240:
documents, that his lack of skills in
Turkish hampered his research, and that Lewy was not informed of current research. In addition Akçam disliked the author's dichotomy of "Armenian" and "Turkish" "sides" to the Armenian genocide denial dispute, as it conflates Armenians of differing allegiances together and because "it should be an unacceptable attitude for a social scientist to classify the differences of interpretation of these events according to ethnic origin."
116:
2210:
672:
Turkish materials for me" (p. xiii). However, departing from a very common standard procedure, Lewy repeatedly avoids identifying those who, he says, helped him in the matter of translation of numerous documents. Would it be unfair to ask, under these circumstances, why go to such a highly unusual act of withholding?
1134:
Naimark, N. M. (2007). "The Great Game of
Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism, and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians, Donald Bloxham (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), xiv + 329 pp., cloth $ 39.95, pbk $ 26.95. * The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide, Guenter Lewy
876:
throughout his book; this prejudicial stance is striking, and the theme of relocation truly dominates the text. According to Lewy, Turkish authorities had no intention of liquidating the
Armenian population but were merely trying to deport and resettle that population; their blunders and failures in
186:
Lewy, who decided that a lack of competence in the
Ottoman authorities was the reason for the deaths, as well as local government officials disobeying the central government, includes criticisms of the Ottoman government, stating that it took too harsh action against perceived Armenian threats, that
79:
In the summer of 2000 a retiree, resting on my couch, expressed a strange intention. Guenter Lewy, the retired
American political scientist, wanted to subject "the Armenian massacres" to a similar revision as he had done before with respect to the Sinti and the Roma. That revision, argued Lewy, had
671:
One is dealing here with a book whose author admits a lack of familiarity with both
Ottoman and Turkish languages. Lewy declares that he does not know Turkish at all and that he had to depend on"two Turkish speaking persons" (p. 292, n. 112) as well as on others"who have translated some important
268:
In the book, Lewy states that "the
Armenians can hardly claim that they suffered for no reason at all... large numbers of them had fought the Turks openly or played the role of a fifth column; not surprisingly, with their backs against the wall, the Ottomans reacted resolutely, if not viciously".
153:
Lewy argued that there was not enough evidence to support the conclusion that the
Ottoman government deliberately attempted to destroy the Armenian population through a genocide. Akçam stated that this was the "central thesis" of the book with this statement made on several occasions. The author
300:
does not consider the book to be denialist, but is nevertheless critical of Lewy's main argument: "if Lewy wishes to maintain his claims to historical objectivity by using accepted judicial definitions of genocide, then the difficulty of finding direct evidence for the Young Turks’ premeditated
259:
states that Lewy's "explanations for the causes of
Armenian deaths remain unconvincing" and that, on points that did not fit his thesis, "Lewy chose to ignore the archival and published records". Kaiser states that "Lewy does not clearly distinguish between academic studies, pamphlets,
239:
Akçam argued that the central thesis of the book was an unproven theory while Lewy himself argued that the idea of genocide being planned was a theory; Akçam also stated that there were other documents that proved the genocide was planned. Akçam also stated that the author misinterpreted some
1061:
Anderson, Margaret
Lavinia; Reynolds, Michael; Kieser, Hans-Lukas; Balakian, Peter; Moses, A. Dirk; Akçam, Taner (2013). "Taner Akçam, The Young Turks' crime against humanity: the Armenian genocide and ethnic cleansing in the Ottoman Empire (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012)".
1093:
accusation is unacceptable in scholarship, let alone in normal discourse and is, I think, one of the key ingredients in genocidal thinking. It fails to distinguish between combatants and non-combatants, on which international humanitarian law has been insisting for over a hundred years
487:
577:
The majority of the postpublication reviews of Lewy's work have identified obvious and egregious errors of fact, interpretation, and omission most of which presumably would have been caught had the text been carefully scrutinized by competent and nonpartisan
1088:
This is a telling slip; Lewy is talking about 'the Armenians' as if the defenceless women and children who comprised the deportation columns were vicariously responsible for Armenian rebels in other parts of the country. The
877:
the process caused massive but unintended casualties. To foster this perspective, Lewy relies on several techniques, including pronounced selectivity of data, deflection, distortion, and occasional falsification.
51:
praised the book, its reception was overall negative with other reviewers identifying significant "errors of fact, interpretation, and omission". Furthermore, the book was criticized for repeating the
80:
shown that even though their fate in World War II proved tragic, it did not represent a "real" genocide, as there were no centrally organized and state-sponsored premeditation and genocidal intention.
1575:
1983:
251:, stating, "Like others in the modern period actively contesting the use of the term genocide for the Armenian case, Lewy picks and chooses bits of information and quotations to build his case."
1729:
255:
also criticized the book for denying the genocide and resorting to "pronounced selectivity of data, deflection, distortion, and occasional falsification" to support this thesis. Historian
187:
the number of Armenian deaths and amount of damage exceeded that of what the Turks experienced, and that the Ottoman government did not provide adequate protections for any ethnic group.
772:
1686:
1847:
1676:
2250:
1567:
1322:
2096:
1602:
342:
285:
accusation is unacceptable in scholarship, let alone in normal discourse and is, I think, one of the key ingredients in genocidal thinking." Quoting the same passage,
171:
154:
stated that the high death toll was simply a byproduct of the conditions of the marches and on sporadic attacks rather than a planned attempt to kill the Armenians.
1722:
1767:
356:
1959:
492:
396:
313:
444:. By Guenter Lewy. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2005. xiii, 370 pp. Notes. Bibliography. Glossary. Index. Maps. Tables. $ 24.95, hard bound".
2214:
1715:
1919:
929:
1911:
1863:
1395:
1275:
47:
after being rejected by eleven publishers and was promoted by the Turkish government. Although some reviewers who agreed with Lewy's belief that the
1405:
162:
1903:
1315:
394:(August 2007). "A Response to Michael Gunter's Review of "The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide (IJMES 38 : 598-601)".
1738:
1118:
166:
782:
1525:
1357:
811:
433:
301:
planning of mass murder should not prevent him from concluding that genocide took place. At its core, then, Lewy’s argument is illogical".
1559:
488:"A Response to Michael Gunter's Review of the Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide (Ijmes 38 [2006]: 598–601"
1373:
296:, the book is one of "the key texts of modern denial". Mamigonian faults Lewy for making excuses for the Ottoman government's actions.
211:
37:
2048:
1799:
1378:
2255:
1308:
277:
from Armenian combatants to the defenceless women and children from other parts of the country who were deported. Moses notes that
1807:
1415:
347:
180:
40:
was a byproduct of the conditions of the marches and on sporadic attacks rather than a planned attempt to exterminate them.
2104:
1780:
1671:
2080:
1681:
1410:
1400:
1175:
2245:
1927:
1760:
1691:
360:
1879:
1648:
1390:
1350:
933:
1232:
1221:
Balcı, Fatih; Arif Akgül (2007). "The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide by Guenter Lewy".
2112:
72:
2072:
1999:
1951:
1634:
1425:
1331:
1284:
437:
248:
96:
48:
44:
2144:
2120:
2027:
1823:
1666:
1195:
777:
391:
321:
252:
158:
1272:
2194:
1696:
1594:
947:
483:
325:
689:"Academic Denial of the Armenian Genocide in American Scholarship: Denialism as Manufactured Controversy"
289:
writes that "Lewy repeats the Young Turks’ trick of justifying collective punishment of a whole nation".
2160:
2088:
1642:
293:
1485:
176:
1420:
1170:
317:
1468:
2240:
2168:
1967:
1855:
244:
219:
203:
195:
1530:
1935:
1871:
1839:
1610:
1480:
1236:
1079:
768:
750:
708:
662:
654:
568:
517:
509:
471:
463:
421:
413:
372:
1456:
1023:
328:, criticized the presence of the review in the IJMES. Gunter issued a response to his critics.
2186:
2152:
1831:
1772:
1345:
1114:
1043:
863:
646:
305:
157:
According to the author, evidence that stated that the genocide was deliberate was doctored:
147:
29:
2136:
1943:
1815:
1451:
1253:
1144:
1071:
1035:
855:
742:
700:
638:
560:
501:
455:
405:
364:
274:
92:
52:
1279:
960:
85:
731:"Denial of the Armenian Genocide 100 Years Later: The New Practitioners and Their Trade"
260:
various types of memoirs" and "major parts of the book do not meet academic standards".
2056:
1975:
1887:
1535:
1505:
1441:
1223:
1106:
1009:
997:
985:
973:
915:
903:
891:
826:
590:
338:
320:
stated that the review "reportedly arrived in their office sans cover." Two academics,
297:
286:
223:
199:
191:
100:
75:, Lewy had conceived of the idea of writing on the Armenian genocide as early as 2000:
33:
1135:(Salt Lake City: The University of Utah Press, 2005), xiii + 370 pp., cloth $ 24.95".
273:
responds to this "telling slip", stating that Lewy falls into the trap of attributing
115:
2234:
2064:
1490:
1473:
1039:
754:
712:
666:
572:
521:
475:
446:
425:
376:
270:
256:
190:
Lewy's book criticizes the work of many scholars of the Armenian Genocide, including
68:
1707:
1083:
1520:
1515:
1495:
1295:
385:
25:
843:
594:
1075:
316:(IJMES) without the editors' knowledge that he had made the positive statement.
2128:
1510:
1500:
207:
56:
1165:
1991:
1618:
642:
564:
505:
409:
382:
278:
1257:
1047:
867:
650:
1446:
215:
1461:
1383:
1300:
773:"ARMENIANS: The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide"
543:
Watenpaugh, Keith David (2007). "A Response to Michael Gunter's Review of
368:
308:, after having written a positive statement that was used on the cover of
281:
makes a strict distinction between civilians and combatants and that "The
1148:
88:, Lewy relied on two unnamed individuals to translate materials for him.
1240:
1166:"Michael Gunter: He blurbed a book ... Should he then have reviewed it?"
859:
844:"The Armenian Genocide and an Updated Denial Initiative: A Review Essay"
658:
618:
513:
467:
417:
183:(CUP) Central Committee of instigating a genocide was dishonestly made.
2040:
746:
704:
1384:
Committee to Coordinate the Struggle with the Baseless Genocide Claims
459:
304:
McCarthy wrote that it as "an outstanding work of historiography".
730:
688:
1290:
1111:
Great Catastrophe: Armenians and Turks in the Shadow of Genocide
1711:
1304:
1248:
Gasparyan, Seda (2015). "'Truth' that Is Far from Being True".
930:"The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide"
150:
during 1915-1916 and provides no coverage of subsequent years.
1024:"The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey—A Disputed Genocide"
110:
1576:
The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide
1291:
The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide
1273:
The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide
621:
The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide
545:
The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide
442:
The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide
21:
The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide
1984:
Talaat Pasha: Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide
91:
After it was rejected by eleven publishers including four
343:"Guenter Lewy's The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey"
175:(nicknamed the "Blue Book"), and that the speech made by
127:
1687:
International Conference on the Holocaust and Genocide
169:(SO). He also argued that hearsay formed the basis of
1848:
Genocide: Its Political Use in the Twentieth Century
1560:
The Armenian Aspirations and Revolutionary Movements
2179:
2020:
1791:
1752:
1745:
1677:
Destruction of Armenian cultural heritage in Turkey
1659:
1633:
1586:
1551:
1544:
1434:
1366:
1338:
1568:The Armenians in History and the Armenian Question
2097:The Blue Book, Political Truth or Historical Fact
1603:The Blue Book, Political Truth or Historical Fact
872:Lewy systematically uses and emphasizes the term
1800:The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire
837:
835:
172:The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire
77:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
357:International Association of Genocide Scholars
1723:
1316:
724:
722:
247:discusses the book in an academic article on
8:
1960:They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else
887:
885:
682:
680:
631:International Journal of Middle East Studies
612:
610:
553:International Journal of Middle East Studies
493:International Journal of Middle East Studies
397:International Journal of Middle East Studies
314:International Journal of Middle East Studies
822:
820:
59:to justify the genocide that they ordered.
2176:
1749:
1730:
1716:
1708:
1548:
1323:
1309:
1301:
1174:. Columbian College of Arts and Sciences,
619:"A Response to Michael Gunter's Review of
2251:History books about the Armenian genocide
1912:The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History
1864:America and the Armenian Genocide of 1915
1396:Assembly of Turkish American Associations
1896:The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey
597:The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey
310:The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey
49:Armenians were not victims of a genocide
1920:The Young Turks' Crime Against Humanity
1904:The Remaining Documents of Talaat Pasha
1113:. Oxford University Press. p. 63.
535:
38:high death toll among Ottoman Armenians
1250:Annali di Ca' Foscari. Serie Orientale
1160:
1158:
956:
945:
312:, wrote a review of the book for the
165:, and other documents related to the
36:. In the book, Lewy argues that the
7:
1358:Terminology of the Armenian genocide
1374:Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs
163:Turkish courts-martial of 1919–1920
1406:Iğdır Genocide Memorial and Museum
14:
1739:Works about the Armenian genocide
2209:
2208:
2007:The Great Crime: An Aintab Diary
1040:10.1163/004325309X12451617197064
729:Hovannisian, Richard G. (2015).
114:
1827:(Naim-Andonian document) (1919)
1416:Institute for Armenian Research
848:Genocide Studies and Prevention
602:Genocide Studies and Prevention
348:Genocide Studies and Prevention
181:Committee of Union and Progress
1137:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
735:Genocide Studies International
693:Genocide Studies International
617:Kéchichian, Joseph A. (2007).
551:38 [2006]: 598–601)".
1:
1808:Ambassador Morgenthau's Story
1781:The Story of the Last Thought
1672:Conspiracy theories in Turkey
928:Brown, L. Carl (2006-05-01).
604:, 3:1 April 2008, pp. 111–43.
1682:Place name changes in Turkey
1411:Institute of Turkish Studies
1401:Turkish Coalition of America
1233:SET VAKFI İktisadi İşletmesi
1176:George Washington University
1076:10.1080/14623528.2013.856095
1064:Journal of Genocide Research
687:Mamigonian, Marc A. (2015).
627:38 [2006]: 598–601)"
95:, the book's publication by
2049:The Forty Days of Musa Dagh
1928:The Making of Modern Turkey
1761:The Forty Days of Musa Dagh
1692:Assassination of Hrant Dink
842:Kéchichian, Joseph (2007).
361:University of Toronto Press
2272:
1880:The Great Game of Genocide
1391:Turkish Historical Society
43:The book was published by
2204:
1379:National Security Council
643:10.1017/S0020743807070857
565:10.1017/S0020743807070869
506:10.1017/S0020743807070869
410:10.1017/S0020743807070857
2256:Armenian genocide denial
2073:My Son Shall Be Armenian
2000:The Thirty-Year Genocide
1803:("The Blue Book") (1916)
1426:University of Utah Press
1332:Armenian genocide denial
1285:University of Utah Press
438:University of Louisville
264:Armenian genocide denial
249:Armenian genocide denial
146:The work focuses on the
97:University of Utah Press
45:University of Utah Press
2121:Orphans of the Genocide
1824:The Memoirs of Naim Bey
1667:Kemalist historiography
1649:Perinçek v. Switzerland
1022:Kaiser, Hilmar (2010).
955:Cite magazine requires
778:The Middle East Journal
484:Watenpaugh, Keith David
161:, the documents of the
159:The Memoirs of Naim Bey
84:Since he does not read
67:According to Professor
2195:The Ottoman Lieutenant
2105:Aghet – Ein Völkermord
1697:Genocide justification
1595:The Banality of Denial
1258:10.14277/2385-3042/16p
326:Keith David Watenpaugh
82:
2161:They Shall Not Perish
2081:The Armenian Genocide
1643:Insulting Turkishness
392:Kéchichian, Joseph A.
369:10.1353/gsp.2011.0087
55:argument used by the
2180:Accused of denialism
2033:The Auction of Souls
1421:FactCheckArmenia.com
1207:Watenpaugh, Extract.
1171:History News Network
322:Joseph A. Kéchichian
318:History News Network
253:Joseph A. Kéchichian
167:Special Organization
16:Book by Guenter Lewy
1968:Justifying Genocide
1856:A Problem from Hell
1028:Die Welt des Islams
860:10.3138/gsp.2.2.173
769:Erickson, Edward J.
245:Richard Hovannisian
196:Richard Hovannisian
2246:University of Utah
1936:Denial of Violence
1872:The Burning Tigris
1840:The Road from Home
1611:Denial of Violence
1481:Edward J. Erickson
1278:2019-06-22 at the
1149:10.1093/hgs/dcm023
747:10.3138/gsi.9.2.04
705:10.3138/gsi.9.1.04
440:) (Summer 2007). "
294:Marc A. Mamigonian
126:. You can help by
93:university presses
24:is a 2006 book by
2228:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2187:The Water Diviner
2153:Intent to Destroy
2016:
2015:
1952:Operation Nemesis
1832:Armenian Golgotha
1773:Gabriel Bagradian
1705:
1704:
1629:
1628:
1346:Armenian genocide
1120:978-0-19-935069-8
306:Michael M. Gunter
222:, but especially
148:Armenian genocide
144:
143:
30:Armenian genocide
2263:
2212:
2211:
2177:
2169:Aurora's Sunrise
2137:Map of Salvation
2029:Ravished Armenia
1944:Goodbye, Antoura
1816:Ravished Armenia
1750:
1732:
1725:
1718:
1709:
1549:
1477:
1465:
1452:Stanford J. Shaw
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1103:
1097:
1096:
1091:collective guilt
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781:. Archived from
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614:
605:
587:
581:
580:
540:
525:
479:
460:10.2307/20060247
434:McCarthy, Justin
429:
380:
283:collective guilt
275:collective guilt
204:Erik Jan Zürcher
177:Reşit Akif Pasha
139:
136:
118:
111:
99:was arranged by
53:collective guilt
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2012:
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1768:Jewish response
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1526:Justin McCarthy
1486:Yusuf Halaçoğlu
1471:
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1362:
1334:
1329:
1280:Wayback Machine
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1215:Further reading
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957:|magazine=
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934:Foreign Affairs
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771:(Spring 2006).
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616:
615:
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595:Guenter Lewy’s
588:
584:
542:
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486:(August 2007).
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341:(Spring 2008).
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124:needs expansion
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86:Ottoman Turkish
73:Free University
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2057:Back to Ararat
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1996:
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1976:Killing Orders
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1888:A Shameful Act
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1536:M. Hakan Yavuz
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271:A. Dirk Moses
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257:Hilmar Kaiser
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179:accusing the
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69:Tessa Hofmann
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1609:
1601:
1593:
1587:About denial
1574:
1566:
1558:
1521:Norman Stone
1516:Andrew Mango
1496:Guenter Lewy
1367:Institutions
1296:Project MUSE
1289:
1271:
1249:
1228:
1222:
1203:
1191:
1180:. Retrieved
1178:. 2007-08-17
1169:
1140:
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1090:
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993:
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937:. Retrieved
923:
911:
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871:
851:
847:
787:. Retrieved
783:the original
776:
763:
738:
734:
699:(1): 61–82.
696:
692:
670:
634:
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401:
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386:Project MUSE
383:Available at
352:
346:
339:Akçam, Taner
309:
303:
291:
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267:
242:
238:
189:
185:
170:
156:
152:
145:
132:
128:adding to it
123:
90:
83:
78:
71:of Berlin's
66:
42:
26:Guenter Lewy
20:
19:
18:
2145:The Promise
1792:Non-fiction
1511:Paul Dumont
1501:Heath Lowry
1472: [
1460: [
1442:Ziya Gökalp
1235:: 147–151.
591:Taner Akçam
363:: 111–145.
235:Methodology
208:Ronald Suny
200:Taner Akçam
57:Young Turks
2241:2006 books
2235:Categories
1992:Dark Pasts
1619:Dark Pasts
1435:Proponents
1339:Background
1196:Kéchichian
1182:2019-06-23
939:2019-06-22
874:relocation
789:2019-06-22
332:References
279:law of war
243:Historian
220:David Lang
63:Background
28:about the
2089:Screamers
1552:Denialist
1457:Jak Kamhi
1447:Esat Uras
1198:, p. 509.
1048:1570-0607
1012:, p. 119.
1000:, p. 118.
988:, p. 117.
976:, p. 116.
918:, p. 115.
906:, p. 113.
894:, p. 114.
868:1911-0359
829:, p. 112.
814:, p. 337.
755:155132689
713:154623321
667:162021204
651:0020-7438
573:161727102
522:161727102
476:164299896
426:162021204
377:143686528
230:Reception
216:Leo Kuper
135:June 2019
2215:Category
1351:template
1276:Archived
1241:26328526
1109:(2015).
1084:73167962
812:McCarthy
659:30069560
578:readers.
514:30069561
468:20060247
418:30069560
107:Contents
2172:(2022)
2113:The Cut
2041:Nahapet
1764:(1933)
1753:Fiction
1660:Related
32:in the
2198:(2017)
2190:(2014)
2164:(2017)
2156:(2017)
2148:(2016)
2140:(2015)
2132:(2015)
2124:(2014)
2116:(2014)
2108:(2010)
2100:(2009)
2092:(2006)
2084:(2006)
2076:(2004)
2068:(2002)
2065:Ararat
2060:(1988)
2052:(1982)
2044:(1977)
2036:(1919)
2009:(2020)
2003:(2019)
1995:(2018)
1987:(2018)
1979:(2016)
1971:(2016)
1963:(2015)
1955:(2015)
1947:(2015)
1939:(2015)
1931:(2011)
1923:(2011)
1915:(2011)
1907:(2008)
1899:(2006)
1891:(2006)
1883:(2005)
1875:(2003)
1867:(2003)
1859:(2002)
1851:(1981)
1843:(1979)
1835:(1922)
1819:(1918)
1811:(1918)
1784:(1989)
1652:(2013)
1622:(2018)
1614:(2015)
1606:(2009)
1598:(2003)
1579:(2006)
1571:(1950)
1563:(1916)
1239:
1117:
1082:
1046:
866:
753:
711:
665:
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424:
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375:
324:, and
218:, and
2021:Films
1746:Books
1545:Works
1476:]
1464:]
1294:- At
1237:JSTOR
1231:(4).
1080:S2CID
1010:Akçam
998:Akçam
986:Akçam
974:Akçam
916:Akçam
904:Akçam
892:Akçam
827:Akçam
751:S2CID
709:S2CID
663:S2CID
655:JSTOR
625:IJMES
569:S2CID
549:IJMES
530:Notes
518:S2CID
510:JSTOR
472:S2CID
464:JSTOR
422:S2CID
414:JSTOR
373:S2CID
355:(1).
2129:1915
1635:Laws
1115:ISBN
1094:now.
1044:ISSN
961:help
864:ISSN
647:ISSN
589:See
1254:doi
1145:doi
1072:doi
1036:doi
856:doi
743:doi
701:doi
639:doi
600:."
593:, "
561:doi
502:doi
456:doi
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365:doi
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2237::
1474:tr
1462:tr
1283:-
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452:66
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137:)
133:(
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