543:'s advocacy for "putting instinctive criminals to death" so as to ensure "the destruction of offenders against social life, regarding them as diseased members to be removed for the advantage of the whole social body". Ellis presents a brief historical overview of prisons worldwide. He concludes that prisons have definitely undergone reforms when it comes to their cleanliness, ingenuity, and routine standards. Reform has happened for the physical establishment but has not occurred in prisoners or their behaviour. Based on European prison reports and interviews with prison doctors and administrators, Ellis concludes that the prison system failed its purpose. Instead of being reformed, criminals are hardened, depressed, corrupted, or turned into brutes who will once again be sentenced to prison once released. Ellis proposes several reforms for the prison system, most of which are based on the treatment applied at Elmira Reformatory. He suggests the abolition of the definite and predetermined sentence, reorganisation of prison staff so that they are trained and qualified in caring for the criminals, and regulation of voluntary visitation. Criminal
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with the theoretical one adopted by
Lombroso. Because of the clash in the British scientific community, criminal anthropology was not perceived as a real science. Why Ellis' book was not met with great success among the British criminologists could be ascribed to the wide disregard his peers displayed towards Ellis. In his Memoirs published in 1894, prison inspector
644:. Education used to be employed for this endeavour, but it proved not efficient enough, according to the reports referred to by the author. In the final paragraph of his book, Ellis concludes that the worldwide rising criminality rates attests criminality is not an isolated issue that needs to be addressed in the complex context in which it arises.
567:). In this way they actively contribute to the society they will be released in. A prison should not only be a care and treatment facility, but also one for the advancement of knowledge in the filed of criminology. Within the prison, the study of criminal anthropology should be able to expand its existent range of knowledge.
628:. Hamon asserts that "responsibility is not a state of consciousness" because "responsibility is a social relationship without real existence". For Hamon, "the only real responsibility is social responsibility Man is responsible because he lives in society, and only because of that social existence". Considering this
493:, Antonio Marro, von Baer, Schwalbe, Rafael Salillas, Arthure McDonald, Eugene Talbot, and Douglas Morrison. The main part of the book is constituted by the third and fourth chapter. They give a detailed description of the physical, moral, social, emotional, and religious aspects of criminals and their lives.
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The preface lays out how the book came in to existence and what is its purpose. The author explains that he felt the need to fill in a knowledge gap in his contemporary scientific knowledge regarding criminal behaviour and punishment. Ellis outlines in the preface what are the questions that his book
179:
These studies were conducted independently of the field of criminal anthropology, which was scarcely known in the second half of the nineteenth century. Regardless of the lack of enthusiasm in the
British scientific community, Ellis found the topic relevant and important for society. When researching
480:
for each category. Ellis mentions six different types of criminals: political, by passion, insane, instinctive, occasional, and habitual. Causes of crime are cosmic, biological, or societal. Ellis refers to the influences of diet, individual temperament, and the interactions with the external world.
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The criminal is a congenitally weak-minded person whose abnormality, while by no means leaving the mental aptitudes absolutely unimpaired, chiefly affects the feelings and volition, so influencing conduct and rendering him an anti-social element in society. The criminal is certainly not insane, but
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British criminologist or workers in the prison system have, since the beginning of the 1890s, unanimously adopted a position that opposed the theories favoured by various existent schools of thought. They valued hands-on experience gathered by interaction with the prisoners. This approach contrasts
505:
inscriptions, and criminality viewed from the perspective of the prisoners. The fifth book chapter aims to answer the questions Ellis formulated in the preface. This chapters is an overview of the author's perspective on the nature of criminals. All the anthropological evidence discussed throughout
402:
written by Ellis. An appendix with forty illustrations is provided at the end of the volume. The appendix is divided into four parts. Appendix A provides detailed explanations for all the plates. Appendix B summarises the study of criminality in children. A picture of the life and treatment applied
744:
regarding criminal anthropology. Doctor James Devon, medical officer at
Glasgow Prison, highlights the complex nature of crime, which goes beyond physical characteristics or inherited tendencies. Devon classifies criminal anthropology as a field "for the little qualified or competent" to deal with
756:
do not focus on criminal anthropology anymore. They are all related to the study of sexuality. The author dedicates the rest of his academic career to topics such as eroticism or psychology of sex. Ellis remains active in the field of criminology by peer-reviewing works of his fellow scholars. In
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to support his claim. The insane criminal described by the author holds the same amount of individual moral responsibility as any other criminal. Ellis states that society has the duty both to protect itself against (insane) criminals and to treat them as humanely as possible so as to render them
725:
The world will probably remain very much where it was before the evolution of the criminal type. The fact is interesting, but it cannot be imported into criminal methods with either fairness or safety.… Criminal anthropology rests at present on too insecure grounds, on too many suppositions and
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is considered an important addition to the literature on criminal anthropology, especially at the time of its publication. English studies on the topic were scarce at the end of the nineteenth century and Ellis' book allowed the
English public to have access to a summary of findings on criminal
700:
presents itself as a practical guide for changing the prison and sentencing systems and gives the example of the Elmira
Reformatory to support its claims. Ellis argues that sentences are usually given for the crimes and not for the criminals. The punishment assigned by the judiciary system is
514:
belief to support his claim that no society member is entitled to judge their peer. Since the idea of punishment for one's crime lays on the beliefs that one is normal and that a criminal act is a voluntary deviation, Ellis strongly opposes the reformatory system of his time. He condemns the
586:
class were recognised and trained at an early age so as to avert them from the path of criminality. Ellis supports interventions in the youth because it is a time when criminal behaviour has not been displayed yet. He believes that imprisonment should be avoided at all costs. In the case of
640:'s author defines responsibility as men having to suffer the consequences of their action. When dealing with criminality, Ellis concludes that the actions against anti-social behaviour need to be designed to compel the criminal into being less anti-social and more integrated into their
598:
Chapter seven is the conclusive one. Ellis reiterates why criminal anthropology is relevant and how it can impact society. Criminality is described as natural phenomena that has always mesmerised the masses, especially the less educated classes. While
207:. Gall applied his phrenological knowledge to criminal anthropology and concluded that physical characteristics of the skulls could predict criminal tendencies. His beliefs prove that, similar to Havelock Ellis, Gall was a follower of Cesare Lombroso.
509:
The sixth chapter suggests possible methods of dealing with and punishing criminality. They are all based on the findings listed by Ellis. This book part opens by stating that no one can be classified as truly normal. The author refers to the
696:, United Kingdom, and United States, but also includes a part on the treatment of criminals. Ellis proposes a reform of prisoners, opposite to a reform of prisons, which is what authorities solely have focused on up to the end of 1890s.
427:
What is a criminal? Is he a normal person who has willingly committed an abnormal act? Is he the victim of acquired disease, such ad some form of epilepsy? Is he an atavistic reappearance of the savage in modern society? Is he a
708:
knowledge on criminality was limited at time when Ellis published his book. Because of that, A.G. Warner, in his review of the book, hopes that Ellis' volume would catch the interest of others undergoing studies in
677:
anthropology. Arthur MacDonald states that Ellis challenges the nineteenth century view of criminality by proving that it is an intrinsic part of society and it has to be treated as such. MacDonald believes that
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capable of living a social life. Should society carry out this duty, regardless of its definition, insanity makes no practical difference to society nor the criminal. Ellis analyses the relationship between
655:
The immense practical importance of criminal anthropology lies in this: that it enables us to discriminate between criminal and criminal, and to apply to each individual case its appropriate treatment.
607:, the uneducated were drawn to the almost heroic images of criminals. In some cases, criminals were the object of fierce passions or obsessions. One question addressed by Ellis is the one posed by
670:
The structure and writing style of the book were praised as being clear, concise, and comprehensive, all being valuable characteristics of a work that aims to act as a literature review.
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neither is he normal, and while not wholly insensitive to the motives which influence the normal man, he is not affected by them in the same way or in the same degree as the normal man.
236:
was published. It was the first French-language academic journal dedicated to the topic of criminology. It published theoretical and practical work regarding criminal anthropology and
143:
on criminal anthropology, which attracted support from fellow scientists across Europe. Ellis highly regarded the
Italian criminal anthropologist and considered that Lombroso's book,
139:
as a self-standing scientific field. Lombroso is credited to be the first to regard criminality as a physical anomaly that can be measured and weighted. Lombroso founded his own
1331:
Report to the
Secretary of State for the Home Department on the Proceedings of the Fourth Congress of Criminal Anthropology, Held at Geneva in 1896, by Major Arthur Griffiths
611:
and whether or not it can be used as a viable defense during a trial. The author argues against acquitting a criminal on bases of insanity. Ellis views insanity as a loss of
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as one of the founders of ''modern science of criminal anthropology''. Gall was convinced that intellectual capacities are influenced by the volume and the shape of the
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481:
The author states that the criminal is a product of various influences, both internal (hereditary) and external. The second chapter summarises previously conducted
415:
aims to address. They refer to the nature and the motives of criminals and the required methods of punishment to be employed. Ellis shares
Lombroso's theory of the
211:
The measure of culpability, and the measure of punishment cannot be determined by a study of the illegal act, but only by a study of the individual committing it.
115:
published in 1890. A third revised and enlarged edition was subsequently published in 1901. The book is a comprehensive
English summary of the main results of
244:
are a comprehensive work. The last part of the journal addresses criminal anthropology studies from three different countries. The works of scientists from
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probabilities to be entitled to the name of a science. It has been deduced from too incomplete premises, too hasty inquiries to give substantial results.
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unsuited and ineffective. The author argues that each criminal class should receive different sentences that match the motives behind the criminal act.
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260:, is larger than the English one. Ellis ascribes it to criminal anthropology not being yet established, in the early 1880s, as an exact science.
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for reviving their criminal past or planning for the future. Criminals should be involved in industry (e.g. farming, fruit growing, carpentry,
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749:, which were supporters of criminal anthropology, were accused of blindly accepting of Lombroso's theory without critically interpreting it.
252:, and Great Britain are contrasted with the French ones. The volume of literature on criminal anthropology from European countries, such as
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411:
is depicted in part C. Criteria for the physical medical investigation of criminals and their descriptions are outlined in appendix D.
713:. Warner dreams that the field of criminal anthropology would be greatly enriched by students eager to fill in its knowledge gaps.
164:
was the only
British book, published between 1880 and 1918, solely based on Cesare Lombroso's theories on criminal anthropology.
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standing point, Ellis then concludes that everyone, including the insane and the socially abnormal are, socially, necessarily
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26:
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Towards the end of chapter six, Ellis refers back to Lombroso's definition of the criminal, which is "an inborn defect,
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135:
is recognised worldwide as the founding father of criminal anthropology since he was the first to perceive the study of
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The introduction presents an overview of the existent chief varieties of criminals and makes reference to at least one
156:
Havelock Ellis was one of Lombroso's followers and one of the few postulating the theory of the inborn criminal in the
1495:
116:
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The author admits that his book contains no novel or original information. A.G. Warner praises the importance of
151:
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1169:"THE CRIMINAL. By Havelock Ellis (The Contemporary Science Series). Scribners : New York. 1890. Pp. 337"
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633:
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is the first book published by the author and helped establish his reputation in the scientific world.
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for his book, Ellis was disappointed that his peers did not share his enthusiasm and had little or no
230:
835:"Havelock Ellis Collection - The Criminal - Illustrated : Havelock Ellis : 9781974466139"
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519:. At the end of the nineteenth century, the capital punishment was already abolished in Italy,
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could be a valuable contribution to the scarce British literature on criminal anthropology.
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132:
119:, a field of study which was scarcely known at the time of the publication of the volume.
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is a valuable work because it shows the British society the complex nature of prisoners.
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1109:"Les Archives d'anthropologie criminelle: a journal fit for a nascent scientific field"
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discusses various topics related to criminality. These are the peculiar criminal
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595:, Ellis encourages the use of fines and communal work as a form of punishment.
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1440:"Review of The Criminal: His Personnel and Environment. A Scientific Study"
688:. Ellis does not only resume criminal anthropological evidence from Italy,
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that can fully be ascribed to the individual. Ellis uses the example of
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Criminocorpus. Revue d'Histoire de la justice, des crimes et des peines
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Criminocorpus. Revue d'Histoire de la justice, des crimes et des peines
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920:
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could be summarised by the following quote extracted from chapter six:
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531:, and some states in the U.S. In keeping with his affiliation with the
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172:
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199:. The physical characteristics of the brain dictate the shape of the
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The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
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on criminals all over the world. The cited literature belongs to
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The Criminal: His Personnel and Environment. A Scientific Study
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physical characteristics illustrate their criminal tendencies.
578:, and weak-minded class". In these cases, the example of the
1064:"The Impact of Criminal Anthropology in Britain (1880-1918)"
582:
should be followed. At BicĂŞtre, members of the congenitally
757:
1900, Ellis publishes his thoughts on August Drähms' book,
501:, the inmates' literary productions and views on religion,
977:
The Handbook of the History and Philosophy of Criminology
309:
Chapter IV. Criminal anthropology (physical)-continued
1363:,"Secrets of the prison house" (1894), vol1, p. 19,38.
203:. The new study field established by Gall is known as
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at all about criminal anthropology. He decided that
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457:regarding the nature of criminals. His opinion is
149:, should have been considered as influential as
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653:
506:the volume are summarised and linked together.
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425:
350:Chapter V. The results of criminal anthropology
209:
745:the real study of criminality. Both Ellis and
280:Chapter III. Criminal anthropology (physical)
144:
8:
1379:Criminal and the community (classic reprint)
740:, British scientist continued to show their
19:
461:and influenced his approach of the topic.
25:
18:
1313:
1243:"Review of War with Crime.; The Criminal"
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398:consists of seven chapters preceded by a
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283:1. Cranial and Cerebral characteristics
353:Chapter VI. The treatment of criminals
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921:"Obituary: Havelock Ellis: 1859-1939"
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277:Chapter II. The study of the criminal
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810:. London: Walter Scott Publishing Co
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551:with the aim that prisoners have no
1288:Bateman, Frederic (February 1894).
660:Havelock Ellis, The criminal, p.321
441:Havelock Ellis, preface of the book
227:Archives d’Anthropologie Criminelle
1154:,"The criminal" (1901), p. ??
624:and crime by quoting the works of
547:should involve constant mental or
14:
1347:Secrets Of The Prison House Vol 1
1217:Hamon, Augustin Frédéric (1807).
974:Triplett, Ruth Ann (2018-01-04).
371:D. The investigation of criminals
171:in general had been conducted in
77:Walter Scott Publishing Co., LTD.
1501:Academic works about criminology
1167:Macdonald, Arthur (1890-07-01).
1012:Ellis, Havelock (January 1890).
1107:Renneville, Marc (2015-01-01).
559:, painting, tailoring, baking,
342:11. Criminal literature and art
53:The contemporary science series
1:
925:American Journal of Sociology
1411:Grosskurth, Phyllis (1980).
453:Ellis mentions his personal
175:prior to the publication of
1414:Havelock Ellis: A Biography
1333:. London: HMSO. p. 12.
1247:Political Science Quarterly
1014:"The Study of the Criminal"
752:Ellis' works that followed
295:5. The body and the viscera
240:. Divided into four parts,
225:Between 1886 and 1914, The
16:1890 book by Havelock Ellis
1517:
1456:10.1126/science.12.303.610
1329:Griffiths, Arthur (1896).
1290:"On Criminal Anthropology"
1223:(in French). A. H. Storck.
1185:10.1177/000271629000100211
1122:10.4000/criminocorpus.2959
1062:Davie, Neil (2010-11-04).
736:In the years prior to the
365:B. Criminality in children
1344:Arthur Griffiths (1894).
1294:Edinburgh Medical Journal
1077:10.4000/criminocorpus.319
1018:Journal of Mental Science
980:. John Wiley & Sons.
818:– via Google Books.
731:Arthur Griffiths, Memoirs
622:(personal) responsibility
24:
1438:Ellis, Havelock (1900).
883:"Review of The Criminal"
858:Ellis, Havelock (1914).
804:Ellis, Havelock (1890).
362:A. Explanation of plates
356:Chapter VII. Conclusions
324:5. Emotional instability
315:2. Dreaming in criminals
289:3. Anomalies of the hair
256:, Italy, Spain, France,
218:Les Fonctions du Cerveau
167:Studies on criminals or
152:On the Origin of Species
1361:Griffiths, Major Arthur
483:anthropological studies
345:12. Criminal philosophy
339:10. Prison inscriptions
304:8. Physical sensibility
292:4. Criminal physiognomy
274:Chapter I. Introduction
1491:1890 non-fiction books
1241:Warner, A. G. (1890).
893:(385): 376–377. 1890.
839:www.bookdepository.com
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312:1. Moral insensibility
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145:
103:
1382:. : FORGOTTEN Books.
1376:DEVON, JAMES (2017).
603:were lured by men of
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391:
117:criminal anthropology
102:
61:Criminal anthropology
1030:10.1192/bjp.36.152.1
647:The quintessence of
563:, housework, music,
231:Alexandre Lacassagne
229:, founded by doctor
580:BicĂŞtre Institution
216:Franz Joseph Gall,
21:
1496:Anthropology books
535:, Ellis refers to
517:capital punishment
451:
409:Elmira Reformatory
393:
146:L'uomo delinquente
104:
1424:978-0-7139-1071-1
1389:978-0-243-51873-9
1220:La responsabilité
987:978-1-119-01135-4
549:physical activity
379:Index of subjects
336:9. Thieves' slang
301:7. Motor activity
269:Table of contents
238:forensic medicine
193:Franz Joseph Gall
141:school of thought
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487:Cesare Lombroso
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318:3. Intelligence
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1300:(8): 697–702.
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860:"The Criminal"
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747:Francis Galton
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626:Augustin Hamon
471:Havelock Ellis
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807:The criminal
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613:self-control
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589:petty crimes
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565:telegraphing
553:leisure time
508:
495:The criminal
494:
491:Enrico Ferri
475:
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396:The criminal
395:
394:
384:Book summary
333:8. Tattooing
327:6. Sentiment
242:The Archives
241:
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186:The criminal
185:
176:
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162:The criminal
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121:The criminal
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108:The Criminal
107:
106:
105:
721:concludes:
634:responsible
584:anti-social
557:shoe-making
521:Switzerland
330:7. Religion
298:6. Heredity
286:2. The face
169:criminality
1485:Categories
844:2021-06-30
814:11 January
765:References
742:scepticism
706:scientific
561:laundering
478:case study
455:hypothesis
430:degenerate
421:hereditary
205:phrenology
1464:0036-8075
1398:986924556
1306:0367-1038
1267:0032-3195
1201:144687979
1193:0002-7162
1139:142022916
1131:2108-6907
1094:142556472
1086:2108-6907
1038:0368-315X
961:222439926
945:0002-9602
899:0036-8075
666:Reception
642:community
545:education
512:Christian
405:prisoners
368:C. Elmira
359:Appendix
321:4. Vanity
182:knowledge
74:Publisher
66:Published
729:—
658:—
609:insanity
576:imbecile
529:Portugal
469:—
439:—
264:Contents
254:Portugal
214:—
131:Italian
42:Language
1472:1628770
1444:Science
1315:5286127
1275:2139263
953:2769812
907:1766558
887:Science
690:Germany
572:idiotic
539:'s and
400:preface
173:England
127:Context
45:English
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694:France
605:genius
537:Seneca
503:prison
459:biased
419:whose
258:Russia
220:(1822)
50:Series
34:Author
1468:JSTOR
1271:JSTOR
1197:S2CID
1135:S2CID
1090:S2CID
957:S2CID
949:JSTOR
903:JSTOR
617:vices
541:Galen
499:slang
250:Spain
246:Italy
201:skull
197:brain
137:crime
90:Pages
85:Print
58:Genre
1460:ISSN
1419:ISBN
1394:OCLC
1384:ISBN
1302:ISSN
1263:ISSN
1189:ISSN
1127:ISSN
1082:ISSN
1034:ISSN
982:ISBN
941:ISSN
895:ISSN
816:2024
704:The
69:1890
1452:doi
1310:PMC
1255:doi
1181:doi
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933:doi
591:or
407:in
403:to
93:419
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