259:(1983) made the argument that the actions of Kanawha County School Board Member Alice Moore and her fundamentalist Christian allies in the 1974 controversy represented a defining moment in not only educational politics but American political history as well. Arguing that the Kanawha County textbook controversy was the first major victory for conservative evangelical Christians in the politically polarizing cultural debates that emerged from the 1960s social unrest, Kincheloe wrote in the early 1980s and in subsequent work that the victory was a key moment in what he and Aaron Gresson (2004) have labeled the right-wing recovery movement. This movement has profoundly shaped subsequent American education and electoral politics, as proponents have attempted to regain the power they perceived themselves to have lost in the 1960s cultural movements. In the case of the Kanawha County controversy, Moore and her supporters perceived that progressive secularists were undermining Christian values in their embrace of
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demanding that the boycott continue until the books were permanently removed and the supporting members of the school board fired. Bombs were planted at an elementary school and a school board building; another elementary school was dynamited, school buses were attacked with shotguns, and rocks were thrown at the homes of children who continued to attend school during the boycott. Alice Moore herself fled town during this time.
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On 27 June the school board, including Moore met again, with over 1,000 local residents observing, and voted to approve the books after a three-hour debate over the merits of teaching a liberal curriculum. This was met with much consternation from conservative groups. Reverend Marvin Horan called for
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minister, reported her concerns to the board and local newspapers. On 23 May, Moore came to the school board meeting and charged that the textbooks were "filthy, disgusting trash, unpatriotic and unduly favoring blacks". She argued that the textbooks taught children to disrespect the beliefs of their
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Reverend
Charles Quigley asked Christians to "pray that God will kill the giants who have mocked and made fun of dumb fundamentalists", leading one student to point out, "They're shooting people because they don't want to see violence in books." Kanawha's sheriff asked for state troopers to be sent
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signed a proposal for funding to ensure the training of teachers to "induce change" so that children in the state's educational system could elevate and expand above their own cultural surroundings that the state viewed as limited. On 12 March 1974, the
English Language Arts Textbook Committee of
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The boycott escalated quickly. Nine thousand out of 45,000 elementary school students in the county were kept home from school. Thousands of miners, bus drivers, and trucking workers joined in the boycott. The
Department of Education called for a compromise, but Reverend Horan denounced them,
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In April 1975 Marvin Horan was sentenced to three years in prison on charges related to the bombings, effectively ending the demonstration. In the fall of 1975, the school board restored the full line of books that they had approved before to all county schools.
71:". An English teacher on the committee stated that although she held strong conservative values, she felt that removing books that showed opposing opinions would be equivalent to "telling lies by omitting ideas I know exist". Among these were titles such as
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as "equally correct" dialects. Historian Carol Mason writes that Moore did not want White children to learn language used by
African Americans with the belief that it would cause the White children "to speak in ghetto dialect."
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in Texas. Gabler in return sent pamphlets and outlines of some of the ways in which the content of the books allegedly conflicted with
Christian values, moral uprightness, and patriotism. Moore, the wife of a
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a boycott of all public schools. Flyers were distributed around the county which purported to demonstrate the lewdness of the books, but were actually quotations from completely different books like
42:, the shooting of one bystander, and extended school closings. The controversy erupted in 1974 when new, multicultural textbooks were introduced that some parents considered blasphemous.
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In 2011, Moore received the Dr. Robert
Dreyfus Courageous Christian Leadership Award, from a South Carolina based ministry that promotes Christian based schools to parents. Announced in
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that were not part of the curriculum. When parents could not find these passages in their children's own textbooks, they accused the teachers of hiding the real books from them.
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parents and taught a brand of relativism that did not belong in West
Virginia. She generated much publicity for her cause and won the support of the local
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in which he referred to
Christians as "brainwashed"; she requested and received all 300 textbooks, and claimed that she found unsettling quotations from
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The school board moved to review the books before sending them to schools. Upon receiving the review copies, Moore was offended by a quote from the
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Kincheloe, Joe L. Getting Beyond the Facts: Teaching Social
Studies and Social Sciences in the Twenty-First Century, 2001. NY: Peter Lang.
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who fought against anti-Christian education and liberal indoctrination. The publication went further to state that her leadership in the
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Kincheloe, Joe L. Understanding the New Right and its Impact on
Education, 1983. Bloomington, Indiana: Phi Delta Kappa.
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was founded across the state, teaching Christian principles in place of the concepts at the center of the controversy.
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being taught in the county and was elected as the only member of the Kanawha County School Board that did not have a
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542:"Culture-war heroine gets her due. Alice Moore opened parents' eyes to liberal indoctrination in textbooks"
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79:. These textbooks were part of a new state curriculum that included for the first time the concepts of
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and sexual experimentation (amongst other things) in educational textbooks a la 1960s liberationism.
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Priest, Karl Protester Voices—The 1974 Textbook Tea Party, 2010, Poca, WV: Praying Mantis Press
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in textbook writing. Most school board members saw no reason to question the state's decision.
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denied the request. Schools were closed several times to avoid further violence.
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The Big Sort: Why the Clustering of Like-Minded America is Tearing Us Apart
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Kanawha County, West Virginia recommended 325 books and textbooks to the
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324:"Holy War in West Virginia: A Fight Over America's Future"
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Understanding the New Right and its Impact on Education
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West Virginia Department of Arts, Culture, and History
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West Virginia Department of Arts, Culture, and History
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After the textbook controversy, a network of private
207:news publication. The article states that she is a
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180:and the Magic Valley Mother's Club. However, the
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753:Education controversies in the United States
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393:"Great Kanawha County Textbook War"
350:"Great Kanawha County Textbook War"
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512:. United States Government
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122:Autobiography of Malcolm X
607:Foerstel 1994, 1994, p. 3
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430:. Medium. Archived from
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575:Bishop, Bill (2008).
506:"A Battle over Books"
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692:Categories
665:81°39′37″W
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290:References
217:"uprising"
160:Mel Gabler
69:authorship
65:12th grade
551:26 August
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248:Legacy
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