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1465:, who seized his bridle and said, "Would you go upon your death, Sire?" Seeing the King swerve away from the enemy, his lifeguard also retreated in disorder for several hundred yards. Meanwhile, Rupert's cavalry had reached Naseby and the Parliamentarian baggage, whose escort refused to surrender and drove them off. Although Rupert rallied his men and returned to the battlefield, it was now too late to save the remnants of their infantry, and he could not induce his cavalry to make another charge. Fairfax halted and reorganised his lines, and when he resumed his advance, the Royalist cavalry withdrew.
1427:'s own regiment repulsed their Royalist opposite numbers, but Ireton then led at least part of them to the aid of the beleaguered Parliamentarian infantry. His troopers were driven off by Royalist pikemen, and Ireton himself was unhorsed, wounded in the leg and face and taken prisoner. At the same time, the second line of Royalist cavalry broke most of the Parliamentarian horsemen. Some of Ireton's regiments, on the far left, were saved from destruction by the fire from Okey's dragoons, but the others broke and fled, some of them not stopping until they reached
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1301:, just over a mile north of Naseby ridge. It was clearly impossible for the Royalists to withdraw to their original position without being attacked by the Parliamentarian cavalry while on the line of march and therefore at a disadvantage. Rupert deployed the army to its right, where the ground appeared to be more favourable for his own cavalry and prepared for battle.
1457:] Eventually, Fairfax led his own regiment of foot and horse against them, breaking their resistance, with Fairfax reportedly capturing their standard himself. Archaeological evidence, chiefly recovered musket balls, suggests this episode took place in the vicinity of Long Hold Spinney, about 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) behind the original Royalist positions.
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Unlike Rupert, Cromwell had roughly half of his wing uncommitted, as only the front line of
Cromwell's wing had taken part in the defeat of Langdale. He sent only four divisions (roughly two regiments) after Langdale, and turned his reserves against the left flank and rear of the Royalist centre. At
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Fairfax initially considered occupying the northern slopes of Naseby ridge. Cromwell believed that this position was too strong, and that the
Royalists would refuse battle rather than attack it. He is said to have sent a message to Fairfax, saying, "I beseech you, withdraw to yonder hill, which may
1434:
Meanwhile, the
Parliamentarian right wing of horse under Cromwell and the Royalist Northern Horse faced each other, neither willing to charge to the aid of their infantry while the other could threaten their flank. Eventually, after half an hour, the Royalist cavalry began to charge and Cromwell's
1544:
The main
Royalist military force had been shattered at Naseby. The King had lost his veteran infantry (including 500 officers), all his artillery, and many arms. He lacked the resources to create an army of such quality again, and after Naseby, it simply remained for the Parliamentarian armies to
1405:
The
Royalist centre attacked first, with Rupert keeping his own wing of cavalry in hand so that the horse and foot could hit the enemy simultaneously. Skippon's infantry moved forward over the crest of the ridge to meet the Royalist foot. There was time for only one volley of musketry before both
1450:
Some of the trapped
Royalist infantry began to throw down their arms and call for quarter; others tried to conduct a fighting retreat. One regiment, apparently Rupert's "Bluecoats", stood their ground and repulsed all attacks. One eyewitness said "The Blue regiment of the Kings stood to it very
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and
Fairfax was instructed to abandon the siege and engage them. Although heavily outnumbered, Charles decided to stand and fight and after several hours of combat, his force was effectively destroyed. The Royalists suffered over 1,000 casualties, with over 4,500 of their infantry captured and
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on 31 May, allegedly killing over 700 soldiers and civilians. Alarmed by this, Parliament instructed
Fairfax to abandon the siege and on 5 June he marched north to engage the Royalist army. Unlike Prince Rupert who had been beaten by Fairfax and Cromwell the previous summer, Digby and Charles
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about 2 miles (3.2 km) south of Market
Harborough. The Royalist scoutmaster, Sir Francis Ruce, was sent out to find the Parliamentarian army and rode south for 2 or 3 miles (3.2 or 4.8 km) but saw no sign of it, perhaps through negligence. Rupert himself moved forward and saw some
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Fairfax's forces pursued survivors fleeing north towards
Leicester. Archaeological evidence suggests fugitives and Royalist baggage guards tried to rally on the slopes of Castle Yard (also known as Wadborough Hill), a wooded hill with the ruins of a motte and bailey castle, about 1.5 miles
1387:
The Parliamentarian army occupied a front about 2 miles (3.2 km) long. They outflanked the Royalist left, but their own left flank rested, like the Royalists' right flank, on the Sulby Hedges. At the last minute, as the Royalists began to advance, Cromwell sent a regiment of
1431:, 15 miles (24 km) away. The entire Royalist right wing had been committed to defeating Ireton, and none were left in reserve. Rupert either neglected or was unable to rally the cavalier horsemen, who galloped off the battlefield in pursuit of the fleeing Parliamentarians.
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into the Sulby Hedges, where they could fire into the flank of Rupert's cavalry. The number of dragoons has generally been reported as their official strength of 1,000 but an analysis of pay warrants shows it was no more than 676 in total.
1314:
The Royalists occupied a front of about a mile and a half, between the Clipston-Naseby track on the left and the Sulby Hedges on the right. Their right wing consisted of between 2,000 and 3,000 cavalry under Prince Rupert and his brother
1343:
were 1,500 "Northern Horse", the remnants of cavalry regiments which had escaped from Marston Moor. Charles commanded a small reserve, consisting of his own and Rupert's regiments of foot (800 in total) and his lifeguard of horse.
1420:] Skippon was wounded by a bullet which splintered his armour and struck him under the ribs, although he stayed on the field to prevent panic from spreading. Even so, the Parliamentarians were hard-pressed and forced back.
1244:
dismissed the fighting capabilities of the New Model. Despite being seriously outnumbered, they were eager for battle; messages were sent ordering Goring to rejoin them, but he refused to leave the West Country.
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troops moved to meet them. Langdale's men were not only outflanked and outnumbered two to one, but forced to charge up a slope broken up by bushes and a rabbit warren. After a brief contest, they were routed.
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At some stage, the King attempted to lead his lifeguard of horse to the rescue of his centre or in a counter-attack against Cromwell's troopers, but was prevented from doing so by a Scottish nobleman, the
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about the same time, Okey's dragoons mounted their horses and charged from the Sulby Hedges against the right wing of the Royalist infantry, as did some of Ireton's regiments which had partly rallied.
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went high, and the Royalist and Parliamentarian infantry were subsequently too closely engaged for the guns to be used. Cromwell's wing, with six and a half regiments of cavalry, was on the right.
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were appointed Commander-in-Chief and head of the infantry, respectively; Cromwell remained an MP but was given command of the cavalry on a 'temporary' three-month commission, constantly renewed.
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Shot, and so made only one Volley; our falling in with Sword and butt end of the Musquet did notable Execution, so much as I saw their Colours fall and their Foot in great Disorder." [
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The morning of 14 June was foggy, preventing the opposing armies from sighting each other across the battlefield. The Royalists occupied a strong position on a ridge between the villages of
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1259:, bringing his numbers up to 14,000. Although Prince Rupert favoured withdrawing, Digby convinced Charles that retreat would be bad for morale and they decided to stand and fight.
1239:. Although he made little progress, by the end of May the town was running short of provisions and to relieve the pressure, the Royalists stormed the Parliamentarian-held town of
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1380:. A Parliamentarian engraving of the battle shows 11 pieces of artillery, in the intervals between the infantry regiments. They played little part in the battle; their first
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1469:(2.4 km) behind the original battle line. Many Royalists were slaughtered when they mistakenly followed what they thought was the main road to Leicester into the
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Fairfax had drawn up his army on the ridge a mile north of Naseby, although some of it was behind the crest on the reverse slope. Ireton's wing of five and a half
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of 300 musketeers was deployed to the front, with a reserve provided by two companies of Colonel Edward Harley's regiment, commanded by its Lieutenant Colonel
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1587:, Parliament gained much support in favour of fighting the war to a finish. Within a year, the first civil war ended in a Parliamentarian military victory.
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They also lost all their artillery and stores, along with Charles' personal baggage and private papers, which revealed his attempts to bring the
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Parliamentarian cavalry, apparently retiring. He was determined to secure the commanding Naseby ridge and ordered the Royalist army to advance.
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The Parliamentarians had also captured the King's personal baggage, with correspondence which showed he intended to seek support from the
1477:, and were unable to escape their pursuers. In the aftermath of the battle, Parliamentarian troops reportedly killed at least 100 female
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2182:
Ede-Borrett, Stephen (2009). "Some Notes on the Raising and Origins of Colonel John Okey's Regiment of Dragoons, March to June, 1645".
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On 12 June, the Royalists were alerted to the presence of the New Model when Parliamentarian patrols clashed with their outposts near
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they could not resign their titles, although they could be re-appointed, 'if Parliament approved.' It also led to the creation of the
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sides were fighting hand-to-hand, the veteran Royalist infantry using their swords and the butt ends of their muskets. Sir
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2152:"Description of the Armies of Horse and Foot of His Majesties, and Sir Thomas Fairefax; the Fowerteenth day of June 1645"
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wipe out the last pockets of Royalist resistance. Charles hoped to rebuild his army with new recruits from Wales and the
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On the Parliamentarian left, the opposing wings of horse paused briefly to dress ranks before charging into each other.
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Description of the Armies of Horse and Foot of His Majesties, and Sir Thomas Fairefax; the Fowerteenth day of June 1645
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Battle of Naseby, hand-coloured copper engraving by Dupuis after Parrocel, 1727 (for Rapins History, v.2, p. 527)
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906:. The defeat ended any real hope of royalist victory, although Charles did not finally surrender until May 1646.
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and Astley's son, Sir Bernard Astley, with a regiment of horse under Colonel Howard in support. On the left under
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through the Cessation Treaty, and Catholic nations in Europe. By publishing this correspondence, entitled
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and headed in that direction. He also had expectations that reinforcements might arrive from Ireland. The
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paraded through the streets of London; they would never again field an army of comparable quality.
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by Covenanter forces ended in failure, but in December of the same year, Hereford was seized by
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The 1645 campaign began in April when the newly formed New Model Army marched west to relieve
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Fairfax recovered Leicester on 18 June. He immediately led his army southwest to relieve
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provoke the enemy to charge us". Fairfax agreed, and moved his army back slightly.
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1251:. The next day, Fairfax was reinforced by Cromwell's cavalry and troops from the
1212:. On 30 April, Fairfax marched west to relieve the Parliamentarian stronghold of
1200:
and retake the north, a key source of recruits and supplies. A faction headed by
2459:
1428:
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was in the centre with five regiments on the front line and three in support. A
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and foreign mercenaries into the war. These were published in a pamphlet titled
1513:
and capture the Royalist-held West Country. The Royalist forces surrendered at
1438:
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The Royalists did not see Fairfax's position until they reached the village of
996:, requiring any military officers to resign from Parliament. As members of the
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2409:
The English Civil War: A Military History of the Three Civil Wars, 1642–1651
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and mutilated many others. This was supposedly done in the belief they were
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of cavalry was on the left. The infantry under Sergeant-Major General Sir
1192:, recently appointed senior commander, wanted to link up with his brother
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At the outset of 1645, the Royalist high command was divided on strategy.
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Turncoats and Renegadoes: Changing Sides During the English Civil Wars
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Soldiers and Strangers: An Ethnic History of the English Civil War
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933:, whose appearance was a great boost to the cause of Parliament.
917:, the Royalist wartime capital. On 31 May, the Royalists stormed
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of lacking commitment, a group that included moderates like Sir
2102:
Cotton, ANB (1975). "Cromwell and the Self-Denying Ordinance".
1000:, Manchester and Essex were automatically removed since unlike
208:
2134:. The Naseby Battlefield Project Limited. 2007. Archived from
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stoutly, and stirred not, like a wall of brasse...". [
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1208:, while a third group preferred to consolidate control of the
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1963:
2132:"The Battle of Naseby, the Formal Phase, 10am to about Noon"
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1630:
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Young, Peter (1939). "King Charles I's army of 1643–1645".
1008:, a centralised, professional force. Moderates Fairfax and
2013:
The Battle of Naseby, the Formal Phase, 10am to about Noon
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in Cornwall, while leading Royalist commanders, including
1950:
1948:
1224:, while the main Royalist field army of 8,600 men under
2176:(England's Recovery), published by John Partridge, 1647
1743:
1741:
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considered the New Model a threat to their capital at
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2336:
Cromwell's War Machine: The New Model Army 1645–1660
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Pamphlets and Pamphleteering in Early Modern Britain
2383:
Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research
2364:
Civil War: The Wars of the Three Kingdoms 1638–1660
2184:
Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research
2406:
1220:was despatched with 3,000 cavalry to support the
1564:to move to strike at the Royalist stronghold of
2564:Massacres during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms
1277:Disposition of the two armies, Royalists at top
965:in September, then lack of decisiveness at the
34:
2206:Naseby 1645: The triumph of the New Model Army
961:. However, this was offset first by defeat at
1501:Royalist horse after the battle, painting by
220:
8:
2413:. Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions.
913:, before being ordered back to lay siege to
2569:Registered historic battlefields in England
2466:. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
1997:
1969:
1903:
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969:in October. The two commanders involved,
2486:Naseby 1645: The Campaign and the Battle
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1235:ordered Fairfax to change his plans and
199:1,000 killed and wounded, 4,500 captured
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1954:
1915:
1626:
1489:whose language was mistaken for Irish.
1231:Concerned by this threat, Parliament's
2355:Battles and Generals of the Civil Wars
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1939:
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1879:
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1819:
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867:took place on 14 June 1645 during the
54:Battle memorial, and beyond the fields
2286:A Topographical Dictionary of England
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1981:
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183:6,000 horse, 7,000 foot, 676 dragoons
56:of Broad Moor, the site of the battle
7:
2549:Military history of Northamptonshire
1039:
985:as well as radicals like Cromwell.
1123:
27:Part of the First English Civil War
2516:Battlefields Trust Resource Centre
2116:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1977.tb02337.x
1986:The Kingdomes Weekly Intelligencer
25:
2554:Battles of the English Civil Wars
2289:. London: British History Online.
2266:Gender and the English Revolution
1553:responded on 28 June by ordering
1485:, though the women were probably
1137:
2544:17th century in Northamptonshire
2488:. London: Century Publications.
1323:and organised as three infantry
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1228:and Prince Rupert moved north.
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2511:The Naseby Battlefield Project
2316:. Cambridge University Press.
2305:. Cambridge: University Press.
1319:. The centre was commanded by
1151:
1109:
1095:
1081:
1:
2226:Naseby: The Decisive Campaign
1606:, was named after the battle.
2228:. Pen & Sword Military.
2203:Evans, Martin Marix (2007).
2168:Engraving by Streeter, from
1598:Commonwealth of England Navy
1581:Irish Catholic Confederation
927:Irish Catholic Confederation
2301:. In Frank Sidgwick (ed.).
1360:, Parliamentarian commander
2590:
2435:(2001 ed.). Penguin.
2405:; Holmes, Richard (2000).
2357:. Seeley Service & Co.
2295:Macaulay, Thomas Babington
1610:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
1551:Committee of Both Kingdoms
1266:
1233:Committee of Both Kingdoms
1190:Prince Rupert of the Rhine
1183:Key locations 1644 to 1645
977:, were accused by many in
2433:The King's War, 1641–1647
2353:Rogers, H. C. B. (1968).
2338:. Pen & Sword Books.
1585:The King's Cabinet Opened
931:The King's Cabinet Opened
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190:
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60:
47:
39:
967:Second Battle of Newbury
2521:British Civil Wars site
1998:Young & Holmes 2000
1970:Young & Holmes 2000
1904:Young & Holmes 2000
1892:Young & Holmes 2000
1796:Young & Holmes 2000
1649:Young & Holmes 2000
869:First English Civil War
238:First English Civil War
186:4,100 horse, 3,300 foot
93:Parliamentarian victory
42:First English Civil War
2362:Royle, Trevor (2004).
2310:Raymond, Joad (2006).
2299:"The Battle of Naseby"
1576:in a surprise attack.
1506:
1443:
1361:
1341:Sir Marmaduke Langdale
1278:
1269:Naseby order of battle
994:Self-denying Ordinance
871:, near the village of
196:400 killed and wounded
119:Commanders and leaders
2224:Foard, Glenn (1995).
1500:
1441:
1355:
1276:
1267:Further information:
894:, destroyed the main
629:Gunnislake New Bridge
191:Casualties and losses
2264:Hughes, Ann (2011).
2156:National Army Museum
1984:, p. 271: From
1180:class=notpageimage|
18:The Battle of Naseby
2243:Hopper, A. (2012).
2063:, pp. 395–398.
1882:, pp. 233–234.
1687:, pp. 398–399.
1253:Eastern Association
953:secured control of
2429:Wedgwood, Veronica
2283:Lewis, S. (1848).
2209:. Bloomsbury USA.
2138:on 24 January 2009
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1473:in the village of
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1362:
1279:
888:Sir Thomas Fairfax
703:Scarborough Castle
505:2nd Wardour Castle
405:1st Wardour Castle
169:Marmaduke Langdale
128:Sir Thomas Fairfax
2574:Massacres in 1645
2559:Conflicts in 1645
2442:978-0-14-139072-7
2373:978-0-349-11564-1
2323:978-0-521-02877-6
2303:Ballads and Poems
2256:978-0-19-957585-5
2216:978-1-84603-078-9
1570:Siege of Hereford
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783:Sherburn in Elmet
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564:Stourbridge Heath
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1503:Sir John Gilbert
1475:Marston Trussell
1463:Earl of Carnwath
1348:Parliamentarians
1333:Sir George Lisle
1222:Siege of Taunton
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945:force under Sir
941:In July 1644, a
877:Northamptonshire
865:Battle of Naseby
832:Stow-on-the-Wold
788:3rd Basing House
743:2nd Lathom House
693:High Ercall Hall
604:2nd Basing House
549:1st Lathom House
495:1st Basing House
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992:introduced the
951:Oliver Cromwell
943:Parliamentarian
939:
892:Oliver Cromwell
886:, commanded by
881:Parliamentarian
861:
856:
619:Cropredy Bridge
475:Aldbourne Chase
425:Chalgrove Field
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2505:External links
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2249:. OUP Oxford.
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2179:
2170:Joshua Sprigge
2148:
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2065:
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2017:
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1568:. The ensuing
1494:
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1479:camp followers
1402:
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1392:under Colonel
1370:Philip Skippon
1358:Thomas Fairfax
1349:
1346:
1317:Prince Maurice
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1283:Little Oxendon
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1010:Philip Skippon
1006:New Model Army
998:House of Lords
990:Sir Henry Vane
983:William Waller
957:by victory at
947:Thomas Fairfax
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884:New Model Army
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2389:(69): 27–37.
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2268:. Routledge.
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2014:
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450:Roundway Down
448:
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440:Burton Bridge
438:
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430:Adwalton Moor
428:
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420:1st Worcester
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355:Braddock Down
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281:Powick Bridge
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159:Prince Rupert
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33:
30:
19:
2525:
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2482:Young, Peter
2463:
2460:Stoyle, Mark
2432:
2408:
2403:Young, Peter
2386:
2382:
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2354:
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2312:
2302:
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2265:
2245:
2225:
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2187:
2183:
2173:
2167:
2160:. Retrieved
2155:
2140:. Retrieved
2136:the original
2107:
2103:
2085:Raymond 2006
2080:
2068:
2056:
2044:
2032:
2020:
1993:
1988:, 10–17 June
1985:
1977:
1955:Roberts 2005
1935:
1923:
1916:Roberts 2005
1911:
1899:
1887:
1875:
1863:
1851:
1839:
1827:
1815:
1803:
1791:
1779:
1767:
1755:
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1656:
1644:
1601:
1584:
1578:
1543:
1508:
1467:
1459:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1433:
1425:Henry Ireton
1422:
1415:
1404:
1386:
1378:Thomas Pride
1374:forlorn hope
1363:
1328:
1313:
1296:
1292:
1287:East Farndon
1280:
1246:
1230:
1210:West Country
1187:
1046:Marston Moor
987:
959:Marston Moor
940:
930:
924:
908:
864:
862:
842:2nd Aberdeen
814:
812:
778:Rowton Heath
732:
680:
678:
649:1st Aberdeen
624:Marston Moor
609:Tipton Green
531:
529:
490:Olney Bridge
460:Gainsborough
435:2nd Bradford
400:Sourton Down
390:Ripple Field
370:Hopton Heath
347:
345:
336:1st Bradford
331:Muster Green
316:Piercebridge
286:Kings Norton
276:Babylon Hill
249:
138:Henry Ireton
102:Belligerents
68:14 June 1645
29:
2073:Hopper 2012
2037:Hughes 2011
2025:Rogers 1968
1940:Rogers 1968
1928:Rogers 1968
1880:Rogers 1968
1856:Rogers 1968
1832:Rogers 1968
1820:Rogers 1968
1784:Rogers 1968
1760:Rogers 1968
1721:Rogers 1968
1673:Cotton 1975
1562:Covenanters
1531:Lord Capell
1519:Lord Hopton
1429:Northampton
1321:Lord Astley
1305:Deployments
1218:Lord Goring
1130:Lostwithiel
963:Lostwithiel
898:army under
822:Bovey Heath
773:2nd Chester
768:Philiphaugh
763:2nd Bristol
718:3rd Taunton
708:2nd Taunton
674:2nd Newbury
664:1st Taunton
659:1st Chester
639:Lostwithiel
559:Boldon Hill
500:Heptonstall
480:1st Newbury
455:1st Bristol
164:Lord Astley
2533:Categories
2366:. Abacus.
2142:22 January
2061:Lewis 1848
1982:Foard 1995
1844:Young 1939
1808:Evans 2007
1772:Royle 2004
1748:Royle 2004
1733:Royle 2004
1709:Royle 2004
1697:Royle 2004
1661:Royle 2004
1616:References
1574:John Birch
1533:, fled to
1471:churchyard
1337:Henry Bard
1202:Lord Digby
979:Parliament
975:Manchester
937:Background
847:Lagganmore
837:3rd Oxford
827:Torrington
793:Annan Moor
723:2nd Oxford
688:Inverlochy
644:Tippermuir
594:1st Oxford
579:Lyme Regis
465:Gloucester
341:Chichester
326:1st Exeter
266:Portsmouth
2162:23 August
1621:Citations
1493:Aftermath
1394:John Okey
1366:regiments
1310:Royalists
1241:Leicester
1226:Charles I
1144:Leicester
919:Leicester
900:Charles I
728:Leicester
544:Newcastle
445:Lansdowne
415:Wakefield
385:Lichfield
380:Camp Hill
321:Tadcaster
301:Brentford
296:Aylesbury
154:Charles I
113:Royalists
84:, England
2484:(1985).
2462:(2005).
2431:(1958).
2395:44219782
2334:(2005).
2297:(1914).
2196:44231688
2158:. London
2124:24411238
1591:See also
1566:Hereford
1559:Scottish
1539:Falmouth
1412:Carabine
1390:dragoons
1325:brigades
1299:Clipston
1249:Daventry
1060:Daventry
896:Royalist
753:Hereford
748:Langport
713:Auldearn
698:Weymouth
669:Carlisle
634:Ormskirk
614:Oswestry
569:Cheriton
539:Nantwich
470:2nd Hull
410:Stratton
291:Edgehill
271:Plymouth
256:1st Hull
178:Strength
73:Location
40:Part of
2104:History
2095:Sources
1511:Taunton
1382:salvoes
1329:tertias
1214:Taunton
1198:Chester
1172:Newbury
1074:Taunton
1032:Chester
911:Taunton
758:Kilsyth
589:Lincoln
520:Arundel
485:Winceby
395:Reading
2492:
2470:
2439:
2417:
2393:
2370:
2342:
2320:
2272:
2253:
2232:
2213:
2194:
2122:
1603:Naseby
1600:ship,
1535:Jersey
1529:, and
1521:, the
1505:, 1860
1401:Action
1331:under
1263:Battle
1255:under
1206:Oxford
1158:London
1116:Oxford
1102:Newark
1088:Naseby
915:Oxford
879:. The
873:Naseby
808:Newark
738:Alford
733:Naseby
599:Bolton
554:Newark
90:Result
78:Naseby
2391:JSTOR
2192:JSTOR
2120:JSTOR
1555:Leven
1537:from
1515:Truro
1487:Welsh
1483:Irish
971:Essex
574:Selby
510:Alton
360:Leeds
2490:ISBN
2468:ISBN
2437:ISBN
2415:ISBN
2368:ISBN
2340:ISBN
2318:ISBN
2270:ISBN
2251:ISBN
2230:ISBN
2211:ISBN
2164:2019
2144:2009
1356:Sir
1285:and
973:and
949:and
902:and
890:and
863:The
815:1646
681:1645
584:York
532:1644
348:1643
250:1642
65:Date
2172:'s
2112:doi
1557:'s
1454:sic
1417:sic
1327:or
1196:at
1002:MPs
875:in
2535::
2387:18
2385:.
2188:87
2186:.
2166:.
2154:.
2118:.
2108:62
2106:.
2005:^
1962:^
1947:^
1740:^
1629:^
1596:A
1541:.
1525:,
1335:,
1216:;
80:,
2498:.
2476:.
2445:.
2423:.
2397:.
2376:.
2348:.
2326:.
2278:.
2259:.
2238:.
2219:.
2198:.
2146:.
2126:.
2114::
2087:.
2015:.
1870:.
228:e
221:t
214:v
20:)
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