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reads feminist and racial meaning in this piece sometimes using Rubens own words in describing his preference for representing particularly women who were, as he put it, "white as snow." To understand his original iconography, however, he must be understood in the context of symbolism and not current ideological trends. This painting is one of two
African women Rubens painted in 1615. While a large part of her body is covered, her upper torso is still visible and shows the same endowed form Rubens has given to the other figures. She sits central in the geometry which may indicate the fascination Baroque artists had with Africa and the Nile because of its mysterious almost mystical source.
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258:, but this did not translate into sculpture. Rubens took influence from sculptures when depicting the white river god, and chose to depict the female personification of Africa as a black woman. The river god is partially concealing the woman and this could allude to the unknown origin of the Nile in Rubens time. The Nile could be trying to "conceal the origins of his source" as the Roman poet,
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One of the characteristics of Rubens's paintings is the way he depicted the human form. Rubens had a preference for depicting full-bodied forms representing the strength humanist ideals passed on from Greco-Roman influenced
Renaissance. A modern day interpretation, based on critical theory methods,
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poses that this painting could represent the spread of
Catholicism around the world. Rubens was a devout Catholic and frequently would depict religious subject matter. Since this scene was unlike others in Rubens's body of work, the connection back to the Catholicism spread seems plausible. Another
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In 2015, the process for restoring the painting began. This process involved taking the painting out of its frame, placing it on a new canvas, cleaning the surface, and re-touching some places on the painting. The hand carved wood frame was also restored during this process. During the restoration
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to be the one painting the animals in Rubens' paintings, it appears in this phase of his career that Rubens painted the crocodile, tigress, and tiger cubs. Around this time, Rubens was creating numerous sketches of exotic animals such as lions, crocodiles, tigers, and hippopotamuses. These animals
329:. By representing these rivers, it would have portrayed Rubens as well versed, and shown the extent of his classical knowledge. This would have also been an allegory people from many background would have been able to understand, so he would have reached a wider range of patrons.
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The painting appears to be set in a marsh land. There are mountains in the background and what appears to be a body of water. The figures are seated at the bank of a body of water, with a large overhang above them. It depicts the female personifications of what are believed to be
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process, it was noticed on the right side of the piece that there were additional pieces of canvas. To restorationists, this hinted at the idea of the piece once being smaller than it currently is and the additional canvas was used to help the painting fill out the frame.
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on behalf of the
Spanish Netherlands. Throughout the 1620's, Rubens had his hands in many diplomatic situations, and these helped to elevate his social status. Rubens's diplomatic work caused him to be invested in the theme of peace, which is expressed in this painting.
178:, Rubens had many roles, two of which were artist and diplomat. In 1608, Rubens returned to Antwerp after living and working in Spain because his mother was dying. Rubens was in Antwerp until 1621 when the Twelve Years' Truce ended, and he was called to negotiate in
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The tigress, protecting the cubs from the crocodile, is used as a symbol of Asia. The personification of the Danube holds a rudder. The personification of the Nile is leaning on a classical piece of architecture. The bottom part of the painting shows several
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in the foreground along with a crocodile, tigress, and her three cubs. An important figure in this piece is the woman in the middle who personifies Africa. She was one of the two black women Rubens painted at the time.
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wrote that the Nile was the only river god to be portrayed as black because the Nile traveled through
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possible explanation is to symbolize trade with other places in the world. Rubens would also simply be showing off his knowledge of other countries existing and what they have to offer.
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McGrath, Elizabeth (1993). "River-Gods, Sources and the
Mystery of the Nile: Rubens's Four Rivers in Vienna".
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representing the sources of the rivers instead. McGrath also suggested corresponding river names, the
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Die
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There have been two different interpretations on this piece from the scholars
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proposes two alternative rivers in place of the Danube and Rio de la Plata.
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instead of the Río de la Plata, arguing that those names also appear as the
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Scholars in the seventeenth-century were in conversation about the Nile. In
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209 cm × 284 cm (82 in × 112 in)
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The Virgin Mary and Saint
Francis Saving the World from Christ's Anger
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Ixion, King of the
Lapiths, Deceived by Juno, Who He Wished to Seduce
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Saints
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Christ Appointing Saint Roch as Patron Saint of Plague Victims
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associates the male river god directly above the tiger as the
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can be seen in other paintings Rubens did around this time.
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The Head of Saint John the Baptist Presented to Salome
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The Virgin and Child Surrounded by the Holy Innocents
444:"Peter Paul Rubens. The Baroque artist and Diplomat"
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Portrait of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham
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Erichthonius Discovered by the Daughters of Cecrops
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The Gonzaga Family in Adoration of the Holy Trinity
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Gender, Politics, and Allegory in the Art of Rubens
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967:Saint Teresa of Ávila's Vision of the Holy Spirit
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695:Self-Portrait in a Circle of Friends from Mantua
807:Portrait of Giovanni Carlo Doria on Horseback
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1223:The Meeting Between Abraham and Melchizedek
1599:The Triumphal Entry of Henry IV into Paris
1559:Portrait of Infante Isabella Clara Eugenia
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783:Portrait of Marchesa Brigida Spinola-Doria
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2188:Paintings in the Kunsthistorisches Museum
1527:Diana and Her Nymphs Leaving for the Hunt
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414:. Cambridge University Press. p. 41.
2173:Allegorical paintings by Flemish artists
1879:Hercules in the Garden of the Hesperides
1815:A View of Het Steen in the Early Morning
1351:Feast in the House of Simon the Pharisee
703:Equestrian Portrait of the Duke of Lerma
1679:Odysseus on the Island of the Phaecians
1247:The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man
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1949:The Peasants Returning From The Fields
1303:The Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus
372:Strings, Sabrina (10 September 2020).
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1007:Christ Giving the Keys to Saint Peter
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1543:The Reconciliation of Esau and Jacob
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384:10.18574/nyu/9781479891788.001.0001
131:). The painting also depicts three
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1735:Helena Fourment with Her Son Frans
1631:Minerva Protecting Peace from Mars
1399:Landscape with Philemon and Baucis
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1023:The Crowning of the Virtuous Hero
556:Hollander, Martha (27 May 2008).
426:"Peter Paul Rubens (1577 - 1640)"
2058:Nicolaas Rubens, Lord of Rameyen
1407:Portrait of a Young Man in Armor
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1917:Helena Fourment with a Carriage
1655:The Crowning of Saint Catherine
1231:Christ and the Penitent Sinners
1031:The Incredulity of Saint Thomas
2163:Paintings by Peter Paul Rubens
1591:Henry IV at the Battle of Ivry
1439:The Rape of Orithyia by Boreas
1191:Miracles of St. Francis Xavier
618:Kunsthistorisches Museum entry
282:instead of the Danube and the
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1807:Helena Fourment with Children
1698:(Saint Petersburg; 1632–1635)
523:Massing, Jean Michel (2010).
378:. New York University Press.
100:The Four Corners of the World
16:Painting by Peter Paul Rubens
1941:The Rape of the Sabine Women
1519:The Conversion of Saint Bavo
1367:St Mary Magdalene in Ecstasy
1327:The Union of Earth and Water
1127:Theodosius and Saint Ambrose
171:after military hostilities.
1687:The Finding of Erichthonius
1415:Saint George and the Dragon
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1984:The History of Constantine
1863:The Birth of the Milky Way
1727:The Dance of the Villagers
1503:The History of Constantine
1487:Portrait of Susanna Lunden
842:(Madrid; 1609 and 1628–29)
671:The Descent from the Cross
2123:Poussinists and Rubenists
1751:The Triumph of the Church
1719:Bathsheba at the Fountain
1423:Perseus Freeing Andromeda
1175:The Lion and Leopard Hunt
991:The Defeat of Sennacherib
895:Massacre of the Innocents
727:Heraclitus and Democritus
711:Portrait of a Young Woman
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1885:Deianira Listens to Fame
1855:Assumption of the Virgin
1663:The Ildefonso Altarpiece
1575:Assumption of the Virgin
1383:Conversion of Saint Paul
1375:The Small Last Judgement
1255:The Great Last Judgement
1087:Daniel in the Lions' Den
887:Conversion of Saint Paul
863:Coronation of the Virgin
815:Madonna della Vallicella
527:(2nd ed.). Belknap.
410:Rosenthal, Lisa (2005).
78:Kunsthistorisches Museum
1583:Angelica and the Hermit
1207:Two Women with a Candle
1015:Portrait of a Commander
601:Arts and Culture Exeter
430:National Gallery London
174:During the time of the
1858:(Vienna; c. 1637)
1479:Marie de' Medici cycle
1391:The Fall of the Damned
1215:Descent from the Cross
1199:Saint Stephen Triptych
970:(Rotterdam; 1612–1614)
959:Descent from the Cross
823:Susanna and the Elders
375:Fearing the Black Body
1957:The Rainbow Landscape
1831:The Rainbow Landscape
1711:Adoration of the Magi
1695:The Rainbow Landscape
1535:Adoration of the Magi
1495:Perseus and Andromeda
1458:(Florence; 1620–1623)
1335:Tigress with Her Cubs
1271:Adoration of the Magi
1167:The Wolf and Fox Hunt
1143:Florence Resurrection
919:The Four Philosophers
839:Adoration of the Magi
751:The Baptism of Christ
487:10.1515/9781474458627
237:The Black Female Nude
1901:The Rape of Ganymede
1767:Deucalion and Pyrrha
1578:(Antwerp; 1625–1626)
1239:Mars and Rhea Silvia
978:(Cambridge; c. 1614)
962:(Antwerp; 1612–1614)
927:Antwerp Resurrection
879:Raising of the Cross
719:Hercules and Omphale
299:University of Exeter
188:Archduchess Isabella
1928:(Vienna; 1638–1639)
1896:(Madrid; 1636–1638)
1871:Consequences of War
1447:Christ on the Cross
1071:Madonna della Cesta
1039:The Death of Adonis
999:The Four Continents
890:(London; 1610–1612)
743:The Fall of Phaeton
674:(Siegen; 1600–1602)
311:Jean Michel Massing
165:Twelve Years' Truce
145:Jean Michel Massing
113:Twelve Years' Truce
88:The Four Continents
24:The Four Continents
1987:(1622–1640) (with
1909:Diana and Callisto
1839:Pallas and Arachne
1775:The Feast of Herod
1759:The Feast of Venus
1703:The Garden of Love
1623:The Rape of Europa
1359:The Wild Boar Hunt
1338:(attributed; 1618)
1218:(Lille; 1616–1617)
1135:The Wild Boar Hunt
847:Samson and Delilah
288:rivers of Paradise
270:The art historian
2203:Continents in art
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2007:Palazzi di Genova
1989:Pietro da Cortona
1965:Judgment of Paris
1791:Mercury and Argus
1714:(Cambridge; 1634)
1274:(Lyon; 1617–1618)
1183:Romulus and Remus
1103:A Statue of Ceres
983:The Tribute Money
855:Honeysuckle Bower
679:Leda and the Swan
654:Peter Paul Rubens
496:978-1-4744-5862-7
393:978-1-4798-9178-8
272:Elizabeth McGrath
176:Eighty Years' War
141:Elizabeth McGrath
109:Eighty Years' War
105:Peter Paul Rubens
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1893:The Three Graces
1783:The Village Fête
1746:(New York; 1635)
1743:Venus and Adonis
1607:The Annunciation
1455:The Three Graces
1319:The Prodigal Son
1047:Venus and Adonis
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2082:Philip Rubens
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2064:Albert Rubens
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2054:(second wife)
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2041:Rubens family
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1511:Self-Portrait
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943:Roman Charity
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256:Philips Galle
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230:Frans Snyders
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186:on behalf of
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60:Oil on canvas
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2143:(exhibition)
2127:
2048:(first wife)
2005:
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1055:St Sebastian
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685:
682:(1601, 1602)
677:
669:
663:and drawings
600:
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18:
2132:(1977 film)
1944:(1639–1640)
1936:(1638–1640)
1912:(1637–1638)
1904:(1636–1638)
1850:(1636–1638)
1847:Het Pelsken
1842:(1636–1637)
1794:(1635–1638)
1786:(1635–1638)
1778:(1635–1638)
1770:(1636–1637)
1762:(1635–1636)
1690:(1632–1634)
1682:(1630–1635)
1674:(1630–1631)
1671:Last Supper
1666:(1630–1631)
1634:(1629–1630)
1626:(1628–1629)
1618:(1628–1629)
1610:(1627–1628)
1554:(1623–1626)
1530:(1623–1624)
1522:(1623–1624)
1506:(1622–1625)
1482:(1621–1630)
1370:(1619–1620)
1362:(1618–1620)
1354:(1618–1620)
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1226:(1616–1617)
1210:(1616–1617)
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1194:(1616–1617)
1186:(1615–1616)
1138:(1615–1617)
1130:(1615–1616)
1122:(1615–1616)
1114:(1615–1616)
1095:Bacchanalia
1034:(1613–1615)
1026:(1613–1614)
1010:(1612–1614)
994:(1612–1614)
986:(1612–1614)
930:(1611–1612)
922:(1611–1612)
914:(1611–1612)
882:(1610–1611)
866:(1609–1611)
858:(1609–1610)
850:(1609–1610)
818:(1606–1608)
770:(1604–1605)
762:(1604–1605)
754:(1604–1605)
698:(1602–1605)
562:Caa.reviews
333:Restoration
309:the author
195:Iconography
2157:Categories
2136:Rubenesque
2070:Jan Rubens
2025:Rubenshuis
1976:Tapestries
1287:Two Satyrs
935:Visitation
356:References
127:, and the
66:Dimensions
2102:(teacher)
2096:(teacher)
2090:(teacher)
2084:(brother)
1968:(various)
1874:(c. 1638)
1866:(c. 1637)
1802:(c. 1636)
1722:(c. 1635)
1706:(c. 1633)
1650:(c. 1630)
1570:(c. 1625)
1498:(c. 1622)
1466:(c. 1621)
1418:(c. 1620)
1410:(c. 1620)
1402:(c. 1620)
1394:(c. 1620)
1330:(c. 1618)
1314:(c. 1618)
1306:(c. 1618)
1178:(c. 1616)
1170:(c. 1616)
1162:(c. 1616)
1106:(c. 1615)
1098:(c. 1615)
1066:(c. 1614)
1058:(c. 1614)
951:Ecce Homo
898:(c. 1611)
834:(c. 1609)
738:(c. 1604)
661:Paintings
580:1543-950X
505:248016127
323:Euphrates
284:Euphrates
251:Pausanias
2178:Nude art
2108:(friend)
2078:(mother)
2072:(father)
542:: 72–82.
292:exegesis
216:and the
80:, Vienna
74:Location
2116:Related
2018:Museums
1933:Bacchus
1386:(1620s)
1002:(1610s)
327:Genesis
315:Massing
184:England
169:Antwerp
151:History
2129:Rubens
2034:People
2010:(1622)
1952:(1640)
1920:(1638)
1888:(1638)
1826:(1636)
1823:Saturn
1818:(1636)
1810:(1636)
1754:(1635)
1738:(1635)
1730:(1635)
1658:(1631)
1642:(1630)
1602:(1627)
1594:(1627)
1562:(1625)
1546:(1624)
1514:(1623)
1490:(1622)
1474:(1621)
1450:(1620)
1442:(1620)
1434:(1620)
1426:(1620)
1378:(1619)
1322:(1618)
1298:(1618)
1295:Medusa
1290:(1618)
1258:(1617)
1250:(1617)
1242:(1617)
1234:(1617)
1154:(1616)
1146:(1616)
1090:(1615)
1082:(1615)
1074:(1615)
1050:(1614)
1042:(1614)
1018:(1613)
954:(1612)
946:(1612)
906:(1611)
874:(1610)
826:(1607)
810:(1606)
802:(1606)
794:(1606)
786:(1606)
778:(1605)
730:(1603)
722:(1603)
714:(1603)
706:(1603)
690:(1602)
578:
503:
493:
390:
319:Tigris
280:Tigris
276:nymphs
260:Horace
212:, the
210:Ganges
208:, the
206:Danube
180:France
123:, the
121:Ganges
119:, the
117:Danube
56:Medium
38:Artist
2066:(son)
2060:(son)
1999:Books
501:S2CID
462:MPIWG
226:putti
161:Spain
133:putti
576:ISSN
491:ISBN
478:Nile
388:ISBN
214:Nile
182:and
159:and
143:and
125:Nile
48:Year
566:doi
483:doi
380:doi
305:In
98:or
2159::
1882:/
599:.
588:^
574:.
564:.
560:.
548:^
513:^
499:.
489:.
481:.
460:.
428:.
402:^
386:.
364:^
294:.
249:,
1991:)
646:e
639:t
632:v
603:.
582:.
568::
507:.
485::
464:.
446:.
432:.
396:.
382::
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