1424: 1254:(BEF) was ordered to form Brigade Mining Sections with miners and tunnellers already in the army. In February 1915, it was decided to form eight tunnelling companies from civilians recruited in Britain and transfers from the army. Another twelve companies were formed later in 1915, one in 1916, a Canadian Tunnelling Company was formed in December 1915, two more arrived in France in March 1916 and a New Zealand and three Australian tunnelling companies arrived in May. Counter-mining by the 148: 245: 1368:. (For most of the time, the British preparations were obstructed by an efficient German counter-mining effort but the British carried away excavated earth in sacks by hand, dumped it in dips unseen and then camouflaged the dumps.) From Kemmel Hill, a hollow south of St Eloi could be observed and was thought to be a German assembly area. No artillery-fire was directed on the area but a code word was arranged at which the guns were to open rapid fire. 1202:. The British formed specialist tunnelling companies from soldiers who had been miners and tunnellers in civilian life, which began to reach France at the end of February. German troops attacked the 28th Division near St Eloi on 4 February and held the captured ground for several days. Further south, the 27th Division was attacked on 14 and 15 February; on 28 February, the 27th Division made a successful local attack along with Canadian troops. 1217: 1517: 1620: 1352:(73 m) along, even though the German trenches were 420 ft (130 m) away. F gallery was dug at 38 ft (12 m) and then stopped, when it ran into German defensive mines about 100 ft (30 m) from the German lines. Work still went on in the higher galleries and the British tunnellers entered two German galleries and demolished them. There were four central galleries, two laid from 1851:

battalions. On 12 April, Plumer and Turner decided to concentrate on improving the front line; the frequent battalion reliefs were necessary due to fatigue and lack of sleep under constant bombardment, with no cover amidst mud and waterlogged shell holes. The Germans made occasional bomb attacks, intermittently bombarded the British lines during the day and fired

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the cost of quick consolidation. At St Eloi, against an attack on a narrow front, where the defender had good observation, the ground could not be held. It was an open question as to what width of front to attack, narrow enough to guarantee success, yet wide enough to force the Germans to disperse their artillery-fire so that captured ground could be held.

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incompatible weapons and ammunition and a substantial cadre of German pre-war trained officers, NCOs and soldiers remained. The British wartime volunteers gained experience in minor tactics but success usually came from machine-guns and the accuracy and quantity of artillery support, not individual skill and bravery; in the air the RFC overcame the

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1916, the 172nd Tunnelling Company had sunk shafts into the blue clay and began to dig galleries 80–120 ft (24–37 m) under the German front position. After the Second Army offensive in the summer of 1916 was postponed, the mining offensive was made even more ambitious with a plan to mine Messines Ridge.

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and converging artillery-fire. An occupier also has the advantage of artillery deployments and the movement of reinforcements and supplies being screened from view. The ridge had woods from Wytschaete to Zonnebeke, giving good cover, some being of notable size, like Polygon Wood and those later named

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An elaborate trench network was dug around the St Eloi craters by the Germans, with a front line west of the craters and a reserve line to the east; the 46th Reserve Division held the new line until it was moved south to the Somme in August. In March 1916, 172nd Tunnelling Company handed its work at

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The BEF was at a tactical disadvantage against the German army, on lower, boggy ground, easily observed from German positions. When the BEF took over more of the Western Front from the French, it was to be held lightly with outposts, while a better line was surveyed further back. The survey revealed

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On the next couple of nights the 21st Canadian Battalion was relieved by the 20th and the 18th Canadian Battalion by the 25th in the centre and the commander of the 5th Canadian Brigade took over. More reliefs took place with the 22nd and 26th Canadian battalions replacing the 20th and 19th Canadian

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up to the canal, taking three Germans prisoner on craters 5 and 6. The mines, artillery bombardments and inclement weather had demolished parapets, cut the wire and even well built trenches had collapsed. The shallow ditches and captured trenches facing the wrong way had no drainage and few dugouts,

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The Canadians counter-attacked several times, then concentrated on consolidating the front line, ready for another attempt. Constant rain, oozing mud and incessant artillery-fire exhausted troops quickly and battalions had to be relieved after a couple of days. Canadian and British staffs were still

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and underground, the BEF tunnellers overtook the Germans in technology and ambition. When the Bluff was captured, the British retook it; Mount Sorrel and Tor Top were retaken by the Canadians and British successes at St Eloi and Vimy Ridge were short-lived. Constant local fighting was costly but it

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the furthest west, which was thought to be most vulnerable to exposure and on 10 March 1916, the Germans blew a camouflet which collapsed 20 ft (6.1 m) of the gallery. The British blew their own camouflet on 24 March, which collapsed more of the gallery and a charge was placed 240 ft

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the Engineer in Chief, proposed a mining offensive in the blue clay 60–90 ft (18–27 m) underground. Since the Germans were on the higher ground, galleries could be driven horizontally into the blue clay from shafts about 300–400 ft (91–122 m) back from the front line. By January

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The woods usually had undergrowth but the fields in gaps between the woods were 800–1,000 yd (730–910 m) wide and devoid of cover. Roads in this area were usually unpaved, except for the main ones from Ypres, with occasional villages and houses. The lowland west of the ridge was a mixture

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The mud and poor weather caused unprecedented misery on the troops but the first attack showed that with preparation, surprise and good timing a limited objective could be captured. The British had attacked with tired troops and had not achieved all of their objectives and the second attempt was at

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The mud and poor weather had imposed unprecedented misery on the infantry and after 19 April, a lull began and both sides were content to let the area quieten. With sufficient preparation, a measure of surprise and discretion over timing, a limited objective could be captured on the Western front.

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immediate counter-attack within the position) amid the confusion and the quantity of British artillery-fire. After dark, counter-attacks from both flanks were repulsed; Kathen suspended the attacks and ordered forward every spare man from the 46th Reserve Division and parties from the 45th Reserve

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from the 9th Brigade had many casualties. The Germans' deep drainage system had gone up with the mines, the trenches began to flood as intermittent showers turned into a downpour. The British troops were replaced frequently; despite their tiredness, battalions were poached from resting brigades to

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the 24th Canadian Battalion relieved the 25th and an officer crawled round the craters, reporting that the four along the old German front line were occupied. On 16 April, the weather improved enough for air reconnaissance by the RFC and photographs showed that the Germans had dug a trench to the

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the 27th and the 29th Canadian battalions were relieved by the 21st Canadian Battalion. Turner said that they could either evacuate the area to make it untenable by artillery-fire or counter-attack on a wider front and consolidate the captured ground. An attack on a broader front would reduce the

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The Germans began to dig in, not needing to take cover, having the protection of the barrage. The British were ignorant of the situation at the front and prevented the British artillery from firing at the crater area, the barrage behind them continuing. Runners eventually got back but reported by

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there to divert German artillery-fire. The parties were overwhelmed but at crater 5 the Canadians were able to hold out for a while and the attack on crater 6 and the line beyond was repulsed by the 31st Canadian Battalion. A rocket was sent up from crater 3 (the site of the Mound) and the German

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The British artillery began to barrage lines of approach and communication trenches but German infantry found ways through and broke into the centre of the Canadian position, where the defenders had been killed by the bombardment. The Germans began to roll up the remaining defences and captured

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and men gave up, having been isolated and without food for three days. Haldane made another inspection to make sure of the line held and found that the crater in the place where the Mound had been was a good observatory but was protected only by a thin line of defences and it would be a race to

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Battalion 18 (RJB 18) taking over at St Eloi. The German mines in the area had become waterlogged and dilapidated but the 123rd Division engineers had been confident that a British mine attack was unlikely and air reconnaissance had revealed no obvious preparations for an attack. More artillery

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of RJB 18, which had partly withdrawn into the reserve line as a precaution. The British heavy artillery fired a barrage along the flanking trenches and behind the salient, varying the area periodically. Infantry advanced quickly, ignoring the half-minute delay for flying débris and found that

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On 14 March 1915, the Germans attacked St Eloi after springing two mines and captured the village, trenches nearby and the Mound, a spoil heap about 30 ft (9.1 m) high and 0.5 acres (0.20 ha) in area, on the west side of a rise, south of the village. The 80th Brigade of the 27th

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the ridge is 4,000 yd (2.3 mi; 3.7 km) distant and recedes to 7,000 yd (4.0 mi; 6.4 km) at Polygon Wood. Wytschaete is about 150 ft (46 m) above the plain; on the Ypres–Menin road at Hooge, the elevation is about 100 ft (30 m) and 70 ft

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In early 1916, the Germans had an advantage in trench warfare equipment, being equipped with more and better hand grenades, rifle grenades and trench mortars. It was easier for the Germans to transfer troops, artillery and ammunition along the Western Front than the Franco-British, who had

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just after the Canadian work details had withdrawn. The bombardment with artillery and trench mortars lasted for thirty minutes and destroyed much of the work of consolidation, the wire being swept away and two of four Lewis guns being knocked out. The British artillery barraged the German

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The Ypres area has a shallow soil layer of loam or sand above waterlogged semi-liquid sand and slurry patches of sand and clay. Beneath the second layer is a thick seam of blue clay. The early mining took place above the blue clay which put very heavy pressures of water and wet sand on the

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On a small square in the centre of Saint-Eloi stands the 'Monument to the St Eloi Tunnellers' which was unveiled on 11 November 2001. The brick plinth bears transparent plaques with details of the mining activities by the 172nd Tunnelling Company and an extract from the poem

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the British battalions being so depleted that only companies were needed to take over but the relief cost twelve hours of consolidation. The 3rd Division infantry went into reserve and the artillery stayed on until the night of 12 April, then lent its trench mortars and the

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were still held, along with the trenches linking them. In the centre, where 500 yd (460 m) of trench had been lost, were two companies in communication trenches and the remaining positions before Voormezeele. Bombers of the 28th and 31st Canadian battalions in

2166:). From there, the gallery was extended to the area of the mine chamber and the chamber was set 42 m (138 ft) below ground, at the end of a gallery 408 m (1,339 ft) long and charged with 43,400 kg (95,600 lb) of ammonal by 11 June 1916. 995:) recovered the captured craters. Canadian runners struggled to deliver messages and for several days the Canadian and British staffs were ignorant of which craters had been captured, the topography having been changed so much by the mine detonations. There were 1828:

density of German counter-bombardment that the Germans could achieve. Since the area was thoroughly disturbed, surprise was impossible and with the offensive on the Somme looming, there was no time for a proper set-piece attack. Under the impression that only

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the 5th Canadian Brigade was relieved by the 6th Canadian Brigade. For the next two weeks, both sides exchanged artillery-fire and the British front line, support trenches and communication trenches were demolished; the new trench covering the Germans in

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of meadow and fields, with high hedgerows dotted with trees, cut by streams and ditches emptying into the canals. The Ypres–Comines Canal is about 18 ft (5.5 m) wide and the Yperlee about 36 ft (11 m); the main road to Ypres from

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on 27 March, it "appeared as if a long village was being lifted through flames into the air" and "there was an earth shake but no roar of explosion". The detonation obliterated the Mound and the trenches rocked and heaved, burying about

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photographed the new craters. Despite the winter weather, 6 Squadron managed to conduct counter-battery sorties until 6 April and for the rest of the fighting at the craters, the RFC squadrons mostly flew artillery-observation sorties.

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A force from the 1st Gordon Highlanders, 12th West Yorkshire and the 3rd Division Grenade School staff was picked to capture the parts of the objective not taken during the attack on 27 March. The Germans were found to be occupying

2185:. When the large St Eloi deep mine was fired by the 1st Canadian Tunnelling Company on 7 June 1917, it destroyed craters D2 and D1 from 1916 but the double crater H4 and H1 can still be seen. The detonation was followed up by the 2044:

enabled the mass of inexperienced British troops to gain experience, yet had the front been less densely occupied, more troops could have had more training; the wisdom of each policy was debated at the time and since.

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heights are subtle but have the character of a saucer lip around Ypres. The main ridge has spurs sloping east and one is particularly noticeable at Wytschaete, which runs 2 mi (3.2 km) south-east to Messines

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preferred to carry out the attack or wait until the front had settled before taking over. The tiredness of the 3rd Division meant that the Canadians were sent to take over while the front was still unsettled and the

2209:(1883–1917). There is a flagpole with the British flag next to it and in 2003, a field gun was added to the memorial. The participation of the Canadian Corps in the Actions at St Eloi are commemorated on the nearby 3037:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: Macmillan. 2874:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: Macmillan. 2852:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: Macmillan. 1714:

but the support and old front line, were much improved. Lack of rest and inability to carry food forward, led to a decision to swap the 27th Canadian Battalion with the 29th Canadian Battalion on the night of

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and an older crater to the east, the topography of the area having changed so much that it was hard to orientate. Consolidation was slowed by the German artillery-fire; working and carrying parties of the 1st

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that day and it had been connected to the main German defences by a communication trench. The British attack was called off and an attempt made to cut off the German party in the crater which failed but

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inside medieval earth ramparts faced with brick and a ditch on the east and south sides. Possession of the higher ground to the south and east of the city, gives ample scope for ground observation,

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1,800 lb (820 kg), 31,000 lb (14,000 kg), 15,000 lb (6,800 kg), 13,500,000 lb (6,100,000 kg) 12,000 lb (5,400 kg) and 600 lb (270 kg) of

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the new craters superimposed on the old ones, full of shell-holes and part-demolished trenches; if people raised their heads in daylight, they were sniped, which made it impossible to orientate.

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the 13th King's, 2nd Royal Scots and the 8th East Yorkshire from the 8th Brigade relieved the 1st Northumberland Fusiliers, 4th Royal Fusiliers and the 1st Royal Scots Fusiliers. On the night of

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the 6th Canadian Brigade was relieved by the 4th Canadian Brigade, which brought the 19th and 18th Canadian battalions forward. Bombers of the 18th, 19th and 21st Canadian battalions attacked

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January 1915 was a month of rain, snow and floods, made worse for both sides by artillery-fire, sniping and the need for constant trench repairs. The British front was extended when the

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on 31 March but were repulsed despite the sketchy defences of the crater. Haldane inspected part of the front, finding it waist deep in water and gave orders for another attack against

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On 21 February, the Germans blew a mine in Shrewsbury Forest, north of Klein Zillebeke, captured an area of 100 yd × 40 yd (91 m × 37 m) and inflicted

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underground works. In August the digging of galleries had begun to be complete by the end of June 1916. Both sides spent 1915 mining and counter-mining, the British springing

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not possible in the rest of the BEF or in the French and German armies, where the division was the main tactical unit; divisional reliefs were easier but continuity was lost.

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failed. The intense British artillery-fire was taken to be the preliminary of another attack and an extra battalion was sent to reinforce the 46th Reserve Division but

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brigades began to sandbag the defences and repair the drainage but the water was thick mud and oozed back when it was thrown out. German guns bombarded the area every

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relieved the 12th West Yorkshires, the last of the 9th Brigade battalions. (In the morning an apparent German counter-attack turned out to be a surrender attempt.)

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The Canadians inherited positions in a deplorable state, the British having pressed their advantage, rather than consolidating the captured ground. On the night of

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Division and 123rd Division, to dig another front position, which was done under British artillery-fire. On 30 March, patrols from II Battalion, RIR 216 scouted

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was received, RFC squadrons were to stop routine operations and commence artillery co-operation and reconnaissance of corps and army areas, until the signal

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German miners could be heard above the deep galleries, which showed that the galleries had been advanced under the German lines but the British deep mines,

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Conflicting reports added to the uncertainty but a reconnaissance by a Canadian major on 10 April found that the Germans were in crater 4. On 16 April, the

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and mining operations at St Eloi continued. The largest mine at St Eloi was begun by the Canadian tunnellers on 16 August 1915, with a deep shaft named

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Early in the morning of 27 March, German troops near St Eloi heard noises underground and then British mines exploded. The ground around the craters of

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between them and had to hold the front line with far more men to compensate, the French being able to defend an outpost line with a hundred and twenty

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were lost. The advance of reserves to reinforce the defenders was stopped by British artillery fire and the confusion caused by the mine explosions.

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were the biggest but the newer troops in the area easily mistook one pair of craters for another. All the ground lost on 27 March was recaptured by

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teams to the 2nd Canadian Division artillery. At noon on 4 April, the Canadian Corps took over from V Corps with the three Canadian divisions, the

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Bombers of the 18th and 29th Canadian battalions, with two companies of the 28th Canadian Battalion, counter-attacked but failed to recapture

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after the Northumberland Fusiliers attacked and continued nearly all day. The Royal Fusiliers only reached part of a German trench south of

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before the captured ground had been consolidated and the German defences opposite had not been identified. Fifty men per company of the

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on 3 April by the 8th King's Own in the dark and a thick fog and reached the objectives, finding the Germans unable to resist except at

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artillery began a barrage around the craters and across British communication trenches, which prevented reinforcements from moving up.

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were hit by machine-gun fire from the left flank as they climbed the parapet; a German counter-barrage on the front line began only

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was not as badly damaged, because the British heavy artillery was subject to ammunition rationing. On 19 April, the Germans took

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Before 27 March, Plumer intended that the Canadians should take over the sector as soon as the attack was complete but the

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advanced and lost only one man before reaching the German wire, finding that the German survivors were ready to surrender.

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conflicting reports; a Canadian officer inspecting the line on 10 April, reported that he had been fired on from crater 4.

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missing believed to have been buried in the mine blasts. The 46th Reserve Division casualties in the 6 April attack were

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had been lost, Plumer ordered the 2nd Canadian Division to hold its positions and recapture the craters. On the night of

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and a trench round the front lips. Plans to attack were cancelled and for two weeks both sides exchanged artillery-fire.

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Military Operations France and Belgium, 1914: Antwerp, La Bassée, Armentières, Messines and Ypres October–November 1914

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which they had fortified with a belt of barbed wire and machine-guns. Troops from II Battalion, RIR 216 had taken over

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and commenced a systematic bombardment, against which the British artillery replied but no infantry attack followed.

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on 5 April, an intense German bombardment began (less gas shell, because of unfavourable wind) and continued until

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on the right flank and the junction with the Northumberland Fusiliers but left a gap. The Royal Fusiliers were at

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The 27th Canadian Battalion took over in front of the craters with parties from the 31st Canadian Battalion in

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in 1917, the British began a mining offensive against the German lines along the ridge to the south of Ypres.

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Military Operations France and Belgium, 1916: Sir Douglas Haig's Command to the 1st July: Battle of the Somme

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Military Operations France and Belgium, 1916: Sir Douglas Haig's Command to the 1st July: Battle of the Somme

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Military Operations France and Belgium, 1917: 7 June – 10 November: Messines and Third Ypres (Passchendaele)

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Map showing topography and locations in the Ypres district, detailing British–French advances at Ypres, 1917

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the 24th Division, the Canadian Corps holding the line from St Eloi, across the Ypres–Comines Canal to the

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were dug by Tunnelling companies RE, most of which were detonated simultaneously on 7 June 1917, creating

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but counter-attacks on 31 March by II Battalion and III Battalion against the British trenches covering

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arrived in France and took over from the French XVI Corps. The British divisions had only seventy-two

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Military Operations France and Belgium, 1915: Winter 1915: Battle of Neuve Chapelle: Battles of Ypres

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was found to be empty and was occupied and a machine-gun placed on each flank. The Germans attacked

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in the south-west and from the east by low hills running south-west to north-east, with Wytschaete (

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made it impossible to orientate and fresh troops easily mistook one pair of craters for another.

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craters. The joint explosion of the mines in the Battle of Messines was one of the largest ever

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relieving two more 8th Brigade battalions and a company of the 18th Canadian Battalion from the

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The War in the Air, Being the Story of the Part Played in the Great War by the Royal Air Force

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communication trenches and avenues of advance but the German infantry managed to get through.

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the new ones superimposed on the old, the ground full of shell-holes and derelict trenches.

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had done the same on the left flank and also blown up a German grenade throwing post. The

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began at St Eloi in the spring of 1915. Much of the mining in this sector was done by the

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but patrols found that they were left unoccupied and an attack on crater 1 was defeated.

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were in too great a demand to provide men for mining. On 3 December, Lieutenant-General

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on 23 March, with both brigades in the line, the 92nd Brigade and the attached Reserve

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There was no British army mining organisation in 1914, except for a short course for

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from the front and flanks, which made it impossible to consolidate the craters for

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Major & Mrs Holt's Battlefield Guide to the Ypres Salient & Passchendaele

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was received. The first operation of the scheme occurred on 12 February and from

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had exploded in no man's land on the right flank, forming a crater to defend it.

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had gone off under the German front and support lines, demolishing the defences.

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is commonly used in English) is a village about 5 km (3.1 mi) south of

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After the German attack at the Bluff, the V Corps commander, Lieutenant-General

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west of the craters. Plans for more attacks were cancelled and on the night of

1742:) by the I Battalion, RIR 216 and I Battalion, RIR 214, took until 6 April. At 1243: 1242:

asked for a specialist battalion of sappers and miners and on 28 December the

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in 1914, siege warfare and mining began and the British realised that the

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craters 2, 3 and 4, where there were 28th Canadian Battalion parties of

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The German infantry were not able to mount an immediate counter-attack (

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bombardments at night, to catch working parties. During the night of

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St Eloi (Sint-Elooi) village, about 5 km (3.1 mi) south of

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to the west. Further south is the muddy valley of the Douve river,

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took over, despite the disadvantage of relieving troops in action.

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from RJB 18. In the 2nd Canadian Division to 16 April, there were

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and the remaining objectives on 3 April. The attack began after a

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When the first shells passed overhead and the mines were fired at

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British counter-attacks were defeated by dug in machine-guns.

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Ypres lies at the junction of the Ypres–Comines Canal and the

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the exhaustion of the troops led to the 2nd Suffolk and 10th

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from 27 March to 16 April 1916, were local operations in the

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Until 5 April there were reports that the Canadians were in

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as commander in chief of the BEF and the beginning of the

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Map of St Eloi with the six mines fired on 27 March 1916.

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appeared to be safe from discovery. Work was stopped on

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A new artillery scheme had been devised by the II Wing

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Beneath Flanders Fields: The Tunnellers' War 1914−1918

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improve them before the Germans could counter-attack.

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and a party demanded their surrender at dawn at which

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was lost immediately but the British failed to take

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Western Front after the Second Battle of Ypres, 1915

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Orders of battle for the German attack on Vimy Ridge

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Battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom

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List of Canadian battles during the First World War

1646:) had to relieve the 3rd Division on the night of 2808:. the action of st eloi 1915 com. Archived from 1146:is in a defile, easily observed from the ridge. 4084:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers 40: 2189:, which captured the German lines at St Eloi. 130:The St eloi craters re-captured by the Germans 3123: 1844:but were repulsed, as were German attacks on 430: 307: 8: 2447: 2365: 2353: 2341: 2268: 1737: 1736:German preparations for a set-piece attack ( 1546: 1527: 1521: 1399: 1381: 990: 945: 1772:because the landscape had changed so much. 1428:An aerial view of St Eloi, photographed by 1212:Tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers 1182:Constant underground fighting began in the 323:Local operations, December 1915 – June 1916 5286:Battles of the Western Front (World War I) 4957: 4666: 4571: 4511: 3620: 3428: 3222: 3130: 3116: 3108: 2980:Messines 1917: The Zenith of Siege Warfare 2078:the 46th Reserve Division casualties were 974:counter-attacked but the British captured 437: 423: 415: 314: 300: 292: 37: 2074:them from the 6th Canadian Brigade. From 1768:mistake that the Canadians were still in 1102:), with a gentle slope to the east and a 1089:From Hooge and to the east, the slope is 5291:Battles of World War I involving Germany 4373:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 3057:"Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914–1919" 2788: 2384: 4750:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 2740: 2728: 2716: 2704: 2692: 2680: 2656: 2641: 2629: 2617: 2605: 2588: 2573: 2561: 2549: 2537: 2525: 2498: 2486: 2459: 2435: 2411: 2399: 2329: 2314: 2304: 2256: 1658:and took over from the 76th Brigade by 1492:make up the numbers. Over the night of 2764: 2267:as homogeneous units helped create an 2228:Mines in the Battle of Messines (1917) 4703:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia 4039:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) 2752: 2668: 2510: 2471: 2423: 1814:Mine craters at St. Eloi (4687892179) 1624:Lewis gun crew wearing Brodie helmets 7: 5107:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 5036:Ottomans against the Triple Entente 3830:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes 3011:Barton, Peter; et al. (2004). 2916:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books. 2912:Holt, Tonie; Holt, Valmai (2014) . 2776: 1130:Battle Wood, Shrewsbury Forest and 3769:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes 2052:On 27 March, the 9th Brigade lost 1731:Crossroads at St Eloi (4687880341) 1007:ignorant of the German capture of 25: 2211:Hill 62 (Sanctuary Wood) Memorial 2113:The deep mine at St Eloi for the 2027:(22 April – 25 May 1915) and the 4132:Second Battle of the Piave River 3754:Russian invasion of East Prussia 1289:In September, Brigadier-General 1062:to the east of Verbrandenmolen, 250: 243: 174: 159: 146: 54: 5203:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo 4403:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 2263:Keeping the Canadian Corps and 2125:1st Canadian Tunnelling Company 251: 5026:Austria-Hungary against Serbia 4885:Deportations from East Prussia 4682:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia 3098:The Actions of St Eloi Craters 2031:(25 September – 13 October). 1633:commander, Lieutenant-General 1386:von Wasielewski), part of the 1316:British offensive preparations 18:The Actions of St Eloi Craters 1: 5266:Tunnel warfare in World War I 4937:Ukrainian Canadian internment 2961:Underground Warfare 1914–1918 1372:German defensive preparations 5092:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement 4391:Estonian War of Independence 4059:Southern Palestine offensive 2982:. Campaign. Oxford: Osprey. 2963:. Pen & Sword Military. 1676:50th (Northumbrian) Division 1236:Field and Siege Companies RE 1206:British tunnelling companies 1050:. The city is overlooked by 989:a German methodical attack ( 5046:USA against Austria-Hungary 4445:Turkish War of Independence 4397:Latvian War of Independence 4122:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918 3713:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 3015:. Staplehurst: Spellmount. 2005: 1995: 1987: 1979: 1971: 1963: 1955: 1947: 1750:The bombardment resumed at 1252:British Expeditionary Force 907:Western Front tactics, 1917 5322: 5129:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk 4677:1899–1923 cholera pandemic 4137:Second Battle of the Marne 4024:Second battle of the Aisne 3893:Second Battle of Champagne 3734:German invasion of Belgium 2978:Turner, Alexander (2010). 1674:having taken relieved the 1523:Die "St. Eloi-Stellung" am 1322:Actions of the Bluff, 1916 1319: 1246:was requested to send 500 1209: 1083:, which has a gradient of 922:Actions of St Eloi Craters 41:Actions of St Eloi Craters 26: 5235: 4910:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo) 4439:Irish War of Independence 4182:Armistice of Villa Giusti 4167:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 3779:First Battle of the Marne 3145: 2246:, chaplain who won the VC 2223:Battle of Messines (1917) 1907:on 27 March, aircraft of 1548:Gegenstoß in der Stellung 454: 329: 238: 225: 204: 187: 138: 64: 53: 45: 5062:Constantinople Agreement 4355:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 4218:Co-belligerent conflicts 4187:Second Romanian campaign 4157:Third Transjordan attack 3868:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 3774:Battle of Grand Couronné 2889:Edmonds, J. E. (1991) . 2848:; Wynne, G. C. (1995) . 2448:Edmonds & Wynne 1995 2366:Edmonds & Wynne 1995 2354:Edmonds & Wynne 1995 2342:Edmonds & Wynne 1995 1893:General Artillery Action 1882:General Artillery Action 1823:and during the night of 1789:The ground was a sea of 1461:Northumberland Fusiliers 1264:172nd Tunnelling Company 1260:177th Tunnelling Company 928:of Flanders, during the 72:27 March – 16 April 1916 27:Not to be confused with 5125:Modus vivendi of Acroma 5077:Bulgaria–Germany treaty 4385:Greater Poland Uprising 4285:National Protection War 4162:Meuse–Argonne offensive 4112:German spring offensive 4107:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 3883:Siege of Novogeorgievsk 3858:Second Battle of Artois 3739:Battle of the Frontiers 2135:by the British troops ( 1256:Tunnelling Companies RE 795:German spring offensive 5150:Paris Peace Conference 5138:Ukraine–Central Powers 4932:Massacres of Albanians 4900:Late Ottoman genocides 4707:Bulgarian occupations 4415:Third Anglo-Afghan War 4379:Hungarian–Romanian War 4197:Naval Victory Bulletin 4192:Armistice with Germany 4142:Hundred Days Offensive 4069:Battle of La Malmaison 4019:Second battle of Arras 3986:Battle of Transylvania 3840:Second Battle of Ypres 3708:Sarajevo assassination 3597:South African Republic 2931:Jones, H. A. (2002) . 2269: 2183:non-nuclear explosions 2154:50.813000°N 2.887111°E 2119: 2025:Second Battle of Ypres 1816: 1738: 1733: 1626: 1547: 1534: 1528: 1522: 1434: 1400: 1382: 1333: 1223: 1093:near Hollebeke, it is 1043: 991: 946: 188:Commanders and leaders 5160:Treaty of St. Germain 5133:Russia–Central Powers 5087:Sykes–Picot Agreement 4915:Pontic Greek genocide 4890:Destruction of Kalisz 4866:Eastern Mediterranean 4427:Polish–Lithuanian War 4209:Armistice of Belgrade 4172:Armistice of Salonica 4102:Operation Faustschlag 4049:Third Battle of Oituz 3971:Baranovichi offensive 3939:Lake Naroch offensive 3913:Battle of Robat Karim 3888:Vistula–Bug offensive 3863:Battles of the Isonzo 3794:First Battle of Ypres 2959:Jones, Simon (2010). 2175:Twenty-six deep mines 2111: 2104:Subsequent operations 1867:craters 2, 3, 4 and 5 1821:craters 2, 3, 4 and 5 1812: 1795:Craters 2, 3, 4 and 5 1785:thought they were in 1774:Craters 2, 3, 4 and 5 1729: 1680:3rd Canadian Division 1672:1st Canadian Division 1640:2nd Canadian Division 1622: 1596:hurricane bombardment 1519: 1512:46th Reserve Division 1502:Royal Welsh Fusiliers 1485:Royal Scots Fusiliers 1426: 1378:46th Reserve Division 1329: 1232:First Battle of Ypres 1219: 1039: 1017:craters 2, 3, 4 and 5 972:46th Reserve Division 226:Casualties and losses 220:46th Reserve Division 215:2nd Canadian Division 5155:Treaty of Versailles 4871:Mount Lebanon famine 4786:in the United States 4754:Russian occupations 4468:Turkish–Armenian War 4409:Polish–Ukrainian War 4349:Ukrainian–Soviet War 4296:Central Asian Revolt 4079:Armistice of Focșani 3809:Battle of Sarikamish 3759:Battle of Tannenberg 3155:Military engagements 2806:"Action of St. Eloi" 2789:Holt & Holt 2014 2695:, pp. 191, 155. 2528:, pp. 182, 192. 2462:, pp. 179, 182. 2385:Holt & Holt 2014 2123:St Eloi over to the 1652:6th Canadian Brigade 1506:4th Canadian Brigade 1345:D1, D2, H1, H4 and F 902:French Army mutinies 897:1914 Christmas truce 667:Hohenzollern Redoubt 397:Hooge in World War I 347:Hohenzollern Redoubt 266:class=notpageimage| 199:Erich von Falkenhayn 101:50.81000°N 2.89194°E 5222:They shall not pass 5145:Treaty of Bucharest 5102:Treaty of Bucharest 5041:USA against Germany 5018:Declarations of war 4722:German occupations 4635:British casualties 4494:Soviet–Georgian War 4421:Egyptian Revolution 4361:Armeno-Georgian War 4225:Somaliland campaign 4177:Armistice of Mudros 4054:Battle of Caporetto 4044:Battle of Mărășești 4014:Zimmermann telegram 4009:February Revolution 3954:Battle of the Somme 3878:Bug-Narew Offensive 3853:Battle of Gallipoli 3845:Sinking of the RMS 3637:Scramble for Africa 3631:Franco-Prussian War 3287:Sinai and Palestine 3053:Nicholson, G. W. L. 2743:, pp. 191–193. 2719:, pp. 156–157. 2707:, pp. 155–156. 2671:, pp. 191–192. 2659:, pp. 189–190. 2632:, pp. 188–189. 2591:, pp. 186–188. 2564:, pp. 185–186. 2552:, pp. 184–185. 2540:, pp. 183–184. 2501:, pp. 191–192. 2474:, pp. 104–105. 2450:, pp. 31, 163. 2426:, pp. 101–103. 2402:, pp. 177–178. 2332:, pp. 129–131. 2317:, pp. 128–129. 2159:50.813000; 2.887111 2150: / 2021:Battle of the Somme 1933: 1678:on 3 April and the 1539:mines 2, 3, 4 and 5 1529:Fliegerphotographie 1449:mines 2, 3, 4 and 5 1432:RFC, 19 March 1916. 1388:XXIII Reserve Corps 1117:In 1914, Ypres had 1070:and Passchendaele ( 891:Associated articles 608:Hartmannswillerkopf 468:Invasion of Belgium 384:Associated articles 97: / 5276:Explosions in 1916 5182:Treaty of Lausanne 5097:Paris Economy Pact 5031:UK against Germany 4961:Entry into the war 4927:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) 4646:Ottoman casualties 4456:Franco-Turkish War 4336:Post-War conflicts 4320:Russian Revolution 4302:Invasion of Darfur 4267:Kelantan rebellion 4255:Kurdish rebellions 4231:Mexican Revolution 4064:October Revolution 4029:Kerensky offensive 4004:Capture of Baghdad 3981:Monastir offensive 3966:Brusilov offensive 3804:Battle of Kolubara 3643:Russo-Japanese War 2812:on 8 December 2015 2171:Battle of Messines 2120: 2115:Battle of Messines 1926:British casualties 1925: 1878:Royal Flying Corps 1842:8/9 and 9/10 April 1817: 1778:craters 1, 6 and 7 1776:had been lost and 1734: 1627: 1568:30 March – 3 April 1535: 1435: 1334: 1224: 1123:16,700 inhabitants 1044: 1013:Royal Flying Corps 81:St Eloi (St Elooi) 5306:April 1916 events 5301:March 1916 events 5281:Conflicts in 1916 5248: 5247: 5231: 5230: 5215:The Golden Virgin 5209:Mutilated victory 5190: 5189: 5170:Treaty of Trianon 5165:Treaty of Neuilly 5072:Damascus Protocol 4945: 4944: 4905:Armenian genocide 4862:Allied blockades 4834:Belgian refugees 4617: 4616: 4527:Strategic bombing 4503: 4502: 4488:Franco-Syrian War 4462:Greco-Turkish War 4450:Anglo-Turkish War 4433:Polish–Soviet War 4367:German Revolution 4343:Russian Civil War 4326:Finnish Civil War 4152:Battle of Megiddo 4127:Battle of Goychay 4074:Battle of Cambrai 4034:Battle of Mărăști 3949:Battle of Jutland 3929:Erzurum offensive 3784:Siege of Przemyśl 3764:Siege of Tsingtao 3749:Battle of Galicia 3679:Second Balkan War 3667:Italo-Turkish War 3624:Pre-War conflicts 3610: 3609: 3500:Portuguese Empire 3416: 3415: 3378:German New Guinea 3360:Asian and Pacific 3077:on 26 August 2011 3044:978-0-89839-185-5 3022:978-1-86227-237-8 2989:978-1-84603-845-7 2970:978-1-84415-962-8 2944:978-1-84342-413-0 2923:978-0-85052-551-9 2904:978-0-89839-166-4 2881:978-0-89839-185-5 2859:978-0-89839-218-0 2414:, pp. 35–37. 2368:, pp. 32–33. 2356:, pp. 30–31. 2344:, pp. 28–29. 2238:St. Eloi Mountain 2200:Trenches: St Eloi 2069:1,373 casualties, 2012: 2011: 1932: 1929:(19 December 1915 1895:was in force for 1840:on the nights of 1600:1:30 to 2:00 a.m. 1298:Action of St Eloi 978:on 30 March. The 966:captured all but 962:on 27 March. The 915: 914: 741:Nivelle offensive 515:Trouée de Charmes 412: 411: 290: 289: 134: 133: 106:50.81000; 2.89194 16:(Redirected from 5313: 5261:History of Ypres 5175:Treaty of Sèvres 5067:Treaty of London 4958: 4736:Northeast France 4667: 4639:Parliamentarians 4572: 4534:Chemical weapons 4512: 4273:Senussi campaign 4243:Muscat rebellion 4237:Maritz rebellion 4205: 4147:Vardar offensive 3976:Battle of Romani 3944:Battle of Asiago 3934:Battle of Verdun 3898:Kosovo offensive 3673:First Balkan War 3621: 3520:Russian Republic 3429: 3223: 3165:Economic history 3132: 3125: 3118: 3109: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3076: 3070:. Archived from 3061: 3048: 3026: 2993: 2974: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2927: 2908: 2885: 2863: 2841: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2792: 2786: 2780: 2774: 2768: 2762: 2756: 2750: 2744: 2738: 2732: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2708: 2702: 2696: 2690: 2684: 2678: 2672: 2666: 2660: 2654: 2645: 2639: 2633: 2627: 2621: 2615: 2609: 2603: 2592: 2586: 2577: 2571: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2529: 2523: 2514: 2508: 2502: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2475: 2469: 2463: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2433: 2427: 2421: 2415: 2409: 2403: 2397: 2388: 2382: 2369: 2363: 2357: 2351: 2345: 2339: 2333: 2327: 2318: 2312: 2293: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2276: 2274: 2261: 2180: 2165: 2164: 2162: 2161: 2160: 2155: 2151: 2148: 2147: 2146: 2143: 2099: 2095: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2055: 1934: 1928: 1906: 1891: 1886:Situation Normal 1872: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1847: 1846:craters 6 and 7. 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1826: 1822: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1787:craters 4 and 5. 1784: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1770:craters 4 and 5, 1762: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1718: 1713: 1709: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1686:north of Hooge. 1669: 1661: 1649: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1580: 1576: 1575:craters 4 and 5, 1563: 1559: 1555: 1550: 1544: 1543:craters 4 and 5. 1540: 1531: 1525: 1499: 1495: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1403: 1385: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1350: 1346: 1306: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1273: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1124: 1120: 1108:Ploegsteert Wood 1105: 1096: 1092: 1086: 1018: 1010: 1009:craters 4 and 5. 998: 994: 988: 977: 969: 968:craters 4 and 5. 961: 949: 936:and the British 854:St Quentin Canal 449: 439: 432: 425: 416: 324: 316: 309: 302: 293: 254: 253: 247: 180: 178: 177: 165: 163: 162: 151: 150: 112: 111: 109: 108: 107: 102: 98: 95: 94: 93: 90: 66: 65: 58: 38: 21: 5321: 5320: 5316: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5311: 5310: 5271:1916 in Belgium 5251: 5250: 5249: 5244: 5227: 5186: 5118: 5111: 5082:Treaty of Darin 5050: 5012: 4968:Austria-Hungary 4954: 4941: 4922:Rape of Belgium 4849: 4821: 4769: 4763:Western Armenia 4758:Eastern Galicia 4691: 4665: 4629: 4628:Civilian impact 4627: 4613: 4570: 4499: 4331: 4261:Ovambo Uprising 4213: 4199: 4088: 3990: 3917: 3835:Battle of Łomża 3818: 3814:Christmas truce 3789:Race to the Sea 3722: 3684: 3606: 3577:Austria-Hungary 3553: 3488:Empire of Japan 3425: 3423: 3412: 3396:U-boat campaign 3382: 3354: 3316: 3268: 3214: 3195:Popular culture 3141: 3136: 3094: 3089: 3080: 3078: 3074: 3059: 3051: 3045: 3029: 3023: 3010: 3001: 2999:Further reading 2996: 2990: 2977: 2971: 2958: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2930: 2924: 2911: 2905: 2888: 2882: 2866: 2860: 2844: 2824: 2815: 2813: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2787: 2783: 2775: 2771: 2763: 2759: 2751: 2747: 2739: 2735: 2727: 2723: 2715: 2711: 2703: 2699: 2691: 2687: 2679: 2675: 2667: 2663: 2655: 2648: 2640: 2636: 2628: 2624: 2616: 2612: 2604: 2595: 2587: 2580: 2572: 2568: 2560: 2556: 2548: 2544: 2536: 2532: 2524: 2517: 2509: 2505: 2497: 2493: 2485: 2478: 2470: 2466: 2458: 2454: 2446: 2442: 2434: 2430: 2422: 2418: 2410: 2406: 2398: 2391: 2383: 2372: 2364: 2360: 2352: 2348: 2340: 2336: 2328: 2321: 2313: 2306: 2302: 2297: 2296: 2289: 2286:craters 4 and 5 2285: 2283: 2279: 2271:esprit de corps 2262: 2258: 2253: 2219: 2195: 2178: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2149: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2136: 2118: 2106: 2100:mostly buried. 2097: 2093: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2054:117 men killed, 2053: 2050: 1930: 1927: 1923: 1918: 1904: 1889: 1871:craters 6 and 7 1870: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1845: 1841: 1838:craters 2 and 3 1837: 1833: 1830:craters 2 and 3 1829: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1807: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1783:craters 6 and 7 1782: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1760: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1732: 1724: 1722:Night 5/6 April 1716: 1711: 1707: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1664: 1659: 1647: 1642:(Major-General 1625: 1617: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1562:craters 4 and 5 1561: 1558:craters 2 and 3 1557: 1554:craters 4 and 5 1553: 1542: 1538: 1533: 1526:1. April 1916 ( 1514: 1497: 1493: 1489:West Yorkshires 1479: 1476:craters 4 and 5 1475: 1471: 1468:Royal Fusiliers 1456: 1452: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1392:Hugo von Kathen 1383:Generalleutnant 1374: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1348: 1344: 1332: 1324: 1318: 1313: 1304: 1300: 1286: 1282: 1275: 1271: 1240:Henry Rawlinson 1228:Royal Engineers 1222: 1214: 1208: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1152: 1122: 1118: 1103: 1094: 1090: 1084: 1042: 1034: 1029: 1016: 1008: 996: 986: 976:craters 4 and 5 975: 967: 959: 930:First World War 918: 917: 916: 911: 888: 692:Vimy Ridge 1916 569:Race to the Sea 537:1st St. Quentin 459: 450: 445: 443: 413: 408: 381: 362:Gas: Wulverghem 325: 322: 320: 286: 285: 284: 283: 282: 268: 262: 261: 260: 259: 255: 175: 173: 160: 158: 145: 126: 105: 103: 99: 96: 91: 88: 86: 84: 83: 82: 59: 48:First World War 32: 29:Mont-Saint-Éloi 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5319: 5317: 5309: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5253: 5252: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5242: 5236: 5233: 5232: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5225: 5218: 5211: 5206: 5198: 5196: 5192: 5191: 5188: 5187: 5185: 5184: 5179: 5178: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5147: 5142: 5141: 5140: 5135: 5127: 5121: 5119: 5117:Peace treaties 5116: 5113: 5112: 5110: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5058: 5056: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5022: 5020: 5014: 5013: 5011: 5010: 5005: 5003:United Kingdom 5000: 4995: 4993:Ottoman Empire 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4964: 4962: 4955: 4950: 4947: 4946: 4943: 4942: 4940: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4918: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4897: 4895:Sack of Dinant 4892: 4887: 4882: 4881: 4880: 4875: 4874: 4873: 4859: 4857: 4851: 4850: 4848: 4847: 4846: 4845: 4843:United Kingdom 4840: 4831: 4829: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4819: 4818: 4817: 4812: 4803: 4797:POW locations 4795: 4790: 4789: 4788: 4779: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4767: 4766: 4765: 4760: 4752: 4747: 4746: 4745: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4720: 4719: 4718: 4713: 4705: 4699: 4697: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4673: 4671: 4664: 4663: 4662: 4661: 4656: 4648: 4643: 4642: 4641: 4632: 4630: 4622: 4619: 4618: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4611: 4606: 4605: 4604: 4597:United Kingdom 4594: 4592:Ottoman Empire 4589: 4584: 4578: 4576: 4569: 4568: 4566:Trench warfare 4563: 4562: 4561: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4530: 4529: 4518: 4516: 4509: 4505: 4504: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4497: 4491: 4485: 4479: 4473: 4472: 4471: 4465: 4459: 4453: 4442: 4436: 4430: 4424: 4418: 4412: 4406: 4400: 4394: 4388: 4382: 4376: 4370: 4364: 4358: 4352: 4346: 4339: 4337: 4333: 4332: 4330: 4329: 4323: 4317: 4311: 4305: 4299: 4293: 4287: 4282: 4279:Volta-Bani War 4276: 4270: 4264: 4258: 4252: 4246: 4240: 4234: 4228: 4221: 4219: 4215: 4214: 4212: 4211: 4206: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4117:Zeebrugge Raid 4114: 4109: 4104: 4098: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4087: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4000: 3998: 3992: 3991: 3989: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3962: 3961: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3925: 3923: 3919: 3918: 3916: 3915: 3910: 3908:Battle of Loos 3905: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3826: 3824: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3799:Black Sea raid 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3730: 3728: 3724: 3723: 3721: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3704: 3703: 3701:Historiography 3692: 3690: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3682: 3676: 3670: 3664: 3658: 3655:Bosnian Crisis 3652: 3649:Tangier Crisis 3646: 3640: 3634: 3627: 3625: 3618: 3612: 3611: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3582:Ottoman Empire 3579: 3574: 3569: 3563: 3561: 3559:Central Powers 3555: 3554: 3552: 3551: 3546: 3545: 3544: 3542:British Empire 3537:United Kingdom 3534: 3529: 3524: 3523: 3522: 3517: 3515:Russian Empire 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3491: 3490: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3469: 3468: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3437: 3435: 3433:Entente Powers 3426: 3421: 3418: 3417: 3414: 3413: 3411: 3410: 3405: 3404: 3403: 3401:North Atlantic 3392: 3390: 3384: 3383: 3381: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3364: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3326: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3315: 3314: 3312:Central Arabia 3309: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3278: 3276: 3274:Middle Eastern 3270: 3269: 3267: 3266: 3261: 3260: 3259: 3249: 3244: 3243: 3242: 3231: 3229: 3220: 3216: 3215: 3213: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3177: 3175:Historiography 3172: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3146: 3143: 3142: 3137: 3135: 3134: 3127: 3120: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3100: 3093: 3092:External links 3090: 3088: 3087: 3049: 3043: 3031:Edmonds, J. E. 3027: 3021: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2994: 2988: 2975: 2969: 2956: 2943: 2928: 2922: 2909: 2903: 2886: 2880: 2868:Edmonds, J. E. 2864: 2858: 2846:Edmonds, J. E. 2842: 2826:Edmonds, J. E. 2822: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2794: 2793: 2791:, p. 184. 2781: 2769: 2757: 2755:, p. 146. 2745: 2733: 2731:, p. 183. 2721: 2709: 2697: 2685: 2683:, p. 243. 2673: 2661: 2646: 2644:, p. 189. 2634: 2622: 2620:, p. 188. 2610: 2608:, p. 193. 2593: 2578: 2576:, p. 186. 2566: 2554: 2542: 2530: 2515: 2513:, p. 106. 2503: 2491: 2489:, p. 192. 2476: 2464: 2452: 2440: 2428: 2416: 2404: 2389: 2387:, p. 248. 2370: 2358: 2346: 2334: 2319: 2303: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2294: 2290:6 to 14 April, 2277: 2255: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2248: 2247: 2241: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2218: 2215: 2194: 2191: 2129:Queen Victoria 2112: 2105: 2102: 2049: 2046: 2041:Fokker Scourge 2029:Battle of Loos 2010: 2009: 2004: 1998: 1997: 1994: 1990: 1989: 1986: 1982: 1981: 1978: 1974: 1973: 1970: 1966: 1965: 1962: 1958: 1957: 1954: 1950: 1949: 1946: 1942: 1941: 1938: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1853:Shrapnel shell 1813: 1806: 1803: 1730: 1723: 1720: 1644:Richard Turner 1635:Edwin Alderson 1631:Canadian Corps 1623: 1616: 1613: 1569: 1566: 1520: 1513: 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4625: 4620: 4610: 4609:United States 4607: 4603: 4600: 4599: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4579: 4577: 4573: 4567: 4564: 4560: 4559:Convoy system 4557: 4556: 4555: 4554:Naval warfare 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4528: 4525: 4524: 4523: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4513: 4510: 4506: 4495: 4492: 4489: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4477: 4474: 4469: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4454: 4451: 4448: 4447: 4446: 4443: 4440: 4437: 4434: 4431: 4428: 4425: 4422: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4410: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4395: 4392: 4389: 4386: 4383: 4380: 4377: 4374: 4371: 4368: 4365: 4362: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4350: 4347: 4344: 4341: 4340: 4338: 4334: 4327: 4324: 4321: 4318: 4315: 4314:Kaocen revolt 4312: 4309: 4308:Easter Rising 4306: 4303: 4300: 4297: 4294: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4280: 4277: 4274: 4271: 4268: 4265: 4262: 4259: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4247: 4244: 4241: 4238: 4235: 4232: 4229: 4226: 4223: 4222: 4220: 4216: 4210: 4207: 4203: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4091: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3993: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3960: 3957: 3956: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3926: 3924: 3920: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3873:Great Retreat 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3848: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3827: 3825: 3821: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3744:Battle of Cer 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3731: 3729: 3725: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3702: 3699: 3698: 3697: 3694: 3693: 3691: 3687: 3680: 3677: 3674: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3661:Agadir Crisis 3659: 3656: 3653: 3650: 3647: 3644: 3641: 3638: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3628: 3626: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3613: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3556: 3550: 3549:United States 3547: 3543: 3540: 3539: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3512: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3489: 3486: 3485: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3467: 3466:French Empire 3464: 3463: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3430: 3427: 3419: 3409: 3408:Mediterranean 3406: 3402: 3399: 3398: 3397: 3394: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3388:Naval warfare 3385: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3357: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3319: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3271: 3265: 3264:Italian Front 3262: 3258: 3255: 3254: 3253: 3252:Eastern Front 3250: 3248: 3247:Western Front 3245: 3241: 3238: 3237: 3236: 3233: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3224: 3221: 3217: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3205:Puppet states 3203: 3201: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3147: 3144: 3140: 3133: 3128: 3126: 3121: 3119: 3114: 3113: 3110: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3095: 3091: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3018: 3014: 3009: 3008: 3007: 3006: 2998: 2991: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2972: 2966: 2962: 2957: 2946: 2940: 2936: 2935: 2929: 2925: 2919: 2915: 2910: 2906: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2887: 2883: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2802: 2797: 2790: 2785: 2782: 2778: 2773: 2770: 2767:, p. 44. 2766: 2761: 2758: 2754: 2749: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2734: 2730: 2725: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2710: 2706: 2701: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2674: 2670: 2665: 2662: 2658: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2638: 2635: 2631: 2626: 2623: 2619: 2614: 2611: 2607: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2585: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2570: 2567: 2563: 2558: 2555: 2551: 2546: 2543: 2539: 2534: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2504: 2500: 2495: 2492: 2488: 2483: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2468: 2465: 2461: 2456: 2453: 2449: 2444: 2441: 2438:, p. 36. 2437: 2432: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2405: 2401: 2396: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2362: 2359: 2355: 2350: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2299: 2281: 2278: 2273: 2272: 2266: 2260: 2257: 2250: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2220: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2205: 2201: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2187:41st Division 2184: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2163: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2116: 2110: 2103: 2101: 2065:201 prisoners 2047: 2045: 2042: 2036: 2032: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2008: 2003: 2000: 1999: 1992: 1991: 1984: 1983: 1976: 1975: 1968: 1967: 1960: 1959: 1952: 1951: 1944: 1943: 1939: 1936: 1935: 1920: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1874: 1854: 1848: 1811: 1804: 1802: 1765: 1756: 1740: 1728: 1721: 1719: 1705: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1657: 1656:Brodie helmet 1654:wore the new 1653: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1632: 1621: 1614: 1612: 1597: 1567: 1565: 1549: 1530: 1524: 1518: 1511: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1490: 1487:and the 12th 1486: 1469: 1464: 1462: 1431: 1425: 1419:27th Division 1418: 1413: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1371: 1369: 1367: 1362:1–6 contained 1356:and two from 1341: 1339: 1328: 1323: 1315: 1310: 1308: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1287:2 camouflets. 1279: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1218: 1213: 1205: 1203: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1184:Ypres Salient 1165: 1161: 1160:28th Division 1157: 1156:27th Division 1149: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1135: 1133: 1128: 1127:enfilade fire 1115: 1113: 1109: 1101: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1038: 1031: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1014: 1004: 1002: 993: 983: 981: 973: 965: 964:27th Division 957: 953: 948: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 926:Ypres Salient 923: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 894: 893: 892: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 859:Meuse-Argonne 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 802: 798: 797: 796: 793: 792: 791: 790: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 773:Passchendaele 771: 769: 766: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 743: 742: 739: 737: 736: 732: 730: 727: 726: 725: 724: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 660: 659: 658: 657: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 635:2nd Champagne 633: 629: 626: 625: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 603:1st Champagne 601: 600: 599: 598: 592: 589: 587: 584: 580: 577: 575: 572: 571: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 524: 523: 522:Great Retreat 520: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 492: 491: 488: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 470: 469: 466: 464: 461: 460: 458: 453: 448: 447:Western Front 440: 435: 433: 428: 426: 421: 420: 417: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 392:Ypres Salient 390: 389: 388: 387: 386: 385: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 334: 333: 328: 317: 312: 310: 305: 303: 298: 297: 294: 281: 277: 276:West Flanders 273: 267: 246: 237: 233: 230: 229: 224: 221: 218: 216: 212: 209: 208: 203: 200: 197: 195: 192: 191: 186: 183: 182:German Empire 172: 168: 157: 156: 155: 154: 149: 143: 142: 137: 129: 124: 123: 119: 116: 115: 110: 79: 76: 75: 71: 68: 67: 63: 57: 52: 49: 44: 39: 34: 30: 19: 5220: 5213: 5201: 4808: / 4740: 4575:Conscription 4539:Cryptography 4476:Iraqi Revolt 3903:Siege of Kut 3846: 3424:participants 3373:German Samoa 3307:South Arabia 3103:Eloi Craters 3079:. Retrieved 3072:the original 3034: 3012: 3004: 3003: 2979: 2960: 2948:. Retrieved 2933: 2913: 2890: 2871: 2849: 2829: 2814:. Retrieved 2810:the original 2784: 2772: 2760: 2748: 2741:Edmonds 1993 2736: 2729:Edmonds 1993 2724: 2717:Edmonds 1993 2712: 2705:Edmonds 1993 2700: 2693:Edmonds 1993 2688: 2681:Edmonds 1993 2676: 2664: 2657:Edmonds 1993 2642:Edmonds 1993 2637: 2630:Edmonds 1993 2625: 2618:Edmonds 1993 2613: 2606:Edmonds 1993 2589:Edmonds 1993 2574:Edmonds 1993 2569: 2562:Edmonds 1993 2557: 2550:Edmonds 1993 2545: 2538:Edmonds 1993 2533: 2526:Edmonds 1993 2506: 2499:Edmonds 1993 2494: 2487:Edmonds 1993 2467: 2460:Edmonds 1993 2455: 2443: 2436:Edmonds 1991 2431: 2419: 2412:Edmonds 1991 2407: 2400:Edmonds 1993 2361: 2349: 2337: 2330:Edmonds 1925 2315:Edmonds 1925 2280: 2259: 2244:Noel Mellish 2207:Thomas Hulme 2199: 2196: 2168: 2142:50°48′46.8″N 2132: 2128: 2121: 2098:118 missing, 2087:547 reported 2080:1,122; about 2076:27–29 March, 2061:126 missing, 2051: 2037: 2033: 2023:. After the 2017:Douglas Haig 2013: 2006: 2001: 1931:– June 1916) 1892: 1885: 1881: 1875: 1862:17/18 April, 1857:14/15 April, 1849: 1818: 1766: 1757: 1739:Gegenangriff 1735: 1704:5th Canadian 1688: 1628: 1571: 1536: 1465: 1436: 1375: 1342: 1335: 1301: 1291:George Fowke 1268: 1248:clay kickers 1235: 1225: 1192:Railway Wood 1176:120 mm guns. 1170:twenty-four 1153: 1136: 1119:2,354 houses 1116: 1104:1:10 decline 1088: 1068:Polygon Wood 1045: 1021: 1005: 992:Gegenangriff 984: 944:(the French 921: 919: 890: 889: 849:Saint-Mihiel 817:Belleau Wood 800: 788: 787: 778:La Malmaison 734: 722: 721: 687:Kink Salient 671: 655: 654: 650:Gas: Wieltje 596: 595: 456: 383: 382: 367:Kink Salient 357:Gas: Hulluch 351: 337:Gas: Wieltje 331: 211:3rd Division 194:Douglas Haig 144: 139:Belligerents 46:Part of the 33: 4838:Netherlands 4815:Switzerland 4696:Occupations 4687:Spanish flu 4464:(1919–1922) 4458:(1918–1921) 4452:(1918–1923) 4441:(1919–1921) 4435:(1919–1921) 4429:(1919–1920) 4405:(1918–1920) 4399:(1918–1920) 4393:(1918–1920) 4375:(1918–1920) 4357:(1918–1920) 4351:(1917–1921) 4345:(1917–1921) 4292:(1916-1918) 4290:Arab Revolt 4281:(1915–1917) 4275:(1915–1917) 4263:(1914-1917) 4257:(1914–1917) 4251:(1914–1921) 4245:(1913–1920) 4233:(1910–1920) 4227:(1900–1920) 4200: [ 3718:July Crisis 3639:(1880–1914) 3302:Mesopotamia 3180:Home fronts 3139:World War I 3081:10 December 2950:11 December 2765:Turner 2010 2265:Anzac Corps 2157: / 2145:2°53′13.6″E 2117:, July 1917 2094:299 wounded 2057:607 wounded 1890:27–29 March 1791:17 craters, 1608:82 officers 1498:28/29 March 1494:27/28 March 1414:27–29 March 1190:, Hill 60, 1164:18-pounders 1144:Vlamertinge 1052:Kemmel Hill 997:17 craters, 938:Second Army 869:2nd Cambrai 707:Boar's Head 697:Mont Sorrel 125:Territorial 104: / 5255:Categories 5055:Agreements 4855:War crimes 4731:Luxembourg 4624:Casualties 3495:Montenegro 3330:South West 3210:Technology 3200:Propaganda 3190:Opposition 2816:4 December 2798:References 2753:Jones 2010 2669:Jones 2002 2511:Jones 2010 2472:Jones 2010 2424:Jones 2010 2091:66 killed, 2048:Casualties 1909:5 Squadron 1905:9:00 a.m., 1901:6 Squadron 1897:1 Squadron 1834:7/8 April, 1825:6/7 April, 1805:6–19 April 1752:3:00 a.m., 1744:11:00 p.m. 1717:5/6 April. 1708:30 minutes 1660:2:48 a.m., 1472:40 seconds 1430:6 Squadron 1320:See also: 1305:11:15 p.m. 1285:mines and 1278:camouflets 1244:War Office 1072:Passendale 1056:Wijtschate 1027:Background 942:Sint-Elooi 682:Wulverghem 645:3rd Artois 623:2nd Artois 591:1st Artois 372:Vimy Ridge 92:02°53′31″E 89:50°48′36″N 4952:Diplomacy 4659:Olympians 4582:Australia 4549:Logistics 4482:Vlora War 4411:(1918–19) 4387:(1918–19) 4381:(1918–19) 4369:(1918–19) 4316:(1916–17) 4298:(1916–17) 4249:Zaian War 4239:(1914–15) 3959:first day 3847:Lusitania 3675:(1912–13) 3669:(1911–12) 3657:(1908–09) 3651:(1905–06) 3633:(1870–71) 3422:Principal 3282:Gallipoli 3185:Memorials 3170:Geography 3160:Aftermath 3068:557523890 3033:(1993) . 2870:(1993) . 2838:220044986 2300:Footnotes 2288:and from 2193:Memorials 2133:Bus House 1916:Aftermath 1799:6:00 a.m. 1748:2:00 a.m. 1691:craters 5 1667:Lewis gun 1648:3/4 April 1615:4–5 April 1439:4:15 a.m. 1390:(General 1283:20 German 1200:The Bluff 1140:Poperinge 1095:1:75; the 1081:Zonnebeke 1076:Hollebeke 987:5/6 April 960:4:15 a.m. 864:5th Ypres 844:2nd Somme 822:2nd Marne 812:3rd Aisne 761:The Hills 756:2nd Aisne 717:Fromelles 712:1st Somme 662:The Bluff 628:Hébuterne 618:2nd Ypres 579:1st Ypres 559:1st Aisne 554:1st Marne 527:Le Cateau 505:Charleroi 490:Frontiers 377:Mt Sorrel 342:The Bluff 5240:Category 4827:Refugees 4793:Italians 4782:Germans 4742:Ober Ost 4522:Aviation 3616:Timeline 3587:Bulgaria 3368:Tsingtao 3345:Togoland 3292:Caucasus 3227:European 3219:Theatres 3055:(1962). 2828:(1925). 2777:ASE 2015 2240:, Canada 2217:See also 2204:war poet 2179:19 large 2169:For the 1961:February 1945:December 1921:Analysis 1761:5–6 men, 1712:24 hours 1699:crater 7 1684:II Corps 1604:crater 5 1592:crater 5 1588:crater 2 1584:crater 4 1579:crater 5 1480:crater 6 1358:shaft H. 1281:against 1272:13 mines 1262:and the 1174:and six 1158:and the 1091:1:60 and 1048:Ieperlee 934:4th Army 874:Courtrai 829:Soissons 768:Messines 735:Alberich 544:Maubeuge 500:Ardennes 495:Lorraine 463:Moresnet 77:Location 4978:Germany 4878:Germany 4806:Germany 4726:Belgium 4711:Albania 4670:Disease 4650:Sports 4602:Ireland 4515:Warfare 4508:Aspects 3696:Origins 3689:Prelude 3592:Senussi 3572:Germany 3567:Leaders 3505:Romania 3446:Belgium 3441:Leaders 3340:Kamerun 3322:African 3257:Romania 3235:Balkans 3150:Outline 2202:by the 2085:of the 2083:300 men 2063:taking 2007:125,141 1996:37,121 1988:22,418 1980:19,886 1972:17,814 1964:12,182 1953:January 1697:beyond 1444:300 men 1366:ammonal 1354:shaft D 1349:mine I, 1311:Prelude 1060:Hill 60 1001:Snipers 956:Belgium 947:St Eloi 839:Ailette 807:The Lys 801:Michael 783:Cambrai 677:Hulluch 672:St Eloi 564:Antwerp 352:St Eloi 332:Actions 280:Belgium 258:St Eloi 127:changes 60:St Eloi 4998:Russia 4973:France 4801:Canada 4716:Serbia 4587:Canada 4544:Horses 4496:(1921) 4490:(1920) 4484:(1920) 4478:(1920) 4470:(1920) 4423:(1919) 4417:(1919) 4363:(1918) 4328:(1918) 4322:(1917) 4310:(1916) 4304:(1916) 4269:(1915) 3681:(1913) 3663:(1911) 3645:(1905) 3602:Darfur 3527:Serbia 3510:Russia 3473:Greece 3461:France 3451:Brazil 3297:Persia 3240:Serbia 3066: 3041: 3019: 2986: 2967: 2941: 2920: 2901: 2878: 2856: 2836: 2072:617 of 1956:9,974 1948:5,675 1940:Total 1937:Month 1457:Mine 6 1453:Mine 1 1409:Battle 1360:Mines 1168:75 mm, 879:Sambre 834:Amiens 702:Verdun 532:Étreux 478:Dinant 179: 167:Canada 164: 117:Result 5195:Other 4988:Japan 4983:Italy 4810:camps 4654:Rugby 4204:] 3483:Japan 3478:Italy 3456:China 3350:North 3075:(PDF) 3060:(PDF) 3005:Books 2251:Notes 2002:Total 1977:April 1969:March 1695:6 and 1598:from 1401:Jäger 1188:Hooge 1172:90 mm 1100:Mesen 1085:1:33. 1064:Hooge 952:Ypres 746:Arras 729:Ancre 483:Namur 473:Liège 272:Ypres 234:1,605 231:2,233 4775:POWs 4094:1918 3996:1917 3922:1916 3823:1915 3727:1914 3532:Siam 3335:East 3083:2016 3064:OCLC 3039:ISBN 3017:ISBN 2984:ISBN 2965:ISBN 2952:2016 2939:ISBN 2918:ISBN 2899:ISBN 2895:HMSO 2876:ISBN 2854:ISBN 2834:OCLC 2818:2015 2096:and 2059:and 1993:June 1899:and 1693:and 1466:The 1376:The 1274:and 1150:1915 1121:and 970:The 920:The 789:1918 751:Vimy 723:1917 656:1916 640:Loos 597:1915 574:Yser 510:Mons 457:1914 69:Date 1985:May 1665:24 1276:29 1186:at 1142:to 1058:), 954:in 274:in 5257:: 4202:It 2897:. 2649:^ 2596:^ 2581:^ 2518:^ 2479:^ 2392:^ 2373:^ 2322:^ 2307:^ 2213:. 1266:. 1194:, 1134:. 1066:, 940:. 278:, 213:, 4626:/ 3131:e 3124:t 3117:v 3085:. 3047:. 3025:. 2992:. 2973:. 2954:. 2926:. 2907:. 2884:. 2862:. 2840:. 2820:. 2779:. 1380:( 1098:( 438:e 431:t 424:v 315:e 308:t 301:v 31:. 20:)

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Index