Great Stink - Knowledge (XXG)

700: 684: 990: 237: 904: 499: 166: 889: 615:

Metropolis Local Management Amendment Bill, a proposed amendment to the 1855 Act; in the opening debate he called the Thames "a Stygian pool, reeking with ineffable and intolerable horrors". The Bill put the responsibility to clear up the Thames on the MBW, and stated that "as far as may be possible" the sewerage outlets should not be within the boundaries of London; it also allowed the Board to borrow £3 million, which was to be repaid from a three-penny levy on all London households for the next forty years. The terms favoured Bazalgette's original 1856 plan, and overcame Hall's objection to it. The leading article in

628: 659:, a material stronger than standard cement, but with a weakness when over-heated. To overcome the problem he instituted a quality control system to test batches of cement, that is described by the historian Stephen Halliday as both "elaborate" and "draconian". The results were fed back to the manufacturers, who altered their production processes to further improve the product. One of the cement manufacturers commented that the MBW were the first public body to use such testing processes. The progress of Bazalgette's works was reported favourably in the press. 487: 181: 1015:. At the time that was a part of London which had not been connected to Bazalgette's system, and 93 per cent of the fatalities occurred within the area. The fault lay with the East London Water Company, who discharged their sewage half a mile (800 m) downriver from their reservoir: the sewage was being carried upriver into the reservoir on the incoming tide, contaminating the area's drinking water. The outbreak and the diagnosis of its causes led to the acceptance that cholera was water-borne, not transmitted by miasma. 365: 974:. The cost of building the embankments was estimated at £1.71 million, of which £450,000 was used for purchasing the necessary river-front properties, which tended to be for light industrial use. The Embankment project was seen as being nationally important and, with the Queen unable to attend because of illness, the Victoria Embankment was opened by the Prince of Wales in July 1870. The Albert Embankment had been completed in November 1869, while the Chelsea Embankment was opened in July 1874. 790: 429:. The trio reported back to Hall in July 1857 with proposed changes to the positions of the outfall, which he passed on to the MBW in October. The new proposed discharge points were to be open sewers, running 15 miles (24 km) beyond the positions proposed by the board; the cost of their plans was to be over £5.4 million, considerably more than the maximum estimate of Bazalgette's plan, which was £2.4 million. In February 1858 a 299:". His conclusion was that "Near the bridges the feculence rolled up in clouds so dense that they were visible at the surface, even in water of this kind. ... The smell was very bad, and common to the whole of the water; it was the same as that which now comes up from the gully-holes in the streets; the whole river was for the time a real sewer." The smell from the river was so bad that in 1857 the government poured chalk lime, 354:; it was the first time that a unitary power had full control over the capital's sanitation facilities. The Building Act 1844 had ensured that all new buildings had to be connected to a sewer, not a cesspool, and the commission set about connecting cesspools to sewers, or removing them altogether. Because of the fear that the miasma from the sewers would cause the spread of disease, Chadwick and his successor, the 35: 4197: 413:. Hall had reservations about the outfalls—the discharge points of waste outlets into other bodies of water—from the sewers, which he said were still within the bounds of the capital, and were therefore unacceptable. During the ongoing discussions, Bazalgette refined and modified his plans, in line with Hall's demands. In December 1856 Hall submitted the plans to a group of three consultant engineers, Captain 217: 604:

jurisdiction. Four days later a second MP said to Manners that "By a perverse ingenuity, one of the noblest of rivers has been changed into a cesspool, and I wish to ask whether Her Majesty's Government intend to take any steps to remedy the evil?" Manners pointed out "that Her Majesty's Government have nothing whatever to do with the state of the Thames". The satirical magazine

1140: 970:. He ran the sewers along the banks of the Thames, building up walls on the foreshore, running the sewer pipes inside and infilling around them. The works claimed over 52 acres (21 ha) of land from the Thames; the Victoria Embankment had the added benefit of relieving the congestion on the pre-existing roads between Westminster and the 334:, Snow published an update to his treatise, after he focused on the effects in Broad Street, Soho. Snow had removed the handle from the local water pump, thus preventing access to the contaminated water, with a resulting fall in deaths. It was later established that a leaking sewer ran near the well from which the water was drawn. 314:, which held that most communicable diseases were caused by the inhalation of contaminated air. This contamination could take the form of the odour of rotting corpses or sewage, but also rotting vegetation, or the exhaled breath of someone already diseased. Miasma was believed by most to be the vector of transmission of 802:

assistants. Although the idea was subsequently dropped following criticism, Halliday observes that the large amounts discussed "at a time when parsimony was the dominant characteristic of public expenditure is a firm indication of the depth of public interest and approval that appears to have characterised the work."

811:

numerous problems in construction, including a labourers' strike in 1859–60, hard frosts in winter, and heavier than normal rainfall. The rain was so heavy in June 1862 that an accident occurred at the works re-building the Fleet sewer. The deep excavations were running parallel to the excavation of a cutting at

1082:

The provision of an integrated and fully functioning sewer system for the capital, together with the associated drop in cholera cases, led the historian John Doxat to state that Bazalgette "probably did more good, and saved more lives, than any single Victorian official". Bazalgette continued to work

554:

concurred with the opinion. One of its reporters described the river as a "pestiferous and typhus breeding abomination", while a second wrote that "the amount of poisonous gases which is thrown off is proportionate to the increase of the sewage which is passed into the stream". The leading article in

379:

to the position of assistant surveyor. He had been working as a consultant engineer in the railway industry until overwork had brought about a serious breakdown in his health; his appointment to the commission was his first position on his return to employment. Working under the chief engineer, Frank

1111:

opined that "when the New Zealander comes to London a thousand years hence ... the magnificent solidity and the faultless symmetry of the great granite blocks which form the wall of the Thames-embankment will still remain." He continued, "the great sewer that runs beneath Londoners ... has

652:—lie below the high-water mark. Bazalgette's plan for the low-level areas was to lift the sewage from low-lying sewers at key points into the mid- and high-level sewers, which would then drain with the aid of gravity, out towards the eastern outfalls at a gradient of 2 feet per mile (38 cm/km). 269:

and other gases, which often caught fire and exploded, while many of the sewers were in a poor state of repair. During the early 19th century improvements had been undertaken in the supply of water to Londoners, and by 1858 many of the city's medieval wooden water pipes were being replaced with iron

643:

Bazalgette's plans for the 1,100 miles (1,800 km) of additional street sewers (collecting both effluent and rainwater), which would feed into 82 miles (132 km) of main interconnecting sewers, were put out to tender between 1859 and 1865. Four hundred draftsmen worked on the detailed plans

140:

Bazalgette's work ensured that sewage was no longer dumped onto the shores of the Thames and brought an end to the cholera outbreaks; his actions are thought to have saved more lives than the efforts of any other Victorian official. His sewer system operates into the 21st century, servicing a city

1042:

and sank, causing over 650 deaths. The accident took place close to the outfalls and questions were raised in the British press over whether the sewage was responsible for some of the deaths. In the 1880s further fears over possible health concerns because of the outfalls led to the MBW purifying

810:

The northern side of the Thames was the more populous, housing two-thirds of London's population, and the works had to proceed through congested streets and overcome such urban hurdles as canals, bridges and railway lines. Work began on the system on 31 January 1859, but the builders encountered

614:

At the height of the stink, 200 to 250 long tons (220 to 280 short tons) of lime were being used near the mouths of the sewers that discharged into the Thames, and men were employed spreading lime onto the Thames foreshore at low tide; the cost was £1,500 per week. On 15 June Disraeli tabled the

538:

wrote that "in parts the deposit is more than six feet deep" on the Thames foreshore, and that "the whole of this is thickly impregnated with impure matter". In June 1858 the temperatures in the shade in London averaged 34–36 °C (93–97 °F)—rising to 48 °C (118 °F) in the sun.

592:

reported that Disraeli, on attending one of the committee rooms, left shortly afterwards with the other members of the committee, "with a mass of papers in one hand, and with his pocket handkerchief applied to his nose" because the smell was so bad. The disruption to its legislative work led to

533:

wrote that the Thames was "a deadly sewer ... in the place of a fine, fresh river". In a letter to a friend, Dickens said: "I can certify that the offensive smells, even in that short whiff, have been of a most head-and-stomach-distending nature", while the social scientist and journalist

801:

With the successful completion of the southern outflow, one of the board members of the MBW, an MP named Miller, proposed a bonus for Bazalgette. The board agreed and were prepared to pay the engineer £6,000—three times his annual salary—with an additional £4,000 to be shared among his three

603:

informed Manners that members were unable to use either the Committee Rooms or the Library because of the stench, and asked the minister "if the noble Lord has taken any measures for mitigating the effluvium and discontinuing the nuisance". Manners replied that the Thames was not under his

916:

Like the Crossness Pumping Station, Abbey Mills was a joint design by Bazalgette and Driver. Above the centre of the engine-house was an ornate dome that, Dobraszczyk considers, gives the building a "superficial resemblance ... to a Byzantine church". The architectural historian

380:

Foster, he began to develop a more systematic plan for the city's sewers. The stress of the position was too much for Foster and he died in 1852; Bazalgette was promoted into his position, and continued refining and developing the plans for the development of the sewerage system. The

321:

London's first major cholera epidemic struck in 1831 when the disease claimed 6,536 victims. In 1848–49 there was a second outbreak in which 14,137 London residents died, and this was followed by a further outbreak in 1853–54 in which 10,738 died. During the second outbreak,

1051:; the procedure remained in service until December 1998, when the dumping stopped and an incinerator was used to dispose of the waste. The sewers were expanded in the late 19th century and again in the early 20th century. The drainage network is, as at 2015, managed by 404:

was planned to remove the waste towards the east of the city. Bazalgette's plan was based on that of Foster, but was larger in scale, and allowed for more of a rise in population than Foster's – from 3 to 4.5 million. Bazalgette submitted his plans to Sir

981:. In 1875 the work on the western drainage was completed, and the system became operational. The building work had required 318 million bricks and 880,000 cubic yards (670,000 m) of concrete and mortar; the final cost was approximately £6.5 million. 565:

We can colonise the remotest ends of the earth; we can conquer India; we can pay the interest of the most enormous debt ever contracted; we can spread our name, and our fame, and our fructifying wealth to every part of the world; but we cannot clean the River

1075:, the great-great-grandson of Joseph. As at 2015 part of the Abbey Mill facility continues to operate as a sewage pumping station. The building's large double chimneys were removed during the Second World War following fears that they could be used by the 872:, where it was joined by the eastern end of the low-level sewer. The pumps at Abbey Mills lifted the effluent from the low-level sewer 36 feet (11 m) into the main sewer. This main sewer ran 5 miles (8 km)—along what is now known as the 391:

By June 1856 Bazalgette completed his definitive plans, which provided for small, local sewers about 3 feet (0.9 m) in diameter to feed into a series of larger sewers until they drained into main outflow pipes 11 feet (3.4 m) high. A

669:

described the progress on the sewers as "the most expensive and wonderful work of modern times". Construction costs were so high that in July 1863 an additional £1.2 million was lent to the MBW to cover the cost of the work.

1025:, stated that his report "will render irresistible the conclusions at which he has arrived in regard to the influence of the water-supply in causation of the epidemic." It was the last outbreak of the disease in the capital. 543:

attempted to take a pleasure cruise on the Thames, but returned to shore within a few minutes because the smell was so terrible. The press soon began calling the event "The Great Stink"; the leading article in the

73:

The smell, and fears of its possible effects, prompted action from the national and local administrators who had been considering possible solutions for the problem. The authorities accepted a proposal from the

1070:

in June 1970 (since replaced by English Heritage). The building and its engines are, as of 2015, under restoration by the Crossness Engines Trust. The president of the trust is the British television producer

1937: 610:

commented that "The one absorbing topic in both Houses of Parliament ... was the Conspiracy to Poison question. Of the guilt of that old offender, Father Thames, there was the most ample evidence".

282:

from factories, slaughterhouses and other industrial activities put further strain on the already failing system. Much of this outflow either overflowed, or discharged directly, into the Thames.

619:

observed that "Parliament was all but compelled to legislate upon the great London nuisance by the force of sheer stench". The bill was debated in late July and was passed into law on 2 August.

644:

and sectional views for the first phase of the building process. There were several engineering challenges to be overcome, particularly the fact that parts of London—including the area around

326:, a London-based physician, noticed that the rates of death were higher in those areas supplied by the Lambeth and the Southwark and Vauxhall water companies. In 1849 he published a paper, 1202:, a best-selling publication. In 1843 he served on a royal commission on the health of towns, before service on a second royal commission in 1847, which resulted in the formation of the 977:

Bazalgette considered the Embankment project "one of the most difficult and intricate things the ... have had to do", and shortly after the Chelsea Embankment was opened, he was

550:

observed that "Gentility of speech is at an end—it stinks, and whoso once inhales the stink can never forget it and can count himself lucky if he lives to remember it". A writer for

4628: 934:

To provide the drainage for the low-level sewers, in February 1864 Bazalgette began building three embankments along the shores of the Thames. On the northern side he built the

786:, was followed by a dinner for 500 within the building. The ceremony marked the completion of construction of the Southern Outfall Sewers, and the beginning of their operation. 1287:£5.4 million in 1857 equates to a little over £450 million in 2015; £2.4 million equates to a little over £200 million, according to calculations based on 699: 2638: 683: 539:

Combined with an extended spell of dry weather, the level of the Thames dropped and raw effluent from the sewers remained on the banks of the river. Queen Victoria and

400:

were planned to manage the waste for each side of the river. London was mapped into high-, middle- and low-level areas, with a main sewer servicing each; a series of

318:, which was on the rise in 19th-century Europe. The disease was deeply feared by all, because of the speed with which it could spread, and its high fatality rates. 261:

rivers were covered for that purpose. In the century preceding 1856, over a hundred sewers were constructed in London, and at that date the city had around 200,000

4658: 4653: 1055:, and is used by up to eight million people a day. The company said in 2014 that "the system is struggling to cope with the demands of 21st-century London". 1043:

sewage at Crossness and Beckton, rather than dumping the untreated waste into the river, and a series of six sludge boats were ordered to ship effluent into the

492:

A workman uses lime to disguise the smell of the Thames, reflecting fact that the curtains in Parliament were soaked with lime chloride to try to mask the odour.

274:

and the rising of the city's population from just under one million to three million, led to more water being flushed into the sewers, along with the associated

4613: 1941: 1326:£1.71 million in 1859 equates to £149.5 million in 2015; £450,000 equates to a little over £39.3 million, according to calculations based on 330:, which posited the theory of the water-borne transmission of disease, rather than the miasma theory; little attention was paid to the paper. Following the 1107:, the president of ICE at the time, said that Bazalgette's work "will ever remain as monuments to his skill and professional ability". The obituarist for 434: 989: 903: 236: 837:-foot (2.6 m) wall dividing the two trenches collapsed, spilling the waters of the Fleet onto Victoria Street, damaging the gas and water mains. 430: 715:

The southern system, across the less populated suburbs of London, was the smaller and easier part of the system to build. Three main sewers ran from

3642: 1228:

Bazalgette had to apply for the position of chief engineer against eight others; his application for the role—which was successful—was supported by

442: 739:, where it was discharged into the Thames at high tide. The newly built station at Crossness was designed by Bazalgette and a consultant engineer, 1099:(ICE) in 1884, and in 1901 a monument commemorating his life was opened on the Victoria Embankment. When he died in March 1891, his obituarist in 927:, thought the building showed "exciting architecture applied to the most foul purposes"; he went on to describe it as "an unorthodox mix, vaguely 498: 3871: 2781: 4233: 4182: 3926: 3598: 3555: 3480: 3459: 3437: 3384: 3365: 3333: 3312: 3240: 3216: 3197: 3135: 3111: 3083: 3064: 3036: 3014: 1340: 1327: 1314: 1301: 1288: 4638: 4360: 4172: 2060: 1128:, Bazalgette enters the pantheon of London heroes" because of his work, particularly the building of the Victoria and Albert Embankments. 165: 2849: 663:, the architectural historian, describes the coverage as presenting many of the workers "in a positive, even heroic, light", and in 1861 3985: 342:

The civic infrastructure overseeing the management of London's sewers had gone through several changes in the 19th century. In 1848 the

1058:

Crossness Pumping Station remained in use until the mid-1950s when it was replaced. The engines were too large to remove and were left

446: 38:"The Silent Highwayman" (1858). Death rows on the Thames, claiming the lives of victims who have not paid to have the river cleaned up. 4326: 4281: 4033: 3876: 3816: 2908: 2275: 1153: 1067: 888: 331: 62:. The problem had been mounting for some years, with an ageing and inadequate sewer system that emptied directly into the Thames. The 3755: 578:

to overcome the smell. The measure was not successful, and discussions were held about possibly moving the business of government to

4608: 4391: 4058: 3791: 1203: 450: 406: 350:

and a Royal Commission. The Commission superseded seven of the eight authorities that had managed London's sewers since the time of

343: 2642: 361:, ensured that the sewers were regularly flushed through, a policy that resulted in more sewage being discharged into the Thames. 4406: 3519: 3492: 3399: 2903: 2270: 627: 4411: 2755: 2004: 1980: 1079:

as landmarks for navigation, and the building became a grade II* listed building with the Ministry of Works in November 1974.

438: 4386: 2823: 1096: 458: 381: 1003:

In 1866 there was a further cholera outbreak in London that claimed 5,596 lives, although it was confined to an area of the

4426: 4421: 1177: 1198:

Chadwick—a barrister by training—was keen to improve sanitary conditions and public health; in 1842 he had published the

731:. At that point a pumping station lifted the effluent 21 feet (6.4 m) into the main outflow sewer, which ran to the 295:

in July 1855: shocked at the state of the Thames, he dropped pieces of white paper into the river to "test the degree of

4623: 4532: 4431: 4063: 3635: 1029: 923: 98: 2727: 4668: 4396: 4381: 4286: 4091: 3937: 3916: 3881: 3428:

The Government of Victorian London, 1855–1889: The Metropolitan Board of Works, the Vestries, and the City Corporation

2045: 1922: 928: 865: 557: 462: 410: 385: 1965: 588: 931:

in style but with tiers of Byzantine windows and a central octagonal lantern that adds a gracious Russian flavour".

4512: 4226: 4200: 4081: 3728: 486: 4663: 4633: 4577: 4416: 4401: 4321: 3866: 3851: 3831: 1339:£6.5 million in 1875 equates to approximately £535 million in 2015, according to calculations based on 732: 690: 106: 4618: 4603: 4502: 4291: 4177: 4048: 4038: 4000: 3957: 779: 422: 358: 364: 4497: 4492: 3906: 3628: 3565: 1836: 1254: 774:—who officially started the engines. The ceremony, which was attended by other members of royalty, MPs, the 748: 180: 4572: 4542: 4482: 4467: 4365: 4301: 4132: 3947: 3836: 3806: 3801: 3760: 3615: 1250: 1234: 794: 540: 397: 393: 310:

The prevailing thought in Victorian healthcare concerning the transmission of contagious diseases was the

172: 90: 86: 504:"Father Thames introducing his offspring to the fair city of London"; the children are representative of 4648: 4562: 4547: 4522: 4487: 4457: 4351: 4347: 4219: 4111: 3942: 1267: 1121: 1104: 852:, where it joined with the eastern end of the mid-level sewer. The mid-level sewer began in the west at 849: 571: 426: 414: 323: 1271: 1103:

wrote that Bazalgette's "two great titles to fame are that he beautified London and drained it", while

2789: 4567: 4537: 4462: 4106: 4086: 3995: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3846: 3826: 3811: 1145: 816: 775: 755:

describe as important. The power for pumping the large amount of sewage was provided by four massive

575: 97:

were placed to lift the sewage from lower levels into higher pipes. Two of the more ornate stations,

4582: 4557: 4477: 4452: 4276: 4142: 4053: 4043: 4012: 3990: 3911: 3841: 3796: 3750: 3745: 3682: 3343: 1117: 935: 546: 126: 4552: 4527: 4517: 4342: 4311: 4028: 4005: 3723: 3702: 3672: 3659: 3273: 3173: 3165: 1753: 1088: 1004: 963: 947: 943: 783: 130: 246:

giving his card to Father Thames", commenting on Faraday gauging the river's "degree of opacity"

789: 4643: 4472: 4447: 4306: 4261: 4162: 4096: 3775: 3770: 3651: 3594: 3573: 3551: 3476: 3455: 3433: 3380: 3361: 3329: 3325:

The Great Stink of London: Sir Joseph Bazalgette and the Cleansing of the Victorian Metropolis

3308: 3291: 3236: 3212: 3193: 3131: 3107: 3079: 3060: 3032: 3010: 2853: 1243: 1229: 959: 894: 869: 820: 454: 376: 368: 134: 102: 78: 1300:£1,500 in 1858 equates to approximately £130,000 in 2015, according to calculations based on 4507: 4266: 4147: 3856: 3692: 3545: 3524: 3497: 3470: 3404: 3355: 3323: 3281: 3265: 3230: 3185: 3157: 3148:(2006). "Historicizing Iron: Charles Driver and the Abbey Mills Pumping Station (1865–68)". 3145: 3125: 3054: 3050: 3004: 2899: 2785: 2266: 1125: 1092: 1072: 995: 918: 873: 752: 660: 606: 300: 206: 188: 122: 81:

to move the effluent eastwards along a series of interconnecting sewers that sloped towards

1362:

Grade II: buildings that are of special interest, warranting every effort to preserve them.

909:

A cross section of the Thames Embankment, showing the sewers running next to the river side

523:

By mid-1858 the problems with the Thames had been building for several years. In his novel

125:. Bazalgette's plan introduced the three embankments to London in which the sewers ran—the 4137: 4116: 3967: 3962: 3226: 3121: 1459: 1063: 978: 845: 841: 767: 759:, named Victoria, Prince Consort, Albert Edward and Alexandra, which were manufactured by 656: 600: 530: 418: 401: 286: 243: 118: 94: 3097: 3093: 2497: 1650: 425:, an engineer with two water companies, and Thomas Blackwood, the chief engineer on the 50:

during July and August 1858 in which the hot weather exacerbated the smell of untreated

4296: 4256: 4101: 4073: 3697: 3677: 3286: 3251: 3046: 1764: 1246: 1216: 1036: 971: 740: 347: 114: 75: 47: 66:

from the effluent was thought to transmit contagious diseases, and three outbreaks of

34: 4597: 4152: 3738: 3586: 3426: 3394: 3177: 3024: 3000: 2732:. Vol. III. London City Council. 1925. p. 182 – via Wellcome Library. 2502: 1113: 1084: 861: 857: 736: 724: 535: 525: 311: 304: 142: 110: 63: 1062:, although they fell into a state of disrepair. The station itself became a grade I 85:

beyond the metropolitan area. Work on high-, mid- and low-level systems for the new

4242: 4157: 3733: 1052: 1022: 955: 665: 271: 216: 59: 3536: 3509: 3416: 2759: 3101: 1759: 253:

Brick sewers had been built in London from the 17th century when sections of the

3861: 3447: 3347: 1083:

at the MBW until 1889, during which time he replaced three of London's bridges:

1012: 939: 812: 756: 636: 574:

was affected, and the curtains on the river side of the building were soaked in

254: 51: 3528: 1760:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" 1313:£6,000 in 1865 equates to £500,000 in 2015, according to calculations based on 17: 4355: 3501: 3408: 3269: 3161: 1239: 1135: 1017: 771: 760: 720: 705: 505: 351: 3577: 1200:

Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain

93:

started at the beginning of 1859 and lasted until 1875. To aid the drainage,

4316: 3764: 3718: 3687: 3667: 3351: 1076: 1044: 853: 744: 583: 355: 291: 3295: 70:

before the Great Stink were blamed on the ongoing problems with the river.

1359:

Grade II*: particularly important buildings of more than special interest.

1352:

There are three types of listed status for buildings in England and Wales:

967: 951: 728: 632: 509: 275: 258: 55: 3277: 3169: 2850:"Thames Water gives public a glimpse into the historical world of water" 1249:, who had designed and built two of Britain's railways systems; and the 4167: 2065: 2009: 1985: 1275: 1008: 877: 649: 645: 595: 513: 315: 296: 279: 266: 262: 82: 67: 2729:

Report of the Medical Officer of Health for London County Council 1925

716: 579: 570:

By June the stench from the river had become so bad that business in

3620: 1266:

Hall, an imposingly tall man, oversaw the rebuilding of much of the

141:

that has grown to a population of over eight million. The historian

1047:

for dumping. The first boat commissioned in 1887 was named the SS

988: 788: 626: 363: 171:"Monster Soup commonly called Thames Water" (1828), by the artist 33: 3472:

Pandemic Influenza: Emergency Planning and Community Preparedness

1875:

Simons, Paul (17 June 2008). "The big stench that saved London".

1176:

The Fleet and Walbrook rivers, along with numerous others, still

1189:

The rise took place in the first half of the nineteenth century.

4215: 4211: 3624: 2297: 3256: 2621: 2619: 1608: 1606: 145:

argues that Bazalgette should be considered a hero of London.

1274:(now named Elizabeth Tower); the principal bell of the tower— 1021:, relating details of the investigation into the incident by 864:, before the connection. This combined main sewer ran to the 840:

The high-level sewer—the most northern of the works—ran from

593:

questions being raised in the House of Commons. According to

2534: 2532: 1569: 1567: 1430: 1428: 1112:

added some 20 years to their chance of life". The historian

751:

and the interior contains architectural cast ironwork which

3252:"Death and Miasma in Victorian London: An Obstinate Belief" 797:. The route of Bazalgette's sewers is shown in heavy black. 346:(MCS) was established at the urging of the social reformer 113:, with architectural designs from the consultant engineer, 2404: 2402: 2145: 2143: 1477: 1475: 1473: 2471: 3490:

Smith, Denis (2004). "Bazalgette, Sir Joseph William".

1493: 3572:. Vol. 3. London: Cassell, Petter & Galpin. 3232:

The Victorian City: Everyday Life in Dickens' London

3103:

Victorian London Revealed: Gustave Doré's Metropolis

1633: 1631: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1623: 1621: 4440: 4374: 4335: 4249: 4125: 4072: 4021: 3978: 3925: 3784: 3711: 3658: 1542: 1540: 1538: 795:

main, intercepting, storm relief and outfall sewers

3425: 3076:Subterranean City: Beneath the Streets of London 1748: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1740: 563: 3452:Victorian London: The Life of a City 1840–1870 2852:. Thames Water. 21 August 2012. Archived from 2261: 2259: 2257: 747:as a building material. The building was in a 270:ones. This, combined with the introduction of 158:Thames water in the early- to mid-19th century 4629:Environmental disasters in the United Kingdom 4227: 3636: 3078:. Whitstable, Kent: Historical Publications. 2758:. Thames Water. 6 August 2014. Archived from 2625: 2381: 1683: 1612: 529:—published as a serial between 1855 and 1857— 8: 3523:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 3496:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 3403:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 766:The station was opened in April 1865 by the 3432:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 2874: 2714: 2639:"Sir Joseph Bazalgette and London's Sewers" 2610: 2586: 2538: 2459: 2420: 2248: 2197: 2173: 2134: 2095: 1707: 1695: 1573: 1517: 1434: 1419: 1356:Grade I: buildings of exceptional interest. 1095:in 1890. He was appointed president of the 958:at Chelsea. The southern side contains the 479:magazine's view of Father Thames, July 1858 4234: 4220: 4212: 3643: 3629: 3621: 1462:(9 July 1855). "The State of the Thames". 1215:The authority overseeing the works in the 3517:Snow, Stephanie J. (2004). "Snow, John". 3285: 3250:Halliday, Stephen (22–29 December 2001). 3130:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2550: 2483: 2210:"The Metropolitan Great Drainage Works". 1905:"The Poisonous Gases From Thames Water". 1756:inflation figures are based on data from 655:Bazalgette was a proponent of the use of 631:Construction of the sewers in 1859, near 388:(MBW), which took control of the sewers. 3059:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 2929: 2810: 2742: 2702: 2690: 2678: 2598: 2574: 2562: 2447: 2408: 2393: 2369: 2357: 2333: 2321: 2236: 2185: 2161: 2149: 2122: 2083: 1890:"The Purification of the River Thames". 1862: 1797: 1785: 1731: 1719: 1671: 1505: 1481: 3520:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3493:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3400:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3360:(3rd ed.). London: Pan Macmillan. 2983: 2941: 2904:"Abbey Mills Pumping Station (1190476)" 2886: 1850: 1809: 1585: 1558: 1407: 1395: 1388: 1270:, including the parliamentary clock in 1169: 1028:In 1878 a Thames pleasure-steamer, the 328:On the Mode of Communication of Cholera 289:described the situation in a letter to 2523: 2345: 1373:The inscription of the monument reads 202:Satirical impressions of Father Thames 29:1858 pollution event in central London 4659:Water supply and sanitation in London 4654:Water pollution in the United Kingdom 3454:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 3127:Letters of Charles Dickens: 1833–1870 2641:. The History Channel. Archived from 2271:"Crossness Pumping Station (1064241)" 1821: 1637: 1068:Ministry of Public Building and Works 265:and 360 sewers. Some cesspits leaked 186:"A Drop of Thames Water", as seen by 156:Satirical impressions of the state of 58:that was present on the banks of the 7: 4614:1858 disasters in the United Kingdom 4361:Thames Gateway Water Treatment Works 3872:Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings 3379:. London: Constable & Robinson. 2224: 1834:"Health of London During the Week". 1597: 1546: 1529: 1446: 2433:"The Bursting of the Fleet Ditch". 2214:. London. 15 April 1861. p. 2. 708:, opening the Crossness works, 1865 307:into the river to ease the stench. 4327:1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak 2969:"Death of Sir Joseph Bazalgette". 2909:National Heritage List for England 2472:Cherry, O'Brien & Pevsner 2005 2276:National Heritage List for England 1377:(He placed chains upon the river). 1154:1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak 228:What art thou but one vast gutter, 25: 4392:Coppermills Water Treatment Works 3328:. Stroud: History Press Limited. 3307:. Stroud: History Press Limited. 2756:"London's Victorian sewer system" 2028:"Punch's Essence of Parliament". 1926:. 26 June 1858. pp. 626–627. 1204:Metropolitan Commission of Sewers 993:Bazalgette as the "Sewer Snake", 384:replaced the commission with the 375:In August 1849 the MCS appointed 344:Metropolitan Commission of Sewers 4407:Crossness Sewage Treatment Works 4196: 4195: 4087:Lord Mayor of the City of London 1969:. 3 July 1858. pp. 423–424. 1138: 902: 887: 698: 682: 599:, the Member of Parliament (MP) 497: 485: 235: 215: 179: 164: 4412:Deephams Sewage Treatment Works 3397:(2004). "Chadwick, Sir Edwin". 3031:. London: Chatto & Windus. 2668:. 1 December 1883. p. 262. 1940:. UK Parliament. Archived from 4387:Beckton Sewage Treatment Works 3832:1908 Franco-British Exhibition 3550:. London: Random House Books. 3211:. Oxford: Shire Publications. 2073:. cols. 1508–40. 15 June 1858. 2017:. cols. 2113–34. 15 June 1858. 2005:"State of the Thames—Question" 1981:"State of the Thames—Question" 1097:Institution of Civil Engineers 727:until they linked together in 459:Leader of the House of Commons 382:Metropolis Management Act 1855 332:third cholera outbreak in 1854 204:in the mid-19th century, from 1: 4427:Mogden Sewage Treatment Works 4422:Hampton Water Treatment Works 3475:. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 2958:. 21 March 1891. p. 370. 2664:"Sir Joseph Bazalgette, CB". 1232:, MP, the co-designer of the 226:Foul from London to the Nore, 4533:Queen Elizabeth II Reservoir 4432:Walton water treatment works 4064:London Metropolitan Archives 3537:UK public library membership 3510:UK public library membership 3417:UK public library membership 2496:Hudson, Roger (March 2012). 2437:. 28 June 1862. p. 648. 1178:flow under modern-day London 743:, a proponent of the use of 447:second Conservative ministry 230:One tremendous common shore? 222:"Dirty Father Thames" (1848) 4639:History of the River Thames 4397:Cricklewood Pumping Station 4382:Abbey Mills Pumping Station 4287:Metropolitan Board of Works 4092:Wards of the City of London 3938:Metropolitan Board of Works 3424:Owen, David Edward (1982). 2973:. 16 March 1891. p. 4. 2956:The Illustrated London News 2824:"Smells Like Thames Sewage" 2302:The Crossness Engines Trust 2298:"Crossness Pumping Station" 2046:The Illustrated London News 1938:"Parliament and the Thames" 1923:The Illustrated London News 1101:The Illustrated London News 866:Abbey Mills Pumping Station 558:The Illustrated London News 463:Chancellor of the Exchequer 411:First Commissioner of Works 386:Metropolitan Board of Works 224:Filthy river, filthy river, 4685: 4513:Lee Valley Reservoir Chain 4082:City of London Corporation 3837:The Battle of Cable Street 3729:Norman and Medieval London 3322:Halliday, Stephen (2013). 3303:Halliday, Stephen (2011). 3235:. London: Atlantic Books. 2112:. 18 June 1858. p. 9. 2049:. 3 July 1858. p. 11. 1993:. col. 1921. 11 June 1858. 1840:. 10 June 1858. p. 2. 962:, from the Lambeth end of 897:under construction in 1865 860:, through Clerkenwell and 793:Map of London showing the 4578:William Girling Reservoir 4417:Greenwich pumping station 4402:Crossness Pumping Station 4191: 3867:1966 FIFA World Cup final 3852:Abdication of Edward VIII 3469:Ryan, Jeffrey R. (2008). 3377:London: the Autobiography 3270:10.1136/bmj.323.7327.1469 3207:Emmerson, Andrew (2009). 3162:10.1017/S0066622X0000277X 2626:Trench & Hillman 1989 2577:, pp. 155 & 162. 2382:Trench & Hillman 1989 2188:, pp. xiii & 10. 1909:. 5 July 1858. p. 2. 1894:. 5 July 1858. p. 2. 1684:Trench & Hillman 1989 1613:Trench & Hillman 1989 733:Crossness Pumping Station 691:Crossness Pumping Station 4609:1850s in the environment 4503:King George VI Reservoir 4292:Metropolitan Water Board 4049:Port of London Authority 4039:London Ambulance Service 3958:Greater London Authority 3357:The London Encyclopaedia 3074:Clayton, Antony (2010). 806:Northern drainage system 674:Southern drainage system 441:, which was replaced by 4498:King George V Reservoir 4493:Kempton Park Reservoirs 3907:2012 Summer Paralympics 3192:. Oxford: Shire Books. 2611:De Maré & Doré 1973 2587:De Maré & Doré 1973 2435:Illustrated London News 2174:De Maré & Doré 1973 1788:, pp. 71 & 73. 1758:Clark, Gregory (2017). 1708:De Maré & Doré 1973 1398:, pp. 40 & 42. 1255:Isambard Kingdom Brunel 1120:, considers that "with 778:and the Archbishops of 706:Edward, Prince of Wales 91:Southern Outfall Sewers 4573:West Warwick Reservoir 4568:Walthamstow Reservoirs 4543:Queen Mother Reservoir 4483:High Maynard Reservoir 4468:East Warwick Reservoir 4366:Thames Water Ring Main 4302:William Chadwell Mylne 3948:Greater London Council 3544:Talling, Paul (2011). 3529:10.1093/ref:odnb/25979 3375:Lewis, Jon E. (2008). 3354:; Keay, Julia (2011). 1375:Flumini Vincula Posuit 1000: 798: 640: 568: 398:Southern Outfall Sewer 372: 39: 4563:Tilehurst Water Tower 4548:Stain Hill Reservoirs 4523:Low Maynard Reservoir 4488:Island Barn Reservoir 4458:Bessborough Reservoir 4352:Thames Tideway Tunnel 4348:Thames Tideway Scheme 4112:City of London Police 3943:London County Council 3817:1854 cholera outbreak 3593:. London: J. Murray. 3502:10.1093/ref:odnb/1787 3409:10.1093/ref:odnb/5013 3150:Architectural History 2043:"Metropolitan News". 1653:. The History Channel 1343:measure of inflation. 1330:measure of inflation. 1317:measure of inflation. 1304:measure of inflation. 1291:measure of inflation. 1278:—was named after him. 1268:Palace of Westminster 1238:with his father; the 992: 792: 630: 427:Kennet and Avon Canal 415:Douglas Strutt Galton 367: 37: 4538:Queen Mary Reservoir 4463:Chingford Reservoirs 3547:London's Lost Rivers 3344:Hibbert, Christopher 3049:; O'Brien, Charles; 3006:Thames: Sacred River 1963:"State and Church". 1341:Consumer Price Index 1328:Consumer Price Index 1315:Consumer Price Index 1302:Consumer Price Index 1289:Consumer Price Index 1160:Notes and references 1146:Victorian era portal 1116:, in his history of 1035:, collided with the 924:Buildings of England 817:Metropolitan Railway 776:Lord Mayor of London 689:The octagon room at 4624:Disasters in London 4583:Wraysbury Reservoir 4558:Sunnyside Reservoir 4478:Grimsbury Reservoir 4453:Bath Road Reservoir 4282:London water supply 4277:London sewer system 4183:Scheduled monuments 4143:Palace of Whitehall 4133:St Paul's Cathedral 4054:London sewer system 4044:London Fire Brigade 4034:Metropolitan Police 4013:London independence 3912:Grenfell Tower fire 3842:Festival of Britain 3751:19th-century London 3746:18th-century London 3683:City of Westminster 3591:London Under London 3264:(7327): 1469–1471. 3209:Subterranean London 3106:. London: Penguin. 3009:. London: Vintage. 2856:on 18 February 2015 2745:, pp. 106–107. 2693:, pp. 139–140. 2645:on 18 February 2015 2589:, pp. 209–210. 2565:, pp. 157–159. 2553:, pp. 325–326. 2498:"Taming the Thames" 2474:, pp. 229–230. 2108:"Leading article". 1944:on 13 December 2014 1824:, pp. 243–244. 1800:, pp. 223–224. 1651:"Joseph Bazalgette" 1494:Hibbert et al. 2011 1253:and civil engineer 1118:subterranean London 936:Victoria Embankment 876:—to the outfall at 469:June to August 1858 453:replaced Hall, and 4669:August 1858 events 4553:Staines Reservoirs 4528:Molesey Reservoirs 4518:Lockwood Reservoir 4343:Abingdon Reservoir 4059:London Underground 4029:Bow Street Runners 4006:London Green Party 3724:Anglo-Saxon London 3570:Old and New London 2782:"Listed Buildings" 1754:Retail Price Index 1272:St Stephen's Tower 1219:remained separate. 1001: 964:Westminster Bridge 948:Chelsea Embankment 944:Blackfriars Bridge 938:, which runs from 799: 641: 373: 135:Albert Embankments 121:for protection by 40: 4591: 4590: 4473:Farmoor Reservoir 4448:Banbury Reservoir 4307:New River Company 4262:Joseph Bazalgette 4209: 4208: 4163:Westminster Abbey 4107:Lord Mayor's Show 4001:Liberal Democrats 3986:Political parties 3917:COVID-19 pandemic 3877:Anti-war protests 3652:History of London 3600:978-0-7195-4617-4 3585:Trench, Richard; 3566:Thornbury, Walter 3557:978-1-84794-597-6 3535:(Subscription or 3508:(Subscription or 3482:978-1-4200-6088-1 3461:978-0-2978-4733-5 3439:978-0-674-35885-0 3415:(Subscription or 3386:978-1-8452-9875-3 3367:978-0-230-73878-2 3335:978-0-7509-2580-8 3314:978-0-7524-6175-5 3242:978-0-8578-9881-4 3218:978-0-7478-0740-7 3199:978-0-7478-1431-3 3186:Dobraszczyk, Paul 3146:Dobraszczyk, Paul 3137:978-1-108-04004-4 3113:978-0-1413-9084-0 3085:978-1-9052-8632-4 3066:978-0-300-10701-2 3051:Pevsner, Nikolaus 3038:978-0-7011-6991-6 3016:978-0-09-942255-6 2792:on 5 January 2013 2450:, pp. 81–82. 2396:, pp. 95–97. 2372:, pp. 80–81. 2336:, pp. 97–98. 2239:, pp. 83–84. 2176:, pp. 47–48. 2125:, pp. 74–75. 2086:, pp. 73–74. 2032:: 3. 3 July 1858. 1734:, pp. 68–70. 1698:, pp. 20–22. 1600:, pp. 47–48. 1410:, pp. 69–70. 1230:Robert Stephenson 960:Albert Embankment 895:Thames Embankment 821:Metropolitan line 770:—the future King 693:, Belvedere, Kent 455:Benjamin Disraeli 451:Lord John Manners 377:Joseph Bazalgette 369:Joseph Bazalgette 79:Joseph Bazalgette 16:(Redirected from 4676: 4664:July 1858 events 4634:Health in London 4508:Knight Reservoir 4267:Edmund Colthurst 4236: 4229: 4222: 4213: 4199: 4198: 4148:Westminster Hall 4102:Livery Companies 3827:Great Exhibition 3797:Peasants' Revolt 3693:County of London 3645: 3638: 3631: 3622: 3604: 3581: 3561: 3540: 3532: 3513: 3505: 3486: 3465: 3443: 3431: 3420: 3412: 3390: 3371: 3339: 3318: 3299: 3289: 3246: 3227:Flanders, Judith 3222: 3203: 3181: 3141: 3122:Dickens, Charles 3117: 3089: 3070: 3042: 3020: 2987: 2981: 2975: 2974: 2966: 2960: 2959: 2951: 2945: 2939: 2933: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2900:Historic England 2896: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2875:Dobraszczyk 2014 2872: 2866: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2820: 2814: 2808: 2802: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2788:. Archived from 2786:English Heritage 2778: 2772: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2752: 2746: 2740: 2734: 2733: 2724: 2718: 2715:Dobraszczyk 2014 2712: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2669: 2661: 2655: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2635: 2629: 2623: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2596: 2590: 2584: 2578: 2572: 2566: 2560: 2554: 2548: 2542: 2539:Dobraszczyk 2014 2536: 2527: 2521: 2515: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2463: 2460:Dobraszczyk 2006 2457: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2438: 2430: 2424: 2421:Dobraszczyk 2014 2418: 2412: 2406: 2397: 2391: 2385: 2379: 2373: 2367: 2361: 2355: 2349: 2348:, pp. 9–10. 2343: 2337: 2331: 2325: 2319: 2313: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2294: 2288: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2267:Historic England 2263: 2252: 2249:Dobraszczyk 2014 2246: 2240: 2234: 2228: 2222: 2216: 2215: 2207: 2201: 2198:Dobraszczyk 2014 2195: 2189: 2183: 2177: 2171: 2165: 2159: 2153: 2147: 2138: 2135:Dobraszczyk 2014 2132: 2126: 2120: 2114: 2113: 2105: 2099: 2096:Dobraszczyk 2014 2093: 2087: 2081: 2075: 2074: 2057: 2051: 2050: 2040: 2034: 2033: 2025: 2019: 2018: 2001: 1995: 1994: 1977: 1971: 1970: 1960: 1954: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1934: 1928: 1927: 1917: 1911: 1910: 1902: 1896: 1895: 1887: 1881: 1880: 1872: 1866: 1860: 1854: 1848: 1842: 1841: 1831: 1825: 1819: 1813: 1807: 1801: 1795: 1789: 1783: 1777: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1750: 1735: 1729: 1723: 1717: 1711: 1705: 1699: 1696:Dobraszczyk 2014 1693: 1687: 1681: 1675: 1669: 1663: 1662: 1660: 1658: 1647: 1641: 1635: 1616: 1610: 1601: 1595: 1589: 1583: 1577: 1574:Dobraszczyk 2014 1571: 1562: 1556: 1550: 1544: 1533: 1527: 1521: 1518:Dobraszczyk 2014 1515: 1509: 1503: 1497: 1491: 1485: 1479: 1468: 1467: 1460:Faraday, Michael 1456: 1450: 1444: 1438: 1435:Dobraszczyk 2014 1432: 1423: 1420:Dobraszczyk 2014 1417: 1411: 1405: 1399: 1393: 1378: 1371: 1365: 1350: 1344: 1337: 1331: 1324: 1318: 1311: 1305: 1298: 1292: 1285: 1279: 1264: 1258: 1226: 1220: 1213: 1207: 1196: 1190: 1187: 1181: 1174: 1148: 1143: 1142: 1141: 1073:Peter Bazalgette 919:Nikolaus Pevsner 906: 891: 836: 835: 831: 828: 753:English Heritage 749:Romanesque style 702: 686: 661:Paul Dobraszczyk 561:commented that: 501: 489: 433:saw the fall of 431:general election 402:pumping stations 338:Local government 301:chloride of lime 272:flushing toilets 239: 219: 183: 168: 123:English Heritage 95:pumping stations 46:was an event in 21: 4684: 4683: 4679: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4674: 4673: 4619:1858 in England 4604:1850s in London 4594: 4593: 4592: 4587: 4436: 4370: 4331: 4322:William Webster 4245: 4240: 4210: 4205: 4187: 4138:Tower of London 4121: 4117:Bank of England 4068: 4017: 3974: 3968:Mayor of London 3963:London Assembly 3921: 3857:Swinging London 3780: 3707: 3654: 3649: 3616:The Great Stink 3612: 3607: 3601: 3584: 3564: 3558: 3543: 3534: 3516: 3507: 3489: 3483: 3468: 3462: 3446: 3440: 3423: 3414: 3393: 3387: 3374: 3368: 3342: 3336: 3321: 3315: 3305:The Great Filth 3302: 3249: 3243: 3225: 3219: 3206: 3200: 3190:London's Sewers 3184: 3144: 3138: 3120: 3114: 3092: 3086: 3073: 3067: 3047:Cherry, Bridget 3045: 3039: 3023: 3017: 2999: 2995: 2990: 2982: 2978: 2968: 2967: 2963: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2940: 2936: 2928: 2924: 2914: 2912: 2898: 2897: 2893: 2885: 2881: 2873: 2869: 2859: 2857: 2848: 2847: 2843: 2833: 2831: 2822: 2821: 2817: 2809: 2805: 2795: 2793: 2780: 2779: 2775: 2765: 2763: 2762:on 19 June 2018 2754: 2753: 2749: 2741: 2737: 2726: 2725: 2721: 2713: 2709: 2701: 2697: 2689: 2685: 2677: 2673: 2663: 2662: 2658: 2648: 2646: 2637: 2636: 2632: 2624: 2617: 2609: 2605: 2597: 2593: 2585: 2581: 2573: 2569: 2561: 2557: 2549: 2545: 2537: 2530: 2522: 2518: 2508: 2506: 2495: 2494: 2490: 2482: 2478: 2470: 2466: 2458: 2454: 2446: 2442: 2432: 2431: 2427: 2419: 2415: 2407: 2400: 2392: 2388: 2380: 2376: 2368: 2364: 2360:, p. xiii. 2356: 2352: 2344: 2340: 2332: 2328: 2320: 2316: 2306: 2304: 2296: 2295: 2291: 2281: 2279: 2265: 2264: 2255: 2247: 2243: 2235: 2231: 2223: 2219: 2209: 2208: 2204: 2196: 2192: 2184: 2180: 2172: 2168: 2160: 2156: 2148: 2141: 2133: 2129: 2121: 2117: 2107: 2106: 2102: 2094: 2090: 2082: 2078: 2061:"First Reading" 2059: 2058: 2054: 2042: 2041: 2037: 2027: 2026: 2022: 2003: 2002: 1998: 1979: 1978: 1974: 1962: 1961: 1957: 1947: 1945: 1936: 1935: 1931: 1919: 1918: 1914: 1904: 1903: 1899: 1889: 1888: 1884: 1874: 1873: 1869: 1861: 1857: 1849: 1845: 1837:London Standard 1833: 1832: 1828: 1820: 1816: 1808: 1804: 1796: 1792: 1784: 1780: 1770: 1768: 1757: 1751: 1738: 1730: 1726: 1718: 1714: 1706: 1702: 1694: 1690: 1682: 1678: 1670: 1666: 1656: 1654: 1649: 1648: 1644: 1636: 1619: 1611: 1604: 1596: 1592: 1584: 1580: 1572: 1565: 1557: 1553: 1545: 1536: 1528: 1524: 1516: 1512: 1508:, p. 1469. 1504: 1500: 1492: 1488: 1480: 1471: 1458: 1457: 1453: 1445: 1441: 1437:, pp. 8–9. 1433: 1426: 1418: 1414: 1406: 1402: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1381: 1372: 1368: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1338: 1334: 1325: 1321: 1312: 1308: 1299: 1295: 1286: 1282: 1265: 1261: 1227: 1223: 1214: 1210: 1197: 1193: 1188: 1184: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1162: 1144: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1064:listed building 1023:Dr William Farr 987: 950:, running from 914: 913: 912: 911: 910: 907: 899: 898: 892: 846:Stoke Newington 842:Hampstead Heath 833: 829: 826: 824: 808: 768:Prince of Wales 713: 712: 711: 710: 709: 703: 695: 694: 687: 676: 657:Portland cement 625: 531:Charles Dickens 521: 520: 519: 518: 517: 502: 494: 493: 490: 481: 480: 471: 439:Whig government 435:Lord Palmerston 419:Royal Engineers 340: 287:Michael Faraday 251: 250: 249: 248: 247: 244:Michael Faraday 240: 232: 231: 229: 227: 225: 223: 220: 211: 210: 203: 197: 196: 195: 194: 193: 184: 176: 175: 169: 160: 159: 157: 151: 54:and industrial 30: 23: 22: 18:The Great Stink 15: 12: 11: 5: 4682: 4680: 4672: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4596: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4444: 4442: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4378: 4376: 4375:Infrastructure 4372: 4371: 4369: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4345: 4339: 4337: 4336:Major projects 4333: 4332: 4330: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4297:Hugh Myddelton 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4257:John Backhouse 4253: 4251: 4247: 4246: 4241: 4239: 4238: 4231: 4224: 4216: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4203: 4192: 4189: 4188: 4186: 4185: 4180: 4178:Fortifications 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4129: 4127: 4123: 4122: 4120: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4078: 4076: 4074:City of London 4070: 4069: 4067: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4025: 4023: 4019: 4018: 4016: 4015: 4010: 4009: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3982: 3980: 3976: 3975: 3973: 3972: 3971: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3952: 3951: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3931: 3929: 3923: 3922: 3920: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3903: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3886:Olympic Games 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3788: 3786: 3782: 3781: 3779: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3742: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3715: 3713: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3705: 3700: 3698:Greater London 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3678:City of London 3675: 3670: 3664: 3662: 3656: 3655: 3650: 3648: 3647: 3640: 3633: 3625: 3619: 3618: 3611: 3610:External links 3608: 3606: 3605: 3599: 3587:Hillman, Ellis 3582: 3562: 3556: 3541: 3514: 3487: 3481: 3466: 3460: 3444: 3438: 3421: 3395:Mandler, Peter 3391: 3385: 3372: 3366: 3340: 3334: 3319: 3313: 3300: 3247: 3241: 3223: 3217: 3204: 3198: 3182: 3142: 3136: 3118: 3112: 3090: 3084: 3071: 3065: 3043: 3037: 3025:Ackroyd, Peter 3021: 3015: 3001:Ackroyd, Peter 2996: 2994: 2991: 2989: 2988: 2976: 2961: 2946: 2944:, p. 208. 2934: 2922: 2891: 2879: 2867: 2841: 2815: 2803: 2773: 2747: 2735: 2719: 2707: 2705:, p. 103. 2695: 2683: 2681:, p. 124. 2671: 2656: 2630: 2615: 2613:, p. 213. 2603: 2601:, p. 163. 2591: 2579: 2567: 2555: 2551:Thornbury 1878 2543: 2528: 2516: 2488: 2486:, p. 322. 2484:Thornbury 1878 2476: 2464: 2462:, p. 236. 2452: 2440: 2425: 2413: 2411:, p. 209. 2398: 2386: 2374: 2362: 2350: 2338: 2326: 2314: 2289: 2253: 2241: 2229: 2217: 2202: 2190: 2178: 2166: 2154: 2152:, p. 208. 2139: 2127: 2115: 2100: 2088: 2076: 2052: 2035: 2020: 1996: 1972: 1955: 1929: 1912: 1897: 1882: 1867: 1855: 1843: 1826: 1814: 1812:, p. 451. 1802: 1790: 1778: 1765:MeasuringWorth 1736: 1724: 1712: 1700: 1688: 1676: 1664: 1642: 1617: 1602: 1590: 1578: 1563: 1551: 1534: 1522: 1510: 1498: 1496:, p. 248. 1486: 1484:, p. 224. 1469: 1451: 1439: 1424: 1412: 1400: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1379: 1366: 1364: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1345: 1332: 1319: 1306: 1293: 1280: 1259: 1247:William Cubitt 1244:civil engineer 1221: 1217:City of London 1208: 1191: 1182: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1156: 1150: 1149: 1133: 1130: 1105:Sir John Coode 1032:Princess Alice 986: 983: 972:City of London 929:Italian Gothic 908: 901: 900: 893: 886: 885: 884: 883: 882: 856:and ran along 807: 804: 741:Charles Driver 704: 697: 696: 688: 681: 680: 679: 678: 677: 675: 672: 639:in East London 624: 621: 503: 496: 495: 491: 484: 483: 482: 475: 474: 473: 472: 470: 467: 457:was appointed 348:Edwin Chadwick 339: 336: 285:The scientist 241: 234: 233: 221: 214: 213: 212: 201: 200: 199: 198: 185: 178: 177: 170: 163: 162: 161: 155: 154: 153: 152: 150: 147: 115:Charles Driver 76:civil engineer 48:Central London 28: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4681: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4445: 4443: 4439: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4373: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4340: 4338: 4334: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4237: 4232: 4230: 4225: 4223: 4218: 4217: 4214: 4202: 4194: 4193: 4190: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4153:London Bridge 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4124: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4071: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4020: 4014: 4011: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3996:Conservatives 3994: 3992: 3989: 3988: 3987: 3984: 3983: 3981: 3977: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3955: 3953: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3924: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3789: 3787: 3783: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3766: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3743: 3740: 3739:Stuart London 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3716: 3714: 3710: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3646: 3641: 3639: 3634: 3632: 3627: 3626: 3623: 3617: 3614: 3613: 3609: 3602: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3553: 3549: 3548: 3542: 3538: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3521: 3515: 3511: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3494: 3488: 3484: 3478: 3474: 3473: 3467: 3463: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3435: 3430: 3429: 3422: 3418: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3401: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3369: 3363: 3359: 3358: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3331: 3327: 3326: 3320: 3316: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3244: 3238: 3234: 3233: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3214: 3210: 3205: 3201: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3133: 3129: 3128: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3109: 3105: 3104: 3099: 3098:Doré, Gustave 3095: 3094:De Maré, Eric 3091: 3087: 3081: 3077: 3072: 3068: 3062: 3058: 3057: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3012: 3008: 3007: 3002: 2998: 2997: 2992: 2986:, p. 80. 2985: 2980: 2977: 2972: 2965: 2962: 2957: 2950: 2947: 2943: 2938: 2935: 2931: 2930:Halliday 2013 2926: 2923: 2911: 2910: 2905: 2901: 2895: 2892: 2889:, p. 73. 2888: 2883: 2880: 2877:, p. 62. 2876: 2871: 2868: 2855: 2851: 2845: 2842: 2830:. 5 June 2009 2829: 2825: 2819: 2816: 2813:, p. 18. 2812: 2811:Emmerson 2009 2807: 2804: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2777: 2774: 2761: 2757: 2751: 2748: 2744: 2743:Halliday 2013 2739: 2736: 2731: 2730: 2723: 2720: 2717:, p. 55. 2716: 2711: 2708: 2704: 2703:Halliday 2013 2699: 2696: 2692: 2691:Halliday 2013 2687: 2684: 2680: 2679:Halliday 2013 2675: 2672: 2667: 2660: 2657: 2644: 2640: 2634: 2631: 2628:, p. 76. 2627: 2622: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2607: 2604: 2600: 2599:Halliday 2013 2595: 2592: 2588: 2583: 2580: 2576: 2575:Halliday 2013 2571: 2568: 2564: 2563:Halliday 2013 2559: 2556: 2552: 2547: 2544: 2541:, p. 31. 2540: 2535: 2533: 2529: 2526:, p. 27. 2525: 2520: 2517: 2505: 2504: 2503:History Today 2499: 2492: 2489: 2485: 2480: 2477: 2473: 2468: 2465: 2461: 2456: 2453: 2449: 2448:Halliday 2013 2444: 2441: 2436: 2429: 2426: 2423:, p. 27. 2422: 2417: 2414: 2410: 2409:Halliday 2011 2405: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2394:Halliday 2013 2390: 2387: 2384:, p. 71. 2383: 2378: 2375: 2371: 2370:Halliday 2013 2366: 2363: 2359: 2358:Halliday 2013 2354: 2351: 2347: 2342: 2339: 2335: 2334:Halliday 2013 2330: 2327: 2324:, p. 98. 2323: 2322:Halliday 2013 2318: 2315: 2303: 2299: 2293: 2290: 2278: 2277: 2272: 2268: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2254: 2251:, p. 44. 2250: 2245: 2242: 2238: 2237:Halliday 2013 2233: 2230: 2227:, p. 59. 2226: 2221: 2218: 2213: 2206: 2203: 2200:, p. 34. 2199: 2194: 2191: 2187: 2186:Halliday 2013 2182: 2179: 2175: 2170: 2167: 2164:, p. 79. 2163: 2162:Halliday 2013 2158: 2155: 2151: 2150:Halliday 2011 2146: 2144: 2140: 2137:, p. 25. 2136: 2131: 2128: 2124: 2123:Halliday 2013 2119: 2116: 2111: 2104: 2101: 2098:, p. 32. 2097: 2092: 2089: 2085: 2084:Halliday 2013 2080: 2077: 2072: 2068: 2067: 2062: 2056: 2053: 2048: 2047: 2039: 2036: 2031: 2024: 2021: 2016: 2012: 2011: 2006: 2000: 1997: 1992: 1988: 1987: 1982: 1976: 1973: 1968: 1967: 1959: 1956: 1943: 1939: 1933: 1930: 1925: 1924: 1916: 1913: 1908: 1901: 1898: 1893: 1886: 1883: 1879:. p. 26. 1878: 1871: 1868: 1865:, p. 71. 1864: 1863:Halliday 2013 1859: 1856: 1853:, p. 75. 1852: 1847: 1844: 1839: 1838: 1830: 1827: 1823: 1818: 1815: 1811: 1806: 1803: 1799: 1798:Flanders 2012 1794: 1791: 1787: 1786:Halliday 2013 1782: 1779: 1767: 1766: 1761: 1755: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1732:Halliday 2013 1728: 1725: 1722:, p. 59. 1721: 1720:Halliday 2013 1716: 1713: 1710:, p. 47. 1709: 1704: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1689: 1686:, p. 72. 1685: 1680: 1677: 1674:, p. 10. 1673: 1672:Halliday 2013 1668: 1665: 1652: 1646: 1643: 1639: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1622: 1618: 1615:, p. 66. 1614: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1594: 1591: 1587: 1582: 1579: 1576:, p. 15. 1575: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1561:, p. 64. 1560: 1555: 1552: 1548: 1543: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1532:, p. 11. 1531: 1526: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1511: 1507: 1506:Halliday 2001 1502: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1487: 1483: 1482:Flanders 2012 1478: 1476: 1474: 1470: 1465: 1461: 1455: 1452: 1449:, p. 47. 1448: 1443: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1416: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1401: 1397: 1392: 1389: 1383: 1376: 1370: 1367: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1354: 1349: 1346: 1342: 1336: 1333: 1329: 1323: 1320: 1316: 1310: 1307: 1303: 1297: 1294: 1290: 1284: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1263: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1236: 1231: 1225: 1222: 1218: 1212: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1195: 1192: 1186: 1183: 1179: 1173: 1170: 1164: 1159: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1147: 1136: 1131: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1114:Peter Ackroyd 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1041: 1040:Bywell Castle 1038: 1034: 1033: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1019: 1014: 1010: 1006: 998: 997: 991: 984: 982: 980: 975: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 932: 930: 926: 925: 920: 905: 896: 890: 881: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 862:Bethnal Green 859: 858:Oxford Street 855: 851: 850:Victoria Park 847: 843: 838: 822: 818: 814: 805: 803: 796: 791: 787: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 764: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 737:Erith Marshes 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 707: 701: 692: 685: 673: 671: 668: 667: 662: 658: 653: 651: 647: 638: 634: 629: 622: 620: 618: 612: 609: 608: 602: 598: 597: 591: 590: 585: 581: 577: 576:lime chloride 573: 567: 562: 560: 559: 553: 549: 548: 542: 541:Prince Albert 537: 536:George Godwin 532: 528: 527: 526:Little Dorrit 515: 511: 507: 500: 488: 478: 468: 466: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 423:James Simpson 420: 416: 412: 408: 407:Benjamin Hall 403: 399: 395: 389: 387: 383: 378: 370: 366: 362: 360: 357: 353: 349: 345: 337: 335: 333: 329: 325: 319: 317: 313: 312:miasma theory 308: 306: 305:carbolic acid 302: 298: 294: 293: 288: 283: 281: 277: 273: 268: 264: 260: 256: 245: 238: 218: 209: 208: 191: 190: 182: 174: 173:William Heath 167: 148: 146: 144: 143:Peter Ackroyd 138: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 111:Erith Marshes 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 77: 71: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 36: 32: 27: 19: 4649:Thames Water 4350:, including 4271: 4243:Thames Water 4173:The Monument 4158:Tower Bridge 3882:7/7 bombings 3821: 3807:Great Plague 3776:21st century 3761:World War II 3734:Tudor London 3719:Roman London 3590: 3569: 3546: 3518: 3491: 3471: 3451: 3448:Picard, Liza 3427: 3398: 3376: 3356: 3348:Weinreb, Ben 3324: 3304: 3261: 3255: 3231: 3208: 3189: 3153: 3149: 3126: 3102: 3075: 3056:London: East 3055: 3029:London Under 3028: 3005: 2984:Ackroyd 2011 2979: 2970: 2964: 2955: 2954:"Personal". 2949: 2942:Ackroyd 2008 2937: 2932:, p. 3. 2925: 2913:. Retrieved 2907: 2894: 2887:Clayton 2010 2882: 2870: 2858:. Retrieved 2854:the original 2844: 2832:. Retrieved 2827: 2818: 2806: 2794:. Retrieved 2790:the original 2776: 2764:. Retrieved 2760:the original 2750: 2738: 2728: 2722: 2710: 2698: 2686: 2674: 2665: 2659: 2647:. Retrieved 2643:the original 2633: 2606: 2594: 2582: 2570: 2558: 2546: 2519: 2507:. Retrieved 2501: 2491: 2479: 2467: 2455: 2443: 2434: 2428: 2416: 2389: 2377: 2365: 2353: 2341: 2329: 2317: 2305:. Retrieved 2301: 2292: 2280:. Retrieved 2274: 2244: 2232: 2220: 2212:The Observer 2211: 2205: 2193: 2181: 2169: 2157: 2130: 2118: 2109: 2103: 2091: 2079: 2070: 2064: 2055: 2044: 2038: 2029: 2023: 2014: 2008: 1999: 1990: 1984: 1975: 1966:The Examiner 1964: 1958: 1946:. Retrieved 1942:the original 1932: 1921: 1920:"Annually". 1915: 1907:The Standard 1906: 1900: 1892:The Standard 1891: 1885: 1876: 1870: 1858: 1851:Ackroyd 2011 1846: 1835: 1829: 1817: 1810:Dickens 2011 1805: 1793: 1781: 1769:. Retrieved 1763: 1727: 1715: 1703: 1691: 1679: 1667: 1655:. Retrieved 1645: 1593: 1586:Mandler 2004 1581: 1559:Clayton 2010 1554: 1525: 1520:, p. 9. 1513: 1501: 1489: 1466:. p. 8. 1463: 1454: 1442: 1422:, p. 7. 1415: 1408:Ackroyd 2011 1403: 1396:Talling 2011 1391: 1374: 1369: 1348: 1335: 1322: 1309: 1296: 1283: 1262: 1233: 1224: 1211: 1199: 1194: 1185: 1172: 1108: 1100: 1091:in 1887 and 1081: 1059: 1057: 1053:Thames Water 1048: 1039: 1031: 1027: 1016: 1002: 994: 976: 956:Cadogan Pier 933: 922: 915: 839: 809: 800: 765: 757:beam engines 714: 666:The Observer 664: 654: 642: 623:Construction 616: 613: 605: 594: 589:The Examiner 587: 569: 564: 556: 552:The Standard 551: 545: 524: 522: 476: 390: 374: 371:in the 1870s 341: 327: 320: 309: 290: 284: 252: 205: 187: 139: 72: 60:River Thames 43: 41: 31: 26: 4272:Great Stink 3862:London Plan 3822:Great Stink 3802:Black Death 3792:Coronations 3156:: 223–256. 2915:25 February 2860:18 February 2834:17 February 2796:25 February 2766:18 February 2649:17 February 2524:Picard 2005 2509:13 February 2346:Picard 2005 2307:16 February 2282:15 February 1089:Hammersmith 940:Westminster 848:and across 823:), and the 813:Clerkenwell 356:pathologist 99:Abbey Mills 52:human waste 44:Great Stink 4598:Categories 4441:Reservoirs 4356:Lee Tunnel 4126:Structures 3927:Government 3847:Great Smog 3812:Great Fire 3539:required.) 3512:required.) 3419:required.) 3352:Keay, John 1948:6 February 1822:Lewis 2008 1657:3 February 1638:Smith 2004 1384:References 1251:mechanical 1240:millwright 1049:Bazalgette 1018:The Lancet 946:, and the 780:Canterbury 772:Edward VII 761:James Watt 721:Wandsworth 601:John Brady 572:Parliament 547:City Press 506:diphtheria 443:Lord Derby 359:John Simon 352:Henry VIII 149:Background 4317:John Snow 4312:New River 4097:Guildhall 3934:Historic 3771:1945–2000 3765:The Blitz 3756:1900–1939 3688:Middlesex 3673:Lundenwic 3668:Londinium 3660:Evolution 3578:174260850 3178:107869375 2971:The Times 2828:BBC.co.uk 2225:Owen 1982 2110:The Times 1877:The Times 1598:Owen 1982 1547:Snow 2004 1530:Ryan 2008 1464:The Times 1447:Owen 1982 1109:The Times 1093:Battersea 1087:in 1886, 1077:Luftwaffe 1066:with the 1045:North Sea 921:, in his 870:Stratford 854:Bayswater 819:(now the 745:cast iron 617:The Times 584:St Albans 324:John Snow 292:The Times 107:Crossness 103:Stratford 4644:Sewerage 4201:Category 4022:Services 3979:Politics 3954:Current 3703:Timeline 3589:(1989). 3568:(1878). 3450:(2005). 3296:11751359 3278:25468628 3229:(2012). 3188:(2014). 3170:40033824 3124:(2011). 3100:(1973). 3053:(2005). 3027:(2011). 3003:(2008). 1132:See also 1030:SS 1007:between 1005:East End 979:knighted 968:Vauxhall 952:Millbank 874:Greenway 815:for the 763:and Co. 729:Deptford 633:Old Ford 510:scrofula 394:Northern 280:outfalls 276:effluent 263:cesspits 259:Walbrook 127:Victoria 87:Northern 83:outfalls 56:effluent 4250:History 4168:Big Ben 3712:Periods 3287:1121911 2993:Sources 2066:Hansard 2010:Hansard 1986:Hansard 1276:Big Ben 1060:in situ 1037:collier 1009:Aldgate 954:to the 878:Beckton 832:⁄ 735:on the 725:Norwood 650:Pimlico 646:Lambeth 596:Hansard 566:Thames. 514:cholera 417:of the 316:cholera 297:opacity 267:methane 131:Chelsea 109:on the 68:cholera 3991:Labour 3785:Events 3597: 3576: 3554: 3533: 3506: 3479: 3458: 3436: 3413: 3383: 3364: 3332: 3311: 3294: 3284: 3276: 3239: 3215: 3196: 3176: 3168: 3134: 3110: 3082: 3063: 3035: 3013: 1235:Rocket 1085:Putney 999:, 1883 985:Legacy 717:Putney 580:Oxford 409:, the 278:. The 192:(1850) 119:listed 117:, are 64:miasma 3274:JSTOR 3174:S2CID 3166:JSTOR 2666:Punch 2030:Punch 1771:7 May 1165:Notes 996:Punch 607:Punch 477:Punch 255:Fleet 207:Punch 189:Punch 4354:and 3900:2012 3895:1948 3890:1908 3595:ISBN 3574:OCLC 3552:ISBN 3477:ISBN 3456:ISBN 3434:ISBN 3381:ISBN 3362:ISBN 3330:ISBN 3309:ISBN 3292:PMID 3237:ISBN 3213:ISBN 3194:ISBN 3132:ISBN 3108:ISBN 3080:ISBN 3061:ISBN 3033:ISBN 3011:ISBN 2917:2015 2862:2015 2836:2015 2798:2015 2768:2015 2651:2015 2511:2015 2309:2015 2284:2015 1950:2015 1773:2024 1659:2015 1242:and 1126:Wren 1124:and 1122:Nash 1011:and 784:York 782:and 723:and 648:and 512:and 461:and 396:and 303:and 257:and 133:and 105:and 89:and 42:The 3525:doi 3498:doi 3405:doi 3282:PMC 3266:doi 3262:323 3257:BMJ 3158:doi 2071:151 2015:150 1991:150 1752:UK 1013:Bow 966:to 942:to 868:in 844:to 637:Bow 582:or 445:'s 437:'s 101:in 4600:: 3350:; 3346:; 3290:. 3280:. 3272:. 3260:. 3254:. 3172:. 3164:. 3154:49 3152:. 3096:; 2906:. 2902:. 2826:. 2784:. 2618:^ 2531:^ 2500:. 2401:^ 2300:. 2273:. 2269:. 2256:^ 2142:^ 2069:. 2063:. 2013:. 2007:. 1989:. 1983:. 1762:. 1739:^ 1620:^ 1605:^ 1566:^ 1537:^ 1472:^ 1427:^ 880:. 719:, 635:, 586:. 508:, 465:. 449:; 421:, 137:. 129:, 4235:e 4228:t 4221:v 3767:) 3763:( 3644:e 3637:t 3630:v 3603:. 3580:. 3560:. 3531:. 3527:: 3504:. 3500:: 3485:. 3464:. 3442:. 3411:. 3407:: 3389:. 3370:. 3338:. 3317:. 3298:. 3268:: 3245:. 3221:. 3202:. 3180:. 3160:: 3140:. 3116:. 3088:. 3069:. 3041:. 3019:. 2919:. 2864:. 2838:. 2800:. 2770:. 2653:. 2513:. 2311:. 2286:. 1952:. 1775:. 1661:. 1640:. 1588:. 1549:. 1257:. 1206:. 1180:. 834:2 830:1 827:+ 825:8 516:. 242:" 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.