147:, not prosperity, as were Populism and Progressivism. The New Deal was concerned with not democratizing the economy but managing it to meet the problems of the people. The New Deal had no set plans of reform; it was a chaotic experiment. Old Progressive woes were ignored. Party bosses were left alone. The New Deal did not intercede between the public and big business because the public wanted economic restoration, not regulation. A major disparity between Progressivism and the New Deal was that the latter was not based on Protestant morality and responsibility but was more pragmatic. It did not use moral rhetoric to create changes but physically acted.
344:
337:
163:, and Lawrence Goodwyn. They argue that Hofstadter's misunderstandings include the fact that the Populists were not simply incipient capitalists trying to reform but instead forward-looking radicals, who sought a democratized industrial system and a transformation of social values in order to help the individual protect his humanity as his autonomy slipped away from him in a rapidly industrializing society.
121:. The urban scene during the Progressive era, as argued by Hofstadter, provided little support for the Progressive movement because immigrants cared not for reforms but for democracy in general. Hofstadter provides evidence from numerous sources of the general nativism possessed by Progressives. As a corollary of the growing urban scene, aggressive newspaper reporters, named
100:
chronologically, beginning with
Populism. The key concept he introduces is "the agrarian myth," the representation of the homage Americans have paid to the subsistence, innocent, and yeoman farmer of old. The myth became a stereotype since agriculture became more commercial and industrial. Populism's
104:
The last chapter on
Populism explains the agricultural prosperity after the Populist revolt because city migration lessened competition that had caused farmers to organize for the first time. Hofstadter highlights the foibles in the Populist revolt. The first was its sectional appeal, rather than
87:
stands out from other historical material because
Hofstadter's main purpose for writing is not to retell an extensive history of the three movements, but to analyze the common beliefs of the reform groups in our modern perspective to elucidate historical distortions, most notably between the New
170:
and others in the "modernization school" were made up not of status revolutionaries from the old guard or disaffected professionals but were in a new class of educated professionals who came of age in the new interconnected modernizing world. They not only understood how to navigate the new
140:, which heralded the death of Progressivism. The New Deal was a culmination of both Populism and Progressivism; however, Hofstadter stresses that for the most part, the New Deal was a "new departure" and despite its continual association with Progressivism, it was quite dissimilar.
112:
The next major reform movement was
Progressivism. The two groups of Populism and Progressivism shared many philosophies, but the latter was widely accepted because it was not seen by the majority as anarchically. The causes for Progressivism were the status revolution in the
171:
bureaucracy by creating symbiotic relationships between government, education, and business but also pressed through "reforms" that did away with the old "local" way of doing business by enacting civil service reforms replacing elected officials with appointed "experts."
24:
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128:
The last chapter focused on enemies of
Progressives like trusts, unions, and political machines. Leaders expressed the need for entrepreneurship, individualism, and moral responsibility rather than organization.
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109:. By joining with the Democratic campaign of 1896 on silver, Populists lost political ground. Despite their dissolution, Populists were successful because they caused the passage of new laws, years later.
420:
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101:
main cause for formation was the alleged loss of "free land." Many
Populist leaders believed that industry and government had a vendetta to destroy the agricultural business.
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national. Also, he argues its leaders were incompetent and that there was a perennial lack of funds. However, the single most destructive weakness was lack of
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136:. Reformists have an interesting relationship with wars in that the aftermath of war is usually a time of conservatism, as was the case after
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229:
For a defense of
Hofstadter's position on Populists see Johnston, "'The Age of Reform': A Defense of Richard Hofstadter Fifty Years On."
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era ("new money" supplanted "old money" prestige), the alienation of professionals, and the introduction of the
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Some of
Hofstadter's arguments have since been attacked by defenders of Populism. Historians, including
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Johnston, Robert D. "'The Age of Reform': A Defense of
Richard Hofstadter Fifty Years On,"
216:
Robert D. Johnston, "'The Age of Reform': A Defense of
Richard Hofstadter Fifty Years On,"
1872:
No Right to an Honest Living: The Struggles of Boston’s Black Workers in the Civil War Era
1863:
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125:, emerged. The Progressive journalists multiplied as new styles of magazines appeared.
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Brinkley, Alan. "Richard Hofstadter's The Age of Reform: A Reconsideration".
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Alan Brinkley, "Richard Hofstadter's The Age of Reform: A Reconsideration".
23:
1809:
Sweet Taste of Liberty: A True Story of Slavery and Restitution in America
133:
80:
253:
118:
143:
The reason it was different is that the New Deal was born out of the
106:
491:
The Organization and Administration of the Union Army, 1861–1865
262:
132:
The final section stretches from Progressivism's end to the
71:. It is an American history, which traces events from the
1517:
1344:
The Launching of Modern American Science, 1846–1876
1236:
941:
646:
351:
296:
48:
38:
30:
1063:The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution
245:Vol. 13, No. 3 (September 1985) pp. 462–480.
207:Vol. 13, No. 3 (September 1985) pp. 462–480.
547:The Significance of Sections in American History
1823:Franchise: The Golden Arches in Black America
589:A Constitutional History of the United States
274:
250:Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era
218:Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era
8:
16:
1498:Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898
993:Washington: Village and Capital, 1800–1878
407:The Supreme Court in United States History
281:
267:
259:
22:
15:
1428:The Radicalism of the American Revolution
1288:The Transformation of Virginia, 1740–1790
1904:Pulitzer Prize for History-winning works
603:The Flowering of New England, 1815–1865
575:The Colonial Period of American History
306:With Americans of Past and Present Days
190:The Age of Reform from Bryant to F.D.R.
179:
1795:Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom
1909:History books about the United States
698:Paul Revere and the World He Lived In
320:A History of the Civil War, 1861–1865
7:
1914:Progressive Era in the United States
1741:Encounters at the Heart of the World
782:The Disruption of American Democracy
14:
1105:Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom
684:Reveille in Washington, 1860–1865
670:The Atlantic Migration, 1607–1860
477:Main Currents in American Thought
1699:Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention
435:History of the American Frontier
342:
335:
1189:The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861
1035:The Life of the Mind in America
631:A History of American Magazines
533:My Experiences in the World War
166:The Progressives, according to
1077:Origins of the Fifth Amendment
712:The Growth of American Thought
656:Abraham Lincoln: The War Years
617:The Road to Reunion, 1865–1900
449:A History of the United States
1:
922:The Republican Era, 1869–1901
908:Banks and Politics in America
1316:...The Heavens and the Earth
243:Reviews in American History.
205:Reviews in American History.
187:Hofstadter, Richard (1955).
1657:The Hemingses of Monticello
519:The Coming of the War, 1914
393:The Founding of New England
1935:
998:Constance McLaughlin Green
290:Pulitzer Prize for History
1845:Cuba: An American History
1246:Been in the Storm So Long
1196:(completed and edited by
852:A Stillness at Appomattox
745:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
333:
75:of the 1890s through the
21:
1611:Polio: An American Story
1274:Mary Chesnut's Civil War
838:The Era of Good Feelings
768:Across the Wide Missouri
759:James Phinney Baxter III
252:6#2 (2007), pp. 127-137
88:Deal and Progressivism.
1583:A Nation Under Our Feet
1119:Neither Black nor White
1091:Present at the Creation
951:In the Days of McKinley
796:Art and Life in America
754:Scientists Against Time
505:The War of Independence
482:Vernon Louis Parrington
426:Charles Howard McIlwain
421:The American Revolution
220:6#2 (2007), pp. 127-137
1899:1955 non-fiction books
1405:Laurel Thatcher Ulrich
1302:Prophets of Regulation
1212:Alfred D. Chandler Jr.
1161:Jefferson and His Time
1049:Exploration and Empire
580:Charles McLean Andrews
1919:Alfred A. Knopf books
1643:What Hath God Wrought
1602:David Hackett Fischer
1597:Washington's Crossing
1555:The Metaphysical Club
1456:William Cooper's Town
1358:Battle Cry of Freedom
1110:James MacGregor Burns
1012:Sumner Chilton Powell
979:The Triumphant Empire
965:Between War and Peace
894:Russia Leaves the War
524:Bernadotte E. Schmitt
96:Hofstadter organizes
1774:Heather Ann Thompson
1447:Doris Kearns Goodwin
1330:Voyagers to the West
1054:William H. Goetzmann
787:Roy Franklin Nichols
594:Andrew C. McLaughlin
311:Jean Jules Jusserand
1662:Annette Gordon-Reed
1484:Summer for the Gods
1414:The Fate of Liberty
1321:Walter A. McDougall
1226:Don E. Fehrenbacher
1221:The Dred Scott Case
1198:Don E. Fehrenbacher
726:Unfinished Business
561:The People's Choice
552:Frederick J. Turner
496:Fred Albert Shannon
398:James Truslow Adams
361:The War with Mexico
18:
1859:Freedom's Dominion
1836:Covered with Night
1769:Blood in the Water
1727:The Internal Enemy
1648:Daniel Walker Howe
1372:Parting the Waters
1363:James M. McPherson
1265:Lawrence A. Cremin
1260:American Education
1152:Daniel J. Boorstin
984:Lawrence H. Gipson
885:Richard Hofstadter
843:George Dangerfield
740:The Age of Jackson
510:Claude H. Van Tyne
468:Samuel Flagg Bemis
440:Frederic L. Paxson
384:Burton J. Hendrick
375:The Victory at Sea
115:American Civil War
69:Richard Hofstadter
34:Richard Hofstadter
17:The Age of Reform
1886:
1885:
1814:W. Caleb McDaniel
1760:T. J. Stiles
1746:Elizabeth A. Fenn
1541:Founding Brothers
1527:Freedom from Fear
1470:Original Meanings
1419:Mark E. Neely Jr.
1133:People of Paradox
1021:The Greenback Era
880:The Age of Reform
810:The Old Northwest
675:Marcus Lee Hansen
636:Frank Luther Mott
463:Pinckney's Treaty
325:James Ford Rhodes
98:The Age Of Reform
85:The Age of Reform
73:Populist Movement
67:-winning book by
60:The Age of Reform
56:
55:
1926:
1879:
1876:Jacqueline Jones
1867:
1853:
1831:
1828:Marcia Chatelain
1817:
1803:
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1718:Fredrik Logevall
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1671:Lords of Finance
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1532:David M. Kennedy
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1503:Edwin G. Burrows
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1489:Edward J. Larson
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1442:No Ordinary Time
1436:
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1400:A Midwife's Tale
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1307:Thomas K. McCraw
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1279:C. Vann Woodward
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1207:The Visible Hand
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1175:Lamy of Santa Fe
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899:George F. Kennan
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815:R. Carlyle Buley
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801:Oliver W. Larkin
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161:C. Vann Woodward
145:Great Depression
40:Publication date
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1864:Jefferson Cowie
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1800:David W. Blight
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1755:Custer's Trials
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1704:Manning Marable
1696:
1685:The Fiery Trial
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1569:An Army at Dawn
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77:Progressive Era
41:
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5:
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1840:Nicole Eustace
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1475:Jack N. Rakove
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1433:Gordon S. Wood
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1409:
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1391:Stanley Karnow
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1335:Bernard Bailyn
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1138:Michael Kammen
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1124:Carl N. Degler
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1068:Bernard Bailyn
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956:Margaret Leech
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931:Jean Schneider
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773:Bernard DeVoto
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689:Margaret Leech
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193:Vintage Books.
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157:Norman Pollack
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83:of the 1930s.
65:Pulitzer Prize
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1082:Leonard Levy
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1061:
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824:The Uprooted
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1588:Steven Hahn
1461:Alan Taylor
1180:Paul Horgan
1026:Irwin Unger
871:Paul Horgan
866:Great River
717:Merle Curti
138:World War I
1893:Categories
1850:Ada Ferrer
1690:Eric Foner
1293:Rhys Isaac
236:References
123:muckrakers
63:is a 1955
1518:2000–2021
1237:1980–1999
942:1960–1979
647:1940–1959
352:1920–1939
297:1917–1919
1782:The Gulf
254:in JSTOR
134:New Deal
92:Contents
81:New Deal
1200:; 1977)
151:Critics
119:Mugwump
79:to the
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107:silver
31:Author
175:Notes
113:post-
49:Pages
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929:and
382:and
44:1955
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159:,
282:e
275:t
268:v
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