837:
66:
349:
52:
705:
713:
1001:
449:
297:
283:
944:
In the following years, Spain made repeated attempts to recapture
Jamaica. The Jewish community of the colony, in an effort to help prevent any future recovery of the island by Spain (and a renewal of the persecution they had suffered under the previous Spanish rule), encouraged the English governor
924:
Weakened by fever and looking for an easy victory following their defeat at Santo
Domingo, the English force then sailed for Jamaica, the only Spanish West Indies island that did not have new defensive works. In May 1655, around 7,000 English soldiers landed near Jamaica's
823:
landed on
Jamaica and plundered the island, marching on St Jago de la Vega with the help of a Taino guide. There, he sacked the town. Governor Fernando Melgarejo tried to protect the island from pirate raids, and in 1603 he successfully repelled an attack by
945:
to make the colony a base for pirates and privateers. They reasoned that with pirates installed on the island, the
Spanish would be deterred from further attacks. British leaders agreed with this strategy. In response, the English governor of Jamaica,
745:. Starting in 1510, a Jewish community sprang up in Jamaica, mainly comprising traders and merchants who were looking to avoid religious persecution back home. They were forced, however, to lead secret lives on the island, often calling themselves "
980:
was to be the "...dagger pointed at the heart of the
Spanish Empire..." although in fact it was a possession of little economic value then. Spain did not recognize Jamaica as a British colony until 1670 with the signing of that year's
848:, 74 Tainos, 558 black slaves, and 75 "foreigners". That census, however, did not include those Taino who had fled to the mountainous interior, where they mingled with freed and run-away African slaves, and became the ancestors to the
689:
The Taino referred to the island as "Xaymaca," but the
Spanish gradually changed the name to "Jamaica." In the so-called Admiral's map of 1507, the island was labeled as "Jamaiqua"; and in Peter Martyr's first tract from the
553:
known as "conuco." To add nutrients to the soil, the Taíno burned local bushes and trees and heaped the ash into large mounds, into which they then planted yuca cuttings. Most Taíno lived in large circular buildings
937:, soon overwhelmed the small number of Spanish troops. Most of the Spanish colonists fled after freeing their slaves, who scattered throughout the mountain regions and joined the growing refugee community of
760:, they named it Our Lady of the Blessed Villa de la Vega (or, simply, Villa de la Vega). The oldest cathedral in Jamaica was built there. Other settlements established by the Spanish included Esquivel (now
973:
finally conceded defeat in his attempts to reconquer the island. In 1660 Jamaica became a refuge for Jews, and attracted those who had been expelled from Spain, Portugal, and other
Spanish colonies.
4195:
617:. On November 22, he landed on Hispaniola and spent some time exploring the interior of the island for gold. He left Hispaniola on April 24, 1494, and arrived at the island of Juana (
538:
Around 950 AD, the people of the
Meillacan culture settled on both the coast and the interior of Jamaica, either absorbing the Ostionoid people or co-inhabiting the island with them.
4190:
3126:
681:, on November 7, 1504. In 1505 Juan de Guzman, Duke of Medina Sidonia, in an agreement with Columbus proposed a project to populate the island but King Ferdinand turned it down.
4225:
4200:
3146:
4064:
3611:
3106:
1729:
4069:
3156:
2761:
659:, detested Columbus and obstructed all efforts to rescue him and his men. In the meantime, Columbus allegedly mesmerized the natives by correctly predicting a
2119:
477:
3996:
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4215:
4108:
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1758:
1516:
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3834:
2796:
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2292:
2288:
1945:
1690:
1671:
1650:
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to formally occupy
Jamaica in his name. As early as 1510 Esquivel was officially appointed governor and the island was incorporated into the
3292:
3929:
3924:
2698:
2341:
1794:
803:
In 1595, pirates, buccaneers, and
English privateers began to attack the island with some frequency. These attacks were a challenge to the
636:
He explored the south coast of Juana before returning to Hispaniola on August 20. After staying for a time on the western end, present-day
836:
651:
For a year Columbus and his men remained stranded on Jamaica. A Spaniard, Diego Mendez, and some natives paddled a canoe to get help from
4141:
3991:
3111:
3227:
1883:
4123:
3758:
3075:
3011:
2733:
2713:
2188:
1920:
81:
2228:
1858:
527:
Around 650 AD, Jamaica was discovered by the people of the Ostionoid culture, who likely came from South America. Alligator Pond in
3733:
3131:
2675:
1713:
930:
3824:
3400:
1970:
863:
within fifty years of European arrival. Subsequently, the lack of indigenous opportunity for labour was mended with the arrival of
656:
65:
4210:
4024:
3340:
3335:
2708:
2192:
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470:
3540:
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2839:
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2723:
2410:
2312:
610:
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are among the earliest known sites of this Ostionoid people, who lived near the coast and extensively hunted turtles and fish.
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3136:
1220:
258:
3981:
3919:
3718:
2849:
2829:
2801:
2718:
2693:
2553:
2361:
2268:
2198:
2175:
1365:
3944:
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3530:
3217:
4074:
4029:
3971:
3949:
3763:
3535:
3330:
3325:
3006:
2991:
2076:
1940:
1893:
918:
377:
348:
957:, starting in 1657. They helped to defend the region against Spanish attacks. Spain never recaptured Jamaica, losing the
730:(or "New Seville"). The Spanish Empire began its official governance of Jamaica that year. At this time, Columbus's son,
4205:
3966:
3954:
3934:
3465:
3287:
2766:
2146:
1955:
1751:
1024:
1019:
146:
4180:
3939:
3839:
3470:
2922:
2854:
1823:
678:
633:, meaning "land of springs") on May 5. Columbus named the island Santiago and used it as a mini-state for his family.
463:
439:
328:
3390:
3297:
3237:
1542:
51:
3874:
3257:
3212:
2884:
2771:
2683:
2655:
2282:
2252:
1888:
962:
958:
726:
1873:
1843:
3793:
3743:
3601:
3500:
2996:
2869:
2834:
2786:
2688:
2300:
2184:
1838:
1056:
1042:
Esquivel had accompanied Columbus in his second trip to the Americas in 1493 and participated in the invasion of
645:
641:
1965:
1950:
3738:
3621:
3520:
3515:
3455:
2874:
2864:
2650:
2353:
2264:
886:
761:
742:
692:
123:
3581:
3380:
3282:
3197:
674:
178:
3788:
3646:
3490:
3430:
2981:
2879:
2844:
2791:
2296:
2260:
1990:
1863:
1848:
1744:
1077:
982:
435:
399:
644:
to the Americas. He had been sailing around the Caribbean nearly a year when a storm beached his ships in
4079:
3651:
3586:
3222:
3090:
2976:
2859:
2819:
2463:
2256:
1915:
1905:
1106:
Historians consider this a contributing factor as to why it was so easily occupied by the British in 1655.
859:
The Spaniards enslaved many of the native people, overworking and harming them to the point that most had
129:
2422:
1520:
3879:
3525:
2935:
2756:
2645:
2584:
2512:
2123:
1803:
522:
356:
4059:
3460:
3370:
3247:
3207:
3166:
2135:
4034:
3703:
3666:
3656:
3596:
3560:
3495:
3475:
3350:
3272:
3182:
3001:
1878:
1868:
1311:
1303:
954:
864:
845:
606:
419:
4103:
3859:
3849:
3844:
3728:
3708:
3661:
3641:
3550:
3445:
3440:
3385:
3355:
3121:
2746:
2703:
2660:
2589:
2558:
2329:
2308:
2274:
2180:
2150:
2081:
1925:
1898:
1798:
1093:
from its foundation in 1534 until 1872. The island's capital was moved to its current location, at
902:
880:
825:
812:
765:
498:
395:
134:
77:
3315:
721:
3864:
3854:
3829:
3783:
3748:
3606:
3192:
3065:
2563:
2543:
2091:
1980:
1818:
1723:
1191:
1014:
757:
613:
to the Americas on September 24, 1493. On November 3, 1493, he landed on an island that he named
549:
culture developed on Jamaica around 1200 AD. They brought from South America a system of raising
423:
337:
3187:
3116:
1060:
673:. Help finally arrived from the governor on June 29, 1504, and Columbus and his men arrived in
4118:
4044:
3986:
3819:
3591:
3565:
3555:
3545:
3480:
3435:
3365:
3345:
3320:
3267:
3242:
2507:
2061:
2057:
2034:
1975:
1930:
1789:
1709:
1686:
1667:
1646:
1361:
1175:
1094:
977:
946:
860:
704:
563:
528:
411:
381:
290:
105:
1494:, ed. E. Kofi Agorsah (Kingston: University of the West Indies Canoe Press, 1994), pp. 180–1.
890:
4054:
3676:
3671:
3636:
3616:
3375:
3252:
3151:
3055:
2517:
2357:
2208:
2140:
2086:
1159:
1128:
849:
738:
712:
403:
165:
101:
970:
3869:
3809:
3723:
3631:
3505:
3485:
3450:
3232:
3202:
3141:
2751:
2741:
2522:
2414:
2371:
2131:
2039:
1910:
934:
906:
894:
820:
388:
370:
3778:
796:. Partially due to absence of any gold or silver deposits, there were never significant
4096:
3713:
3626:
3510:
3262:
3085:
3070:
2971:
2945:
2930:
2811:
2406:
2400:
2304:
2071:
1985:
1935:
1813:
1767:
1006:
986:
769:
731:
532:
453:
407:
276:
229:
17:
4174:
3277:
2127:
2044:
1853:
1702:
1661:
1127:
were slaves who had previously escaped from the Spanish to live with the Taínos. The
1115:
at the time of the invasion, Jamaica's entire population only numbered around 2,500).
966:
910:
868:
867:. Disappointed in the lack of gold on the isle, the Spanish mainly used Jamaica as a
720:
In 1509 the first Spanish settlement on the island was founded near St Ann's Bay and
670:
660:
4049:
4039:
3768:
3307:
3161:
2986:
2502:
2278:
1960:
1808:
1073:
926:
844:
In 1611, the population of Spanish Jamaica was 1,510, including 696 Spaniards, 107
793:
735:
91:
3360:
2430:
1243:
4119:
Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)
2950:
2940:
2776:
2345:
789:
773:
415:
3814:
2548:
2218:
1828:
1043:
996:
914:
853:
804:
785:
781:
652:
594:
4156:
4143:
1256:"Jamaica | History, Population, Flag, Map, Capital, & Facts | Britannica"
2781:
2538:
2438:
2115:
2049:
950:
808:
777:
665:
559:
506:
502:
1255:
2955:
2065:
1833:
1492:
Maroon Heritage: Archaeological, Ethnographic and Historical Perspectives
1393:
816:
630:
614:
546:
363:
263:
4113:
4084:
2637:
2594:
2579:
2223:
1124:
1090:
938:
753:
696:(published 1511—1521), he refers to it as both "Jamaica" and "Jamica."
622:
584:
510:
315:
1546:
1076:" after they conquered the island and officially claimed it under the
3050:
2604:
2599:
2376:
969:, switched sides and joined the English, the Spanish acting governor
598:("hurricane"), have been incorporated into both Spanish and English.
542:
1645:. Jamaica: University of the West Indies Press. pp. 3, 6, 107.
640:, he finally returned to Spain. Columbus returned to Jamaica during
756:
infested marsh lands. Founded by the colonial governor of Jamaica,
4091:
2418:
2365:
2213:
2029:
1490:
Agorsah, E. Kofi, "Archaeology of Maroon Settlements in Jamaica",
1089:
This settlement served as the capital of both Spanish and English
921:, however, and the English troops were soon decimated by disease.
835:
797:
752:
In 1534 the settlers moved to a new, healthier site away from the
711:
703:
637:
1736:
2434:
2426:
2349:
917:. The Spanish repulsed this poorly-executed attack known as the
618:
550:
4013:
3908:
3032:
2910:
2625:
2484:
2452:
2389:
2326:
2241:
2164:
2104:
2018:
2007:
1778:
1740:
1344:
The Story of the Life of Columbus and the Discovery of Jamaica
1059:
wrote Spanish authorities about Esquivel's conduct during the
509:
region. Its location is the present-day island and nation of
1643:
The Earliest Inhabitants: The Dynamics of the Jamaican Taíno
566:
and did not have writing. Some words used by them, such as
929:
capital. The English army, led by the British Admiral Sir
1308:
Admiral of the Ocean Sea: A Life of Christopher Columbus
1602:
1600:
828:. Other major attacks followed in 1603, 1640, and 1643.
1394:"Jamaica National Heritage Trust - The People Who Came"
871:
to supply colonizing efforts in the mainland Americas.
1360:. Cambridge University Press (published 14 Dec 2023).
1151:
1149:
1147:
2082:
Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France
3802:
3696:
3689:
3574:
3423:
3416:
3409:
3306:
3175:
3099:
3043:
2964:
2921:
2810:
2732:
2674:
2636:
2572:
2531:
2495:
893:, marched on St Jago de la Vega, and plundered it.
558:), constructed with wooden poles, woven straw, and
311:
225:
211:
201:
189:
172:
159:
145:
120:
111:
97:
87:
72:
32:
1701:
1666:(3rd ed.). London: Collins Clear-Type Press.
4196:1655 disestablishments in the Colony of Santiago
909:led the armada in an attack on Spain's fort at
1481:(Kingston: Institute of Jamaica, 1919), p. 34.
4191:1509 establishments in the Colony of Santiago
2271:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)
1752:
471:
8:
1946:Independence of Spanish continental Americas
1202:
1200:
1131:fought the British during the 18th century.
4226:States and territories established in 1509
4201:Spanish-speaking countries and territories
4010:
3905:
3693:
3420:
3413:
3040:
3029:
2918:
2907:
2633:
2622:
2492:
2481:
2449:
2386:
2323:
2238:
2161:
2101:
2015:
2004:
1775:
1759:
1745:
1737:
1728:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1338:
1336:
840:European colonies in the Caribbean in 1600
478:
464:
322:
64:
29:
4065:Colonial universities in Hispanic America
965:in 1658. When the Spanish Maroon leader,
4070:Colonial universities in the Philippines
1187:
1171:
1155:
985:when Spain finally gave Jamaica and the
3061:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia
1617:
1615:
1143:
1035:
429:
387:
369:
355:
336:
325:
1721:
1606:
1591:
1579:
27:Former Spanish colony in the Caribbean
1567:
1503:
1465:
1440:
1428:
1416:
1380:
1327:
1291:
1279:
210:
200:
196:
171:
158:
154:
144:
119:
115:
7:
2342:Captaincy General of the Philippines
1834:New Laws in favour of the indigenous
1244:"Christopher Columbus – 2nd Voyage".
4045:Indochristian painting in New Spain
1477:Frank Cundall and Joseph Pietersz,
807:that stated all territories of the
3012:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires
1519:. Discover Jamaica. Archived from
700:New Seville and St Jago de la Vega
82:Captaincy General of Santo Domingo
25:
4221:Former countries in the Caribbean
4186:History of the Colony of Santiago
1986:Independence of Equatorial Guinea
903:Spain's colonies in the Caribbean
663:for February 29, 1504, using the
4216:Former colonies in North America
4097:Criollos in the colonial society
4025:Spanish missions in the Americas
3147:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval
1208:A Brief History of the Caribbean
999:
447:
347:
295:
281:
256:
50:
4124:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649
1685:. Manchester University Press.
1545:. Jamaicans.com. Archived from
716:Fourth voyage of Columbus, 1503
708:Second voyage of Columbus, 1493
2176:Captaincy General of Guatemala
1884:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
1641:Atkinson, Lesley-Gail (2006).
1:
4075:General Archive of the Indies
3336:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
3007:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
2992:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
1941:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso
1894:War of the Spanish Succession
1859:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
1316:Christopher Columbus, Mariner
1025:Spanish Governors of Santiago
819:. In 1597, English privateer
76:Colony of Spain; part of the
2147:Captaincy General of Yucatan
2077:Union with Holy Roman Empire
2056:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of
1971:German–Spanish Treaty (1899)
1683:The Cromwellian Protectorate
1358:A Concise History of Jamaica
1020:Jamaicans of Spanish descent
811:belonged to the kingdoms of
2627:Administrative subdivisions
1824:War of the League of Cognac
1479:Jamaica Under the Spaniards
800:communities on the island.
724:. The settlement was named
657:Nicolás de Ovando y Cáceres
562:leaves. The Taino spoke an
440:Jamaican political conflict
4242:
3341:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar
3326:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
3228:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
2126:), Western United States (
1889:Portuguese Restoration War
1660:Black, Clinton V. (1965).
1543:"Brief History of Jamaica"
878:
520:
4109:Slavery in Spanish Empire
4020:
4009:
3915:
3904:
3396:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor
3137:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder
3039:
3028:
2997:Barcelona Trading Company
2917:
2906:
2762:New Andalusia (1501–1513)
2632:
2621:
2491:
2480:
2459:
2396:
2337:
2269:Venezuela, part of Guyana
2248:
2171:
2122:, Central United States (
2111:
2025:
2014:
2003:
1854:Bruneian–Spanish conflict
1839:Expulsion of the Moriscos
1785:
1774:
832:Early seventeenth century
669:of the German astronomer
655:. The island's governor,
235:
221:
197:
185:
155:
141:
116:
63:
47:
42:
4050:Quito painting tradition
4040:Cusco painting tradition
3401:García López de Cárdenas
3391:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera
3298:Felipe González de Ahedo
3218:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
1795:Conquest of the Americas
1704:The Command of the Ocean
1622:Parker, Matthew (2011).
1356:Morgan, Kenneth (2023).
1072:The English renamed it "
743:Viceroyalty of New Spain
693:Decades of the New World
503:Viceroyalty of New Spain
4211:Former Spanish colonies
3835:Comuneros (New Granada)
3612:Balearic Islands (1558)
3331:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
3258:Ruy López de Villalobos
3213:Miguel López de Legazpi
3127:García de Toledo Osorio
1991:Western Sahara conflict
1981:Independence of Morocco
1921:Treaty of Madrid (1750)
1864:Piracy in the Caribbean
1849:French Wars of Religion
1700:Rodger, N.A.M. (2005).
907:General Robert Venables
436:Independence of Jamaica
400:1692 Jamaica earthquake
179:Cristóbal Arnaldo Isasi
4080:Colonial Spanish Horse
3754:Colonia del Sacramento
2977:Spanish treasure fleet
2554:Royal Decree of Graces
1681:Coward, Barry (2002).
1452:Cundall and Pietersz,
1057:Bartolomé de las Casas
1055:A decade later, Friar
953:to base themselves at
919:Siege of Santo Domingo
841:
784:, Puerto Santa Maria (
717:
709:
646:St. Ann's Bay, Jamaica
592:("sweet potato"), and
213:• Disestablished
130:Ferdinand II of Aragon
18:The Colony of Santiago
4157:18.18000°N 77.40000°W
3238:Vasco Núñez de Balboa
3198:Juan Sebastián Elcano
2513:Council of the Indies
1874:Spanish–Moro conflict
1844:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
1804:Treaty of Tordesillas
1078:1667 Treaty of Madrid
839:
715:
707:
675:Sanlúcar de Barrameda
523:Pre-Columbian Jamaica
517:Pre-Columbian Jamaica
357:Pre-Columbian Jamaica
98:Common languages
4035:Mesoamerican Codices
3759:Comuneros (Paraguay)
3597:Siege of Castelnuovo
3183:Christopher Columbus
3002:Consulate of the Sea
2982:Casa de Contratación
2573:Titles and positions
1966:Spanish–American War
1956:Liberal constitution
1799:Asia and the Pacific
1517:"Jamaican History I"
1312:Samuel Eliot Morison
1310:, 1942, pp. 653–54.
1304:Samuel Eliot Morison
846:free people of color
648:, on June 25, 1503.
629:" by the indigenous
607:Christopher Columbus
531:and Little River in
420:Morant Bay rebellion
4206:Spanish West Indies
4162:18.18000; -77.40000
4153: /
3764:Cartagena de Indias
3386:Diego de Mazariegos
3356:Pere Fages i Beleta
3223:Sebastián de Ocampo
2704:Provincias Internas
2676:Captaincies General
2590:Municipal president
2559:School of Salamanca
2330:Spanish East Indies
2309:Misiones Orientales
2181:Spanish West Indies
2145:, Central America (
2092:Pyrénées-Orientales
2045:Union with Portugal
1936:Napoleonic invasion
1916:War of Jenkins' Ear
1549:on January 23, 1998
1318:, 1955, pp. 184–92.
963:Battle of Rio Nuevo
959:Battle of Ocho Rios
881:Invasion of Jamaica
826:Christopher Newport
499:Spanish West Indies
430:Independent Jamaica
396:Invasion of Jamaica
203:• Established
135:Charles II of Spain
78:Spanish West Indies
4181:Colony of Santiago
4060:Academia Antártica
4015:Other civil topics
3381:Pánfilo de Narváez
3283:Sebastián Vizcaíno
3248:Andrés de Urdaneta
3208:Juan Ponce de León
3193:Ferdinand Magellan
3167:Bernardo de Gálvez
3066:Indian auxiliaries
2564:Trial of residence
2544:Laws of the Indies
2328:Asia and Oceania (
2189:Dominican Republic
1663:History of Jamaica
1260:www.britannica.com
1015:History of Jamaica
842:
776:), Las Chorreras (
758:Francisco de Garay
718:
710:
621:) on April 30 and
454:Jamaica portal
424:Rastafari movement
378:Spanish settlement
4136:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4005:
4004:
3910:Spanish conquests
3900:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3685:
3684:
3366:Pedro de Alvarado
3351:Gaspar de Portolà
3346:Pedro de Valdivia
3321:Francisco Pizarro
3273:Nicolás de Ovando
3268:Alonso de Ercilla
3243:Alonso de Salazar
3076:Ships of the line
3024:
3023:
3020:
3019:
2902:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2476:
2475:
2472:
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2448:
2447:
2405:Northern Africa (
2401:Equatorial Guinea
2385:
2384:
2322:
2321:
2237:
2236:
2160:
2159:
2151:Spanish Caribbean
2124:Spanish Louisiana
2100:
2099:
2035:Crown of Castille
1999:
1998:
1976:Spanish Civil War
1951:Adams–Onís Treaty
1931:Nootka Convention
1879:Thirty Years' War
1869:Eighty Years' War
1790:Catholic Monarchs
1780:Timeline–immersed
1692:978-0-7190-4317-8
1673:978-0-00-329345-6
1652:978-976-640-149-8
1506:, pp. 34–35.
1468:, pp. 43–44.
1330:, pp. 31–32.
1294:, pp. 27–28.
1282:, pp. 25–27.
1206:Rogozinski, Jan,
978:Colony of Jamaica
976:For England, the
905:. In April 1655,
642:his fourth voyage
564:Arawakan language
529:Manchester Parish
495:Spanish territory
488:
487:
412:Second Maroon War
321:
320:
307:
306:
303:
302:
291:Colony of Jamaica
269:
268:
174:• 1656–1660
161:• 1510–1514
16:(Redirected from
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3977:Chibchan Nations
3906:
3875:Santiago de Cuba
3734:Guadalupe Island
3694:
3421:
3414:
3376:Diego de Almagro
3253:Antonio de Ulloa
3157:Ambrosio Spinola
3152:Pedro de Zubiaur
3122:Alfonso d'Avalos
3112:Antonio de Leyva
3056:Army of Flanders
3041:
3030:
2919:
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2634:
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2482:
2450:
2423:Peñón of Algiers
2387:
2324:
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2016:
2005:
1926:Seven Years' War
1899:Queen Anne's War
1776:
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1754:
1747:
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1733:
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1707:
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1624:The Sugar Barons
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1523:on 5 August 2013
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1129:Jamaican Maroons
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983:Treaty of Madrid
961:in 1657 and the
885:In 1643, pirate
875:English conquest
850:Jamaican Maroons
739:Juan de Esquivel
727:Sevilla la Nueva
609:set sail on his
480:
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3840:Trinidad (1797)
3810:La Noche Triste
3798:
3794:San Juan (1797)
3744:San Juan (1595)
3681:
3570:
3410:Notable battles
3405:
3371:Martín de Ursúa
3302:
3233:Alonso de Ojeda
3203:Juan de la Cosa
3188:Pinzón brothers
3171:
3142:John of Austria
3117:Martín de Goiti
3095:
3035:
3016:
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2802:Terra Australis
2797:Río de la Plata
2742:Castilla de Oro
2728:
2670:
2666:Río de la Plata
2628:
2609:
2568:
2527:
2523:Santa Hermandad
2487:
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2464:Terra Australis
2455:
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2411:Spanish Morocco
2392:
2381:
2372:Northern Taiwan
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2289:Río de la Plata
2244:
2233:
2167:
2166:Central America
2156:
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2040:Crown of Aragon
2021:
2010:
1995:
1911:Bourbon Reforms
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995:
935:Robert Venables
901:armada against
895:Oliver Cromwell
887:William Jackson
883:
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834:
821:Anthony Shirley
762:Old Harbour Bay
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501:and within the
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389:English Jamaica
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3719:Bogotá savanna
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3263:Diego Columbus
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3091:Army of Africa
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3071:Spanish Armada
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2486:Administration
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2120:Coastal Alaska
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2019:
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1611:
1609:, p. 134.
1596:
1584:
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1570:, pp. 45.
1560:
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1496:
1483:
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1458:
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1431:, pp. 38.
1421:
1419:, pp. 37.
1409:
1385:
1383:, pp. 33.
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1007:Jamaica portal
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987:Cayman Islands
947:Edward D'Oyley
899:Western Design
879:Main article:
876:
873:
865:African slaves
833:
830:
770:Savanna-la-Mar
701:
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570:("barbecue"),
533:St. Ann Parish
521:Main article:
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382:Taíno genocide
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4055:Tapada limeña
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3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3647:Montes Claros
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3587:Vienna (1529)
3585:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3573:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3316:Hernán Cortés
3314:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3308:Conquistadors
3305:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3278:Juan de Ayala
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3132:Duke of Savoy
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3031:
3027:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2931:Dollar (Peso)
2929:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2909:
2905:
2891:
2890:Santo Domingo
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2767:New Andalusia
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2714:Santo Domingo
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2638:Viceroyalties
2635:
2631:
2624:
2620:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2479:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2451:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2388:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2331:
2325:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2243:South America
2240:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2163:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2128:Spanish Texas
2125:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2106:North America
2103:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2087:Franche-Comté
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2017:
2013:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1757:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1731:
1725:
1717:
1715:0-393-06050-0
1711:
1706:
1705:
1698:
1694:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1625:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1594:, p. 24.
1593:
1588:
1585:
1582:, p. 29.
1581:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1561:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1535:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1443:, p. 43.
1442:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1410:
1399:
1395:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1374:
1369:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1273:
1261:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1240:
1237:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1188:Atkinson 2006
1184:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1172:Atkinson 2006
1168:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1156:Atkinson 2006
1152:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1137:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1036:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1008:
997:
992:
990:
988:
984:
979:
974:
972:
968:
967:Juan de Bolas
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
942:
940:
936:
932:
928:
922:
920:
916:
912:
911:Santo Domingo
908:
904:
900:
897:launched the
896:
892:
888:
882:
874:
872:
870:
869:military base
866:
862:
857:
855:
851:
847:
838:
831:
829:
827:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
772:, Manterias (
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
750:
748:
744:
740:
737:
734:, instructed
733:
729:
728:
723:
714:
706:
699:
697:
695:
694:
684:
682:
680:
676:
672:
671:Regiomontanus
668:
667:
662:
661:lunar eclipse
658:
654:
649:
647:
643:
639:
634:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
611:second voyage
608:
601:
599:
597:
596:
591:
587:
586:
582:("tobacco"),
581:
577:
574:("hammock"),
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
552:
548:
544:
539:
536:
534:
530:
524:
516:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
481:
476:
474:
469:
467:
462:
461:
459:
458:
455:
445:
444:
441:
437:
434:
433:
428:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
394:
393:
390:
386:
383:
379:
376:
375:
372:
368:
365:
362:
361:
358:
354:
350:
346:
345:
342:
335:
330:
324:
317:
314:
312:Today part of
310:
294:
292:
289:
288:
280:
278:
275:
274:
271:
265:
262:
255:
254:
251:
250:
247:
244:
242:
239:
238:
234:
231:
228:
224:
220:
216:
206:
192:
188:
184:
180:
177:
167:
164:
150:
148:
140:
136:
131:
128:
125:
124:King of Spain
110:
107:
103:
100:
96:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
62:
53:
46:
41:
31:
19:
4138:
4030:Architecture
3925:The Americas
3789:Newfoundland
3779:Túpac Katari
3769:Cuerno Verde
3704:Tenochtitlan
3536:Valenciennes
3293:Luis Fajardo
3162:Blas de Lezo
3107:Duke of Alba
2987:Spanish Road
2825:Buenos Aires
2734:Governorates
2503:Ayuntamiento
2496:Organization
2203:
1961:Carlist Wars
1809:Italian Wars
1708:. New York.
1703:
1682:
1662:
1642:
1623:
1587:
1575:
1563:
1551:. Retrieved
1547:the original
1537:
1525:. Retrieved
1521:the original
1511:
1499:
1491:
1486:
1478:
1473:
1461:
1453:
1448:
1436:
1424:
1412:
1401:. Retrieved
1398:www.jnht.com
1397:
1388:
1376:
1357:
1351:
1343:
1323:
1315:
1307:
1299:
1287:
1275:
1264:. Retrieved
1262:. 2024-05-18
1259:
1250:
1239:
1228:. Retrieved
1224:
1215:
1207:
1183:
1167:
1120:
1111:
1102:
1085:
1074:Spanish Town
1068:
1051:
1038:
989:to England.
975:
943:
933:and General
931:William Penn
927:Spanish Town
923:
898:
884:
858:
843:
802:
794:Puerto Anton
788:), Mellila (
764:), Oristan (
751:
746:
736:conquistador
725:
722:Santa Gloria
719:
691:
688:
664:
650:
635:
626:
605:
593:
589:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
555:
540:
537:
526:
490:
489:
364:Taíno people
246:Succeeded by
245:
240:
4160: /
3997:Philippines
3962:El Salvador
3582:Capo d'Orso
3466:St. Quentin
3441:Rome (1527)
3100:Strategists
2850:Guadalajara
2777:New Navarre
2772:New Castile
2757:La Luisiana
2709:Puerto Rico
2699:Philippines
2656:New Granada
2346:Philippines
2307:(Uruguay),
2303:(Bolivia),
2253:New Granada
2193:Puerto Rico
2139: [
2009:Territories
1829:Encomiendas
1607:Coward 2002
1592:Rodger 2005
1580:Rodger 2005
1225:www.uvm.edu
790:Annotto Bay
774:Montego Bay
578:("canoe"),
416:Baptist War
408:Tacky's War
338:History of
241:Preceded by
4175:Categories
4148:77°24′00″W
4145:18°10′48″N
3667:Somosierra
3657:Manila Bay
3531:Nördlingen
3471:Gravelines
2951:Columnario
2923:Currencies
2840:Concepción
2812:Audiencias
2787:New Toledo
2752:La Florida
2585:Corregidor
2549:Papal bull
2454:Antarctica
2362:Micronesia
1819:Golden Age
1568:Black 1965
1504:Black 1965
1466:Black 1965
1441:Black 1965
1429:Black 1965
1417:Black 1965
1403:2024-05-19
1381:Black 1965
1367:1108459188
1328:Black 1965
1292:Black 1965
1280:Black 1965
1266:2024-05-19
1230:2024-05-19
1190:, p.
1174:, p.
1158:, p.
1138:References
1044:Hispaniola
955:Port Royal
951:buccaneers
949:, invited
915:Hispaniola
889:landed at
854:Nanny Town
805:papal bull
786:Port Maria
766:Bluefields
747:Portugalis
653:Hispaniola
112:Government
3972:Nicaragua
3950:Guatemala
3860:Pichincha
3845:Chacabuco
3784:Pensacola
3729:Mataquito
3709:Cajamarca
3690:New World
3662:Trafalgar
3566:Alhucemas
3446:Landriano
3431:Comuneros
3417:Old World
3361:Joan Orpí
3081:Royalists
2855:Guatemala
2782:New Spain
2719:Venezuela
2694:Guatemala
2651:New Spain
2646:Columbian
2539:Exequatur
2439:Cape Juby
2293:Argentina
2116:New Spain
2050:Gibraltar
1814:Habsburgs
1724:cite book
1553:23 August
1527:23 August
809:New World
782:Oracabeza
778:Ocho Rios
685:Etymology
666:Ephemeris
625:(called "
507:Caribbean
505:, in the
43:1509–1655
3982:Colombia
3967:Honduras
3880:Asomante
3865:Ayacucho
3855:Carabobo
3830:Curalaba
3607:Ceresole
3501:Gembloux
3461:Mühlberg
3176:Mariners
3034:Military
2956:Doubloon
2941:Maravedí
2885:Santiago
2792:Paraguay
2518:Germania
2358:Caroline
2313:Malvinas
2297:Paraguay
2257:Colombia
2199:Trinidad
2066:Sardinia
1906:Bourbons
1456:, p. 19.
1097:in 1872.
1095:Kingston
1063:of 1503.
993:See also
861:perished
817:Portugal
615:Dominica
602:Columbus
568:barbacoa
491:Santiago
329:a series
327:Part of
226:Currency
147:Governor
132:(First)
37:Santiago
4114:Asiento
4085:Mustang
3945:Yucatán
3940:Chiapas
3820:Tucapel
3652:Passaro
3602:Algiers
3592:Preveza
3561:Tetouan
3556:Vitoria
3546:Bitonto
3486:Antwerp
3481:Lepanto
3436:Bicocca
2912:Economy
2835:Charcas
2830:Caracas
2724:Yucatán
2595:Regidor
2580:Alcalde
2508:Cabildo
2415:Tripoli
2354:Mariana
2301:Charcas
2277:(Peru,
2261:Ecuador
2224:Bonaire
2219:Curazao
2204:Jamaica
2132:Florida
1635:Sources
1454:Jamaica
1125:Maroons
1091:Jamaica
939:Maroons
891:Caguaya
813:Castile
798:Spanish
754:malaria
679:Castile
627:Xaymaca
623:Jamaica
595:juracán
511:Jamaica
497:of the
340:Jamaica
316:Jamaica
190:History
168:(First)
122:•
102:Spanish
88:Capital
4092:Castas
3850:Boyacá
3825:Guiana
3815:Iguape
3739:Recife
3677:Mactan
3672:Annual
3637:Rocroi
3632:Leiden
3617:Djerba
3551:Bailén
3506:Ostend
3491:Azores
3086:Legión
3051:Tercio
3044:Armies
2946:Escudo
2875:Panamá
2870:Mexico
2865:Manila
2820:Bogotá
2605:Vecino
2600:Syndic
2431:Béjaïa
2391:Africa
2377:Tidore
2265:Panama
2229:Belize
2136:Mexico
2062:Sicily
2058:Naples
2020:Europe
1712:
1689:
1670:
1649:
1364:
792:) and
590:batata
580:tabaco
572:hamaca
556:bohios
543:Arawak
493:was a
331:on the
193:
181:(Last)
151:
137:(Last)
73:Status
3987:Chile
3955:Petén
3930:Aztec
3749:Bahia
3724:Penco
3714:Cusco
3642:Downs
3622:Tunis
3541:Ceuta
3526:Breda
3476:Malta
3456:Tunis
3451:Pavia
2965:Trade
2880:Quito
2845:Cusco
2684:Chile
2419:Tunis
2366:Palau
2283:Chile
2214:Aruba
2209:Haiti
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2072:Milan
2030:Spain
1031:Notes
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732:Diego
638:Haiti
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3992:Inca
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2936:Real
2860:Lima
2747:Cuba
2689:Cuba
2661:Perú
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2427:Oran
2350:Guam
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2275:Peru
2185:Cuba
2064:and
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1668:ISBN
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1555:2013
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