505:. The board consists of 100 black and orange squares, laid in an alternating pattern. Both black and orange players are given 20 pieces. In the novel it is played at life size, at the arena in the Barsoomian location of Manator, with actual living people, who are dressed to appear the same as the pieces they represent. The game is a fight to the death, when a warrior is moved into one of the squares, and a warrior of the opposing color occupies the space, the two must engage in mortal combat. The game is intended to portray a battle between the Black Martians of the south and the Yellow Martians of the North and hence the board is traditionally orientated to these directions. While criminals and slaves are usually used as pieces, nobles also participate on occasions. It is played in Manator to win a beautiful woman, usually an exceptionally comely slave. It undoubtedly originates from Burrough's own fascination with
193:
429:, in which Thuvia and Carthoris discover a remnant of ancient White Martian civilization, the Lotharians. The Lotharians have mostly died out, but maintain the illusion of a functioning society through powerful telepathic projections, and have formed two factions, which appear portray the excesses of pointless intellectual debate - one faction, the realists believes in imagining meals to provide sustenance, another, the etherealists, believes in surviving without eating. The Chessmen of Mars is the second example of this trend.
27:
276:, but including scientific elements. Most of the action in a planetary romance is on the surface of an alien world, usually includes sword fighting, monsters, supernatural elements as telepathy rather than magic, and involves civilizations echoing those on Earth in pre-technological eras, particularly composed of kingdoms or theocratic nations. Spacecraft may appear, but are usually not central to the story.
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290:: A prince of the Martian kingdom of Gathol who falls in love with Tara of Helium and is initially spurned by her when revealing his feelings. He later disguises himself as Turan, a mercenary, after rescuing her from the valley of the Kaldanes, revealing his true identity at the conclusion of the tale, by which time Tara has fallen in love with his assumed identity.
347:, who in 1878, had observed features on Mars he called canali (Italian for "channels"). Mistranslation of this into English as "canals" fuelled belief the planet was inhabited. The theory of an inhabited planet with flowing water was disproved by data provided by Russian and American probes such as the two
227:
crippled flier. Tara doesn't recognize Gahan as the prince she met earlier, as he is worn from his ordeals and no longer dressed in his fancy clothes. In light of her earlier reaction to him, Gahan decides to keep his identity secret, and identifies himself instead as a
Panthan (warrior) called Turan.
408:
A technologically backward Red
Martian civilization, which has no firearms or fliers, survives by raiding caravans and prevents anyone from leaving their society. They have two distinctive traditions, firstly a habit of displaying the dead, covered in ornaments, and secondly playing a live version of
247:
The novel was written during 1921, from
January 7 to November 12. It was a particularly inventive and broad piece of imagination, including many details of the traditions, beasts and characters featuring in the novel. While working on the piece, Burroughs created a worksheet with 70 entries relating
486:
The
Kaldanes have sacrificed their bodies to become pure brain, but although they can interface with Rykor bodies, their ability to function compared to a normal people, with an integrated mind and body, is ineffectual and clumsy. The Kaldanes, almost pure brain, are also, while highly intelligent,
226:
Gahan, who has fallen in love with Tara, sets out to find her, only to find himself caught up in the same storm, and he falls overboard while attempting to rescue one of his crew. He stumbles upon
Bantoom, realm of the Kaldanes, and manages to rescue Tara, and together with Ghek they flee in Tara's
230:
The three of them manage to reach the isolated city of
Manator. Gahan ventures into the city seeking food and water, but is tricked and taken prisoner by the inhabitants. Tara and Ghek are also captured. In Manator, captives are forced to a fight to the death in the arena, in a modified version of
528:
set, with carved pieces, after which they had played numerous games, and the game had become popular with other prisoners. Burroughs wrote back on August 16, 1922 to inform the pair they had created the first ever actual set. Interest in the game from fans was high; consequently, he included the
512:
The game rules mirror the structure and plot of the book, with a powerful hero (Gahan of Gathol/the Chief) who needs to rescue a beautiful damsel (Tara/the
Princess) from a terrible villain (U-Dor/the opponent Chief). Burroughs also usually gives his hero a sidekick, and here there are two (the
487:
ugly ineffectual creatures when not interfaced with a Rykor body. Tara of Helium compares them to effete intellectuals from her home city, with a self-important sense of superiority, and Gahan of Gathol muses that it might be better to find a balance between the intellect and bodily passions.
1300:
365:
A million years before the narrative commences, Mars was a lush world with oceans. As the oceans receded, and the atmosphere grew thin, the planet has devolved into a landscape of partial barbarism; living on an aging planet, with dwindling resources, the inhabitants of
377:
It is a world with clear territorial divisions between White, Yellow, Black, Red and Green skinned races. Each has particular traits and qualities, which seem to define the characters of almost every individual within them. Burroughs' concept of race in
208:, protagonists of the first three books in the series. The heroine this time is their daughter Tara, princess of Helium, whose hand is sought by the gallant Gahan, Jed (prince) of Gathol. Both Helium and Gathol are prominent Barsoomian city states.
215:. Later she takes her flier into a storm and loses control of the craft, and the storm carries her to an unfamiliar region of Barsoom. After landing and fleeing from a pack of ferocious Banths (Martian lions), she is captured by the horrific
223:, which they can attach themselves to and ride like a horse. The Kaldanes imprison Tara, intending to fatten her up, then eat her. While imprisoned, Tara manages to win over one of the Kaldanes, Ghek, with her lovely singing voice.
252:, the Martian version of Chess, played with living people. Burroughs was a keen chess player and played games with his assistant, John Shea, while writing the novel, which he invariably won. Burroughs, as he had done in prior
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world now becoming less hospitable to life due to its advanced age, whose inhabitants had built canals to bring water from the polar caps to irrigate the remaining arable land. Lowell was influenced by
Italian astronomer,
395:
A hidden valley. Dwelling place of the
Kaldanes, which are mostly brain, and the Rykors, headless bodies that the Kaldanes use as vehicles. The Kaldanes mostly live in tunnels below the ground. It is ruled by a king
533:
by John Gollon. Gollon made a Jetan set, curious about the game principally as a novelty and played with it; he was surprised by how much he enjoyed the game, and even described it as a 'respectable game'.
641:
has Nazi chess masters with psychic powers that permits them to enter into the minds of concentration camp prisoners allowing them to be completely controlled as pawns in deadly games of chess.
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novels, cast himself as John Carter's nephew, entrusted with Carter's manuscript of another
Martian tale. He actually mentions these games with Shea in the opening pages of the novel.
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influenced by Burroughs, each of whom felt compelled to invent their own extraterrestrial version of chess to be fought with human beings. Instances of such homage include:
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provides a rare instance of its use in fantasy, in a scene in which her three protagonists Harry, Hermionie, and Ron must play as pieces in a lifelike game of
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novels, which appear to explore, or parody, the limits of excessive intellectual development at the expense of bodily or physical existence. The first was
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rules in an appendix, entitled "Jetan, or Martian Chess", when the novel version was published. A chapter on the game was included in the 1968 book
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have become hardened and warlike, fighting one another to survive. Barsoomians distribute scarce water supplies via a worldwide system of
180:
as a six-part serial in the issues for February 18 and 25 and March 4, 11, 18 and 25, 1922. It was later published as a complete novel by
2065:
316:
society who is charmed by Tara's singing, and joins Gahan of Gathol and Tara of Helium in their escape from the valley of the Kaldanes.
219:, who resemble large heads with small, crab-like legs. The Kaldanes have bred a symbiotic race of headless human-like creatures called
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239:; the living version uses people as the game pieces on a life-sized board, with each taking of a piece being a duel to the death.
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400:, with exceptional telepathic powers. Tara of Helium ends up in Bantoom after her flier is blown off course by a massive storm.
374:, controlled by quarreling city-states. The thinning Martian atmosphere is artificially replenished from an "atmosphere plant".
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455:, a complementary species composed of a body similar to that of a perfect specimen of Red Martian but lacking a head. When the
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to architecture, locations, equipment and geographical locations. Of these, probably the most remarkable is his creation of
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413:. Gahan of Gathol, Tara of Helium and Kaldane, Ghek, discover the location while fleeing the valley of the Kaldanes.
421:
While Burroughs is generally seen as a writer who produced work of limited philosophical value, Burroughs wrote two
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series. Burroughs began writing it in January, 1921, and the finished story was first published in
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and away from bodily existence. In order to function in the physical realm, they have bred the
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Tara meets Prince Gahan of Gathol, and is initially unimpressed, viewing him as something of a
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On August 6, 1922 Burroughs received a letter from a prisoner, Elston B. Sweet, an inmate of
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312:: A Kaldane, unusual among his kind in his ability to appreciate emotion, dissatisfied with
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War of the Worlds: Fresh Perspectives on the H.G. Wells Classic/ Edited by Glenn Yeffeth
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1975:
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612:, his own Burroughs-influenced novel of an alternate Mars, also not fully described
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In this novel Burroughs focuses on a younger member of the family established by
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which found a dead, frozen world where water could not exist in a fluid state.
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for this story has expired in the United States and, thus, now resides in the
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Odwars). The other pieces make up the anonymous hosts of allies and henchmen.
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443:. Their form is almost all head but for six spiderlike legs and a pair of
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694:, the character Mr. Hands, a fixer, is seen reading a copy of the book.
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merely climbs upon another as an earthling might change a horse.
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1315:
922:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p.
674:
596:
1721:
Tarzan and the Tarzan Twins with Jad-Bal-Ja the Golden Lion
600:
series, mentioned many times, though never fully described
1106:. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press. pp.
1140:. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press. p.
763:. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press. p.
520:. Sweet and another inmate had used the references to
724:
Bleiler, Everett Franklin; Bleiler, Richard (1990).
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Understanding Contemporary American Science Fiction
537:The concept inspired imitation by authors of later
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1007:. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 203–205.
725:
463:, a bundle of tentacles connects with the Rykor's
330:Burroughs' vision of Mars was loosely inspired by
2800:Works originally published in Argosy (magazine)
1026:
1024:
1288:Edgar Rice Burroughs Summary Project page for
1192:Reneau, Reneau; Reneau-Santiago, Rius (2003).
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
447:. Their racial goal is to evolve towards pure
2425:
1327:
979:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 205.
823:. Univ of South Carolina Press. p. 147.
382:, is more similar to species than ethnicity.
235:, a popular Barsoomian board game resembling
8:
1129:
1127:
951:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 94.
334:speculation of the time, especially that of
19:
795:. Greenwood Publishing Groups. p. 37.
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501:The game of Jetan is a Martian variety of
25:
18:
2335:Minidoka: 937th Earl of One Mile Series M
1228:. Chicago: Shasta Publishers. p. 66.
1031:Scholes, Robert; Rabkin, Eric S. (1977).
1196:. Don Lazaro Translations. p. 199.
844:
842:
840:
732:. Kent State University Press. p.
703:
2795:Martian novels by Edgar Rice Burroughs
2177:The Deputy Sheriff of Comanche County
1226:The Checklist of Fantastic Literature
1068:. Boston: Twain Publishers. pp.
1034:Science Fiction: Story.Science.Vision
892:. Blackwell Publishing. p. 546.
854:"H.G. Wells' Enduring Mythos of Mars"
622:Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone
7:
1037:. Oxford University Press. pp.
690:In the Phantom Liberty expansion of
417:Excessive intellectualism as a theme
298:: A Princess of Helium, daughter of
459:places itself upon the neck of the
338:, who saw the planet as a formerly
2351:Forgotten Tales of Love and Murder
1279:ERBzine Illustrated Bibliography:
657:there. The text is available via
609:In the Courts of the Crimson Kings
471:to interface with the body of the
16:1922 novel by Edgar Rice Burroughs
14:
2319:The Oakdale Affair and The Rider
1641:The Witch-Doctor Seeks Vengeance
1295:
728:Science Fiction, the Early Years
2790:American science fiction novels
2327:Beyond Thirty and The Man-Eater
524:in the pulp magazine to make a
391:Bantoom, Valley of the Kaldanes
2119:The Resurrection of Jimber-Jaw
890:A Companion to Science Fiction
345:Giovanni Virginio Schiaparelli
264:The novel can be classed as a
1:
1753:Tarzan and the Jungle Murders
1705:Tarzan and the Valley of Luna
1509:Tarzan and the Foreign Legion
1501:Tarzan and the Forbidden City
1397:Tarzan and the Jewels of Opar
1062:Holtsmark, Erling B. (1986).
919:Dimensions of Science Fiction
852:(2005). Glenn Yeffeth (ed.).
2678:John Carter, Warlord of Mars
2633:John Carter: Warlord of Mars
2620:John Carter, Warlord of Mars
687:carries a copy of the book.
467:, allowing the brain of the
268:. This genre is a subset of
2780:1922 science fiction novels
2066:The People That Time Forgot
1737:Tarzan and the Elephant Men
1570:Tarzan and the Tarzan Twins
1469:Tarzan and the City of Gold
1305:public domain audiobook at
479:become damaged or die, the
2826:
2740:Edgar Rice Burroughs, Inc.
2389:Edgar Rice Burroughs, Inc.
1960:Tarzan at the Earth's Core
1525:Tarzan: The Lost Adventure
1485:Tarzan and the Leopard Men
1445:Tarzan at the Earth's Core
1437:Tarzan and the Lost Empire
1429:Tarzan, Lord of the Jungle
1413:Tarzan and the Golden Lion
947:Sharp, Patrick B. (2007).
494:
358:
166:novel by American writer
2153:The Bandit of Hell's Bend
2058:The Land That Time Forgot
914:Bainbridge, Williams Sims
196:John Carter's descendants
24:
2711:(short story collection)
2126:Beyond the Farthest Star
1761:Tarzan and the Castaways
1729:Tarzan and the Magic Men
1633:Tarzan and the Black Boy
1578:Tarzan and the Castaways
2785:American fantasy novels
2686:The Number of the Beast
2533:The Master Mind of Mars
2284:The Girl from Hollywood
1875:The Master Mind of Mars
1745:Tarzan and the Champion
1689:Tarzan Rescues the Moon
1477:Tarzan and the Lion Man
791:Westfahl, Gary (2000).
491:Jetan and its influence
177:Argosy All-Story Weekly
148:The Master Mind of Mars
2540:A Fighting Man of Mars
2383:John Coleman Burroughs
2300:Marcia of the Doorstep
2260:The Girl from Farris's
2134:Tales of Three Planets
1883:A Fighting Man of Mars
1617:The Fight for the Balu
1562:Tarzan the Magnificent
1546:Jungle Tales of Tarzan
1421:Tarzan and the Ant Men
1134:Porges, Irwin (1975).
1100:Porges, Irwin (1975).
757:Porges, Irwin (1975).
197:
2694:Sir Harold of Zodanga
2554:Synthetic Men of Mars
2276:The Efficiency Expert
1968:Back to the Stone Age
1899:Synthetic Men of Mars
1609:The Capture of Tarzan
1517:Tarzan and the Madman
1453:Tarzan the Invincible
579:, 19th volume in his
195:
20:The Chessmen of Mars
2770:1922 American novels
2701:Mars: The Home Front
2526:The Chessmen of Mars
2519:Thuvia, Maid of Mars
2441:Edgar Rice Burroughs
2394:Tarzana, Los Angeles
1867:The Chessmen of Mars
1859:Thuvia, Maid of Mars
1814:The Lad and the Lion
1673:The Battle for Teeka
1381:The Beasts of Tarzan
1373:The Return of Tarzan
1343:Edgar Rice Burroughs
1302:The Chessmen of Mars
1290:The Chessmen of Mars
1281:The Chessmen of Mars
1268:The Chessmen of Mars
1241:The Chessmen of Mars
1137:Edgar Rice Burroughs
1103:Edgar Rice Burroughs
1065:Edgar Rice Burroughs
760:Edgar Rice Burroughs
558:, 8th volume in his
555:Renegade of Callisto
433:The Chessmen of Mars
427:Thuvia, Maid of Mars
170:, the fifth of his
168:Edgar Rice Burroughs
159:The Chessmen of Mars
135:Thuvia, Maid of Mars
44:Edgar Rice Burroughs
33:The Chessmen of Mars
2810:A. C. McClurg books
2775:1922 fantasy novels
2661:Barsoomian language
2623:(role-playing game)
2568:John Carter of Mars
2512:The Warlord of Mars
2461:John Carter of Mars
2215:Ruritanian romances
2087:speculative fiction
2074:Out of Time's Abyss
2037:The Wizard of Venus
1952:Tanar of Pellucidar
1936:At the Earth's Core
1915:John Carter of Mars
1851:The Warlord of Mars
1601:Tarzan's First Love
1405:Tarzan the Terrible
817:Harris-Fain, Darren
582:Dray Prescot series
409:the Martian chess,
21:
2805:Novels about chess
2498:A Princess of Mars
2268:The Oakdale Affair
2196:The Outlaw of Torn
1835:A Princess of Mars
1697:Tarzan the Untamed
1649:The End of Bukawai
1554:Tarzan the Untamed
1537:Tarzan collections
1365:Tarzan of the Apes
539:planetary romances
518:Leavenworth Prison
198:
184:in November 1922.
2757:
2756:
2490:Literature series
2407:
2406:
2188:Historical novels
1984:Savage Pellucidar
1927:Pellucidar series
1798:The Eternal Lover
1625:The God of Tarzan
1461:Tarzan Triumphant
1389:The Son of Tarzan
1273:Project Gutenberg
1167:"Exploring Jetan"
1005:Gunfighter Nation
977:Gunfighter Nation
958:978-0-8061-3822-0
659:Project Gutenberg
576:A Life for Kregen
386:Specific settings
274:sword and sorcery
266:planetary romance
155:
154:
98:Publication place
2817:
2745:James Cameron's
2725:(Martian crater)
2613:Warriors of Mars
2586:Princess of Mars
2505:The Gods of Mars
2434:
2427:
2420:
2411:
2377:Florence Gilbert
2204:I Am a Barbarian
2005:Pirates of Venus
1843:The Gods of Mars
1713:The Tarzan Twins
1336:
1329:
1322:
1313:
1299:
1298:
1275:
1251:A collection of
1229:
1222:Bleiler, Everett
1208:
1207:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1165:Ekman, Fredrik.
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1001:Slotkin, Richard
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973:Slotkin, Richard
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793:Space and Beyond
788:
779:
778:
754:
748:
747:
731:
721:
683:, the character
680:Boardwalk Empire
635:'s horror novel
531:Chess Variations
355:World of Barsoom
326:Scientific basis
280:Major characters
143:Followed by
130:Preceded by
89:Publication date
29:
22:
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2820:
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2758:
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2728:
2703:" (short story)
2696:" (short story)
2665:
2639:
2600:
2573:
2561:Llana of Gathol
2485:
2449:
2438:
2408:
2403:
2365:
2343:You Lucky Girl!
2306:
2243:
2237:
2210:
2183:
2140:
2111:The Monster Men
2086:
2080:
2043:
2029:Escape on Venus
2021:Carson of Venus
1990:
1921:
1907:Llana of Gathol
1820:
1773:
1767:
1591:
1584:
1531:
1350:
1340:
1296:
1265:
1259:Standard Ebooks
1246:Standard Ebooks
1236:
1220:
1217:
1212:
1211:
1204:
1194:Misanthropology
1191:
1190:
1186:
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1159:
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2594:John Carter
2476:Tars Tarkas
2359:Brother Men
2311:Other works
2199:(1914/1927)
1806:Jungle Girl
1177:29 December
886:Seed, David
594:, from his
588:John Norman
465:spinal cord
300:John Carter
202:John Carter
2764:Categories
2481:Ras Thavas
2454:Characters
2252:The Mucker
1944:Pellucidar
1774:adventures
698:References
671:4th season
633:Dan Simmon
546:Lin Carter
2749:franchise
2723:Burroughs
2255:(1914/16)
2223:The Rider
1740:(1937/38)
1496:(1935/36)
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651:copyright
645:Copyright
449:intellect
340:Earthlike
115:Paperback
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2121:" (1937)
1657:The Lion
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