158:
1144:
114:
87:
2127:
838:
783:
765:
94:
2115:
816:
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Roxas served as the
President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines in a brief period, from his subsequent election on May 28, 1946, to July 4, 1946, the scheduled date of the proclamation of Philippine Independence. Roxas prepared the groundwork for the advent of a free and independent Philippines,
2585:
The cash economy of the
Commonwealth was mostly agriculture-based. Products included abaca, coconuts and coconut oil, sugar, and timber. Numerous other crops and livestock were grown for local consumption by the Filipino people. Other sources for foreign income included the spin-off from money spent
2705:
The
Commonwealth had its own constitution, which remained effective after independence until 1973, and was self-governing although foreign policy and military affairs would be under the responsibility of the United States, and Laws passed by the legislature affecting immigration, foreign trade, and
2443:
and the post–World War II era. Fighting continued in remote corners of the
Philippines until Japan's surrender in August 1945, which was signed on September 2 in Tokyo Bay. Estimates of Filipino war dead reached one million, and Manila was extensively damaged when Japanese marines refused to vacate
3069:
For the presidential election of 1946 Osmeña refused to campaign, saying that the
Filipino people knew of his record of 40 years of honest and faithful service. Nevertheless, he was defeated by Manuel Roxas, who won 54% of the vote and became the first president of the independent Republic of the
2181:
or the
Philippine Independence Act, which allowed the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines with a ten-year period of peaceful transition to full independence – the date of which was to be on the 4th of July following the tenth anniversary of the establishment of the Commonwealth.
2601:
The performance of the economy was initially good despite challenges from various agrarian uprisings. Taxes collected from a robust coconut industry helped boost the economy by funding infrastructure and other development projects. However, growth was halted due to the outbreak of World War II.
3348:
1935 Constitution, Article XIII, section 3 "The
National Assembly shall take steps toward the development and adoption of a common national language based on one of the existing native languages. Until otherwise provided by law, English and Spanish shall continue as official
2706:
the currency system had to be approved by the United States president. Despite maintaining ultimate sovereignty, in some ways the US Government treated the
Commonwealth as a sovereign state, and the Philippines sometimes acted in a state capacity in international relations.
5246:
2738:
2262:, proved to be major problems. The situation was further complicated by the presence of agrarian unrest and power struggles between Osmeña and Quezon, especially after Quezon was permitted to be re-elected after one six-year term.
2160:
independence. Provisions of the law included reserving several military and naval bases for the United States as well as imposing tariffs and quotas on
Philippine exports. When it reached him for a possible signature, President
157:
3697:
This
Proclamation shall be effective upon its promulgation at Manila, Philippine Islands, on November 15, 1935, by the Secretary of War of the United States of America, who is hereby designated as my representative for that
2947:
Quezon had originally been barred by the Philippine constitution from seeking re-election. However, in 1940, constitutional amendments were ratified allowing him to seek re-election for a fresh term ending in 1943. In the
4919:
1888:
1071:
The Commonwealth of the Philippines was also known as the "Philippine Commonwealth", or simply as "the Commonwealth". Its official name in Spanish, the other of the Commonwealth's two official languages, was
3110:
On June 21, he reappeared in another joint session of the Congress and urged the acceptance of two important laws passed by the U.S. Congress on April 30, 1946, regarding the Philippine lands. They are the
3107:. Among other things, he told the members of the Congress the grave problems and difficulties the Philippines were set to face and reported on his special trip to the U.S. – the approval for independence.
7250:
2165:
vetoed the Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act, but the American Congress overrode Hoover's veto in 1933 and passed the law over Hoover's objections. The bill, however, was opposed by then-Philippine Senate President
1088:(1901–1935), both terms were used officially. In 1937, Tagalog was declared to be the basis of a national language, effective after two years. The country's official name translated into Tagalog would be
5242:
1084:). The 1935 Constitution uses "the Philippines" as the country's short-form name throughout its provisions and uses "the Philippine Islands" only to refer to pre-1935 status and institutions. Under the
2363:, was closed down on December 24, 1941. It was taken over by the Japanese Imperial Forces when they occupied the city on January 2, 1942. Elsewhere in the country, other military posts of the PCA in
113:
2993:
on December 8, 1941. When advancing Japanese forces threatened Manila, President Quezon, other senior officials of the Commonwealth government, and senior American military commanders relocated to
2189:
on July 30, 1934. On February 8, 1935, the 1935 Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Philippines was approved by the convention by a vote of 177 to 1. The constitution was approved by President
7235:
5899:
1700:
5585:
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3002:
3001:. On February 20, Quezon, his family, and senior officials of the Commonwealth government were evacuated from the island by submarine on the first leg of what came to be a relocation of the
1045:
581:
179:
146:
73:
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6002:
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The pre-1935 U.S. territorial administration, or Insular Government, was headed by a governor general who was appointed by the president of the United States. In December 1932, the
1801:
86:
4774:
2402:; they attacked both the Japanese and other non-Huk guerrillas. Remnants of the Philippine Army, as well as unsurrendered Americans, also successfully fought the Japanese through
4040:
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3859:
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as the second Philippine President, who took control over all Filipino forces after American soldiers captured President Emilio Aguinaldo in Palanan, Isabela on March 23, 1901.
5507:
Parallel and Divergent Aspects of British Rule in the Raj, French Rule in Indochina, Dutch Rule in the Netherlands East Indies (Indonesia), and American Rule in the Philippines
3066:
and the liberation forces. After the war Osmeña restored the Commonwealth government and the various executive departments. He continued the fight for Philippine independence.
2090:
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7270:
2109:
1952:
7240:
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1987:
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The new government embarked on ambitious nation-building policies in preparation for economic and political independence. These included national defense (such as the
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and was designed as a transitional administration in preparation for full Philippine independence. Its foreign affairs remained managed by the United States.
6517:
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as the basis for the national language. This was made official on December 30, 1937, in an executive order which became effective two years after issuance.
2247:, the perfection of democratic institutions, reforms in education, the improvement of transportation, the promotion of local capital, and industrialization.
1837:
1710:
1659:
1085:
1006:
770:
7009:
6582:
6475:
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2650:, after English overtook it beginning in the 1920s, became a language for the elite and in government; it was later banned during the Japanese occupation.
1967:
1962:
1913:
1232:
537:
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was inaugurated President of the Philippines in 1935, he became the first Filipino to head a government of the Philippines since Emilio Aguinaldo and the
1852:
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2448:, the Commonwealth was restored, and a one-year transitional period in preparation for independence began. Elections followed in April 1946, with
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In 1939, a census of the Philippines was taken and determined that it had a population of 16,000,303; of these 15.7 million were counted as "
2306:
to prevent its destruction, and it was occupied by the Japanese on January 2, 1942. Meanwhile, battles against the Japanese continued on the
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1977:
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program was initiated by the Commonwealth. However, success of the program was hampered by ongoing clashes between tenants and landowners.
2037:
1982:
1947:
1928:
1522:
1257:
497:
320:
294:
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system, as well as by the dramatic increase in population, which added economic pressure to the tenant farmers' families. As a result, an
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under the banner of the Nacionalista Party. He obtained nearly 68% of the vote against his two main rivals, Emilio Aguinaldo and Bishop
2753:
2486:, otherwise known as the Philippine Trade Act, which was a precondition for receiving war rehabilitation grants from the United States.
2389:
2076:
2027:
2002:
1957:
1755:
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242:
5147:
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277:
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was legalized by Commonwealth Act No. 382. The act, however, only concerns itself with the instrumental composition by Julián Felipe.
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2012:
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452:
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145:
6857:
6850:
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5928:
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Osmeña became president of the Commonwealth on Quezon's death in 1944. He returned to the Philippines the same year with General
2949:
2917:
2892:
2854:
2831:
2814:
2718:
2559:
2291:
1992:
1537:
994:
990:
281:
174:
5047:
5014:
4073:
7165:
7094:
6969:
6921:
6818:
6713:
6611:
6495:
6480:
6348:
4950:
3164:
2536:, and the severing of American ties. The uprising, which occurred in Central Luzon in May 1935, claimed about a hundred lives.
2153:
1060:
805:
119:
5070:
4342:
4018:
3201:
2741:, Douglas MacArthur headed the latter office from 1937 until the advent of World War II in 1941, holding the military rank of
6891:
6693:
6668:
6500:
6269:
6244:
6034:
6028:
5243:"Message of President Roxas to the Second Congress on urging ratification of Executive Agreement with the USA, June 21, 1946"
5226:
2630:", and under 1 thousand "Other". In 1941, the estimated population of the Philippines reached 17,000,000; there were 117,000
2544:
As per the 1935 constitution, the commonwealth had two official languages: English and Spanish. Due to the diverse number of
2500:
2469:
1972:
1393:
1262:
1247:
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265:
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4289:
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7019:
6808:
6803:
6527:
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6828:
6772:
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6565:
6485:
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2925:
2552:" was drafted into the 1935 constitution. In 1936, the national assembly enacted Commonwealth Act No. 184, creating the
2545:
2436:
2407:
2356:
2236:
2223:
The Commonwealth government was inaugurated on the morning of November 15, 1935, in ceremonies held on the steps of the
2017:
2007:
1997:
1557:
1403:
731:
398:
2558:(National Language Institute). This body was initially composed of President Quezon and six other members from various
1637:
1059:
In 1946, the Commonwealth ended, and the Philippines attained full sovereignty as provided for in Article XVIII of the
6931:
6926:
6798:
6733:
6688:
6572:
6463:
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1883:
1371:
1311:
503:
3584:
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7160:
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6229:
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4823:
3209:
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1750:
1482:
1351:
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1113:
1037:
788:
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624:
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6874:
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99:
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567:
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and later left for Australia prior to going to the U.S., where they set up a government in exile, based at the
1597:
1433:
1361:
686:
290:
3494:
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2974:
regimes in Europe. Quezon was also instrumental in promoting a project to resettle the refugees in Mindanao.
7099:
6974:
6631:
3185:
3148:
2479:
2432:
2427:'s army landed on Leyte on October 20, 1944, as did the Philippine Commonwealth troops who arrived in other
2421:
2265:
A proper evaluation of the policies' effectiveness or failure is difficult due to the Japanese invasion and
2114:
1857:
1796:
1715:
1622:
1502:
1346:
1200:
920:
637:
363:
310:
103:
93:
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6507:
6113:
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4621:
State Succession and Membership in International Organizations: Legal Theories Versus Political Pragmatism
4372:
3769:
3235:
3154:
3040:
3017:
2977:
2710:
2149:
1893:
1607:
1013:
4205:, School of Advanced Military Studies, United States Army Command and General Staff College, p. 35,
3320:
7014:
5650:
4230:
3032:
3025:
2329:
2190:
2138:
1811:
1695:
1587:
1492:
4196:"Men of Destiny: The American and Filipino Guerillas During the Japanese Occupation of the Philippines"
3930:
1205:
899:
Capital held by enemy forces between December 24, 1941, and February 27, 1945. Temporary capitals were
7189:
7029:
6616:
6604:
5835:
5778:
5764:
5662:
5489:
3984:
2687:
2681:
2311:
1816:
1806:
1765:
1745:
1612:
1210:
664:
659:
2981:
Tomb of President Quezon and his wife Aurora at Museo ni Quezon, Quezon Memorial Circle, Quezon City
2905:
2482:
July 4, 1946, as scheduled. However, the economy remained dependent on the U.S. This was due to the
7139:
7051:
6131:
5861:
5847:
5749:
5731:
5668:
5644:
5638:
5169:
3451:
Language Policy and Modernity in Southeast Asia: Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand
2749:
2693:
2675:
2398:("People's Army Against the Japanese"), which consisted of 30,000 armed men and controlled much of
2345:
2341:
1908:
1654:
1562:
1517:
1507:
1453:
1366:
1033:
313:
307:
17:
4796:
4149:
Recognition of Governments in International Law: With Particular Reference to Governments in Exile
2413:
7179:
6901:
5841:
5802:
5790:
5723:
5717:
5696:
5684:
5678:
5672:
3832:
3619:
2619:
2428:
2352:. Quezon became ill with tuberculosis and died from it, with Osmeña succeeding him as president.
2217:
2066:
1690:
1592:
1582:
1567:
1215:
1190:
1017:
46:
5531:
5412:
2573:
and grammar book for the language. In that same year, Commonwealth Act 570 was passed, allowing
7119:
6048:
5948:
5855:
5826:
5820:
5702:
5690:
5656:
5620:
5462:
5422:
5378:
5338:
5317:
5278:
5078:
4979:
4973:
4625:
4565:
4531:
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4454:
4244:
4157:
4153:
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3711:
3455:
3428:
3422:
3401:
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3063:
2574:
2424:
2403:
2220:
were proclaimed the winners, winning the seats of president and vice-president, respectively.
2171:
1398:
1376:
1029:
902:
3532:
Officials of the Commonwealth of the Philippines – Funcionarios del Commonwealth de Filipinas
3449:
3395:
7089:
6984:
5808:
5796:
5784:
5743:
5711:
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development and adoption of a common national language based on the existing native dialects
2530:
movement, which advocated tax reductions, land reforms, the breakup of the large estates or
2378:
Meanwhile, the Japanese military organized a new government in the Philippines known as the
2325:
2307:
2259:
2213:
2209:
2201:
2167:
2142:
2119:
1740:
1685:
1627:
1572:
1527:
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1458:
1096:
1080:
1041:
1021:
982:
974:
946:
471:
429:
417:
255:
237:
59:
4884:
7109:
7104:
7084:
7066:
6718:
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6016:
5814:
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3424:
The Politics of English as a World Language: New Horizons in Postcolonial Cultural Studies
3365:
The politics of English as a world language: new horizons in postcolonial cultural studies
3205:
2967:
2887:
2514:
2457:
2315:
2295:
2287:
1918:
1408:
1341:
1175:
655:
549:
483:
375:
135:
4669:
3088:
2748:
During 1939 and 1940, after an amendment in the Commonwealth's Constitution, a bicameral
874:
3676:
2769:
The colors indicate the political party or coalition of each president at Election Day.
6119:
6101:
6095:
5991:
5942:
5772:
5737:
5416:
4195:
3799:
3681:
The American Presidency Project, the Commonwealth Road, consecrated on October 23, 1937
3116:
2963:
2591:
2483:
2383:
2360:
2251:
2162:
2134:
1903:
1705:
1532:
1428:
611:
387:
351:
2709:
During the 1935–41 period, the Commonwealth of the Philippines featured a very strong
7204:
6137:
6089:
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6010:
5978:
5039:
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3100:
2953:
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2521:
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1842:
1252:
998:
887:
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6149:
6125:
6107:
6083:
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5563:
5501:, detailing the functions of the different branches of the Philippine Commonwealth.
4338:
4014:
3879:
The national language was only made an official language upon independence, in 1946
3490:
PROCLAMING THE NATIONAL LANGUAGE OF THE PHILIPPINES BASED ON THE "TAGALOG" LANGUAGE
3295:
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3198:
3051:
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339:
273:
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3801:
A Decade of American Foreign Policy 1941–1949 Interim Meeting of Foreign Ministers
2745:. After 1946, the rank of field marshal disappeared from the Philippine military.
5400:
5372:
5353:
5332:
5311:
5293:
5272:
4619:
4147:
143:
6220:
6143:
5934:
5894:
5605:
4293:
3369:
3036:
2730:
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1664:
1649:
1020:, was at first unicameral but later bicameral. In 1937, the government selected
908:
886:
The Philippines belonged to, but were not a part of, the United States. See the
856:
668:
531:
514:
4592:
4240:
Reports of General MacArthur: The campaign of MacArthur in the Pacific Volume I
3677:"Proclamation 2148 on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines"
2321:
2250:
However, uncertainties, especially in the diplomatic and military situation in
5316:, vol. 1, Quezon City, Philippines: University of the Philippines Press,
4432:
2994:
2924:. Quezon was inaugurated on November 15, 1935. He is recognized as the second
2570:
2526:
2394:
2337:
1923:
1760:
1438:
304:
5437:
5082:
214:
201:
5421:(4th ed.), Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, pp. 1–63,
5196:"President Roxas on First State of the Nation Address, June 3, 1946 | GOVPH"
4767:"Inaugural Address of President Manuel L. Quezon, November 15, 1935 | GOVPH"
4365:"Philippine history American Colony and Philippine Commonwealth (1901–1941)"
3078:
2998:
2587:
2303:
2157:
1577:
1512:
1180:
939:
926:
4561:
Filipino English and Taglish: Language Switching from Multiple Perspectives
4527:
Filipino English and Taglish: Language Switching from Multiple Perspectives
3397:
Filipino English and Taglish: Language Switching from Multiple Perspectives
3188:
of 1916, which uses "Philippines" and "Philippine Islands" interchangeably.
3592:
2318:
until the final surrender of United States-Philippine forces in May 1942.
1012:
During its more than a decade of existence, the Commonwealth had a strong
2594:(with U.S. Army airplanes there as early as 1919), both on the island of
2532:
2372:
1898:
1413:
1388:
1356:
1336:
1291:
1227:
952:
932:
5515:
5334:
Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor
5245:. Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines. June 21, 1946.
2586:
at American military bases on the Philippines such as the naval base at
873:
Some sources assert that an English version written by Mary A. Lane and
6189:
2971:
2444:
the city when ordered to do so by the Japanese High Command. After the
2439:
and re-established from October 28, 1944, to June 30, 1946, during the
2368:
2227:
in Manila. The event was attended by a crowd of around 300,000 people.
1487:
1448:
1306:
914:
5511:
2646:
was spoken by 26.3% of the population, according to the 1939 Census.
2186:
1331:
1326:
1316:
1025:
193:
4074:"The Battle of Malaya | The Japanese Invasion of Malaya as a Case S"
4737:"Did you know: 1st national elections in PH held on Sept. 16, 1935"
2936:
in 1898. However, in January 2008, Congressman Rodolfo Valencia of
2417:
General MacArthur and President Osmeña returning to the Philippines
1032:, although it would be many years before its usage became general.
7134:
6951:
4408:
4406:
4404:
4402:
3087:
assisted by the Congress (reorganized May 25, 1946), with Senator
3077:
3050:
3020:, NY, where he died on August 1, 1944. He was initially buried in
2976:
2904:
2595:
2412:
2364:
2320:
2125:
2113:
1418:
5313:
The Fateful Years: Japan's Adventure in the Philippines 1941–1945
4916:"Manuel L. Quezon, President of the Philippines, Rescuer Of Jews"
3247:
End of Commonwealth government, independent Republic inaugurated.
2302:, which would resist Japanese occupation. Manila was declared an
2193:
on March 25, 1935, and ratified by popular vote on May 14, 1935.
1001:
that existed from 1935 to 1946. It was established following the
5888:
4248:
3099:. On June 3, 1946, Roxas appeared for the first time before the
2959:
In a notable humanitarian act, Quezon, in cooperation with U.S.
1321:
6193:
5567:
5277:, Philippine Historical Association, New Day Publishers, 2000,
3493:, Official Gazette of the Philippine Government, archived from
3344:
3342:
2294:
on December 8, 1941. The Commonwealth government drafted the
2721:, all composed entirely of Filipinos, as well as an elected
1142:
4975:
Valor of Many Stripes: Remarkable Americans in World War II
4177:
4175:
4173:
5443:
A Centennial History of Philippine Independence, 1898–1998
3448:
Antonio L. Rappa; Lionel Wee Hock An (February 23, 2006).
2406:. These efforts eventually liberated all but 12 of the 48
4429:"American Colony and Philippine Commonwealth (1901–1941)"
3547:. National Historical Commission of the Philippines. 1961
2653:
Estimated numbers of speakers of the dominant languages:
2336:
Quezon and Osmeña were escorted by troops from Manila to
4339:"Balitang Beterano: Facts about Philippine Independence"
3747:
3745:
2344:
in Washington, D.C. This government participated in the
7251:
Military history of the Philippines during World War II
5438:"American Colony and Philippine Commonwealth 1901–1941"
5399:
Roces; Luna, Juan Luis Z Jr; Arcilla, Reynaldo (1986),
2279:
Military history of the Philippines during World War II
1016:
and a supreme court. Its legislature, dominated by the
3119:. Both recommendations were accepted by the Congress.
2520:
An example of these clashes includes one initiated by
2386:. This pro-Japanese government became very unpopular.
2243:
for service in the country), greater control over the
3454:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 68.
2569:
In 1940, the government authorized the creation of a
4797:"Manuel L. Quezon | Presidential Museum and Library"
4423:
4421:
2133:: Constitutional Convention. Seated, left to right:
1028:
and its surrounding provinces – as the basis of the
7236:
Former regions and territories of the United States
7075:
6960:
6785:
6655:
6526:
6462:
6335:
6268:
6237:
6228:
5200:
Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines
4771:
Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines
4235:"Chapter X Guerrilla Activities in the Philippines"
4042:
Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Philippines
3776:. Government of the Philippines. February 8, 1935.
3614:
3612:
3610:
2509:held grievances often rooted to debt caused by the
852:
730:
693:
675:
651:
634:
621:
604:
591:
578:
563:
545:
528:
511:
493:
477:
465:
451:
435:
423:
411:
397:
381:
369:
357:
345:
333:
319:
300:
261:
251:
230:
186:
167:
34:
4341:. Philippine Headline News Online. February 2004.
3487:Executive Order No. 134 (December 30, 1937),
3210:
3074:Roxas administration (May 28, 1946 – July 4, 1946)
2577:to become an official language upon independence.
2562:. In 1937. after deliberations, the body selected
2452:winning as the first president of the independent
2110:1934 Philippine Constitutional Convention election
5292:Agoncillo, Teodoro A; Guerrero, Milagros (1970),
5011:National Historical Commission of the Philippines
4194:Sinclair, II, Major Peter T. (December 1, 2011),
4141:
4139:
4130:
4106:
4094:
3959:
3300:National Historical Commission of the Philippines
2756:, was restored, replacing the National Assembly.
2375:engaged in military action against the Japanese.
5977:and other inhabited territories governed by the
5355:The Philippines, a Study in National Development
5170:"Manuel Roxas | Presidential Museum and Library"
5071:"40 Years Later, Memories of Macarthur's Return"
4412:
4393:
3082:Manuel Roxas, last president of the Commonwealth
2966:, facilitated the entry into the Philippines of
2940:filed a bill seeking instead to declare General
2392:continued in the Philippines. This included the
2254:, in the level of U.S. commitment to the future
2200:were held. Candidates included former president
1044:level before the Japanese occupation in 1942. A
4624:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 37–40.
3895:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3591:. Department of Education. 2010. Archived from
3585:"Balangkas at Layunin ng Pamahalaang Komonwelt"
4464:. United States Department of Commerce. 1941.
3716:. U.S.: Oxford University Press. p. 204.
1114:History of the Philippines § Commonwealth
7216:States and territories disestablished in 1946
6205:
5579:
4706:"A History of Plebiscites in the Philippines"
3764:
3762:
3760:
3400:. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 27–29.
3294:Uckung, Peter Jaynul V. (September 7, 2012).
2084:
1089:
1073:
53:
40:
8:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4694:
4431:. Filipinas Heritage Library. Archived from
2952:, Quezon was re-elected over former Senator
2185:A Constitutional Convention was convened in
2177:This led to the creation and passing of the
1007:Insular Government of the Philippine Islands
775:Insular Government of the Philippine Islands
5230:, vol. 42, July 1946, pp. 1625–28
4455:"Statistical Abstract of the United States"
3901:"Philippines, The period of U.S. influence"
3713:Musical Renderings of the Philippine Nation
3683:, Santa Barbara: University of California,
3675:Roosevelt, Franklin D (November 14, 1935),
3573:. Philippine Constitution Association. 1965
7261:States and territories established in 1935
6957:
6791:
6661:
6523:
6468:
6341:
6234:
6212:
6198:
6190:
5586:
5572:
5564:
5040:"Sergio Osmeña | president of Philippines"
3624:, Philippines: St. Scholastica's College,
2480:U.S. recognized Philippine independence on
2359:(PCA), located on the military station in
2091:
2077:
1117:
156:
31:
7271:1946 disestablishments in the Philippines
5547:, Philippines: Government, archived from
5485:The Present Government of the Philippines
5140:"Manuel Roxas | president of Philippines"
4855:"OPINION: The vice-presidency: a briefer"
4822:Villegas, Bernardo (September 18, 2015).
4644:
4564:. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 61.
4530:. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 27.
4118:
1543:Igorot resistance to Spanish colonization
7241:Governments in exile during World War II
4284:
4282:
4045:, The corpus juris, 1935, archived from
3091:as the Senate President and Congressman
2771:
4325:
4273:
4181:
3971:
3751:
3646:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3260:
3177:
1282:Historically documented states/polities
1152:
1131:
1120:
866:
527:
229:
7266:1935 establishments in the Philippines
7226:Former countries in Philippine history
7221:History of the Philippines (1898–1946)
6023:Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
5249:from the original on November 18, 2020
4656:
4233:; Prange, Gordon W. (June 20, 2006) .
4212:from the original on September 3, 2014
3840:from the original on December 28, 2013
3710:Castro, Christi-Anne (April 7, 2011).
2727:United States House of Representatives
2435:was placed on active service with the
2283:Japanese occupation of the Philippines
1110:History of the Philippines (1898–1946)
7246:History of United States expansionism
5176:from the original on November 4, 2012
5034:
5032:
4803:from the original on October 26, 2012
4716:from the original on December 5, 2006
4599:from the original on January 21, 2020
4471:from the original on February 1, 2016
4060:
3995:from the original on October 16, 2007
3911:from the original on February 5, 2007
3687:from the original on November 1, 2008
3662:
3394:Roger M. Thompson (January 1, 2003).
3357:
3355:
3268:Roces, Alejandro R. (June 11, 2009).
3103:of the Congress to deliver his first
2390:Resistance to the Japanese occupation
2355:The main general headquarters of the
1095:
1079:
949:, from May 13, 1942, to October 1944;
633:
620:
603:
590:
577:
562:
558:
510:
476:
464:
460:
450:
434:
422:
410:
406:
396:
380:
368:
356:
344:
332:
328:
318:
27:Former territory of the United States
7:
6174:
5533:Philippines: Polity Style: 1897–2009
5402:RR Philippine almanac: book of facts
5017:from the original on October 7, 2015
4496:. Infobase Publishing. p. 107.
4314:
3522:from the original on October 3, 2017
3134:Political history of the Philippines
3024:. His body was later carried by the
2987:Japanese invasion of the Philippines
2918:first national presidential election
2916:In 1935 Quezon won the Philippines'
295:Indigenous Philippine folk religions
7256:Philippines–United States relations
5544:The Commonwealth of the Philippines
5488:(book), Filipiniana, archived from
5206:from the original on March 24, 2019
5150:from the original on March 27, 2019
5120:from the original on March 27, 2019
5108:Mercado, Juan (September 2, 2012).
5089:from the original on March 27, 2019
5050:from the original on August 2, 2017
4953:from the original on March 27, 2019
4941:Tan, Michael L. (August 17, 2018).
4922:from the original on March 27, 2019
4914:Katz, Deborah (November 14, 2018).
4895:from the original on March 27, 2019
4865:from the original on March 27, 2019
4834:from the original on March 27, 2019
4777:from the original on March 27, 2019
4747:from the original on March 27, 2019
4255:from the original on April 26, 2018
3941:from the original on March 12, 2007
3861:Philippine Autonomy Act (Jones Law)
3808:from the original on April 30, 2009
3518:. Presidential Museum and Library.
3035:in 1979, his remains were moved to
2752:, consisting of a Senate, and of a
2332:in Washington, D.C., while in exile
2212:, and others. Manuel L. Quezon and
18:The Commonwealth of the Philippines
5611:Organized incorporated territories
5371:Lacsamana, Leodivico Cruz (1990),
4679:from the original on March 3, 2016
4593:"Constitutions of the Philippines"
4021:from the original on June 11, 2011
4015:"Text of the Tydings-McDuffie Act"
3864:, The corpus juris, archived from
3628:from the original on April 5, 2009
3421:Christian Mair (January 1, 2003).
3215:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
25:
5374:Philippine History and Government
5274:Philippine Legislature, 100 Years
4972:Baron, Scott (January 14, 2019).
4345:from the original on June 9, 2012
3780:from the original on May 27, 2020
3545:"Manuel Quezon historical marker"
3160:Filipino Repatriation Act of 1935
3047:Osmeña administration (1944–1946)
3031:and re-interred in Manila at the
2901:Quezon administration (1935–1944)
1483:Voyage of Miguel López de Legazpi
1196:Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens
7185:
7184:
7173:
6173:
6164:
6163:
5975:United Nations trust territories
5595:Territories of the United States
5514:: House of David, archived from
5459:The Philippines: A Unique Nation
5069:Lohr, Steve (October 20, 1984).
3730:from the original on May 2, 2014
3129:Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)
3097:House of Representatives Speaker
3003:Commonwealth government in exile
2743:Field Marshal of the Philippines
2505:During the Commonwealth period,
2478:The Commonwealth ended when the
2258:, and in the economy due to the
2060:
836:
814:
781:
763:
141:
112:
92:
85:
7211:Commonwealth of the Philippines
6029:American Concession in Shanghai
5352:Hayden, Joseph Ralston (1942),
3012:and spent his last years in a "
2548:, a provision calling for the "
2464:Independence of the Philippines
1054:Japan occupied the Commonwealth
971:Commonwealth of the Philippines
810:Philippine Executive Commission
36:Commonwealth of the Philippines
6035:American concession of Tianjin
5310:——— (2001),
5295:History of the Filipino People
4413:Roces, Luna & Arcilla 1986
4394:Roces, Luna & Arcilla 1986
4243:. Center of Military History.
3989:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
3589:Bureau of Elementary Education
3325:Official Gazette (Philippines)
3151:Philippines Organic Act (1916)
3058:, president from 1944 to 1946
2912:, president from 1935 to 1944
2501:Land reform in the Philippines
2470:Independence Day (Philippines)
1889:2000 campaign against the MILF
1394:Laguna Copperplate Inscription
1248:Maitum anthropomorphic pottery
1:
5415:, in Dolan, Ronald E. (ed.),
4292:. DLSU-Manila. Archived from
4131:Agoncillo & Guerrero 1970
4107:Agoncillo & Guerrero 1970
4095:Agoncillo & Guerrero 1970
3960:Agoncillo & Guerrero 1970
3828:"The Philippine Commonwealth"
3296:"Music for the National Soul"
3221:; approved on March 24, 1934.
3144:Philippine Organic Act (1902)
3113:Philippine Rehabilitation Act
2997:, and Manila was declared an
2956:with nearly 82% of the vote.
2495:Uprisings and agrarian reform
2350:Declaration by United Nations
2206:Philippine Independent Church
2170:and was also rejected by the
2156:with the premise of granting
1553:Battles of La Naval de Manila
890:article for more information.
717:
700:
6679:Business process outsourcing
5626:U.S. territorial sovereignty
5418:Philippines: A Country Study
4735:INQUIRER.net (May 9, 2016).
2926:President of the Philippines
2437:Philippine Commonwealth Army
2357:Philippine Commonwealth Army
2237:National Defense Act of 1935
1404:Limestone tombs of Kamhantik
721:
708:
371:• 1942–1945 (in exile)
172:Unincorporated and organized
5411:Seekins, Donald M. (1993),
4558:Thompson, Roger M. (2003).
4524:Thompson, Roger M. (2003).
4152:. Clarendon Press. p.
3372:: Rodopi. pp. 479–82.
3199:Philippine Independence Act
3105:state of the nation address
3039:within the monument at the
3022:Arlington National Cemetery
2950:1941 presidential elections
2460:winning as vice president.
2454:Republic of the Philippines
2256:Republic of the Philippines
1894:2nd People Power Revolution
1884:1997 Asian financial crisis
1618:Declaration of Independence
713:
704:
162:1939 map of the Philippines
7287:
5876:Unincorporated territories
4824:"My Lolo Miguel, the hero"
4618:Bühler, Konrad G. (2001).
3321:"Commonwealth Act No. 382"
3139:History of the Philippines
2498:
2474:Republic Day (Philippines)
2467:
2380:Second Philippine Republic
2276:
2107:
1623:American capture of Manila
1107:
793:Second Philippine Republic
7156:
6794:
6664:
6471:
6344:
6159:
6061:
6044:
5987:
5970:
5884:
5871:
5634:
5601:
4885:"MLQ's colorful language"
4493:Immigration and Migration
3270:"Celebrating our freedom"
2830:
2818:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2786:
2777:
2733:does today). An American
2555:Surián ng Wikang Pambansà
2300:U.S. Army Forces Far East
2292:attack on the Philippines
1503:Spanish capture of Manila
1075:Commonwealth de Filipinas
979:Mancomunidad de Filipinas
862:
742:
647:
559:
489:
461:
447:
407:
393:
329:
155:
128:
100:Flag of the United States
81:
69:
42:Mancomunidad de Filipinas
6583:House of Representatives
6476:Administrative divisions
5961:Northern Mariana Islands
5007:"Museo ni Manuel Quezon"
4670:"The Yamashita Standard"
4595:. The ChanRobles Group.
4017:. The ChanRobles Group.
3931:"Hare-Hawes-Cutting-Act"
3362:Mair, Christian (2003).
2991:invasion of Batan Island
2754:House of Representatives
1963:Administrative divisions
1678:American colonial period
1598:Republic of Biak-na-Bato
1434:Butuan Silver Paleograph
1419:Batanes Ijang fortresses
1362:Sultanate of Maguindanao
1233:Cordillera Rice Terraces
1052:from 1942 to 1945, when
991:unincorporated territory
538:House of Representatives
5457:Zaide, Sonia M (1994),
5144:Encyclopedia Britannica
5110:"Boasting of ancestors"
5044:Encyclopedia Britannica
4853:III, Manuel L. Quezon.
4146:Talmon, Stefan (1998).
3935:Encyclopædia Britannica
3905:Encyclopædia Britannica
3770:"The 1935 Constitution"
3427:. Rodopi. p. 480.
3149:Jones Law (Philippines)
2433:Philippine Constabulary
2196:On September 16, 1935,
1858:People Power Revolution
1638:Philippine–American War
1472:Spanish colonial period
945:Government-in-exile in
938:Government-in-exile in
911:from February 22, 1942;
905:from December 24, 1941;
364:Francis Bowes Sayre Sr.
231:Official languages
104:Flag of the Philippines
7180:Philippines portal
6724:Science and technology
5331:Gin Ooi, Keat (2004),
4490:Bailey, Rayne (2009).
4231:Willoughby, Charles A.
3985:"Tydings-McDuffie Act"
3236:Saranac Lake, New York
3204:June 11, 2011, at the
3165:Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act
3155:Treaty of Paris (1898)
3083:
3059:
3041:Quezon Memorial Circle
2982:
2913:
2618:", 50.5 thousand as "
2614:", 141.8 thousand as "
2446:war in the Philippines
2418:
2382:, headed by President
2333:
2198:presidential elections
2154:Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act
2150:United States Congress
2145:
2123:
2067:Philippines portal
2043:Science and technology
1660:UST Baybayin Documents
1608:Treaty of Paris (1898)
1186:Austronesian expansion
1171:Early hominin activity
1147:
1091:Kómonwélt ng Pilipinas
1090:
1074:
987:Komonwelt ng Pilipinas
986:
978:
955:from October 20, 1944.
942:, Australia, in April;
215:14.59583°N 120.97722°E
55:Komonwelt ng Pilipinas
54:
41:
7135:Sport and martial art
6551:Executive departments
5616:Territorial evolution
5436:Weir, Fraser (1998),
5405:, Ramon Roces y Pardo
4741:newsinfo.inquirer.net
4371:. MSU. Archived from
3836:, November 16, 1935,
3497:on September 24, 2021
3184:See for example, the
3081:
3054:
3033:Manila North Cemetery
3008:Quezon suffered from
2980:
2908:
2723:Resident Commissioner
2626:", 19.3 thousand as "
2622:", 29.1 thousand as "
2468:Further information:
2416:
2330:Franklin D. Roosevelt
2324:
2269:during World War II.
2191:Franklin D. Roosevelt
2139:Franklin D. Roosevelt
2129:
2117:
1988:Cultural achievements
1812:Filipino First policy
1802:Mutual Defense Treaty
1756:Philippine resistance
1588:Philippine Revolution
1548:Spanish–Moro conflict
1538:Revolts and uprisings
1424:Golden Tara of Agusan
1146:
1040:recovered to its pre-
1036:was adopted, and the
7000:Fashion and clothing
6841:Environmental issues
6768:Water and sanitation
6605:Regional Trial Court
6450:World Heritage Sites
5492:on February 12, 2009
5413:"Historical Setting"
4947:opinion.inquirer.net
4889:Manila Bulletin News
4290:"Philippine History"
3868:on February 26, 2009
3567:"Constitutional Law"
3117:Philippine Trade Act
2546:Philippine languages
2290:launched a surprise
2239:, which organized a
2225:Legislative Building
2179:Tydings–McDuffie Act
2048:World Heritage Sites
1914:Territorial disputes
1817:North Borneo dispute
1807:Hukbalahap Rebellion
1771:Philippines campaign
1766:Battle of Leyte Gulf
1746:Battle of Corregidor
1721:Tydings–McDuffie Act
1613:Battle of Manila Bay
1603:Spanish–American War
1211:Precolonial barangay
1097:[pɪlɪˈpinɐs]
1081:[filiˈpinas]
1003:Tydings–McDuffie Act
665:United States dollar
568:Tydings–McDuffie Act
6990:Cultural properties
6756:Tourist attractions
6303:Japanese occupation
6053:uninhabited islands
5955:U.S. Virgin Islands
5551:on October 28, 2020
4435:on January 29, 2007
4375:on October 10, 2007
3937:(online ed.).
3907:(online ed.).
3327:. September 5, 1938
3274:The Philippine Star
2429:amphibious landings
2346:Pacific War Council
1909:Philippine drug war
1871:Contemporary period
1838:Communist rebellion
1736:Japanese occupation
1701:Military Government
1655:Doctrina Christiana
1563:Propaganda Movement
1518:Spanish East Indies
1508:Battle of Bangkusay
1454:Magellan expedition
1372:Sultanates of Lanao
1367:Sultanate of Buayan
582:Government-in-exile
220:14.59583; 120.97722
211: /
180:Government-in-exile
136:The Philippine Hymn
74:Government-in-exile
7005:Historical markers
6863:Indigenous peoples
6739:Telecommunications
6513:Political families
6354:Biosphere reserves
5075:The New York Times
4296:on August 22, 2006
4063:, pp. 317–18.
3962:, pp. 345–346
3833:The New York Times
3621:Timeline 1930–1939
3595:on August 16, 2016
3571:Philconsa Yearbook
3084:
3060:
2983:
2914:
2808:November 15, 1935
2765:List of presidents
2419:
2334:
2218:Nacionalista Party
2146:
2124:
2122:of the Philippines
2120:Manuel Luis Quezon
1711:Insular Government
1696:Zamboanga Republic
1593:Tejeros Convention
1583:Cry of Pugad Lawin
1568:1872 Cavite mutiny
1276:Precolonial period
1216:Maritime Silk Road
1191:Angono Petroglyphs
1163:Prehistoric period
1148:
1086:Insular Government
1048:took place during
1024:– the language of
1018:Nacionalista Party
921:Buenos Aires, Bago
738:right (after 1945)
736:left (before 1945)
7198:
7197:
7152:
7151:
7148:
7147:
7062:Traditional games
6897:Income inequality
6880:Human trafficking
6781:
6780:
6744:Telephone numbers
6651:
6650:
6647:
6646:
6518:Political parties
6491:Foreign relations
6458:
6457:
6331:
6330:
6316:Marcos presidency
6307:Postcolonial era
6187:
6186:
6051:claims and other
6049:Guano Islands Act
5949:Panama Canal Zone
5621:Thirteen Colonies
5344:978-1-57607-770-2
5323:978-971-542-274-1
4985:978-1-4766-7441-4
4631:978-90-411-1553-9
4503:978-1-4381-0901-5
4184:, pp. 40–41.
4163:978-0-19-826573-3
3974:, pp. 38–39.
3723:978-0-19-974640-8
3516:"Official Ballot"
3461:978-1-4020-4510-3
3379:978-90-420-0876-2
3064:Douglas MacArthur
2995:Corregidor island
2961:High Commissioner
2898:
2897:
2735:High Commissioner
2715:National Assembly
2540:National language
2441:Allied liberation
2425:Douglas MacArthur
2404:guerrilla warfare
2172:Philippine Senate
2101:
2100:
1948:Ancient religions
1929:COVID-19 pandemic
1784:Post-independence
1523:Captaincy General
1399:Butuan Ivory Seal
1377:Sultanate of Sulu
1258:Prehistoric beads
1061:1935 Constitution
1030:national language
967:
966:
923:from February 27;
917:from February 26;
903:Corregidor Island
848:
847:
844:
843:
798:
797:
600:February 27, 1945
498:National Assembly
467:• 1935–1944
425:• 1944–1946
413:• 1935–1944
383:• 1945–1946
359:• 1939–1942
347:• 1937–1939
335:• 1935–1937
321:High Commissioner
252:National language
175:U.S. commonwealth
147:
16:(Redirected from
7278:
7231:Former republics
7188:
7187:
7178:
7177:
7176:
6958:
6912:Overseas workers
6834:Higher education
6792:
6662:
6600:Court of Appeals
6556:Executive office
6524:
6469:
6342:
6283:Pre-colonial era
6235:
6214:
6207:
6200:
6191:
6177:
6176:
6167:
6166:
6132:Quita Sueño Bank
5712:Indian Territory
5588:
5581:
5574:
5565:
5559:
5558:
5556:
5537:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5518:on March 7, 2019
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5227:Official Gazette
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3804:, Moscow: Yale,
3796:
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3787:
3785:
3774:Official Gazette
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3245:
3239:
3228:
3222:
3216:
3212:
3197:Officially, the
3195:
3189:
3182:
2938:Oriental Mindoro
2934:Malolos Republic
2930:Manuel L. Quezon
2922:Gregorio Aglipay
2910:Manuel L. Quezon
2804:Manuel L. Quezon
2772:
2739:Military Advisor
2737:and an American
2326:Manuel L. Quezon
2308:Bataan Peninsula
2260:Great Depression
2210:Gregorio Aglipay
2202:Emilio Aguinaldo
2168:Manuel L. Quezon
2143:Manuel L. Quezon
2093:
2086:
2079:
2065:
2064:
2063:
1797:Treaty of Manila
1741:Battle of Bataan
1686:Tagalog Republic
1628:Malolos Congress
1573:La Liga Filipina
1558:British invasion
1528:Tondo Conspiracy
1498:Blockade of Cebu
1459:Battle of Mactan
1383:Events/Artifacts
1286:(north to south)
1222:Events/Artifacts
1206:Sa Huỳnh culture
1136:
1118:
1099:
1093:
1083:
1077:
1034:Women's suffrage
958:
947:Washington, D.C.
897:
891:
884:
878:
871:
840:
839:
830:
829:Third Philippine
818:
817:
802:
801:
785:
784:
767:
766:
760:
759:
744:
743:
723:
719:
715:
710:
706:
702:
684:
643:October 22, 1946
638:Treaty of Manila
617:October 24, 1945
574:November 15 1935
570:
418:Manuel L. Quezon
226:
225:
223:
222:
221:
216:
212:
209:
208:
207:
204:
189:and largest city
160:
149:
148:
116:
96:
89:
63:
57:
50:
44:
32:
21:
7286:
7285:
7281:
7280:
7279:
7277:
7276:
7275:
7201:
7200:
7199:
7194:
7174:
7172:
7144:
7071:
7040:Public holidays
6956:
6885:Sex trafficking
6777:
6643:
6561:Law enforcement
6522:
6454:
6418:Protected areas
6327:
6296:American period
6264:
6224:
6218:
6188:
6183:
6155:
6066:Phoenix Islands
6057:
6040:
6017:Volcano Islands
5983:
5966:
5880:
5867:
5630:
5597:
5592:
5554:
5552:
5541:
5530:
5521:
5519:
5504:
5495:
5493:
5482:Kalaw, Maximo,
5481:
5478:
5469:
5461:, All-Nations,
5456:
5448:
5446:
5435:
5429:
5410:
5398:
5389:
5387:
5385:
5370:
5361:
5359:
5351:
5345:
5330:
5324:
5309:
5301:
5299:
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5285:
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5250:
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5224:
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5219:
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5193:
5189:
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5167:
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5133:
5123:
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5107:
5106:
5102:
5092:
5090:
5068:
5067:
5063:
5053:
5051:
5038:
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5030:
5020:
5018:
5005:
5004:
5000:
4990:
4988:
4986:
4971:
4970:
4966:
4956:
4954:
4943:"Quezon and TB"
4940:
4939:
4935:
4925:
4923:
4913:
4912:
4908:
4898:
4896:
4883:
4882:
4878:
4868:
4866:
4852:
4851:
4847:
4837:
4835:
4828:Manila Bulletin
4821:
4820:
4816:
4806:
4804:
4795:
4794:
4790:
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4778:
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4764:
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4574:
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4556:
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4538:
4523:
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4518:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4489:
4488:
4484:
4474:
4472:
4468:
4457:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4438:
4436:
4427:
4426:
4419:
4411:
4400:
4392:
4388:
4378:
4376:
4369:Windows on Asia
4363:
4362:
4358:
4348:
4346:
4337:
4336:
4332:
4324:
4320:
4313:
4309:
4299:
4297:
4288:
4287:
4280:
4272:
4268:
4258:
4256:
4229:
4228:
4224:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4198:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4180:
4171:
4164:
4145:
4144:
4137:
4129:
4125:
4117:
4113:
4105:
4101:
4093:
4089:
4079:
4077:
4072:
4071:
4067:
4059:
4055:
4049:on May 22, 2009
4039:
4038:
4034:
4024:
4022:
4013:
4012:
4008:
3998:
3996:
3983:
3982:
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3970:
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3944:
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3914:
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3843:
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3767:
3758:
3750:
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3709:
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3690:
3688:
3674:
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3657:
3645:
3641:
3631:
3629:
3618:
3617:
3608:
3598:
3596:
3583:
3576:
3574:
3565:
3564:
3560:
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3548:
3543:
3542:
3538:
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3523:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3500:
3498:
3486:
3485:
3476:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3447:
3446:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3420:
3419:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3393:
3392:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3361:
3360:
3353:
3347:
3340:
3330:
3328:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3304:
3302:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3278:
3276:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3229:
3225:
3214:
3206:Wayback Machine
3196:
3192:
3183:
3179:
3174:
3125:
3076:
3049:
2968:Jewish refugees
2903:
2888:Elpidio Quirino
2848:August 1, 1944
2811:August 1, 1944
2790:Vice President
2767:
2762:
2713:, a unicameral
2703:
2608:
2583:
2542:
2515:agrarian reform
2503:
2497:
2492:
2476:
2466:
2458:Elpidio Quirino
2348:as well as the
2296:Philippine Army
2285:
2277:Main articles:
2275:
2233:
2112:
2106:
2097:
2061:
2059:
2054:
2053:
2052:
1993:Diet and health
1942:
1934:
1933:
1919:Siege of Marawi
1874:
1863:
1862:
1853:Fourth Republic
1833:
1822:
1821:
1787:
1776:
1775:
1751:Second Republic
1691:Negros Republic
1681:
1670:
1669:
1475:
1464:
1463:
1409:Kabayan Mummies
1279:
1268:
1267:
1176:Homo luzonensis
1166:
1135:the Philippines
1134:
1127:
1116:
1108:Main articles:
1106:
1069:
1046:period of exile
1005:to replace the
963:
962:
961:
898:
894:
885:
881:
872:
868:
837:
831:
828:
827:
815:
809:
792:
782:
774:
764:
737:
726:
679:
663:
656:Philippine peso
640:
627:
614:
597:
584:
571:
566:
540:
534:
523:
517:
506:
502:
500:
484:Elpidio Quirino
480:
468:
438:
426:
414:
384:
376:Harold L. Ickes
372:
360:
348:
336:
289:
272:
247:
219:
217:
213:
210:
205:
202:
200:
198:
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196:
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178:
163:
151:
150:
142:
133:
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117:
109:
108:
106:
102:
97:
90:
76:
71:
65:
64:
52:
51:
39:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7284:
7282:
7274:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7203:
7202:
7196:
7195:
7193:
7192:
7182:
7169:
7168:
7163:
7157:
7154:
7153:
7150:
7149:
7146:
7145:
7143:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7081:
7079:
7073:
7072:
7070:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7048:
7047:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6966:
6964:
6955:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6888:
6887:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6866:
6865:
6855:
6854:
6853:
6848:
6846:Climate change
6838:
6837:
6836:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6795:
6789:
6783:
6782:
6779:
6778:
6776:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6763:Transportation
6760:
6759:
6758:
6748:
6747:
6746:
6736:
6731:
6729:Stock exchange
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6665:
6659:
6653:
6652:
6649:
6648:
6645:
6644:
6642:
6641:
6636:
6635:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6609:
6608:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6587:
6586:
6585:
6580:
6570:
6569:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6547:
6546:
6532:
6530:
6521:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6504:
6503:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6472:
6466:
6460:
6459:
6456:
6455:
6453:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6426:
6425:
6423:National parks
6415:
6410:
6405:
6404:
6403:
6393:
6391:Extreme points
6388:
6383:
6378:
6377:
6376:
6371:
6369:Climate change
6361:
6356:
6351:
6345:
6339:
6333:
6332:
6329:
6328:
6326:
6325:
6324:
6323:
6321:Fifth Republic
6318:
6313:
6311:Third Republic
6305:
6300:
6299:
6298:
6293:
6291:Spanish period
6285:
6280:
6274:
6272:
6266:
6265:
6263:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6241:
6239:
6232:
6226:
6225:
6223: articles
6219:
6217:
6216:
6209:
6202:
6194:
6185:
6184:
6182:
6181:
6171:
6160:
6157:
6156:
6154:
6153:
6147:
6146:(1899–present)
6141:
6140:(1898–present)
6135:
6129:
6128:(1867–present)
6123:
6122:(1867–present)
6120:Howland Island
6117:
6111:
6110:(1860–present)
6105:
6104:(1858–present)
6102:Navassa Island
6099:
6098:(1858–present)
6096:Johnston Atoll
6093:
6092:(1858–present)
6087:
6086:(1857–present)
6081:
6075:
6069:
6062:
6059:
6058:
6056:
6055:
6045:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6038:
6032:
6026:
6020:
6014:
6008:
6007:
6006:
6000:
5992:Ryukyu Islands
5988:
5985:
5984:
5982:
5981:
5971:
5968:
5967:
5965:
5964:
5963:(1986–present)
5958:
5957:(1917–present)
5952:
5946:
5945:(1899–present)
5943:American Samoa
5940:
5939:
5938:
5932:
5926:
5917:
5916:
5915:
5909:
5903:
5892:
5891:(1898–present)
5885:
5882:
5881:
5879:
5878:
5872:
5869:
5868:
5866:
5865:
5859:
5853:
5852:
5851:
5845:
5839:
5830:
5824:
5818:
5812:
5806:
5800:
5794:
5788:
5782:
5776:
5770:
5769:
5768:
5762:
5753:
5747:
5741:
5735:
5729:
5728:
5727:
5721:
5715:
5706:
5700:
5694:
5688:
5682:
5676:
5666:
5660:
5654:
5648:
5642:
5635:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5602:
5599:
5598:
5593:
5591:
5590:
5583:
5576:
5568:
5562:
5561:
5539:
5536:, Archontology
5528:
5502:
5477:
5476:External links
5474:
5473:
5472:
5467:
5454:
5433:
5427:
5408:
5396:
5383:
5368:
5349:
5343:
5328:
5322:
5307:
5298:, Malaya Books
5289:
5283:
5267:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5234:
5217:
5187:
5161:
5131:
5100:
5061:
5028:
4998:
4984:
4964:
4933:
4906:
4876:
4845:
4814:
4788:
4758:
4727:
4690:
4661:
4649:
4645:Agoncillo 2001
4637:
4630:
4610:
4584:
4570:
4550:
4536:
4516:
4502:
4482:
4446:
4417:
4415:, p. 338.
4398:
4396:, p. 140.
4386:
4356:
4330:
4318:
4307:
4278:
4266:
4222:
4186:
4169:
4162:
4135:
4133:, p. 415.
4123:
4121:, p. 168.
4119:Lacsamana 1990
4111:
4109:, p. 392.
4099:
4097:, p. 390.
4087:
4065:
4053:
4032:
4006:
3976:
3964:
3952:
3922:
3881:
3872:
3851:
3819:
3791:
3756:
3741:
3722:
3702:
3667:
3665:, p. 319.
3655:
3639:
3606:
3558:
3536:
3507:
3474:
3460:
3433:
3406:
3378:
3351:
3338:
3312:
3286:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3240:
3223:
3190:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3124:
3121:
3075:
3072:
3048:
3045:
2989:began with an
2964:Paul V. McNutt
2902:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2607:
2604:
2592:Clark Air Base
2582:
2579:
2541:
2538:
2507:tenant farmers
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2484:Bell Trade Act
2465:
2462:
2384:Jose P. Laurel
2361:Ermita, Manila
2342:Shoreham Hotel
2274:
2271:
2252:Southeast Asia
2232:
2229:
2163:Herbert Hoover
2135:George H. Dern
2131:March 23, 1935
2105:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2013:Historiography
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1978:Communications
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1958:Queen consorts
1955:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1904:Oakwood mutiny
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1879:Fifth Republic
1875:
1873:(1986–present)
1869:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1792:Third Republic
1788:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1706:Moro Rebellion
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1633:First Republic
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1533:Manila galleon
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1493:Treaty of Cebu
1490:
1485:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1429:Monreal Stones
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1139:
1138:
1129:
1128:
1121:
1105:
1102:
1068:
1065:
965:
964:
960:
959:
957:
956:
950:
943:
936:
935:from March 23;
930:
929:from March 19;
924:
918:
912:
906:
892:
879:
865:
864:
863:
860:
859:
854:
850:
849:
846:
845:
842:
841:
834:
820:
819:
812:
799:
796:
795:
786:
778:
777:
768:
756:
755:
750:
740:
739:
734:
728:
727:
725:
724:
711:
697:
695:
691:
690:
677:
673:
672:
653:
649:
648:
645:
644:
641:
635:
632:
631:
628:
622:
619:
618:
615:
605:
602:
601:
598:
592:
589:
588:
587:March 12, 1942
585:
579:
576:
575:
572:
564:
561:
560:
557:
556:
547:
546:Historical era
543:
542:
535:
529:
526:
525:
518:
512:
509:
508:
495:
491:
490:
487:
486:
481:
478:
475:
474:
469:
466:
463:
462:
459:
458:
455:
453:Vice President
449:
448:
445:
444:
439:
436:
433:
432:
427:
424:
421:
420:
415:
412:
409:
408:
405:
404:
401:
395:
394:
391:
390:
388:Paul V. McNutt
385:
382:
379:
378:
373:
370:
367:
366:
361:
358:
355:
354:
352:Paul V. McNutt
349:
346:
343:
342:
337:
334:
331:
330:
327:
326:
323:
317:
316:
311:constitutional
302:
298:
297:
263:
259:
258:
253:
249:
248:
246:
245:
240:
234:
232:
228:
227:
191:
188:
184:
183:
169:
165:
164:
161:
153:
152:
140:
139:
126:
125:
118:
111:
110:
98:
91:
84:
83:
82:
79:
78:
67:
66:
38:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7283:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7208:
7206:
7191:
7183:
7181:
7171:
7170:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7158:
7155:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7130:Sign language
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7082:
7080:
7078:
7074:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7046:
7043:
7042:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6967:
6965:
6963:
6959:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6886:
6883:
6882:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6864:
6861:
6860:
6859:
6858:Ethnic groups
6856:
6852:
6851:Deforestation
6849:
6847:
6844:
6843:
6842:
6839:
6835:
6832:
6831:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6796:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6784:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6757:
6754:
6753:
6752:
6749:
6745:
6742:
6741:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6709:National debt
6707:
6705:
6704:Fiscal policy
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6666:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6654:
6640:
6637:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6614:
6613:
6610:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6595:Supreme Court
6593:
6592:
6591:
6588:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6575:
6574:
6571:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6545:
6542:
6541:
6540:
6537:
6536:
6534:
6533:
6531:
6529:
6525:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6502:
6499:
6498:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6473:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6461:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6424:
6421:
6420:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6402:
6399:
6398:
6397:
6396:Island groups
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6366:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6346:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6334:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6308:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6288:
6287:Colonial era
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6275:
6273:
6271:
6267:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6242:
6240:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6227:
6222:
6215:
6210:
6208:
6203:
6201:
6196:
6195:
6192:
6180:
6172:
6170:
6162:
6161:
6158:
6151:
6148:
6145:
6142:
6139:
6138:Palmyra Atoll
6136:
6133:
6130:
6127:
6124:
6121:
6118:
6115:
6112:
6109:
6106:
6103:
6100:
6097:
6094:
6091:
6090:Jarvis Island
6088:
6085:
6082:
6079:
6076:
6073:
6072:Roncador Bank
6070:
6067:
6064:
6063:
6060:
6054:
6050:
6047:
6046:
6043:
6036:
6033:
6030:
6027:
6024:
6021:
6018:
6015:
6012:
6011:Bonin Islands
6009:
6004:
6001:
5998:
5995:
5994:
5993:
5990:
5989:
5986:
5980:
5979:United States
5976:
5973:
5972:
5969:
5962:
5959:
5956:
5953:
5950:
5947:
5944:
5941:
5936:
5933:
5930:
5927:
5924:
5921:
5920:
5918:
5913:
5910:
5907:
5904:
5901:
5898:
5897:
5896:
5893:
5890:
5887:
5886:
5883:
5877:
5874:
5873:
5870:
5863:
5860:
5857:
5854:
5849:
5846:
5843:
5840:
5837:
5834:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5825:
5822:
5819:
5816:
5813:
5810:
5807:
5804:
5801:
5798:
5795:
5792:
5789:
5786:
5783:
5780:
5777:
5774:
5771:
5766:
5763:
5760:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5748:
5745:
5742:
5739:
5736:
5733:
5730:
5725:
5722:
5719:
5716:
5713:
5710:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5701:
5698:
5695:
5692:
5689:
5686:
5683:
5680:
5677:
5674:
5670:
5667:
5664:
5661:
5658:
5655:
5652:
5649:
5646:
5643:
5640:
5637:
5636:
5633:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5603:
5600:
5596:
5589:
5584:
5582:
5577:
5575:
5570:
5569:
5566:
5550:
5546:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5534:
5529:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5508:
5503:
5491:
5487:
5486:
5480:
5479:
5475:
5470:
5468:971-642-071-4
5464:
5460:
5455:
5445:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5430:
5428:0-8444-0748-8
5424:
5420:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5403:
5397:
5386:
5384:971-06-1894-6
5380:
5376:
5375:
5369:
5357:
5356:
5350:
5346:
5340:
5336:
5335:
5329:
5325:
5319:
5315:
5314:
5308:
5297:
5296:
5290:
5286:
5284:971-92245-0-9
5280:
5276:
5275:
5270:
5269:
5265:
5248:
5244:
5238:
5235:
5229:
5228:
5221:
5218:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5191:
5188:
5175:
5171:
5165:
5162:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5135:
5132:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5104:
5101:
5088:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5065:
5062:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5035:
5033:
5029:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5002:
4999:
4987:
4981:
4978:. McFarland.
4977:
4976:
4968:
4965:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4937:
4934:
4921:
4917:
4910:
4907:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4880:
4877:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4849:
4846:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4818:
4815:
4802:
4798:
4792:
4789:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4762:
4759:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4731:
4728:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4695:
4691:
4675:
4671:
4665:
4662:
4658:
4653:
4650:
4646:
4641:
4638:
4633:
4627:
4623:
4622:
4614:
4611:
4598:
4594:
4588:
4585:
4573:
4571:9789027248916
4567:
4563:
4562:
4554:
4551:
4539:
4537:9789027248916
4533:
4529:
4528:
4520:
4517:
4505:
4499:
4495:
4494:
4486:
4483:
4467:
4463:
4456:
4450:
4447:
4434:
4430:
4424:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4390:
4387:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4360:
4357:
4344:
4340:
4334:
4331:
4328:, p. 43.
4327:
4322:
4319:
4316:
4311:
4308:
4295:
4291:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4276:, p. 41.
4275:
4270:
4267:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4241:
4236:
4232:
4226:
4223:
4208:
4204:
4197:
4190:
4187:
4183:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4170:
4165:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4150:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4127:
4124:
4120:
4115:
4112:
4108:
4103:
4100:
4096:
4091:
4088:
4075:
4069:
4066:
4062:
4057:
4054:
4048:
4044:
4043:
4036:
4033:
4020:
4016:
4010:
4007:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3980:
3977:
3973:
3968:
3965:
3961:
3956:
3953:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3926:
3923:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3876:
3873:
3867:
3863:
3862:
3855:
3852:
3839:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3823:
3820:
3812:September 30,
3807:
3803:
3802:
3795:
3792:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3754:, p. 39.
3753:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3729:
3725:
3719:
3715:
3714:
3706:
3703:
3699:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3671:
3668:
3664:
3659:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3643:
3640:
3627:
3623:
3622:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3599:September 26,
3594:
3590:
3586:
3577:September 26,
3572:
3568:
3562:
3559:
3546:
3540:
3537:
3533:
3521:
3517:
3511:
3508:
3496:
3492:
3491:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3463:
3457:
3453:
3452:
3436:
3434:90-420-0876-8
3430:
3426:
3425:
3409:
3407:90-272-4891-5
3403:
3399:
3398:
3381:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3366:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3326:
3322:
3316:
3313:
3301:
3297:
3290:
3287:
3275:
3271:
3264:
3261:
3254:
3244:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3224:
3220:
3213:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3194:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3178:
3171:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3101:joint session
3098:
3094:
3093:Eugenio Pérez
3090:
3080:
3073:
3071:
3070:Philippines.
3067:
3065:
3057:
3056:Sergio Osmeña
3053:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2979:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2957:
2955:
2954:Juan Sumulong
2951:
2945:
2943:
2942:Miguel Malvar
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2911:
2907:
2900:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:July 4, 1946
2878:
2876:May 28, 1946
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:May 28, 1946
2850:
2847:
2845:
2844:Sergio Osmeña
2842:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2820:Sergio Osmeña
2816:
2805:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2783:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2764:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2719:Supreme Court
2716:
2712:
2707:
2700:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2560:ethnic groups
2557:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2522:Benigno Ramos
2518:
2516:
2512:
2511:sharecropping
2508:
2502:
2494:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2471:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2415:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2400:Central Luzon
2397:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2214:Sergio Osmeña
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2180:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2103:
2094:
2089:
2087:
2082:
2080:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2058:
2057:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1938:
1937:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1866:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1843:Moro conflict
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1825:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1779:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1673:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1272:
1271:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1253:Manunggul Jar
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1130:
1125:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1076:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
999:United States
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
954:
951:
948:
944:
941:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
901:
900:
896:
893:
889:
888:Insular Cases
883:
880:
876:
870:
867:
861:
858:
855:
853:Today part of
851:
835:
833:
826:
822:
821:
813:
811:
808:
804:
803:
800:
794:
791:
787:
780:
779:
776:
773:
769:
762:
761:
758:
757:
754:
751:
749:
746:
745:
741:
735:
733:
729:
712:
699:
698:
696:
692:
688:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
661:
657:
654:
650:
646:
642:
639:
629:
626:
616:
613:
609:
599:
596:
586:
583:
573:
569:
555:
551:
548:
544:
539:
536:
533:
522:
519:
516:
505:
499:
496:
492:
488:
485:
482:
473:
472:Sergio Osmeña
470:
456:
454:
446:
443:
440:
431:
430:Sergio Osmeña
428:
419:
416:
402:
400:
392:
389:
386:
377:
374:
365:
362:
353:
350:
341:
338:
324:
322:
315:
312:
309:
306:
303:
299:
296:
292:
288:
285:
283:
282:Protestantism
279:
275:
271:
267:
266:None official
264:
260:
257:
254:
250:
244:
241:
239:
236:
235:
233:
224:
195:
192:
185:
181:
176:
173:
170:
166:
159:
154:
137:
131:
127:
121:
115:
105:
101:
95:
88:
80:
75:
68:
61:
56:
48:
43:
33:
30:
19:
7166:Bibliography
7095:Coat of arms
7067:Value system
6970:Architecture
6922:Prostitution
6819:Demographics
6689:Central bank
6632:Marine Corps
6612:Armed Forces
6496:Human rights
6481:Constitution
6430:Ramsar sites
6150:Corn Islands
6126:Midway Atoll
6114:Swan Islands
6108:Kingman Reef
6084:Baker Island
6078:Serrana Bank
5937:1952–present
5935:Commonwealth
5919:Puerto Rico
5912:Commonwealth
5911:
5553:, retrieved
5549:the original
5543:
5532:
5520:, retrieved
5516:the original
5506:
5496:December 23,
5494:, retrieved
5490:the original
5484:
5458:
5449:December 28,
5447:, retrieved
5442:
5417:
5401:
5390:December 28,
5388:, retrieved
5373:
5362:December 28,
5360:, retrieved
5354:
5337:, ABC-CLIO,
5333:
5312:
5302:December 28,
5300:, retrieved
5294:
5273:
5266:Bibliography
5253:November 13,
5251:. Retrieved
5237:
5225:
5220:
5208:. Retrieved
5199:
5190:
5178:. Retrieved
5164:
5152:. Retrieved
5143:
5134:
5122:. Retrieved
5114:Sunstar Cebu
5113:
5103:
5091:. Retrieved
5074:
5064:
5052:. Retrieved
5043:
5019:. Retrieved
5010:
5001:
4989:. Retrieved
4974:
4967:
4955:. Retrieved
4946:
4936:
4924:. Retrieved
4909:
4897:. Retrieved
4888:
4879:
4867:. Retrieved
4859:ABS-CBN News
4858:
4848:
4836:. Retrieved
4827:
4817:
4805:. Retrieved
4791:
4779:. Retrieved
4770:
4761:
4749:. Retrieved
4740:
4730:
4720:February 12,
4718:. Retrieved
4709:
4683:February 12,
4681:. Retrieved
4664:
4652:
4640:
4620:
4613:
4603:February 10,
4601:. Retrieved
4587:
4577:September 7,
4575:. Retrieved
4560:
4553:
4543:September 7,
4541:. Retrieved
4526:
4519:
4509:September 8,
4507:. Retrieved
4492:
4485:
4475:September 8,
4473:. Retrieved
4461:
4449:
4439:February 12,
4437:. Retrieved
4433:the original
4389:
4379:February 11,
4377:. Retrieved
4373:the original
4368:
4359:
4349:February 11,
4347:. Retrieved
4333:
4326:Seekins 1993
4321:
4310:
4300:February 11,
4298:. Retrieved
4294:the original
4274:Seekins 1993
4269:
4257:. Retrieved
4239:
4225:
4216:September 2,
4214:, retrieved
4202:
4189:
4182:Seekins 1993
4148:
4126:
4114:
4102:
4090:
4078:. Retrieved
4068:
4056:
4047:the original
4041:
4035:
4025:February 10,
4023:. Retrieved
4009:
3999:February 10,
3997:. Retrieved
3988:
3979:
3972:Seekins 1993
3967:
3955:
3945:February 10,
3943:. Retrieved
3934:
3925:
3915:February 10,
3913:. Retrieved
3904:
3875:
3866:the original
3860:
3854:
3842:, retrieved
3831:
3822:
3810:, retrieved
3800:
3794:
3782:. Retrieved
3773:
3752:Seekins 1993
3732:. Retrieved
3712:
3705:
3696:
3689:, retrieved
3680:
3670:
3658:
3647:Gin Ooi 2004
3642:
3630:, retrieved
3620:
3597:. Retrieved
3593:the original
3588:
3575:. Retrieved
3570:
3561:
3549:. Retrieved
3539:
3531:
3524:. Retrieved
3510:
3499:, retrieved
3495:the original
3489:
3465:. Retrieved
3450:
3438:. Retrieved
3423:
3411:. Retrieved
3396:
3385:February 17,
3383:. Retrieved
3364:
3329:. Retrieved
3324:
3315:
3303:. Retrieved
3299:
3289:
3277:. Retrieved
3273:
3263:
3243:
3232:tuberculosis
3226:
3193:
3180:
3109:
3089:José Avelino
3085:
3068:
3061:
3027:
3018:Saranac Lake
3014:cure cottage
3010:tuberculosis
3007:
3005:to the U.S.
2984:
2958:
2946:
2915:
2872:Manuel Roxas
2859:
2855:Nacionalista
2815:Nacionalista
2784:Left office
2781:Took office
2768:
2747:
2708:
2704:
2652:
2638:, and 9,000
2609:
2606:Demographics
2600:
2584:
2568:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2531:
2525:
2524:through his
2519:
2504:
2477:
2450:Manuel Roxas
2420:
2393:
2388:
2377:
2354:
2335:
2286:
2273:World War II
2264:
2249:
2241:conscription
2234:
2222:
2195:
2184:
2176:
2147:
2137:, President
2130:
1731:World War II
1726:Commonwealth
1725:
1643:
1642:
1477:
1444:Barter rings
1382:
1381:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1243:Kalanay Cave
1221:
1220:
1201:Jade culture
1070:
1058:
1050:World War II
1011:
995:commonwealth
970:
968:
895:
882:
875:Camilo Osías
869:
824:
806:
789:
771:
753:Succeeded by
752:
747:
630:July 4, 1946
625:Independence
554:World War II
479:• 1946
442:Manuel Roxas
437:• 1946
340:Frank Murphy
308:presidential
286:
274:Christianity
269:
268:
129:
120:Coat of arms
29:
6892:Immigration
6694:Child labor
6669:Agriculture
6639:Coast Guard
6573:Legislative
6508:Legal codes
6381:Earthquakes
6245:Archaeology
6221:Philippines
6152:(1914–1971)
6144:Wake Island
6134:(1869–1981)
6116:(1863–1972)
6080:(1856–1981)
6074:(1856–1981)
6068:(1856–1979)
6037:(1860–1901)
6031:(1848–1863)
6025:(1947–1994)
6019:(1945–1968)
6013:(1945–1968)
5951:(1903–1979)
5895:Philippines
5864:(1900–1959)
5858:(1868–1890)
5829:(1864–1889)
5823:(1863–1912)
5817:(1863–1890)
5811:(1861–1889)
5805:(1861–1876)
5799:(1861–1864)
5793:(1854–1867)
5787:(1854–1861)
5781:(1853–1889)
5775:(1850–1896)
5759:Provisional
5755:New Mexico
5752:(1849–1858)
5746:(1848–1859)
5740:(1838–1846)
5734:(1836–1848)
5705:(1822–1845)
5699:(1819–1836)
5693:(1817–1819)
5687:(1809–1818)
5681:(1805–1837)
5675:(1805–1821)
5665:(1804–1812)
5659:(1800–1816)
5653:(1798–1817)
5651:Mississippi
5647:(1790–1796)
5641:(1787–1803)
5606:Organic act
5377:, Phoenix,
5358:, Macmillan
4657:Hayden 1942
3349:languages."
3037:Quezon City
2731:Puerto Rico
2688:Kapampangan
2678:: 1,951,005
2672:: 2,353,518
2666:: 3,068,565
2660:: 4,620,685
2152:passed the
1973:Archaeology
1968:Agriculture
1848:Martial law
1832:(1965–1986)
1786:(1946–1965)
1680:(1898–1946)
1665:Velarde map
1650:Boxer Codex
1474:(1565–1898)
1263:Shell tools
1238:Grave goods
1133:History of
909:Iloilo City
857:Philippines
748:Preceded by
694:Date format
595:Restoration
541:(1945–1946)
532:Lower house
524:(1945–1946)
515:Upper house
507:(1945–1946)
501:(1935–1941)
494:Legislature
291:Sunni Islam
278:Catholicism
218: /
206:120°58′38″E
182:(1942–1945)
177:(1935–1946)
107:(1935–1946)
72:1942–1945:
7205:Categories
7115:Great Seal
7052:Psychology
7015:Literature
7010:Inventions
6809:Corruption
6804:Censorship
6674:Automotive
6535:Executive
6528:Government
6386:Ecoregions
6278:Prehistory
6270:Chronology
5836:Department
5779:Washington
4462:census.gov
4076:. p.
4061:Zaide 1994
3844:October 1,
3663:Zaide 1994
3649:, p.
3551:August 16,
3501:August 30,
3331:January 3,
3305:January 3,
3279:January 3,
3255:References
2778:President
2701:Government
2694:Pangasinan
2676:Hiligaynon
2571:dictionary
2527:Sakdalista
2499:See also:
2395:Hukbalahap
2338:Corregidor
2312:Corregidor
2267:occupation
2118:President
2108:See also:
1924:Bangsamoro
1830:Marcos era
1761:Hukbalahap
1439:Piloncitos
1278:(900–1565)
1042:Depression
314:dependency
301:Government
203:14°35′45″N
7045:Festivals
7030:Mythology
6942:Squatting
6937:Sexuality
6907:Languages
6829:Education
6773:ZIP codes
6617:Air Force
6566:President
6486:Elections
6440:Volcanoes
6413:Mountains
6337:Geography
6260:Political
6238:Overviews
6005:1950–1972
5999:1945–1950
5931:1900–1952
5925:1898–1900
5914:1935–1946
5908:1901–1935
5902:1898–1901
5850:1912–1959
5848:Territory
5844:1884–1912
5838:1867–1884
5767:1850–1912
5765:Territory
5761:1846–1850
5750:Minnesota
5732:Wisconsin
5726:1890–1907
5724:Territory
5720:1850–1890
5718:Panhandle
5714:1834–1907
5708:Oklahoma
5669:Louisiana
5645:Southwest
5639:Northwest
5522:April 19,
5210:March 27,
5180:March 27,
5154:March 27,
5124:March 27,
5093:March 27,
5083:0362-4331
5054:March 27,
5021:March 27,
4957:March 27,
4926:March 27,
4899:March 27,
4869:March 27,
4838:March 27,
4807:March 27,
4781:March 27,
4751:March 27,
4710:Arab News
4315:Weir 1998
3467:April 15,
3440:April 15,
3413:April 15,
3186:Jones Law
3028:Princeton
3026:USS
2999:open city
2711:executive
2696:: 573,752
2690:: 621,455
2684:: 920,009
2640:Americans
2634:, 30,000
2588:Subic Bay
2533:haciendas
2408:provinces
2328:visiting
2304:open city
2298:into the
2158:Filipinos
2018:Languages
2008:Geography
1998:Education
1983:Conflicts
1716:Jones Law
1644:Artifacts
1578:Katipunan
1513:New Spain
1181:Tabon Man
1165:(pre-900)
1014:executive
989:) was an
940:Melbourne
927:Oroquieta
732:Drives on
676:Time zone
399:President
287:Minority:
270:Majority:
262:Religion
77:1945–1946
70:1935–1942
7190:Category
7120:Language
6932:Religion
6927:Refugees
6870:Genetics
6799:Abortion
6734:Taxation
6590:Judicial
6464:Politics
6445:Wildlife
6374:Typhoons
6255:Military
6169:Category
5997:Military
5923:Military
5900:Military
5842:District
5803:Colorado
5791:Nebraska
5697:Arkansas
5685:Illinois
5679:Michigan
5673:Missouri
5247:Archived
5204:Archived
5174:Archived
5148:Archived
5118:Archived
5087:Archived
5048:Archived
5015:Archived
4991:June 30,
4951:Archived
4920:Archived
4893:Archived
4863:Archived
4832:Archived
4801:Archived
4775:Archived
4745:Archived
4714:Archived
4674:Archived
4597:Archived
4466:Archived
4343:Archived
4259:March 6,
4253:Archived
4249:66-60005
4207:archived
4203:dtic.mil
4080:March 5,
4019:Archived
3993:Archived
3939:Archived
3909:Archived
3838:archived
3806:archived
3778:Archived
3728:Archived
3698:purpose.
3691:July 13,
3685:archived
3632:July 10,
3626:archived
3526:July 12,
3520:Archived
3230:Died of
3202:Archived
3123:See also
3115:and the
2970:fleeing
2760:Politics
2750:Congress
2717:, and a
2636:Japanese
2575:Filipino
2490:Policies
2373:Mindanao
2104:Creation
2038:Politics
2028:Military
2023:Medicine
1941:By topic
1899:EDSA III
1414:Baybayin
1389:Maragtas
1357:Sanmalan
1337:Madja-as
1292:Caboloan
1228:Balangay
1154:Timeline
1124:a series
1122:Part of
953:Tacloban
933:Bukidnon
832:Republic
652:Currency
608:Admitted
550:Interwar
504:Congress
305:Devolved
138:"
7161:Outline
7077:Symbols
6985:Cuisine
6962:Culture
6917:Poverty
6902:Kinship
6824:Divorce
6787:Society
6751:Tourism
6657:Economy
6539:Cabinet
6401:islands
6364:Climate
6359:Borders
6250:Economy
6230:History
6179:Commons
5929:Insular
5906:Insular
5856:Wyoming
5832:Alaska
5827:Montana
5821:Arizona
5703:Florida
5691:Alabama
5663:Orleans
5657:Indiana
5555:May 22,
4672:. PBS.
3784:May 22,
3734:July 3,
3391:497 pp.
3211:Pub. L.
3095:as the
2972:fascist
2928:. When
2883:Liberal
2725:to the
2670:Ilocano
2664:Tagalog
2658:Cebuano
2648:Spanish
2644:English
2632:Chinese
2581:Economy
2564:Tagalog
2422:General
2369:Visayas
2245:economy
2231:Pre-war
2216:of the
2208:leader
2003:Economy
1488:Sandugo
1449:Luzones
1342:Dapitan
1312:Maynila
1307:Namayan
1104:History
1038:economy
1022:Tagalog
997:of the
983:Tagalog
975:Spanish
915:Bacolod
636:•
623:•
610:to the
606:•
593:•
580:•
565:•
530:•
513:•
256:Tagalog
243:Spanish
238:English
187:Capital
130:Anthem:
60:Tagalog
47:Spanish
7105:Flower
7085:Anthem
7057:Sports
6980:Cinema
6875:Health
6699:Energy
6684:Census
6578:Senate
6435:Rivers
5862:Hawaii
5809:Dakota
5797:Nevada
5785:Kansas
5744:Oregon
5465:
5425:
5381:
5341:
5320:
5281:
5081:
4982:
4628:
4568:
4534:
4500:
4247:
4160:
3720:
3458:
3431:
3404:
3376:
3219:73–127
3217:
3167:(1932)
2860:vacant
2787:Party
2616:Yellow
2431:. The
2371:, and
2367:, the
2314:, and
2187:Manila
2141:, and
1953:Rulers
1478:Events
1352:Butuan
1332:Sandao
1327:Pulilu
1317:Ibalon
1297:Cainta
1126:on the
1026:Manila
683:+08:00
521:Senate
457:
403:
325:
194:Manila
168:Status
132:
7125:Motto
7025:Music
7020:Media
6995:Dance
6952:Pinoy
6947:Women
6814:Crime
6714:Labor
6544:lists
6408:Lakes
6003:Civil
5815:Idaho
4677:(PDF)
4469:(PDF)
4458:(PDF)
4210:(PDF)
4199:(PDF)
3172:Notes
3016:" in
2793:Term
2682:Waray
2628:White
2624:Negro
2620:Mixed
2612:Brown
2596:Luzon
2365:Luzon
2316:Leyte
2288:Japan
2033:Names
1302:Tondo
1067:Names
825:1946:
807:1942:
790:1945:
772:1935:
7140:Tree
7100:Flag
7090:Bird
7035:Name
6975:Arts
6719:Peso
6627:Navy
6622:Army
6501:LGBT
6349:Bays
5889:Guam
5773:Utah
5738:Iowa
5557:2020
5524:2008
5498:2008
5463:ISBN
5451:2007
5423:ISBN
5392:2007
5379:ISBN
5364:2007
5339:ISBN
5318:ISBN
5304:2007
5279:ISBN
5255:2020
5212:2019
5182:2019
5156:2019
5126:2019
5095:2019
5079:ISSN
5056:2019
5023:2019
4993:2020
4980:ISBN
4959:2019
4928:2019
4901:2019
4871:2019
4840:2019
4809:2019
4783:2019
4753:2019
4722:2007
4685:2007
4626:ISBN
4605:2007
4579:2014
4566:ISBN
4545:2014
4532:ISBN
4511:2014
4498:ISBN
4477:2014
4441:2007
4381:2007
4351:2007
4302:2007
4261:2020
4245:LCCN
4218:2014
4158:ISBN
4082:2024
4027:2007
4001:2007
3947:2007
3917:2007
3846:2009
3814:2009
3786:2020
3736:2013
3718:ISBN
3693:2009
3634:2009
3601:2014
3579:2014
3553:2021
3528:2017
3503:2022
3469:2017
3456:ISBN
3442:2017
3429:ISBN
3415:2017
3402:ISBN
3387:2011
3374:ISBN
3333:2022
3307:2022
3281:2022
2985:The
2729:(as
2590:and
2472:and
2456:and
2281:and
1347:Cebu
1322:Ma-i
1112:and
993:and
969:The
722:yyyy
709:yyyy
7110:Gem
4154:295
3651:387
3234:in
1100:).
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