325:; finally, Socrates refuses to have anything more to do with him. The Clouds advise Strepsiades to find someone younger to do the learning for him. His son, Pheidippides, subsequently yields to threats by Strepsiades and reluctantly returns with him to the Thinkery, where they encounter the personified arguments Superior (Right) and Inferior (Wrong), associates of Socrates. Superior Argument and Inferior Argument debate with each other over which of them can offer the best education. Superior Argument sides with Justice and the gods, offering to prepare Pheidippides for an earnest life of discipline, typical of men who respect the old ways; Inferior Argument, denying the existence of Justice, offers to prepare him for a life of ease and pleasure, typical of men who know how to talk their way out of trouble. At the end of the debate, a quick survey of the audience reveals that buggers – people schooled by Inferior Arguments – have got into the most powerful positions in Athens. Superior Argument accepts his inevitable defeat, Inferior Argument leads Pheidippides into the Thinkery for a life-changing education and Strepsiades goes home happy. The Clouds step forward to address the audience a second time, demanding to be awarded first place in the festival competition, in return for which they promise good rains – otherwise they will destroy crops, smash roofs, and spoil weddings.
309:, created from a minuscule imprint in wax), the exact cause of the buzzing noise made by a gnat (its rear end resembles a trumpet) and a new use for a large pair of compasses (as a kind of fishing-hook for stealing cloaks from pegs over the gymnasium wall). Impressed, Strepsiades begs to be introduced to the man behind these discoveries. The wish is soon granted; Socrates appears overhead, wafted in a basket at the end of a rope, the better to observe the Sun and other meteorological phenomena. The philosopher descends and quickly begins the induction ceremony for the new elderly student, the highlight of which is a parade of the Clouds, the patron goddesses of thinkers and other layabouts. The Clouds arrive singing majestically of the regions whence they arose and of the land they have now come to visit, loveliest in all being Greece. Introduced to them as a new devotee, Strepsiades begs them to make him the best orator in Greece by a hundred miles. They reply with the promise of a brilliant future. Socrates leads him into the dingy Thinkery for his first lesson and The Clouds step forward to address the audience.
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home for celebrations, just moments before the first of their aggrieved creditors arrives with a witness to summon him to court. Strepsiades comes back on stage, confronts the creditor and dismisses him contemptuously. A second creditor arrives and receives the same treatment before
Strepsiades returns indoors to continue the celebrations. The Clouds sing ominously of a looming debacle and Strepsiades again comes back on stage, now in distress, complaining of a beating that his new son has just given him in a dispute over the celebrations. Pheidippides emerges coolly and insolently debates with his father a father's right to beat his son and a son's right to beat his father. He ends by threatening to beat his mother also, whereupon Strepsiades flies into a rage against The Thinkery, blaming Socrates for his latest troubles. He leads his slaves, armed with torches and mattocks, in a frenzied attack on the disreputable school. The alarmed students are pursued offstage and the Chorus, with nothing to celebrate, quietly departs.
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encouraged their son's expensive interest in betting on horse races. Strepsiades, having thought up a plan to get out of debt, wakes the youth gently and pleads with him to do something for him. Pheidippides at first agrees to do as he is asked then changes his mind when he learns that his father wants to enroll him in The
Thinkery, a school for wastrels and bums with which no self-respecting, athletic young man dares to be associated. Strepsiades explains that students of The Thinkery learn how to turn inferior arguments into winning arguments and this is the only way he can beat their aggrieved creditors in court. Pheidippides however will not be persuaded and Strepsiades decides to enroll himself in The Thinkery in spite of his advanced age.
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552:. Old Comedy conventionally limits the number of actors to three or four, yet there are already three actors on stage when Superior and Inferior enter the action and there is no song at that point that would allow for a change of costume. The play is unusually serious for an Old Comedy and possibly this was the reason why the original play failed at the City Dionysia. As a result of this seriousness, there is no celebratory song in the
489:(as described by Socrates in lines 489–90) appear to be caricatures of Socratic behaviours later described more sympathetically by Plato. The Aristophanic Socrates is much more interested in physical speculations than is Plato's Socrates, yet it is possible that the real Socrates did take a strong interest in such speculations during his development as a philosopher and there is some support for this in Plato's dialogues
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602:: The play has two agons. The first is between Superior and Inferior (949–1104). Superior's arguments are in conventional anapestic tetrameter but Inferior presents his case in iambic tetrameters, a variation that Aristophanes reserves for arguments that are not to be taken seriously. A similar distinction between anapestic and iambic arguments is made in the agons in
572:: The arrival of the Chorus in this play is unusual in that the singing begins offstage some time before the Chorus appears. It is possible that the concealed Chorus was not fully audible to the audience and this might have been a factor in the original play's failure. Moreover, the majestic opening song is more typical of tragedy than comedy.
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a contributing factor in
Socrates' trial and execution in 399 BC. There is some support for his opinion in the modern age. Aristophanes' plays however were generally unsuccessful in shaping public attitudes on important questions, as evidenced by their ineffectual opposition to the Peloponnesian War,
544:
was probably composed somewhere between 421–16 BC. The parabasis also includes an appeal to the audience to prosecute Cleon for corruption. Since Cleon died in 422 it can be assumed that this appeal was retained from the original production in 423 and thus the extant play must be a partial revision
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The play begins with
Strepsiades suddenly sitting up in bed while his son, Pheidippides, remains blissfully asleep in the bed next to him. Strepsiades complains to the audience that he is too worried about household debts to get any sleep – his wife (the pampered product of an aristocratic clan) has
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It has been argued that
Aristophanes caricatured a 'pre-Socratic' Socrates and that the philosopher depicted by Plato was a more mature thinker who had been influenced by such criticism. Conversely, it is possible that Aristophanes' caricature of the philosopher merely reflects his own ignorance of
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The story resumes with
Strepsiades returning to The Thinkery to fetch his son. A new Pheidippides emerges, startlingly transformed into the pale intellectual man that he had once feared to become. Rejoicing in the prospect of talking their way out of financial trouble, Strepsiades leads the youth
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Socrates returns to the stage in a huff, protesting against the ineptitude of his new elderly student. He summons
Strepsiades outside and attempts further lessons, including a form of meditative incubation in which the old man lies under a blanket while thoughts are supposed to arise in his mind
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Putting aside their cloud-like costumes, The Chorus declares that this is the author's cleverest play and that it cost him the greatest effort. It reproaches the audience for the play's failure at the festival, where it was beaten by the works of inferior authors, and it praises the author for
364:, the populist leader of the pro-war faction in Athens, was a target in all Aristophanes' early plays and his attempts to prosecute Aristophanes for slander in 426 had merely added fuel to the fire. Aristophanes however had singled Cleon out for special treatment in his previous play
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in the sixth century were becoming commonplace knowledge in
Aristophanes' time and this had led, for instance, to a growing belief that civilized society was not a gift from the gods but rather had developed gradually from primitive man's animal-like existence. Around the time that
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466:, and to populists such as Cleon. Moreover, the trial of Socrates followed Athens' traumatic defeat by Sparta, many years after the performance of the play, when suspicions about the philosopher were fuelled by public animosity towards his disgraced associates such as
426:. Socrates moreover had distinguished himself from the crowd by his heroism in the retreat from the Battle of Delium and this might have further singled him out for ridicule among his comrades. He was forty-five years old and in good physical shape when
317:. The Chorus then resumes its appearance as clouds, promising divine favours if the audience punishes Cleon for corruption and rebuking Athenians for messing about with the calendar, since this has put Athens out of step with the moon.
632:. However the scene introducing Superior and Inferior is conducted in short lines of anapestic rhythm (889–948). Later, in the agon between Strepsiades and his son, a line of dialogue in iambic trimeter (1415) – adapted from
417:
The battle of ideas had led to some unlikely friendships that cut across personal and class differences, such as between the socially alert
Pericles and the unworldly Anaxagoras, and between the handsome aristocrat,
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was produced yet he had a face that lent itself easily to caricature by mask-makers, possibly a contributing reason for the frequent characterization of him by comic poets. In fact one of the plays that defeated
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There he meets a student who tells him about some of the recent discoveries made by
Socrates, the head of The Thinkery, including a new unit of measurement for ascertaining the distance jumped by a flea (a flea's
590:. Aristophanes does not use eupolideans in any other of his extant plays. The first parabasis (510–626) is otherwise conventional. However the second parabasis (1113–30) is in a shortened form, comprising an
218:
can be considered the world's first extant "comedy of ideas" and is considered by literary critics to be among the finest examples of the genre. The play also, however, remains notorious for its caricature of
439:, written by Ameipsias, and it too lampooned Socrates. There is a famous story, as reported for example by Aelian, according to which Socrates cheerfully rose from his seat during the performance of
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556:, and this also is an uncharacteristic omission. A typical Aristophanic Chorus, even if it starts out as hostile to the protagonist, is the protagonist's cheer squad by the end of the play. In
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with a specious interest in physical speculations. However, it is still possible to recognize in him the distinctive individual defined in Plato's dialogues. The practice of
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BC and was not as well received as the author had hoped, coming last of the three plays competing at the festival that year. It was revised between 420 and 417
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on a broader issue that underlies many conflicts depicted in his plays – the issue of Old versus New, or the battle of ideas. The scientific speculations of
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410:, whose works were studied by Socrates, was living in Athens when Aristophanes was a youth. Anaxagoras enjoyed the patronage of influential figures such as
485:(as for example idealized by the Chorus in lines 412–19), disciplined, introverted thinking (as described by the Chorus in lines 700–6) and conversational
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526:(lines 518–626), the Chorus reveals that the original play was badly received when it was produced. References in the same parabasis to a play by
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can best be understood in relation to Plato's works, as evidence of a historic rivalry between poetic and philosophical modes of thought.
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Martin West, in 'Oxford History of the Classical World', J.Boardman, J.Griffin and O.Murray (eds), Oxford University Press 1986, page 121
414:, but oligarchic elements also had political advocates and Anaxagoras was charged with impiety and expelled from Athens around 437 BC.
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No copy of the original production survives, and scholarly analysis indicates that the revised version is an incomplete form of
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Socrates on Trial: A Play Based on Aristophane's Clouds and Plato's Apology, Crito, and Phaedo Adapted for Modern Performance
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Socrates on Trial: A Play Based on Aristophane's Clouds and Plato's Apology, Crito, and Phaedo Adapted for Modern Performance
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Nubes. Ein Schön und Kunstreich Spiel, darin klärlich zusehen, was betrug und hinderlist offtmahlen für ein End nimmet
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in ancient comedy depends on interpretation of textual evidence. This list is based on Alan Sommerstein's translation.
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in trochaic tetrameter but without the songs and the antepirrhema needed for a conventional, symmetrical scene.
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however, the Chorus appears sympathetic at first but emerges as a virtual antagonist by the end of the play.
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Edward Tomlinson, Simon R. B. Andrews and Alexandra Outhwaite, 2007 – prose and verse (for Kaloi k'Agathoi)
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represents a departure from the main themes of Aristophanes' early plays – Athenian politics, the
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La norme en matière religieuse en Grèce ancienne. Actes du XIIe colloque international du CIERGA
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and the need for peace with Sparta. The Spartans had recently stopped their annual invasions of
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and stood in silent answer to the whispers among foreigners in the festival audience: "Who is
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Brulé, Pierre (September 2007). "Les Nuées et le problème de l'incroyance au Ve siècle".
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211:. This incompleteness, however, is not obvious in translations and modern performances.
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in 424, had provided the right conditions for a truce. Thus the original production of
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The play adapts the following elements of Old Comedy in a variety of novel ways.
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Catherine H.Zuckert, University of Chicago Press 1996, page 133, commenting on
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in 423 BC came at a time when Athens was looking forward to a period of peace.
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and on satire in general.(Includes full version of the text with commentaries)
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originality and for his courage in lampooning influential politicians such as
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729:(prose), John Curtis Franklin (metrical translation of choral lyrics), 2000
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at Cos was establishing an empirical and science-like approach to medicine.
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This list of characters follows Aaron Poochigan's recent 2021 translation.
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in 425 and this, coupled with a defeat suffered by the Athenians at the
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D.MacDowell (ed.), Oxford University Press 1971, page 207 note 546–630
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naturally. The incubation results in Strepsiades using the blanket to
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Rhetoric, Comedy and the Violence of Language in Aristophanes' Clouds
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783:: Bartolomio & Pietro Rositini de Prat'Alboino. 'Le Nebule', in
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This article is about the play by Aristophanes. For other uses, see
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D.MacDowell (ed.), Oxford University Press 1971, page 187 note 1415
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as a contributing factor to the philosopher's trial and execution.
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Freed from political and war-time issues, Aristophanes focuses in
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Strepsiades, his son, and Socrates (from a 16th-century engraving)
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1308:. Kernos Suppléments (№ 21) (in French). Rennes. pp. 49–67.
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who was ostracized in 416 indicate that the second version of
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On the Concept of Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates
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Earlier translations into other languages exist, including:
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is between Strepsiades and his son (1345–1451) and it is in
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produced in 421 BC and criticism of the populist politician
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Aristophanes:Old-and-new Comedy – Six essays in perspective
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Paul Vander Waerdt, Cornell University Press 1994, page 74
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in 424 and there are relatively few references to him in
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Daphne O'Regan, Oxford University Press US 1992, page 6
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The Atticist, 2021 – prose and verse with commentary:
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after the Athenians had taken Spartan hostages in the
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BC and was thereafter circulated in manuscript form.
1247:"Aristofane. Le Commedie del Facetissimo Aristofane"
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Aristophanes: Lysistrata, The Acharnians, The Clouds
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Aristophanes:Lysistrata, The Acharnians, The Clouds
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Aristophanes:Lysistrata, The Acharnians, The Clouds
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978:A. Sommerstein, Penguin Classics 1973, pages 16–17
956:Apology, Greek text, edited J Burnet, section 19c
1135:by Leo Strauss, University of Chicago Press 1994
1036:Aristophanes: Lysistrata, The Acharnians, Clouds
1024:Aristophanes: Lysistrata, The Acharnians, Clouds
1002:A. Sommerstein, Penguin Classics 1973, pages 108
873:Alan Sommerstein, Penguin Classics 1973, page 37
825:Aristophanis comoediis undecim, Graece et Latine
242:Socrates, the philosopher who runs The Thinkery
1065:A.Sommerstein, Penguin Classics 1973, page 109
1038:A. Sommerstein, Penguin Classics 1975, page 16
1026:A. Sommerstein, Penguin Classics 1975, page 31
908:A. Somerstein, Penguin Classics 1973, page 107
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1373:The Clouds translated by William James Hickie
708:Alan H. Sommerstein, 1973 – prose and verse:
505:philosophy. According to yet another view,
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1095:, University of Chicago Press 1996, page 135
932:Kenneth.J.Reckford, UNC Press 1987, page 393
1289:Aristophanes. Hickie, William James (ed.).
245:Strepsiades, student who joins The Thinkery
188:. A lampooning of intellectual fashions in
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1333:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
1711:The unexamined life is not worth living
945:translated by Benjamin Jowett, section4
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785:Le Commedie del Facetissimo Aristofane
659:, vol. 1, 1837. 3 vols. English metre.
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1400:John Curtis Franklin – Aristophanes
192:, it was originally produced at the
849:Andrew David Irvine, 2007 – prose,
717:and Grace Starry West, 1984 – prose
154:2. The Thinkery (Socrates's school)
1910:Serenade after Plato's "Symposium"
1789:Double Herm of Socrates and Seneca
1241:studio bibliografico pera s.a.s. (
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257:The Clouds, who form the chorus
2376:Cultural depictions of Socrates
2371:Plays set in the 5th century BC
582:(lines 518–62) is composed in
1:
1327:Irvine, Andrew David (2008).
586:rather than the conventional
1414:has a very good analysis of
1409:On Satire in Aristophanes's
839:("Lugduni Batavorum"), 1760.
657:The Comedies of Aristophanes
398:at Abdera was developing an
2386:Plays set in ancient Greece
1431:public domain audiobook at
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1704:I know that I know nothing
1387:translated by Ian Johnston
1277:. Oxford University Press.
762:available for digital loan
710:available for digital loan
184:written by the playwright
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1891:The Plot to Save Socrates
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1133:Socrates and Aristophanes
473:Socrates is presented in
460:demonstrated in the play
422:, and the ugly plebeian,
127:brought by First Creditor
102:Inferior Argument (Wrong)
99:Superior Argument (Right)
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1667:Socratic intellectualism
705:, 1962 – prose and verse
1792:(3rd-century sculpture)
1297:Perseus Digital Library
152:1. House of Strepsiades
1832:Der geduldige Socrates
1183:, page 119 note 518–62
988:Early Greek Philosophy
671:full text (wikisource)
545:of the original play.
254:, disciple of Socrates
21:Cloud (disambiguation)
16:Comedy by Aristophanes
2366:Plays by Aristophanes
1797:The Death of Socrates
1273:Dover, K. J. (1970).
1159:, page 99 note 275–90
1105:The Socratic Movement
772:Aaron Poochigan, 2021
614:. The second agon in
584:eupolidean tetrameter
451:Portrayal of Socrates
333:Historical background
248:Pheidippides, his son
137:Slaves to Strepsiades
2331:Religious skepticism
1687:Socratic questioning
1275:Aristophanes: Clouds
1093:Catherine H. Zuckert
805:("Straßburg"), 1613.
663:William James Hickie
647:English translations
588:anapestic tetrameter
350:Battle of Sphacteria
2391:Plays set in Athens
1878:(1st-century essay)
1611:Cultural depictions
1468:Surviving plays by
1147:, pages XXVIII–XXIX
813:Stephanus Berglerus
797:: Isaac Fröreisen.
697:Robert Henning Webb
653:Benjamin Dann Walsh
223:, and is cited by
1918:Barefoot in Athens
1229:Aristophanes:Wasps
1193:Aristophanes:Wasps
817:Carl Andreas Duker
791:("Vinegia"), 1545.
703:William Arrowsmith
676:Benjamin B. Rogers
622:for both speakers.
435:in 423 was called
402:of the cosmos and
59:Clouds (goddesses)
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2314:Euthyphro dilemma
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2178:Second Alcibiades
1875:De genio Socratis
1856:Socrates on Trial
1662:Socratic dialogue
1627:Trial of Socrates
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1531:Thesmophoriazusae
1378:Project Gutenberg
1359:Works related to
1340:978-0-8020-9783-5
1129:Postmodern Platos
1090:Postmodern Platos
831:, predecessor of
727:Charles Connaghan
620:iambic tetrameter
385:thinkers such as
342:Peloponnesian War
214:Retrospectively,
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71:an elderly farmer
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833:Brill Publishers
748:, 2008 – verse:
678:, 1924 – verse:
665:, 1853 – prose:
580:parabasis proper
523:parabasis proper
400:atomistic theory
354:Battle of Delium
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190:classical Athens
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1395:: A Study Guide
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1728:Sophroniscus
1606:Bibliography
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1470:Aristophanes
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1295:– via
1291:
1274:
1254:. Retrieved
1243:Lucca, Italy
1236:
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1164:
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1119:, pages XXII
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1014:, page XVIII
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186:Aristophanes
179:Greek comedy
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126:
119:Silent roles
118:
117:
112:
94:
86:
77:
70:
69:Strepsiades
50:Aristophanes
2259:Oeconomicus
2252:Memorabilia
1929:(1971 film)
1921:(1966 film)
1859:(2007 play)
1843:(1759 play)
1489:The Knights
943:The Apology
896:, page XXIX
844:Adaptations
758:Moses Hadas
691:F. L. Lucas
605:The Knights
520:During the
404:Hippocrates
367:The Knights
111:Chaerephon
2360:Categories
2213:Theaetetus
2157:Protagoras
2129:Parmenides
2115:On Justice
2052:Hipparchus
2024:Euthydemus
1867:Literature
1824:The Clouds
1746:Lamprocles
1734:Phaenarete
1524:Lysistrata
1496:The Clouds
1428:The Clouds
1416:The Clouds
1411:The Clouds
1393:The Clouds
1385:The Clouds
1362:The Clouds
1267:References
1256:2020-12-07
1050:, page XIX
803:Strasbourg
616:The Clouds
558:The Clouds
550:Old Comedy
542:The Clouds
538:Hyperbolus
514:The Clouds
507:The Clouds
483:asceticism
475:The Clouds
468:Alcibiades
463:Lysistrata
457:The Clouds
441:The Clouds
433:The Clouds
428:The Clouds
420:Alcibiades
408:Anaxagoras
396:Democritus
392:The Clouds
379:The Clouds
372:The Clouds
358:The Clouds
338:The Clouds
323:masturbate
252:Chaerephon
237:Characters
216:The Clouds
209:Old Comedy
162:The Clouds
64:Characters
46:Written by
29:The Clouds
2325:Peritrope
2266:Symposium
2206:Symposium
2199:Statesman
2122:On Virtue
2094:Menexenus
2031:Euthyphro
2003:Demodocus
1975:Clitophon
1968:Charmides
1938:Dialogues
1752:Menexenus
1740:Xanthippe
1538:The Frogs
1517:The Birds
1503:The Wasps
1314:cite book
859:Citations
768:full text
750:full text
741:full text
680:full text
667:full text
634:Euripides
611:The Frogs
592:epirrhema
576:Parabasis
487:dialectic
268:Students
131:Students
2381:Parodies
2347:Category
2237:Xenophon
2185:Sisyphus
2164:Republic
2150:Philebus
2143:Phaedrus
2010:Epinomis
1982:Cratylus
1961:Axiochus
1926:Socrates
1840:Socrates
1805:Socrates
1774:Socrates
1736:(mother)
1730:(father)
1650:Concepts
1595:Socrates
1433:LibriVox
1251:viaLibri
1219:895–1098
639:Alcestis
626:Episodes
495:96A and
445:Socrates
424:Socrates
412:Pericles
291:Xanthias
221:Socrates
175:Nephelai
125:Witness
92:Socrates
2307:Related
2284:Halcyon
2245:Apology
2227:Timaeus
2220:Theages
2192:Sophist
2045:Gorgias
2017:Eryxias
1989:Critias
1954:Apology
1848:Socrate
1772:include
1696:Phrases
1207:756–940
1205:Knights
821:"Nubes"
781:Italian
569:Parodos
533:Maricas
530:called
528:Eupolis
498:Timaeus
479:sophist
288:Witness
230:Apology
227:in the
177:) is a
171:Νεφέλαι
149:Setting
78:his son
2136:Phaedo
2080:Laches
1760:(wife)
1742:(wife)
1721:Family
1552:Plutus
1402:Clouds
1337:
1292:Clouds
883:ibidem
837:Leiden
795:German
789:Venice
578:: The
554:exodus
492:Phaedo
437:Connus
387:Thales
383:Ionian
346:Attica
202:
198:
196:in 423
56:Chorus
2276:Other
2108:Minos
2087:Lysis
1996:Crito
1946:Plato
1902:Other
1816:Stage
1768:Works
1758:Myrto
1754:(son)
1748:(son)
1510:Peace
1404:Essay
1217:Frogs
823:. In
809:Latin
362:Cleon
315:Cleon
265:Slave
225:Plato
82:Slave
2101:Meno
1770:that
1620:Life
1335:ISBN
1320:link
815:and
608:and
599:Agon
307:foot
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140:The
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1781:Art
1376:at
1245:).
447:?"
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