468:
476:
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263:, in which he wrote that he did not "study the interest of the boy but the embryo Man". To a non-specialist, he would have seemed deeply knowledgeable in science and mathematics, but a close inspection of his essay and curriculum revealed that the extent of his mathematical teachings was limited to algebra, trigonometry and logarithms. Thus, Green's later mathematical contributions, which exhibited knowledge of very modern developments in mathematics, could not have resulted from his tenure at the Robert Goodacre Academy. He stayed for only four
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334:. This library exists today, and was likely the main source of Green's advanced mathematical knowledge. Unlike more conventional libraries, the subscription library was exclusive to a hundred or so subscribers, and the first on the list of subscribers was the Duke of Newcastle. This library catered to requests for specialised books and journals that satisfied the particular interests of their subscribers.
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Just as with baking, Green found the responsibilities of operating the mill annoying and tedious. Grain from the fields was arriving continuously at the mill's doorstep, and the sails of the windmill had to be constantly adjusted to the windspeed, both to prevent damage in high winds, and to maximise
258:
During this era it was common for only 25–50% of children in
Nottingham to receive any schooling. The majority of schools were Sunday schools, run by the Church, and children would typically attend for one or two years only. Recognizing the young Green's above average intellect, and being in a strong
317:
In 1823 Green formed a relationship with Jane Smith, the daughter of
William Smith, hired by Green Senior as mill manager. Although Green and Jane Smith never married, Jane eventually became known as Jane Green and the couple had seven children together; all but the first had Green as a baptismal
408:, which were prerequisites, but it turned out not to be as hard for him to learn these as he had envisaged, as the degree of mastery required was not as high as he had expected. In the mathematics examinations, he won the first-year mathematical prize. He graduated with a BA in 1838 as a 4th
392:
Members of the
Nottingham Subscription Library who knew Green repeatedly insisted that he obtain a proper University education. In particular, one of the library's most prestigious subscribers was Sir Edward Bromhead, with whom Green shared many correspondences; he insisted that Green go to
356:, which is the essay he is most famous for today. It was published privately at the author's expense, because he thought it would be presumptuous for a person like himself, with no formal education in mathematics, to submit the paper to an established journal. When Green published his
649:
352:
172:
491:, who popularised it for future mathematicians. According to the book "George Green" by D.M. Cannell, William Thomson noticed Murphy's citation of Green's 1828 essay but found it difficult to locate Green's 1828 work; he finally got some copies of Green's 1828 work from
619:. The possibility that Toplis played a role in Green's mathematical education would resolve several long-standing questions about the sources of Green's mathematical knowledge. For example, Green made use of "the Mathematical Analysis", a form of calculus derived from
249:
In his youth, Green was described as having a frail constitution and a dislike for doing work in his father's bakery. He had no choice in the matter, however, and as was common for the time he likely began working daily to earn his living at the age of five.
283:, and the city became known as one of the worst slums in England. There were frequent riots by starving workers, often associated with special hostility towards bakers and millers on the suspicion that they were hiding grain to drive up food prices.
259:
financial situation due to his successful bakery, his father enrolled him in March 1801 at Robert
Goodacre's Academy in Upper Parliament Street. Robert Goodacre was a well-known science populariser and educator of the time. He published
379:
due to his considerable accumulated wealth and land owned, roughly half of which he left to his son and the other half to his daughter. The young Green, now thirty-six years old, consequently was able to use this wealth to abandon his
431:
The next two years provided an unparalleled opportunity for Green to read, write, and discuss his scientific ideas. In this short time he published an additional six publications with applications to hydrodynamics, sound, and optics.
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Recent historical research suggests that the pivotal figure in Green's mathematical education was John Toplis (c1774-1857), who graduated in mathematics from
Cambridge as 11th Wrangler before becoming headmaster of the forerunner of
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1806–1819, and lived in the same neighbourhood as Green and his family. Toplis was an advocate of the continental school of mathematics, and fluent in French, having translated
Laplace's celebrated work on
308:
that would continuously grind against each other, could wear down or cause a fire if they ran out of grain to grind. Every month the stones, which weighed over a ton, would have to be replaced or repaired.
464:, only to die a year later. There are rumours that at Cambridge, Green had "succumbed to alcohol", and some of his earlier supporters, such as Sir Edward Bromhead, tried to distance themselves from him.
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Harding, R., Harding, M. Contraband
Mathematics: A Documentary Review of the Resources Available to George Green at the Nottingham Subscription Library 1823–1828. Math Intelligencer 41, 44–55 (2019)
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279:, which at the time had a reputation for being a pleasant town with open spaces and wide roads. By 1831, however, the population had increased nearly five times, in part due to the budding
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Green's life story is remarkable in that he was almost entirely self-taught. He received only about one year of formal schooling as a child, between the ages of 8 and 9.
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Green's work was not well known in the mathematical community during his lifetime. Besides Green himself, the first mathematician to quote his 1828 work was the Briton
192:. Green was the first person to create a mathematical theory of electricity and magnetism and his theory formed the foundation for the work of other scientists such as
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290:. It was technologically impressive for its time, but required nearly twenty-four-hour maintenance, which was to become Green's burden for the next twenty years.
487:(1806–1843) in his 1833 work. In 1845, four years after Green's death, Green's work was rediscovered by the young William Thomson (then aged 21), later known as
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For these reasons, in 1807, George Green senior bought a plot of land in
Sneinton. On this plot of land he built a "brick wind corn mill", now referred to as
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627:, who had his own methods that were championed in England). This form of calculus, and the developments of mathematicians such as the French mathematicians
428:. Even without his stellar academic standing, the Society had already read and made note of his Essay and three other publications, so Green was welcomed.
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bought a copy and encouraged Green to do further work in mathematics. Not believing the offer was sincere, Green did not contact
Bromhead for two years.
561:, who used Green's functions in his ground-breaking works, published a tribute entitled "The Greening of Quantum Field Theory: George and I" in 1993.
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The grave stone of the mathematician George Green, in St
Stephen's cemetery a little closer to the east boundary wall than his parents' grave stone
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659:"Mathematical investigations concerning the laws of the equilibrium of fluids analogous to the electric fluid, with other similar researches"
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639:, were not taught even at Cambridge, let alone Nottingham, and yet Green not only had heard of these developments, but improved upon them.
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which was virtually unheard of, or even actively discouraged, in England at the time (due to Leibniz being a contemporary of
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His work and influence on 19th-century applied physics had been largely forgotten until the publication of his biography by
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Green, George (1828). "An Essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism".
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360:, it was sold on a subscription basis to 51 people, most of whom were friends who probably could not understand it.
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653:. By George Green, Nottingham. Printed for the Author by T. Wheelhouse, Nottingham. 1828. (Quarto, vii + 72 pages.)
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Cannel, D. M. and Lord, N. J.; Lord, N. J. (March 1993). "George Green, mathematician and physicist 1793–1841".
267:(one school year), and it was speculated by his contemporaries that he had exhausted all they had to teach him.
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Schwinger, Julian (January 1996). "The greening of quantum field theory: George and I". In Ng, Yee Jack (ed.).
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789:"On the laws of the reflexion and refraction of light at the common surface of two non-crystallized media"
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in Nottingham was restored to working order. It now serves both as a working example of a 19th-century
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Cannel, D. M.; Lord, N. J.; Lord, N. J (1993). "George Green, mathematician and physicist 1793–1841".
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D. M. Cannell, "George Green mathematician and physicist 1793–1841", The Athlone Press, London, 1993.
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name. The youngest child was born 13 months before Green's death. Green provided for his (so-called)
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in 1828. The essay introduced several important concepts, among them a theorem similar to the modern
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is named after him, and houses the majority of the university's science and engineering Collection.
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An Essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism
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An Essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism
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An Essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism
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1242:(Note: This was the first quotation of Green's 1828 work by somebody other than Green himself.)
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The grave stone of George Green and Catherine Green, parents of the mathematician George Green
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Challis, L. and Sheard, F.; Sheard, Fred (December 2003). "The Green of Green Functions".
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George Green: Mathematician and Physicist 1793–1841: The Background to his Life and Work
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In his final years at Cambridge, Green became rather ill, and in 1840 he returned to
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commented that Green had been 20 years ahead of his time. The theoretical physicist
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The title page to Green's original essay on what is now known as Green's theorem.
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By the time Green's father died in 1829, the senior Green had become one of the
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and functions were important tools in classical mechanics, and were revised by
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Green's work on the motion of waves in a canal (resulting in what is known as
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242:. His father, also named George, was a baker who had built and owned a brick
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1019:"On the inverse method of definite integrals, with physical applications"
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Murphy, Robert (1833). "On the inverse method of definite integrals".
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In 1832, aged nearly forty, Green was admitted as an undergraduate at
763:"On the motion of waves in a variable canal of small depth and width"
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Green was born and lived for most of his life in the English town of
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has a memorial stone for Green in the nave adjoining the graves of
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Cannell, D.M. (1999). "George Green: An Enigmatic Mathematician".
825:"Supplement to a memoir on the reflection and refraction of light"
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Green's grave, in the grounds of the church not far from his mill
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906:, edited by N. M. Ferrers. The website for this is given below.
521:, while his research on light-waves and the properties of the
400:. He was particularly insecure about his lack of knowledge of
424:
Following his graduation, Green was elected a fellow of the
549:). Green's functions later also proved useful in analysing
1304:(478). The Mathematical Gazette, Vol. 77, No. 478: 26–51.
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engineering department, is also named after him. In 1986,
1277:– An excellent on-line source of George Green information
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Julian Schwinger: The Physicist, the Teacher, and the Man
703:"Researches on the vibration of pendulums in fluid media"
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The George Green Institute for Electromagnetics Research
18:
The George Green Institute for Electromagnetics Research
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and as a museum and science centre dedicated to Green.
1121:"George Green Institute for Electromagnetics Research"
1176:(1999). "George Green: An Enigmatic Mathematician".
1234:
Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
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Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
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Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
843:"On the propagation of light in crystallized media"
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Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
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Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
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Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
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Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
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Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
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Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
663:
Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
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330:When Green was thirty, he became a member of the
1491:Fellows of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
1045:The Mathematical Papers of the late George Green
504:The Mathematical Papers of the late George Green
1486:Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
707:Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
541:that led to his 1965 Nobel prize (shared with
8:
1389:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1338:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
904:Mathematical papers of the late George Green
446:Mathematical Papers of the Late George Green
1031:Green is mentioned in a footnote on p. 357.
238:, Nottinghamshire, now part of the city of
166:(14 July 1793 – 31 May 1841) was a British
1162:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00283-018-09871-7
737:"On the reflexion and refraction of sound"
31:
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188:, and the concept of what are now called
384:duties and pursue mathematical studies.
363:The wealthy landowner and mathematician
1257:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
1220:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
886:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
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807:"Note on the motion of waves in canals"
1511:Tourist attractions in Nottinghamshire
1442:"George Green & Green's Functions"
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398:Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
152:Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
87:Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
7:
1069:. World Scientific. pp. 13–27.
553:. On a visit to Nottingham in 1930,
1471:19th-century English mathematicians
1423:List of References for George Green
304:rotational speed in low winds. The
525:produced what is now known as the
444:Title page of a 1871 copy of the "
25:
1399:"Green's Mill and Science Centre"
1178:The American Mathematical Monthly
275:In 1773 George's father moved to
1427:
1222:, Oxford University Press, 2004
902:This 1828 essay can be found in
564:The George Green Library at the
271:Move from Nottingham to Sneinton
1218:, 'Green, George (1793–1841)',
436:Final years and posthumous fame
426:Cambridge Philosophical Society
332:Nottingham Subscription Library
326:Nottingham Subscription Library
261:Essay on the Education of Youth
184:functions as currently used in
1252:"George Green (mathematician)"
1200:10.1080/00029890.1999.12005020
1109:10.1137/1.9780898718102.appvia
881:"George Green (mathematician)"
27:British mathematical physicist
1:
919:American Mathematical Monthly
1103:(SIAM, 2001), pp. 220–231,
1004:A Cambridge Alumni Database
819:Presented 18 February 1839.
801:Presented 11 December 1837.
757:Presented 11 December 1837.
731:Presented 16 December 1833.
671:Presented 12 November 1832.
1532:
1085:10.1142/9789812830449_0003
1055:Historical Math Collection
1006:. University of Cambridge.
572:, a research group in the
322:and children in his will.
200:, and others. His work on
103:Green's deformation tensor
77:, Nottinghamshire, England
58:, Nottinghamshire, England
1000:"Green, George (GRN832G)"
719:10.1017/S0080456800022183
350:In 1828, Green published
254:Robert Goodacre's Academy
157:
132:
1454:University of Nottingham
1298:The Mathematical Gazette
1262:University of St Andrews
955:The Mathematical Gazette
891:University of St Andrews
574:University of Nottingham
566:University of Nottingham
204:ran parallel to that of
253:
1432:Quotations related to
1053:University of Michigan
855:Presented 20 May 1839.
841:Green, George (1842).
823:Green, George (1842).
805:Green, George (1842).
787:Green, George (1842).
783:Presented 15 May 1837.
761:Green, George (1838).
735:Green, George (1838).
701:Green, George (1836).
675:Green, George (1835).
657:Green, George (1835).
612:Nottingham High School
578:Green's Mill, Sneinton
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414:James Joseph Sylvester
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168:mathematical physicist
127:Liouville–Green method
1481:Mathematical analysts
1216:Ivor Grattan-Guinness
837:Presented 6 May 1839.
773:(part iii): 457–462.
747:(part iii): 403–413.
697:Presented 6 May 1833.
687:(part iii): 395–429.
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281:Industrial Revolution
246:used to grind grain.
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1496:People from Sneinton
1275:on 26 December 2010.
1248:Robertson, Edmund F.
1224:accessed 26 May 2009
1049:Macmillan Publishers
877:Robertson, Edmund F.
643:List of publications
206:Carl Friedrich Gauss
1361:2003PhT....56l..41C
1246:O'Connor, John J.;
1017:Murphy, R. (1833).
875:O'Connor, John J.;
853:(part ii): 121–140.
779:1838TCaPS...6..457G
753:1838TCaPS...6..403G
693:1835TCaPS...5..395G
617:celestial mechanics
605:Source of knowledge
527:Cauchy-Green tensor
365:Sir Edward Bromhead
194:James Clerk Maxwell
1476:English physicists
1127:on 17 January 2014
835:(part i): 113–120.
513:) anticipates the
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111:Green's identities
1369:10.1063/1.1650227
1150:Westminster Abbey
594:and Lord Kelvin.
588:Westminster Abbey
551:superconductivity
519:quantum mechanics
515:WKB approximation
506:for publication.
416:who scored 2nd).
190:Green's functions
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134:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
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1407:22 November
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313:Family life
143:Mathematics
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67:31 May 1841
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1240:: 353–408.
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358:Essay
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