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Morton. When
Reginald Morton, as the new squire, takes up residence at Bragton, the long decline shows signs of coming to an end. The new squire also promises to accept the traditional role and responsibilities: although educated in Germany and given more to study than to the traditional pursuits of a country gentleman, at the novel's end he deprecates the philanthropists who attack fox-hunting, and vows to take up the pursuit himself.
150:; they wander from place to place, visiting people who cannot refuse them without creating social awkwardness. At Lady Augustus's direction, Arabella has spent many years struggling to secure a rich husband who will give her and her mother high social standing, an assured income, and a house of their own. She has lately become provisionally engaged to John Morton, the squire of Bragton and a rising figure in the
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take care of her, she found herself married to a man who squandered her dowry. She is working to achieve for her daughter the security of which she was robbed in her own marriage. Her own reward for this long arduous struggle is a scant one: after
Arabella's wedding, "he knew she was an old woman, without money, without blood, and without attraction, whom nobody would ever desire to see."
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246:. The dishonest politician was a stock figure in American novels of the time; and Trollope himself had noted the ubiquity of corruption on his postal mission to Washington in 1868. Yet Gotobed is an honourable man, and Trollope apparently tried to avoid making a caricature of him, notwithstanding a few quaint Americanisms and episodes of tobacco-chewing.
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as ambassador-designate to
Patagonia. Like Morton, Green is not a brilliant match for her, but an acceptable one. John Morton's death makes Reginald Morton the squire of Bragton; at this point, when Mary Masters fears that he has moved too far above her in status, he confesses his love to her. A proposal ensues and is eagerly accepted.
284:, paint, and false hair, and insincere. Each is urged to give her heart falsely for the sake of a prosperous marriage: Arabella by her mother, Mary by her stepmother. Arabella obeys her mother, in the process coming to despise her; Mary refuses to obey her stepmother, and the two are reconciled at the novel's end.
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The parallels extend to the mother figures. Both Mrs. Masters and Lady
Augustus married men who were above them socially, and both brought money to the marriage. Mrs. Masters was the daughter of an ironmonger who married an attorney; her dowry of £1000 "had been very useful" to her new husband. Lady
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John Morton falls ill and dies. Arabella, who is not altogether wicked, visits him at his deathbed despite the fact that this will assist Lord
Rufford in escaping her toils. After Morton's death, she accepts an offer of marriage from Mounser Green, a Foreign Office clerk who is taking Morton's place
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will be read for the sake of its opening chapters, which set before the reader in a few pages the whole geographical and social pattern of an
English county; for the sake of its hunting episodes, which are among the best not only in Trollope, but in the whole of English fiction; and for the sake of
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rather than picturesque" and his lecture's title: "The
Irrationality of Englishmen". To Trollope, the English system was strong precisely because it was picturesque rather than logical, and should not be criticised or adjusted according to utilitarian theories. Fox-hunting was one of the strongest
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for the fictional state of Mikewa. The guest of John Morton, Senator
Gotobed is trying to learn about England and the English. Through his often-tactless remarks in conversation, through his letters to a friend in America, and through a lecture in London titled "The Irrationality of Englishmen", he
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of
Bragton and thus one of the two major landowners of Rufford. Reginald admires Mary as well; but for most of the novel, each is ignorant of the other's feelings: Mary, as a gentlewoman, cannot take the initiative in such a matter; and Reginald, misinformed that Mary loves another, is unwilling to
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The origins of
Arabella Trefoil are more obscure. In early 1877, Trollope wrote: "I have been, and still am very much afraid of Arabella Trefoil. The critics have to come, and they will tell me that she is unwomanly, unnatural, turgid,—the creation of a morbid imagination, striving after effect by
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Arabella has been badly schooled by her mother; Mary was more fortunate in having been raised by Lady Ushant of the Morton family, who taught her principles that allowed her to resist her stepmother's mercenary urgings. Yet Lady Augustus is no more pure villain than her daughter. With no mother to
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Far from an object of contempt, Arabella becomes a tragic figure. Her rank demands that she marry well; her financial situation makes such a marriage virtually impossible. In this position, she cannot afford love or sincerity. Hers is "the tragedy of a young woman who recognises decency, but who
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However, Trollope's native sympathy intruded. A few months later, he wrote: "I have known the woman... all the traits, all the cleverness, all the patience, all the courage, all the self-abnegation,—and all the failure... Will such a one as Arabella Trefoil be damned, and if so why? Think of her
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To Trollope, one of the pillars of the English system was a traditional social order in which everyone played his appropriate role. The place of the squire was to occupy his land. Dillsborough is portrayed as slowly declining, a decline that is associated with the long absence of its squire, John
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Although there was no resemblance in character, Arabella Trefoil's houseless wanderings might be based on those of Trollope's beloved niece Beatrice "Bice" Trollope. Lacking a secure home with her father and stepmother, she was forced to resort to a "sterile round of English visits" and endured
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scenes. In its anti-heroine, Arabella Trefoil, it presents a scathing but ultimately sympathetic portrayal of a woman who has abandoned virtually all scruples in her quest for a husband. Through the eponymous Senator, Trollope offers comments on the irrational aspects of English life.
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suggested that the author was suffering an "attack of misanthropy" and accused him of maintaining a "special inkstand supplied with gall, for use when describing fashionable society, against which his rancour appears to be unbounded." Others were more favourable: a review in
258:' words, "The Senator is too much the rationalist ever to enjoy something he could not think he understood; and Trollope is too much the empiricist to deny the existence of his joy or his sure sense of its beneficence. But he very well knew the absurd aspects of hunting."
154:. He would be an adequate but not outstanding husband by her standards; and when the opportunity presents itself, she attempts to entrap the wealthy and titled young Lord Rufford, concealing these attempts from Morton so that she can accept his proposal should they fail.
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The anti-heroine of the novel is Arabella Trefoil. Her father is cousin to the Duke of Mayfair; her mother was a banker's daughter. Her parents are unofficially separated, and living in straitened circumstances. Arabella and her mother, Lady Augustus Trefoil, have
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Gotobed, told that it might not have been wise to tell the English nation of its collective faults, replies "You English tell us of ours pretty often." Trollope was evidently referring to his and his mother's criticisms of the United States, as well as those of
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The heroine, Mary Masters, is the daughter of an attorney, and has been raised as a gentlewoman. Her stepmother is from a lower social order; believing it best for Mary, she pressures her strongly to accept a proposal from Lawrence Twentyman, a prosperous young
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were mixed. British reviewers, even those who regarded the book favourably, almost universally felt that Senator Gotobed and his criticisms would have been better left out of the novel. Some reviewers felt that Trollope was growing embittered: a notice in
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It may have been Trollope's intention to make Mary good and Arabella evil. "I wished to express the depth of my scorn for women who run down husbands," he wrote to Mary Holmes. Arabella has been described as a feminine counterpart to Augustus Melmotte of
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in 1832. Mrs. Trollope strongly criticised the country and its customs: "I do not like them. I do not like their principles, I do not like their manners, I do not like their opinions." The American press responded with strongly negative reviews of
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later became a good friend of the author; but after their first meeting, he recorded in his diary: "...intolerable, no manners, but means well, & would do a good deal to serve you, but says the most offensive things—not a gentleman."
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virtues; how she works, how true she is to her vocation, how little there is of self indulgence, or of idleness. I think that she will go to a kind of third class heaven in which she will always be getting third class husbands."
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It is difficult to know the extent to which Gotobed's views reflected Trollope's own. On the one hand, the Senator's denunciations of clerical livings were very similar to criticisms that Trollope had levelled at
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is taken up with the parallel courtships of Mary Masters and Arabella Trefoil. There is a physical and moral contrast between them: Mary is dark, honest, and sincere; Arabella is blonde, embellished with
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several "abortive engagements". More fortunate in matrimony than Arabella, Bice Trollope found a wealthy and well-connected husband in Charles Stuart-Wortley, whom she married in 1880 at the age of 27.
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with aspirations to gentility. While Mary respects Twentyman for his excellent qualities, she feels that she cannot love him as a wife should a husband. She admires Reginald Morton, whose cousin is the
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Late in 1876, Trollope wrote: " is a thoroughly honest man wishing to do good, and is not himself half so absurd as the things which he criticises." The novel was written and set during the
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Augustus was the daughter of a banker who married the impecunious younger son of a duke; to further the parallel, malicious gossip makes her the daughter of an ironmonger as well.
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The novel is largely set in and near the town of Dillsborough, in the fictional county of Rufford. The two principal subplots centre on the courtship behaviour of two young women.
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424:(London) in 1878; this edition was re-issued in 1879 and in 1886. Later editions were published in 1931 (reprinted in 1951 and 1962), in 1940, in 1979, and in 1981.
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420:(London) in 1877. In that same year, the novel was also published in New York, Detroit, Toronto, Leipzig, and Copenhagen. A one-volume edition was issued by
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lived the United States, attempting to repair the family's fortunes and observing all aspects of the nation. Upon her return to England, she published
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laboured abominations. But I swear I have known the woman..." Not a particular woman, he continues; but all of the traits, good and evil.
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Arabella Trefoil, a masterly study of a girl without a heart." More recent critics have found more sympathy for her plight:
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Trollope began writing the novel on 4 June 1875, while visiting his son Fred Trollope's sheep station at Mortray in
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239:. On the other, some of Gotobed's strongest strictures were directed at fox-hunting, to which Trollope was devoted.
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Larry Twentyman and Lord Rufford both reappear, alongside more minor appearances from a few other characters, in
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Indeed, there is much of Trollope in Gotobed's questioning, quarrelsome, and often tactless character.
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calls her "the finest, most fearless and the most tragic of all doomed and desperate anti-heroines".
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Later critics took a more favourable view of the portrayal of Arabella Trefoil. In 1927,
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visited the United States from September 1861 to March 1862 He published the two-volume
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stated that Dillsborough society was rendered in Trollope's "most entertaining manner".
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934:. Donald Smalley, ed. Chatham: W & J Mackay & Co. Ltd. 1969. pp. 428–31.
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There is no indication that Arabella Trefoil is related to the Dean Trefoil of
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This article is about the novel by Anthony Trollope. For the US Senate, see
304:: she engages in courtship as those two engaged in financial speculation.
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724:. N. John Hall, ed. Stanford University Press. 1983. vol. II, pp. 710–11.
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In Senator Gotobed, Trollope employs a device similar to that used by
600:. N. John Hall, ed. Stanford University Press. 1983. Vol. II, p. 701.
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The American senator of the title is Elias Gotobed, who sits in the
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feels herself trapped into a life that excludes decent behaviour."
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May 1876 – July 1877. A three-volume book version was released by
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Trollope received £1800 for the novel. He had received £3000 for
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The key is a character's telling the Senator that his views are "
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in May 1862. The book was critical of the country; but unlike
708:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1968. p. 209.
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Works originally published in Temple Bar (magazine)
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624:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1978.
921:. London: Oxford University Press. 1950. p. 364.
812:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 1988.
653:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1977. p. 240.
584:. London: Gerald Duckworth & Co., Ltd. 1990.
166:comments on British justice and government, the
959:. 10 August 1877. p. 3. Quoted in Terry, R. C.
720:Letter to Mrs. Anna Steele, 17 February 1877.
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1197:The Struggles of Brown, Jones & Robinson
566:. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press. 1971.
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906:. London: Silverbridge Press. 1985. p. 40.
825:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 1949. p. 404.
582:Anthony Trollope: A Victorian in his World
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999:"Classical Serial: The American Senator".
976:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 1927. p. 395.
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989:. London: Phoenix Press. 1971. p. 344.
706:The Changing World of Anthony Trollope
497:make a brief appearance in the novel.
84:May 1876 to July 1877; 3 volumes, 1877
1600:Novels first published in serial form
174:, and other aspects of English life.
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183:England, America, and utilitarianism
142:make an offer and have it rejected.
963:. Macmillan Press, 1989. pp. 115–6.
879:. London: Hutchinson. 1992. p. 428.
485:Connections to other Trollope works
443:Literary significance and reception
219:in the British army, the custom of
1269:Sir Harry Hotspur of Humblethwaite
324:From 1827–1831, Trollope's mother
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823:Domestic Manners of the Americans
331:Domestic Manners of the Americans
1157:La Vendée: An Historical Romance
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857:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1991.
945:Trollope: The Critical Heritage
932:Trollope: The Critical Heritage
722:The Letters of Anthony Trollope
598:The Letters of Anthony Trollope
1057:University of Adelaide Library
1055:—easy-to-read HTML version at
974:Anthony Trollope: A Commentary
651:The Novels of Anthony Trollope
271:Women, courtship, and marriage
111:is a novel written in 1877 by
16:1877 novel by Anthony Trollope
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1141:The Macdermots of Ballycloran
810:The Chronicler of Barsetshire
1483:The Last Chronicle of Barset
1475:The Small House at Allington
1285:The Golden Lion of Granpère
1149:The Kellys and the O'Kellys
1071:public domain audiobook at
532:A three-part adaptation of
223:, the unelected hereditary
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1595:Novels by Anthony Trollope
1293:Harry Heathcote of Gangoil
254:illustrations of this. In
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1433:Chronicles of Barsetshire
866:Quoted in Mullen, p. 413.
493:and Lady Chiltern of the
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1610:Chapman & Hall books
1397:Mr. Scarborough's Family
1261:The Vicar of Bullhampton
447:Contemporary reviews of
204:The Citizen of the World
888:Glendenning, pp. 481–2.
875:Glendenning, Victoria.
649:Kincaid, James Russel.
622:Trollope's Later Novels
433:in 1875, and £2500 for
1568:The Fortnightly Review
1365:Doctor Wortle's School
985:Pope-Hennessy, James.
904:The Trollope Collector
381:Richard Henry Dana Jr.
298:or Ferdinand Lopez of
1004:Retrieved 2011-08-28.
961:A Trollope Chronology
855:Trollope: A Biography
29:The American Senator
1520:The Eustace Diamonds
1504:Can You Forgive Her?
1317:The American Senator
1253:He Knew He Was Right
1082:The American Senator
1068:The American Senator
1052:The American Senator
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1032:The American Senator
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836:The American Senator
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748:The American Senator
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108:The American Senator
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1544:The Duke's Children
1309:The Way We Live Now
1078:Plot and characters
915:Trollope, Anthony.
821:Trollope, Frances.
633:Trollope, Anthony.
544:programme in 2011.
503:The Duke's Children
479:James Pope-Hennessy
430:The Way We Live Now
422:Chatto & Windus
403:Publication history
320:Development history
295:The Way We Live Now
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1536:The Prime Minister
972:Sadleir, Michael.
930:Reviews quoted in
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564:The Moral Trollope
436:The Prime Minister
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301:The Prime Minister
237:Bishop Wilberforce
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902:Tingay, Lance O.
774:Markwick, p. 124.
580:Mullen, Richard.
562:apRoberts, Ruth.
536:was broadcast on
521:Barchester Towers
500:In chapter 70 of
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1459:Doctor Thorne
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1357:Ayala's Angel
1354:
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1245:Linda Tressel
1242:
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860:
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850:
848:
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842:
839:
838:, chapter 78.
837:
831:
828:
824:
818:
815:
811:
808:Super, R. H.
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
791:
788:
787:, chapter 76.
786:
780:
777:
771:
768:
765:
764:, chapter 12.
763:
757:
754:
751:
750:, chapter 13.
749:
743:
740:
736:
730:
727:
723:
717:
715:
711:
707:
701:
698:
695:
694:, chapter 25.
693:
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681:
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512:Ayala's Angel
507:
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349:North America
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319:
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289:
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221:primogeniture
218:
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177:
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172:primogeniture
169:
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134:yeoman farmer
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109:
99:
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71:
67:
64:
61:
57:
53:
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43:
39:
32:
26:
22:
1567:
1566:Co-founder,
1542:
1534:
1526:
1518:
1512:Phineas Finn
1510:
1502:
1481:
1473:
1465:
1457:
1449:
1441:
1431:
1424:Novel series
1411:
1403:
1395:
1387:
1379:
1371:
1363:
1355:
1349:Cousin Henry
1347:
1339:
1331:
1323:
1316:
1315:
1307:
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1283:
1275:
1267:
1259:
1251:
1243:
1237:Nina Balatka
1235:
1227:
1219:
1211:
1203:
1195:
1187:
1179:
1173:The Bertrams
1171:
1163:
1155:
1147:
1139:
1081:
1067:
1051:
1043:
1030:
1016:
1002:BBC Radio 4.
994:
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830:
822:
817:
809:
784:
779:
770:
761:
756:
747:
742:
734:
729:
721:
705:
700:
691:
686:
680:, chapter 8.
677:
672:
666:, chapter 3.
663:
658:
650:
645:
638:, chapter 68
635:
629:
621:
597:
581:
563:
541:
533:
531:
519:
517:
510:
508:
501:
499:
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473:
467:
460:
455:The Examiner
453:
448:
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411:
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406:
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386:
378:
371:
365:
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336:
329:
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293:
290:
286:
282:pearl powder
276:
274:
265:
248:
241:
233:
202:
192:
186:
178:Major themes
160:
156:
144:
130:
127:
107:
106:
105:
25:
538:BBC Radio 4
528:Adaptations
251:utilitarian
217:commissions
189:Montesquieu
117:fox hunting
1584:Categories
1443:The Warden
1389:Marion Fay
1205:Rachel Ray
1189:Orley Farm
943:Quoted in
548:References
413:Temple Bar
1559:Magazines
1301:Lady Anna
957:The Times
947:. p. 430.
462:The Times
439:in 1876.
342:Trollope
199:Goldsmith
163:US Senate
69:Publisher
63:Satirical
1073:LibriVox
877:Trollope
472:wrote: "
275:Much of
191:in the
51:Language
1084:at the
211:in the
209:livings
197:and by
54:English
1547:(1880)
1539:(1876)
1531:(1874)
1523:(1873)
1515:(1869)
1507:(1865)
1486:(1867)
1478:(1864)
1470:(1861)
1462:(1858)
1454:(1857)
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1416:(1884)
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1400:(1883)
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1200:(1862)
1192:(1862)
1184:(1860)
1176:(1859)
1168:(1858)
1160:(1850)
1152:(1848)
1144:(1847)
1133:Novels
139:squire
41:Author
1122:Works
59:Genre
489:The
370:and
344:fils
124:Plot
1124:by
1080:of
1035:at
1021:at
540:'s
364:in
201:in
1586::
893:^
844:^
793:^
713:^
605:^
589:^
571:^
555:^
524:.
515:.
339:.
1114:e
1107:t
1100:v
640:.
23:.
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