Knowledge (XXG)

The Arizona Project

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292:. Reporters working on the story began to theorise someone higher up was squashing any interest in Arrowhead such as Barry Goldwater, a man of power whose family was a partial owner, allowing a decade of illegal workers to live in subhuman conditions near the Arrowhead ranches. The stories continued to outline ties from members of the Goldwater family and other political figures to individuals associated with organised crime, including Barry's brother, Robert Goldwater. The sixth story revealed Robert's involvement with an associate of American mobster 167:
briefly, Bolles agreed to meet the man, John Adamson, at 11:25 am on June 2 in the lobby entrance of the Clarendon House hotel in Phoenix. Adamson didn't turn up however, and instead called Bolles to inform him that their meeting was cancelled. Bolles was known to be a cautious man in his investigative days, habitually placing a piece of scotch tape over the front hood of his car so he would know if someone had tampered with his engine. However this wouldn't help Bolles from the six sticks of
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behaviours on a nationwide scale. However others argued that the collaborative journalism technique together with the Bolle's influenced motivation of the Arizona Project encouraged sensationalist reporting and unnecessarily hostile and bias investigation. Other criticism catalysed a debate as to whether the collaborative technique undercut competition in the press, and whether local journalists were better situated to report on their own regions.
1377: 48:. Bolles's rich investigative history relating to organised crime in Arizona and the rarity of such a murder indicated to working journalists that this attack was a direct response to his investigations. In the wake of Bolles's death, the Investigative Reporters and Editors organisation conceived The Arizona Project as a way to both continue and honour Bolles's investigative work within Arizona on a larger scale. 1353: 1341: 241: 159: 209:"the purpose of such an investigation would not have as its direct aim the solution of Bolles's assassination. The point would be to expose the political-land fraud-mob structure of Arizona... For all of us – particularly newspapers with high investigative profiles – this is eminently self-serving. We are buying life insurance for our own reporters." 284:
nobody illegal. Feld later found out spies from the ranch were tipped off to their plans at every stage. However, there was more to the story; every time they would catch and deport illegal aliens from the state, Feld and his team would often find them right back in Arizona not long after. There was an established trade of procuring and
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either completely rejected the series, or ran greatly edited versions. Reception was mixed; many agreed that the investigation brought to light a better understanding of the deep-seated roots of criminal practice throughout Arizona, engendering awareness and propelling action against such corruptive
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The project began in October 1976, and emboldened by widespread support was expected to be completed by March 1977. Money for the project was raised from various organisations, philanthropists, citizens and even newsroom staffers around the country, who would donate a portion of their salaries. The
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The community of journalists were unsurprisingly rattled, projecting fears that subjects of other investigations around the country may be encouraged to act violently toward investigating reporters following the attack on Bolles. After days of discussion, it was decided the best course of action to
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commanding Emprise Corporation to divest investments in a number of dog and horse racetracks in 1976. Together with another reporter, Bolles released the names of almost 200 organised crime individuals and their respective ties to legitimate companies in Arizona. Investigative work like this earned
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workers. After a meeting with head of local border patrol, Raymond Feld, IRE reporter, Michael Wendland had learned that Feld's border patrol team was heavily understaffed, and at every request for extra support on raids, the border patrol team would turn up to Arrowhead ranch and find nothing and
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Bolles had stopped doing investigative work for various reasons around ten months before he received a phone call on May 27 from a man claiming to have evidence of land fraud schemes implicating the aforementioned Emprise Corporation and well known business and political figures. After speaking
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By January 1977, following extensive research and with overflowing files collated on different individuals and businesses, the Arizona Project team started to write. After only a month, the series was finished – a collection of 23 different articles detailed with photographs and biographies of
344:. Some of the key findings from the story revealed there to be 23 different major smuggling rings controlled by various crime families throughout America, as well as an estimation that as many as 800 licensed pilots earn a full-time income transporting narcotics from Mexico into Arizona. 66:
within the state. Their research aimed to expose and portray these deep-rooted links in a series of news articles to then be published nationwide, while also functioning as a message meant to reflect the unity of journalists and the consequences of killing a reporter.
195:"For years we had proceeded about our business ignoring threats to our lives and our job, more or less assuming that the bosses of organised crime and politics would 'be too smart' to kill a reporter or editor and stir up the whole journalistic community." 184:
Coincidentally, the newly established IRE had scheduled their first national conference just days after the bombing, and as a result, the meeting was abuzz with different ideas and theories concerning the attack. News of Bolles' murder shocked reporters,
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overseeing the project, over 40 reporters flooded to Arizona – operating independently from the 23 different news organisations they came from – in an attempt to form together and uncover corruptive relationships between politics, business and
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that were detonated underneath the vehicle's chassis as he started to pull out of the Phoenix parking lot. As Bolles lay half out the driver's side of the car, bleeding profusely and lapsing in and out of consciousness, he managed to whisper,
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that the team embodied, no one received individual credit for any of the work. Rather, the IRE was credited as the author of each article published across America as numerous news organisations began to distribute the series in March 1977.
260:; connections between politicians and individuals associated with organised crime; as well as corruption in the legal system – and was led with a story introducing the project and outlining some of the key stories that were to follow. 327:
Until 1975, he got away virtually untouched, jumping ship from one corporation to the next, while associates often took the brunt of the prosecution. Meeting with IRE reporters during the Arizona Project investigations he stated,
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The following week of stories set the stage for a first person account from IRE reporters, detailing their cross border travels with drug traffickers and tying together the extent of drug smuggling operations between Arizona and
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By age forty seven, Bolles had carved out a career unearthing corruptive practices within the political sphere as well as exposing organised crime in Arizona. In the fourteen years he worked at the Arizona Republic,
316:, Raul Castro and his business linkage to Kemper Marley, a millionaire alcohol distributor implicated in the assassination of Don Bolle's by John Adamson, who had been arrested shortly after Bolles died. 140:"he had uncovered secret political slush funds controlled by the state patrol, bribery of state tax commissioners, land fraud, and Mafia influence in a national sports concession firm, Emprise Corporation 323:. and his various business practices. It was said that he, among others, took advantage of loose regulations and loop holes surrounding land and real estate business, earning himself the nickname the, 347:
The final few stories dealt with organised crime and its corruptive influence on the criminal justice system, highlighting the leniency awarded to high-profile families and prominent individuals.
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was a key target throughout the investigation, and many of the articles focused on friends and associates he was involved with. The Goldwater's were quoted stating the IRE reports were,
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that Arizona is facing a massive problem in organised crime," and the 23 part series indeed exposed names and stories regarding corruption, land fraud and organised crime in the state.
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The second day of publication outlined the dominance and reach of Barry Goldwater, as well as his involvement and connection to a ranch uncovered to be exploiting
300:, as well as the scandalous details of where the money was going. Over the course of a 21-month period, over $ 1.5 million was siphoned from the chain to pay for 1004: 739: 817: 778: 471: 265: 445: 503: 1397: 382:
A month after initial publication of the series, a polling service in Phoenix called Behavior Research Center surveyed 1000 households spanning the
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as well as an established reputation in the journalistic sphere throughout America, including an honorary award in his name at his former college.
962: 898: 859: 386:. The results painted a picture of the profound impact the Arizona Project had on residents throughout the area and the report concluded that, 70:
The findings were distributed in numerous publications, however, due to various controversies surrounding the project, some newspapers such as
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significant individuals, spanning a total of over 100,000 words that outlined an intricate and deep-rooted web of organised crime and
1299: 1274: 1168: 945: 713: 680: 655: 604: 388:‘Without question, the IRE reports have had a negative impact on the image of Arizona among residents of the Rocky Mountain region.' 355:
Although the series was published in a number of newspapers across America, many significant publications, including Arizona's own,
377:‘instead of proof, the Arizona team too frequently offered unsubstantiated surmise, syllogistic reasoning and hyperfervid language 1331: 313: 204:– as well as to signal to the world that reporters could not be muzzled – was to form a team to continue Bolles's work. 1043: 1323:
Behavior Research Center, “IRE Reports Had Strong Impact in Arizona Western States”, undated press release, IRE files
1185: 1082: 527: 147: 228: 23: 342:'rapidly emerging as the most concentrated corridor of narcotics smuggling from Mexico into the United States' 1227: 1121: 288:
illegal workers, and even with extensive evidence and requested assistance to his superiors, Feld noted that
576: 201: 131: 27: 368: 304:, as well as a $ 350,000 home for a Mafia associate. Barry Goldwater stated that the reports were, 280: 190: 111: 107: 78: 1239: 1197: 1133: 1094: 1055: 1016: 974: 910: 871: 829: 790: 751: 296:
and their partnership in the Arizona restaurant chain Hobo Jo's. The IRE exposed the chain as a,
257: 119: 72: 705: 698: 272:, however, his connection to underworld figures was argued to be at the very least the same as 1369: 1295: 1270: 1164: 941: 709: 676: 651: 600: 364: 620: 127: 58: 45: 1381: 1251: 1209: 1145: 1106: 1067: 1028: 986: 922: 883: 841: 802: 763: 552: 383: 261: 63: 248:
The series was broken down by a number of key themes – including land-development fraud;
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The Arizona Project: How a team of investigative reporters got revenge on a deadline
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The Arizona Project: How a team of investigative reporters got revenge on a deadline
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The Arizona Project: How a team of investigative reporters got revenge on a deadline
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The Arizona Project: How a team of investigative reporters got revenge on deadline
418:"Investigative Reporters and Editors, Inc., Arizona Project, Records, 1976–1977" 240: 224: 123: 33: 285: 158: 40:. In June 1976, Bolles passed away due to injuries amassed from a targeted 728:
Robert W. Greene, "Memorandum RE: Bolles Affair," July 19, 1976, IRE files
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Robert Greene was to lead the team on behalf of the IRE, and stated that
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They finally got me... Emprise – the Mafia – John Adamson – find him.
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and with the support of the newly established nonprofit organisation
818:"Investigative reporters' Arizona crime probe defended as success" 1083:"Governor questioned on income tax, business deal, farming tour" 779:"Reporters examine funds diverted from Arizona restaurant chain" 83: 82:
avoided the series. Robert Greene described the findings to a
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Richard Cady letter to David Shaw, April 14, 1977, IRE files
1269:. Missouri: University of Missouri Press. pp. 157–158. 114:
in 1946, after which he completed a degree in government at
340:. The opening line of the 19th story claimed Arizona was, 700:
Investigative Reporting: From Courthouse to White House
650:. Missouri: University of Missouri Press. p. 143. 599:. Missouri: University of Missouri Press. p. 142. 504:"Don Bolles murder: A look back at the Arizona Project" 1186:"Land Fraud / Arizona's 'Godfather' lives by his wits" 1329: 1226:
Investigative Reporters and Editors (31 March 1977).
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Investigative Reporters and Editors (25 March 1977).
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Investigative Reporters and Editors (23 March 1977).
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Investigative Reporters and Editors (21 March 1977).
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Investigative Reporters and Editors (18 March 1977).
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Investigative Reporters and Editors (19 March 1977).
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Investigative Reporters and Editors (20 March 1977).
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Investigative Reporters and Editors (21 March 1977).
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Investigative Reporters and Editors (20 March 1977).
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Investigative Reporters and Editors (18 March 1977).
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Investigative Reporters and Editors (19 March 1977).
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Investigative Reporters and Editors (19 March 1977).
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Days eleven, twelve and thirteen were centred around
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Bolles's investigative work was the catalyst for the
312:. Articles published on days nine and ten examined 1267:The Evolution of American Investigative Journalism 1228:"Arizona emerging as 'the' route for drug traffic" 697: 648:The Evolution of American Investigative Journalism 597:The Evolution of American Investigative Journalism 899:"Mistreated Aliens Found Working Goldwater Farm" 176:" He died in hospital 11 days later on June 13. 553:"June 2, 1976: The Assassination of a Reporter" 180:Investigative Reporters and Editors, Inc. (IRE) 1294:. Sheed Andrews and McMeel. pp. 256–262. 1122:"Arizona's con men found riches in land fraud" 38:Investigative Reporters and Editors, Inc (IRE) 1163:. Sheed Andrews and McMeel. pp. 93–108. 371:stated of the project that the stories, were 8: 940:. Sheed Andrews and McMeel. pp. 54–72. 740:"Arizona probe: Where does the money end up" 577:"Bolles: Cautious man, dedicated journalist" 26:, triggered predominately by the murder of 22:is the first large-scale implementation of 963:"A dark grove, and a crop of human misery" 528:"Marking the Murder That Gave Life to IRE" 302:'wild parties with former playboy bunnies' 200:defend what they considered an assault on 219:final budget was estimated at $ 150,000. 425:The State Historical Society of Missouri 373:'vague, unproven, filled with innuendo,’ 239: 189:said experienced investigative reporter 157: 1336: 1005:"'Hobo Jo's' A Pipeline For Mafia Cash" 675:. Sheed Andrews and McMeel. p. 3. 398: 1247: 1237: 1205: 1195: 1141: 1131: 1102: 1092: 1063: 1053: 1024: 1014: 982: 972: 918: 908: 879: 869: 837: 827: 798: 788: 759: 749: 1221: 1219: 1044:"Licavoli linked to restaurant chain" 998: 996: 853: 851: 641: 639: 637: 227:in the state. As per the ideology of 7: 590: 588: 586: 570: 568: 566: 521: 519: 517: 497: 495: 493: 412: 410: 408: 406: 404: 402: 106:Donald Fifield Bolles was raised in 446:"Don Bolles Dies; Maimed Reporter" 14: 1375: 1363: 1351: 1339: 575:Hensley, Tatiana (28 May 2006). 266:1964 U.S. presidential candidate 1398:Journalism in the United States 502:Vasquez, Lauren (2 June 2016). 330:'I was a thief... a good thief' 264:, the Senator in Arizona and a 86:reporter, stating they reveal, 1: 1290:Wendland, Michael F. (1997). 1159:Wendland, Michael F. (1977). 936:Wendland, Michael F. (1977). 704:. Macmillan Pub Co. pp.  696:Mollenhoff, Clark R. (1981). 671:Wendland, Michael F (1977). 126:, Bolles found a job at the 526:Strupp, Joe (1 June 2006). 274:'condoning organised crime' 162:Don Bolles' 1976 Datsun car 1414: 472:"Don Bolles' Tragic Death" 325:'Godfather of land fraud'. 151:Bolles a nomination for a 118:. Following a term in the 298:'pipeline for mafia cash' 290:'they totally ignored it' 148:Arizona State Legislature 130:and by 1962 was hired by 308:and Robert called them, 229:collaborative journalism 24:collaborative journalism 16:Collaborative journalism 1190:Denton Record-Chronicle 744:Wilmington Morning Star 270:'ridiculous and untrue' 1265:Aucoin, James (2007). 646:Aucoin, James (2007). 595:Aucoin, James (2007). 245: 163: 864:The Indianapolis Star 243: 161: 1048:Tucson Daily Citizen 903:The Pittsburgh Press 532:Editor and Publisher 132:The Arizona Republic 357:‘Arizona Republic,’ 314:Governor of Arizona 112:Teaneck High School 108:Teaneck, New Jersey 79:The Washington Post 20:The Arizona Project 1250:has generic name ( 1232:Arizona Daily Star 1208:has generic name ( 1144:has generic name ( 1126:Arizona Daily Star 1105:has generic name ( 1087:Arizona Daily Star 1066:has generic name ( 1027:has generic name ( 985:has generic name ( 921:has generic name ( 882:has generic name ( 840:has generic name ( 801:has generic name ( 762:has generic name ( 557:Running Wild Films 476:The Michigan Daily 450:The New York Times 246: 164: 120:United States Army 73:The New York Times 822:Bangor Daily News 365:Los Angeles Times 1405: 1380: 1379: 1368: 1367: 1366: 1356: 1355: 1354: 1344: 1343: 1342: 1335: 1324: 1321: 1315: 1312: 1306: 1305: 1287: 1281: 1280: 1262: 1256: 1255: 1249: 1245: 1243: 1235: 1223: 1214: 1213: 1207: 1203: 1201: 1193: 1181: 1175: 1174: 1156: 1150: 1149: 1143: 1139: 1137: 1129: 1117: 1111: 1110: 1104: 1100: 1098: 1090: 1078: 1072: 1071: 1065: 1061: 1059: 1051: 1039: 1033: 1032: 1026: 1022: 1020: 1012: 1000: 991: 990: 984: 980: 978: 970: 967:The Boston Globe 958: 952: 951: 933: 927: 926: 920: 916: 914: 906: 894: 888: 887: 881: 877: 875: 867: 855: 846: 845: 839: 835: 833: 825: 813: 807: 806: 800: 796: 794: 786: 774: 768: 767: 761: 757: 755: 747: 735: 729: 726: 720: 719: 703: 693: 687: 686: 668: 662: 661: 643: 632: 631: 629: 627: 621:"Beloit College" 617: 611: 610: 592: 581: 580: 572: 561: 560: 549: 543: 542: 540: 538: 523: 512: 511: 499: 488: 487: 485: 483: 468: 462: 461: 459: 457: 442: 436: 435: 433: 431: 422: 414: 306:'totally false,' 191:Clark Mollenhoff 128:Associated Press 59:Robert W. Greene 29:Arizona Republic 1413: 1412: 1408: 1407: 1406: 1404: 1403: 1402: 1388: 1387: 1386: 1374: 1364: 1362: 1352: 1350: 1340: 1338: 1330: 1328: 1327: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1309: 1302: 1289: 1288: 1284: 1277: 1264: 1263: 1259: 1246: 1236: 1225: 1224: 1217: 1204: 1194: 1183: 1182: 1178: 1171: 1158: 1157: 1153: 1140: 1130: 1119: 1118: 1114: 1101: 1091: 1080: 1079: 1075: 1062: 1052: 1041: 1040: 1036: 1023: 1013: 1002: 1001: 994: 981: 971: 960: 959: 955: 948: 935: 934: 930: 917: 907: 896: 895: 891: 878: 868: 857: 856: 849: 836: 826: 815: 814: 810: 797: 787: 783:The Bryan Times 776: 775: 771: 758: 748: 737: 736: 732: 727: 723: 716: 695: 694: 690: 683: 670: 669: 665: 658: 645: 644: 635: 625: 623: 619: 618: 614: 607: 594: 593: 584: 574: 573: 564: 551: 550: 546: 536: 534: 525: 524: 515: 501: 500: 491: 481: 479: 470: 469: 465: 455: 453: 444: 443: 439: 429: 427: 420: 416: 415: 400: 395: 384:Rocky Mountains 353: 262:Barry Goldwater 244:Barry Goldwater 238: 216: 182: 104: 99: 64:organised crime 17: 12: 11: 5: 1411: 1409: 1401: 1400: 1390: 1389: 1385: 1384: 1372: 1360: 1348: 1326: 1325: 1316: 1307: 1300: 1282: 1275: 1257: 1215: 1176: 1169: 1151: 1112: 1073: 1034: 992: 953: 946: 928: 889: 847: 808: 769: 730: 721: 714: 688: 681: 663: 656: 633: 612: 605: 582: 562: 559:. 1 June 2017. 544: 513: 489: 478:. 16 June 1976 463: 452:. 14 June 1976 437: 397: 396: 394: 391: 352: 349: 294:Peter Licavoli 237: 234: 215: 212: 181: 178: 153:Pulitzer prize 116:Beloit College 110:and graduated 103: 100: 98: 95: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1410: 1399: 1396: 1395: 1393: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1371: 1361: 1359: 1349: 1347: 1337: 1333: 1320: 1317: 1311: 1308: 1303: 1301:9780836207286 1297: 1293: 1286: 1283: 1278: 1276:9780826217462 1272: 1268: 1261: 1258: 1253: 1248:|author= 1241: 1233: 1229: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1211: 1206:|author= 1199: 1191: 1187: 1180: 1177: 1172: 1170:9780836207286 1166: 1162: 1155: 1152: 1147: 1142:|author= 1135: 1127: 1123: 1116: 1113: 1108: 1103:|author= 1096: 1088: 1084: 1077: 1074: 1069: 1064:|author= 1057: 1049: 1045: 1038: 1035: 1030: 1025:|author= 1018: 1010: 1006: 999: 997: 993: 988: 983:|author= 976: 968: 964: 957: 954: 949: 947:9780836207286 943: 939: 932: 929: 924: 919:|author= 912: 904: 900: 893: 890: 885: 880:|author= 873: 865: 861: 854: 852: 848: 843: 838:|author= 831: 823: 819: 812: 809: 804: 799:|author= 792: 784: 780: 773: 770: 765: 760:|author= 753: 745: 741: 734: 731: 725: 722: 717: 715:9780023818707 711: 707: 702: 701: 692: 689: 684: 682:9780836207286 678: 674: 667: 664: 659: 657:9780826217462 653: 649: 642: 640: 638: 634: 622: 616: 613: 608: 606:9780826217462 602: 598: 591: 589: 587: 583: 578: 571: 569: 567: 563: 558: 554: 548: 545: 533: 529: 522: 520: 518: 514: 509: 505: 498: 496: 494: 490: 477: 473: 467: 464: 451: 447: 441: 438: 426: 419: 413: 411: 409: 407: 405: 403: 399: 392: 390: 389: 385: 380: 378: 374: 370: 366: 361: 358: 350: 348: 345: 343: 339: 333: 331: 326: 322: 321:Ned Warren Sr 317: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 282: 281:illegal alien 277: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 242: 235: 233: 230: 226: 220: 213: 211: 210: 205: 203: 202:press freedom 197: 196: 192: 188: 179: 177: 175: 170: 160: 156: 154: 149: 145: 141: 135: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 101: 96: 94: 93: 89: 85: 81: 80: 75: 74: 68: 65: 60: 56: 55: 49: 47: 43: 39: 35: 31: 30: 25: 21: 1319: 1310: 1291: 1285: 1266: 1260: 1231: 1189: 1179: 1160: 1154: 1125: 1115: 1086: 1076: 1047: 1037: 1008: 966: 956: 937: 931: 902: 892: 863: 821: 811: 782: 772: 743: 733: 724: 699: 691: 672: 666: 647: 624:. 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Index

collaborative journalism
Arizona Republic
Don Bolles
Investigative Reporters and Editors, Inc (IRE)
car bombing
Phoenix
Newsday
Robert W. Greene
organised crime
The New York Times
The Washington Post
CBS
Teaneck, New Jersey
Teaneck High School
Beloit College
United States Army
Korean War
Associated Press
The Arizona Republic
Arizona State Legislature
Pulitzer prize

dynamite
Clark Mollenhoff
press freedom
corruption
collaborative journalism

gambling
prostitution

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