795:, as "the most signal and most durable monument of human folly, that has yet appeared in any age or nation" (chapter V). The storming of Jerusalem, 5 July 1099, was attended by a wholesale massacre of Muslims and Jews (chapter 6). "... the triumphant warriors, after every enemy was subdued and slaughtered, immediately turned themselves, with the sentiments of humiliation and contrition, towards the holy sepulchre. They threw aside their arms, still streaming with blood: They advanced with reclined bodies, and naked feet and heads to that sacred monument: They sung anthems to their Saviour, who had there purchased their salvation by his death and agony: And their devotion, enlivened by the presence of the place where he had suffered, so overcame their fury, that they dissolved in tears, and bore the appearance of every soft and tender sentiment. So inconsistent is human nature with itself! And so easily does the most effeminate superstition ally, both with the most heroic courage, and with the fiercest barbarity!"
914:, as authors whose "compositions the most despicable, both for style and matter, have been extolled, and propagated, and read; as if they had equalled the most celebrated remains of antiquity". Sidney was a complex man. He was appalled by the death sentence on Charles I, but later wrote tracts justifying the deed. In 1683, he was beheaded for alleged complicity in the Rye House plot to murder Charles II, after a notoriously unfair trial. Rapin was a French Protestant who had written a monumental history of England dedicated to George I. Bishop Hoadley was another luminary of the whig establishment. What Hume particularly objects to in Locke is his presentation of
814:: "this gallant emperor , in particular, displayed, during the course of the war, a spirit and generosity, which even his bigoted enemies were obliged to acknowledge and admire. Richard, equally martial and brave, carried with him more of the barbarian character; and was guilty of acts of ferocity, which threw a stain on his celebrated victories". Hume also writes that on one occasion, Richard ordered the massacre of 5000 defenceless Muslim prisoners, although "the Saracens found themselves obliged to retaliate upon the Christians by a like cruelty".
1242:. Undefined social contract theory can be taken as the framework for Hobbist authoritarianism, as easily as it can be for Lockist libertarianism. It can be made to mean anything. Government by contract is not something given in nature, but something in need of definition in relevant circumstances. For Hume, the prevailing British Constitution became contractual when William and Mary signed the declarations of right. This was the result of a lawful forfeiture. Hume did not want it to be seen, as
922:
particular, could attain a thorough conviction in these subjects... In his own person he is represented to have been a man of virtue; a character no wise surprising, notwithstanding his libertine system of ethics. Timidity is the principal fault, with which he is reproached: He lived to an extreme old age, yet could never reconcile himself to the thoughts of death. The boldness of his opinions and sentiments form a remarkable contrast to this part of his character. He died in 1679, aged 91."
574:. This was followed by the execution of the remaining regicides: "... a mind, seasoned with humanity, will find a plentiful source of compassion and indulgence ... No saint or confessor ever went to martyrdom with more assured confidence of heaven than was expressed by those criminals, even when the terrors of immediate death, joined to many indignities, were set before them.". They were hanged drawn and quartered. Four (already dead) were disinterred and subject to Posthumous execution.
1124:
extremely that lenity towards him, which was so honourable in the king, and so advantageous to posterity. It is said, that he had saved
Davenant's life during the protectorship; and Davenant in return afforded him like protection after the restoration; being sensible, that men of letters ought always to regard their sympathy of taste as a more powerful band of union, than any difference of party or opinion as a source of animosity".
625:. Hume wrote: "In 1759, I published my History of the House of Tudor. The clamour against this performance was almost equal to that against the History of the two first Stuarts. The reign of Elizabeth was particularly obnoxious". Hume's portrayal of Elizabeth is hardly flattering. However, there was another reason for the outrage. Hume, along with Dr. William Robertson, had been examining the papers relative to
852:: "prevented the Roman jurisprudence from becoming the municipal law of the country, as was the case in many states of Europe". Nevertheless, "a great part of it was secretly transferred into the practice of the courts of justice, and the imitation of their neighbours made the English gradually endeavour to raise their own law from its original state of rudeness and imperfection".
1734:
733:
averse from peace and from freedom, and to establish that regular execution of the laws, which, in a following age, enabled the people to erect a regular and equitable plan of liberty". A heritable jurisdiction might be conducted with equity, if presided over by someone like
Montesquieu; but there is even less guarantee than there is in the judiciary of an autocracy.
1558:, who also appears to have been an uxoricide. It could be said in partial expiation of Mary that Catherine seems to have succeeded where Darnley had failed. Neither Darnley nor Catherine had any claim to the throne, except through their spouses. It is said of Catherine that she sent Robertson a gem studded snuff-box, and that this is listed in his will.
1191:"a contract and bargain made between the king and his people", without being able to state what this contract was, or when it had been made. He was uncomfortable with the legality of the English precedents for deposing kings: Edward II and Richard II. So he turned to the Scottish Parliament's precedent in dethroning Queen Mary for complicity in murder (
313:
848:
necessary for giving security to all other arts, and which, by refining, and still more, by bestowing solidity on the judgment, served as a model to farther improvements." Hume credits the clergy with spreading the newly found Romano-Greek jurisprudence. However the association the
English laity "formed without any necessity" between Roman and
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years. Hume gives a fair account of Sidney's trial, where the law was twisted so that he could be judged, not for anything he had done, but for what he had written and not even tried to publish. An intriguing question is why Hume included Bishop
Hoadley in his rogues' gallery. At the time of the first editions, Hoadley was still alive.
740:, who needed to bolster their shaky claim to the throne with warlord support. The reluctance of the House of Commons to fund the executive, led the otherwise absolutist Tudors to grant monopolies, force loans, and raise funds by other irregular measures. These practices came to a head under the Stuarts, but they did not initiate them.
1610:
with the
Plantagenets through the Wars of the Roses, there were just two regicides in Scotland, both of which were disowned by Parliament, and neither of which altered the succession. This compares with six regicides in England during the same period, five of which were dynastic overthrows, and two of which were infanticides.
954:, Hume says: "While Newton seemed to draw off the veil from some of the mysteries of nature, he shewed at the same time the imperfections of the mechanical philosophy; and thereby restored her ultimate secrets to that obscurity, in which they ever did and ever will remain". Hume was no mathematical reductionist, like Hobbes.
775:"The rise, progress, perfection, and decline of art and science, are curious objects of contemplation, and intimately connected with a narration of civil transactions. The events of no particular period can be fully accounted for, but by considering the degrees of advancement, which men have reached in those particulars."
462:. Leaving the extent of the Commonwealth and the location of its capital undecided, Hume's highly devolved scheme was "to have all the advantages both of a great and a little Commonwealth". In some ways it resembles the model of Presbyterian church government. Hume was no theorist of an unwritten constitution.
962:
for the new age of the second coming. Of these three alchemists, Hume writes: "From the grossness of its superstitions, we may infer the ignorance of an age; but never should pronounce concerning the folly of an individual, from his admitting popular errors, consecrated by the appearance of religion".
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of
Merchiston, the inventor of logarithms. However Napier, Newton and James I are criticised for producing eschatological literature predicting the final days. Writings of this sort were a potent factor in the politico-religious ferment of the time. They were calling for a purification in preparation
661:
Hume wrote several appendices and discursions, which may be classed in their apparent order of composition, covering: 1) the
Shakespearean period; 2) the period up until the restoration; 3) the period ending with the Revolution; 4) the period of the Tudors; 5) the Anglo-Saxon period; 6) the period up
1628:
Geoffrey
Robertson QC, op.cit. pp.213–6. Robertson also tells us that Cooke cited the Duke of Hamilton's peerage of the Earldom of Cambridge as evidence of his English nationality. On this logic, the late Duke of Hanover, who served in the Wehrmacht, should have been tried as a traitor on account of
1233:
did some further research, concluding: "The genealogists say, there is no doubt of this pedigree ...". Carlyle does, however, add in a footnote to that very sentence that "This theory has been entirely refuted by Mr. Walter Rye, who shows that Mrs. Cromwell was descended from an old
Norfolk family,
1182:
An example of such an alteration is the footnote to the remark above about "despicable productions". The quote here is taken from the online version of 1778. The 1772 Dublin edition only mentions Rapin de
Thoyras. Clearly, Algernon Sidney and John Locke had sunk in Hume's estimation during his later
1178:
party were in possession of bestowing all places, both in the state and in literature, I was so little inclined to yield to their senseless clamour, that in above a hundred alterations, which farther study, reading, or reflection engaged me to make in the reigns of the two first Stuarts, I have made
747:
He allows that the early Saxons and other Germans "seem to have admitted a considerable mixture of democracy into their form of government, and to have been one of the freest nations, of which there remains any account in the records of history"; but he cautions: "Those who, from a pretended respect
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However Hume did acknowledge that the divine right, or patriarchal, system of government itself had a historical origin. This he dates to the time of the first two Tudors: Henry VII and Henry VIII. Before that date: "a kind of Polish Aristocracy prevailed ...". In Humes's time the Polish aristocracy
405:
There are important differences between these little studied declarations. Where the Bill of Rights states that the King cannot make laws without the consent of Parliament, the Claim of Right says that all assertions of a right to rule above the law are themselves against the law. The Bill of Rights
1237:
Unlike Locke, Hobbes or Jefferson, Hume considered that government by consent rested on public opinion alone. He did not derive it from a primeval contract made in the state of nature between ruler and ruled, except in a vague anthropological sense. He recognised that such theories are wide open to
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of Whigs who, like Jefferson, wanted to portray the regicides as heroic patriots who stamped the first great seal of the Commonwealth with the legend: "ON THE FIRST YEAR OF FREEDOM, BY GOD’S BLESSING, RESTORED, 1648" (old style). Judge Bradshaw sentenced the King on the grounds of his having broken
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Ever a classicist, he saw the age of Augustus as a high point in civilisation, after which there had been an inexorable decline: "But there is a point of depression, as well as of exaltation, from which human affairs naturally return in a contrary direction, and beyond which they seldom pass either
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This earlier era of Polish style aristocracy came about through the gradual implementation of Magna Carta; before which the kings had been more absolute, ruling by right of conquest. The early Normans in turn had subjugated the Saxons, among whom "the balance seems to have inclined to the side of
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Of this volume, Hume wrote: "In 1756, two years after the fall of the first volume, was published the second volume of my History, containing the period from the death of Charles I. till the Revolution. This performance happened to give less displeasure to the Whigs, and was better received. It not
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None of the later writers of Arthurian romances get a mention. That is unsurprising. They were (most but not all) glorifying what Hume saw as a period of decadence and decline. "The arts and sciences were imported from Italy into this island as early as into France; and made at first more sensible
817:
Hume tells how, shortly after his great victory, Saladin's death was proclaimed: "he ordered his winding-sheet to be carried as a standard through every street of the city; while a crier went before, and proclaimed with a loud voice, This is all that remains to the mighty Saladin, the conqueror of
1609:
Geoffrey Robertson states (p.185, op.cit.): "Many of the 109 kings and queens of Scotland to that date had indeed met sticky ends, but through brutal clan rivalries and power struggles rather than the decision of a court". Dark age assassinations are speculation. However in the period coterminous
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Hume passes on an oral tradition about John Milton and the playwright William Davenant: "It is not strange, that Milton received no encouragement after the restoration: It is more to be admired, that he escaped with his life" (for eloquently justifying the regicide). "Many of the cavaliers blamed
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The narrative ends with a parliamentary convention annexing to the settlement "a declaration of rights, where all the points, which had, of late years, been disputed between king and people, were finally determined; and the powers of the royal prerogative were more narrowly circumscribed and more
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Hume would have known about the Pandects as a law student, because Stair's "Institutions" are largely based on them, as are the works of Voet and Vinnius. "It is easy to see what advantages Europe must have reaped by its inheriting at once from the ancients, so complete an art, which was also so
1015:
as a man of letters: "Alfred endeavoured to convey his morality by apologues, parables, stories, apophthegms, couched in poetry; and besides propagating among his subjects, former compositions of that kind, which he found in the Saxon tongue, he exercised his genius in inventing works of a like
732:
Similarly, in England before the Tudors, "... though the kings were limited, the people were as yet far from being free. It required the authority almost absolute of the sovereigns, which took place in the subsequent period, to pull down those disorderly and licentious tyrants, who were equally
1119:
were at least equal to their contemporaries. The reign of Charles II, which some preposterously represent as our Augustan age, retarded the progress of polite literature in this island, and it was then found that the immeasurable licentiousness, indulged or rather applauded at court, was more
921:
Nor does Hobbes fare any better with Hume: "Hobbes's politics are fitted only to promote tyranny, and his ethics to encourage licentiousness. Though an enemy to religion, he partakes nothing of the spirit of scepticism; but is as positive and dogmatical as if human reason, and his reason in
365:
He wrote of the Revolution: "By deciding many important questions in favour of liberty, and still more, by that great precedent of deposing one king, and establishing a new family, it gave such an ascendent to popular principles, as has put the nature of the English Constitution beyond all
1291:
In the years after Hume's death the Whig party also reinvented itself as the Liberal party of reform. The philosophic followers of Hume in Scotland were often, like Robert Adamson, of the Liberal left; and tended to see Hume as Tory-leaning. However this must be seen in the context of the
517:
I was assailed by one cry of reproach, disapprobation, and even detestation; English, Scotch, and Irish, Whig and Tory, churchman and sectary, freethinker and religionist, patriot and courtier, united in their rage against the man, who had presumed to shed a generous tear for the fate of
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interpretation of British freedom can be traced in Hume's account of the revolutionary debates themselves. William of Orange had been invited to invade by a coalition of English Whigs and Tories. To placate the latter's maxim that "the throne was never vacant", or in modern parlance
729:. Before that law was passed, local aristocrats in Scotland had the power to try cases and raise armies, as the Government had just learnt to its cost. Far from exporting divine right principles to England: Scotland, like Poland, had never become a centralised Renaissance monarchy.
1737:
641:
Vol 2 covers the period following the establishment of Magna Carta, through to the auto-destruction of the Plantagenet dynasty in the Wars of the Roses. This could be described as the time when the English Nation was reinvented, after two centuries of Franco-Norman subjugation.
378:, the fiction was agreed that King James would be said to have abdicated. It fell to the Scottish Parliamentary Convention, meeting a month after the English one: "in a bold and decisive vote", to declare "that king James, by his maladministration, and his abuse of power, had
210:. With the relative success of these two volumes, Hume researched the history of earlier eras and produced a total of six volumes. As a result, the fifth volume was the first to appear in print, in 1754, while the first two volumes were published last, in 1762. The complete
414:
1619–1695. Hume studied law as a student at Edinburgh. He implies that he neglected this study. This must be taken with a pinch of salt. He may have wanted to avoid giving the lay reader the impression that he had written a history just for lawyers like
748:
to antiquity, appeal at every turn to an original plan of the constitution, only cover their turbulent spirit and their private ambition under the appearance of venerable forms". Under the Saxons, there was never much freedom for the Ancient Britons.
366:
controversy". Thus Hume is at odds with those who argue that the British Constitution is entirely evolutionary, and did not emerge from a revolution, just like the later American and French Constitutions, and the earlier Dutch Constitution.
1171:(1796) was cited by Jefferson as a remedy to Hume's revisionism: "He has taken Hume's work, corrected in the text his misrepresentations, supplied the truths which he suppressed, and yet has given the mass of the work in Hume's own words."
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However, even in the 12th century, there was a glimmer of light. "Perhaps there was no event, which tended farther to the improvement of the age, than one, which has not been much remarked, the accidental finding of a copy of Justinian's
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into a war of the British succession. This had come as a shock to Hume. So his main concern was to legitimise the Revolution of 1688, and forestall any future insurrection. He wanted his philosophy of government to appeal to both
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dated 25 November 1816, he wrote: "This single book has done more to sap the free principles of the English Constitution than the largest standing army " Though generally acknowledged as a plagiarised version of Hume's work,
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from the Tudors. He did not increase their powers. On the contrary, Hume found the rule of the first two Stuarts to have been milder than that of Elizabeth. The revolutionary ferment was not caused by any novel oppression.
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in their advancement or decline. The period, in which the people of Christendom were the lowest sunk in ignorance, and consequently in disorders of every kind, may justly be fixed at the eleventh century, about the age of
509:
seized the opportunity to rebel (1641). Civil War broke out in England. The king was defeated, tried, and executed (1649). Thus Hume's first volume ends at the start of England's short-lived experiment with republicanism.
1300:
Hume lived in a post-revolutionary environment, and he did not want there to be another revolution. He did not demonise heroes of the revolution any more than he glorified them. He wanted them to be examined critically.
486:. These came to nothing, curiously more because of opposition in the English Parliament than in the Scottish one. On the whole, Hume portrays this complex king, who had grown up with the same predicament as
1296:
of Hume's time. Hume's roots were in the Revolution of the Scottish Whigs in 1688–9. His grandfather's name is on the Scottish Parliament's muster role as a Lieutenant-Colonel of the Berwickshire militia.
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was the most destructive trauma that the English nation has endured. However this was followed by something even worse, during the next generation. Hume described the crusades, beginning in the reign of
1272:
The publications of Hume's Histories coincided with the revival of the British Tory Party, after decades of being tainted as the Jacobite Party. There is a parallel here with the eclipse of the US
446:
Hume names neither of the unamended constitutions of 1689. He wanted a new constitution for the United Kingdom to flesh out these outline declarations. He set out his proposals in the essay
918:'s "absurd" patriarchal theory of government as if it were something new. What these writers shared was belief in a neverland of ancient English freedoms, which the Stuarts had overthrown.
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Hume's fundamental theorem, quoted by Adamson, is that: "everything in the world is purchased by labour, and our passions are the only causes of labour". His position is very close here to
482:
peacefully assuming the title of first King of Great Britain. He immediately began a series of attempts to promote a Union between his two kingdoms, and found for this a staunch ally in
827:
681:, he was king of Scotland alone. He wanted to bring the authoritarian English model of kingship to his unruly northern kingdom. When he came to England, he inherited the oppressive
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spanned "from the invasion of Julius Caesar to the Revolution of 1688" and went through over 100 editions. Many considered it the standard history of England in its day.
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this island may boast of having produced the greatest and rarest genius that ever arose for the ornament and instruction of the species". After noting advances made by
1723:
1808:
1080:. What Hume found in these Italian writers of the 16th century was romances set in the darkest days of the crusades, featuring antiheroes, Christian or Muslim.
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turned into a jilting, and the two countries drifted into a war, spurred on by Protestant extremists in the House of Commons. Charles I's attempt following the
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An anti-Jacobite shibboleth that Hume wanted to refute held that absolute monarchy was an innovation brought to England by James I. When James was writing his
726:
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was greeted with outrage by all political factions, but it became a best-seller, finally giving him the financial independence he had long sought. Hume's
40:
1350:
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all title to the crown". Hume wanted to present the UK as having a modern constitution. He did not see it as something that stretched back seamlessly to
633:, thus exonerating what the Scottish Parliament had said when they deposed her. There have been copious attempts to refute Hume and Robertson on this.
1801:
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Hume seems to have had access to some version or other of the Koran, which he calls the "alcoran"; and he was aware of what is now remembered as the
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The Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy (linked below) describes Hume as "the third of the great triumvirate of "British Empiricists", along with
1976:
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all of them invariably to the Tory side. It is ridiculous to consider the English constitution before that period as a regular plan of liberty".
1815:
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1265:. Like Hume, Hamilton had to put up with prejudice on account of his Scottish ancestry, which he could trace back at least to the time of the
1949:
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721:, or aristocracy, had remained as a bulwark against autocracy, which had been lost by aristocrats like himself through the centralisation of
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exactly defined, than in any former period of the English government". In fact Britain has two declarations of right from this period. The
969:"the greatest glory of literature in this island" at the time of James I. However, he also criticises Bacon, in contrast with the earlier
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2001:
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He saw in the patriarchy of the Tudors and Stuarts "the dawn of civility and sciences". It was also the time of the terminal decline of
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802:. "The advantage indeed of science, moderation, humanity, was at that time entirely on the side of the Saracens". The results of the
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that there had been a dark age union of England and Scotland. Astonishingly, Cooke also appealed to recent treaties, notably the
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The convention that the kings could not raise taxes without parliamentary consent, Hume dates to the time of the usurpers of the
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Jefferson wrote: "It is this book which has undermined the free principles of the English government, " And in a letter to
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767:. The work contains several discursions on the fluctuations in the price of corn and other commodities through the eras.
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981:, Hume writes that Italy had "too much neglected the renown which it has acquired by giving birth to so great a man".
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874:" as a common law companion to Stair's great work. Both David Humes are buried together, in the old cemetery on the
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1226:, as a kind of union; though it had just been abrogated by the Rump Parliaments unilateral execution of the king.
670:. This last discursion at the end of vol 2 is a summary of some of Hume's most developed thoughts (chapter XXII).
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1214:. He prosecuted as an English traitor the general of the Scottish Parliament's army for King and Covenant in the
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concerning the consolation of philosophy". Actually some of these works were commissioned by Alfred, not by him.
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686:
590:, starts (Vol. 3) with the final overthrow and extinction of the old Plantagenet royal family by the Anglo-Welsh
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See Macaulay's rather dusty account. This Stair is not to be confused with his son, the genocidaire of Glencoe.
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his holding the title: Duke of Cumberland. Instead, he was reinstated as a member of the British Royal Family.
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Because of the titles of the last two volumes, the whole work has occasionally been mistakenly referred to as
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1203:; but he passed that precedent by, vaguely referring instead to the numerous Dark Age regicides recorded in
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439:. Cicero was, of course, a lawyer. The standard work for a Scottish law student to study was, then as now, "
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in Edinburgh. It was published in six volumes in 1754, 1757, 1759, and 1762. The first publication of his
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destructive to the refined arts, than even the cant, nonsense, and enthusiasm of the preceding period".
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is a classic of the genre. It helps understand Hume to re-externalise the milieu that he flourished in.
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1257:. He came to support independence for the American colonies; and lived just long enough to hear of the
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Hume passed on an oral tradition that Cromwell, through his Stewart mother, was a cousin of Charles I.
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The work can perhaps be best discussed as four separate histories in the order in which he wrote them.
39:
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Humes Letters, OUP, Letters 2 vols. ed.J.Y.T.Greig; More Letters ed. Raymond Klibansky, Ernest Mossner
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originally named Styward." There seems to be no further evidence to support Hume's 'oral tradition.'
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the East". Saladin left his money to charity, "without distinction of Jew, Christian, or Mahometan".
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The history of Great Britain, containing the Commonwealth, and the reigns of Charles II and James II
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that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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629:. Both historians found that Queen Mary had indeed been complicit in the murder of her husband
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However an epic of unintended consequences was unravelling. As the King was dying, his son's
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My Own Life. This can be read in vol 1 of the online edition of Hume's History linked above
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of England from its origins through its continuing gradual absorption of the international
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History of England, containing the Commonwealth, and the reigns of Charles II and James II
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At the end of his life, Hume wrote: "... though I had been taught by experience, that the
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1280:. Part of Jefferson's hostility to Hume may have been associative with Hume's defence of
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A more extended critique of these early political scientists can be found in "Hobbes" by
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Atavism is just as detectable in the attorney who led the prosecution against the king,
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The history of England from the invasion of Julius Caesar to the accession of Henry VII
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considered it a "poison" and was so critical of the work that he censored it from the
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The only 17th-century Scottish philosopher, other than James I, that Hume applauds is
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Hume follows this withering notice on Hobbes with a judiciously favourable review of
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History of England from the Invasion of Julius Caesar to the Accession of Henry VII
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649:: Kent, Northumberland, East Anglia, Mercia, Essex, Sussex, and Wessex; and to the
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Volume 1 takes the story back to the foundation of the first English kingdoms, the
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advances...". So in some need of explanation is why he neglects to mention either
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were superior to their contemporaries, who flourished in that kingdom (France).
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An outstanding question is what part this controversy had in the education of
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594:; and his success in gaining acceptance for what was a weak hereditary claim.
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57:
1195:). He could have cited another perfectly good precedent in the dethroning of
555:; of Cromwell's final destruction of the now royalist Covenanter army at the
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646:
611:
387:
234:
The history of Great Britain, containing the reigns of James I and Charles I
666:; 7) the era of Edward III; and 8) the period ending with the overthrow of
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1276:, in the decades when it was seen as the party of the aristocracy of the
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547:'s genocidal suppression of the Irish revolt; of his near nemesis at the
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experiment with communism; of the Scottish Parliament's proclamation of
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nature, as well as in translating from the Greek the elegant fables of
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Hume chapter LI, Geoffrey Robertson QC, "The Tyrannicide's Brief" p.69
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only rose itself, but helped to buoy up its unfortunate brother.".
194:
Hume set out at first only to write a history of England under the
1675:
Hume’s Politics: Coordination and Crisis in the History of England
1582:"Hobbes", George Croom Robertson, William Blackwood and sons, 1886
1466:
History of England, containing the reigns of James I and Charles I
1064:, but the rest of the named Italians are of the generation of the
1017:
999:, to have been shadowy historic figures, and he mentions the poet
996:
614:; and the attempt at counter-reformation by his daughter "bloody"
1368:(1 ed.). Woodbridge, UK: Boydell& Brewer. p. 224.
1025:
410:. Behind the Claim of Right can be detected the guiding hand of
1752:
570:
brought the army of occupation in Scotland south to effect the
566:, "Tumbledown Dick", could not keep the republic together; and
174:), which he wrote in instalments while he was librarian to the
694:
elected their king. This just predates the long period of the
306:
1748:
1083:
He censured Shakespeare's "barbarism", but insisted that "...
602:
wanted Hume to begin the history. There follows the reign of
1685:
1497:. Vol. II (2 ed.). London: A. Millar in the Strand
1413:. Vol. II (1 ed.). London: A. Millar in the Strand
267:
was a very recent memory, and had come close to turning the
1469:. Vol. I (2 ed.). London: A. Millar in the Strand
1441:. Vol. I (1 ed.). London: A. Millar in the Strand
1288:. Macpherson was a Tory opponent of American independence.
324:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
419:. What is certain is that he names two of the founders of
121:
806:
were reversed during the following century. He contrasts
280:. Perhaps this can be best understood in his 1748 essay "
844:, about the year 1130, in the town of Amalfi in Italy."
1619:
Geoffrey of Monmouth, "History of the Kings of Britain"
330:
1569:
Scottish National Consciousness in the Age of James VI
821:
This point of view was followed shortly afterwards in
755:, free men having become of greater commercial value.
1545:
article "Hume", Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th edition
872:
Commentary on the laws of Scotland respecting crimes
1956:
Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence
1934:
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295:, and even wrote a booklet about how to do it. The
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1682:Commerce and Politics in Hume’s History of England
1366:Commerce and Politics in Hume's History of England
1261:. The founding father closest to his thinking was
977:'s discovery of the solar system with disdain. Of
771:The Crusades as the nadir of western civilisation
535:Hume continues the story with an account of: the
1515:this phenomenon appears to have been defined by
662:until the signing and gradual implementation of
559:; and of his subsequent annexation of Scotland.
214:is arranged in chronological order, as follows:
1690:Wootton, D. "David Hume, 'The Historian.'" in
227:The history of England under the House of Tudor
222:(i.e. 55 BC – AD 1485; first published in 1762)
1809:An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals
1660:Acts of the Scottish Parliament, 30 March 1689
243:(covering the years 1649–1688; published 1757)
236:(covering the years 1601–1649; published 1754)
229:(covering the years 1485–1601; published 1759)
1863:Argument for the existence of God from design
1764:
1725:David Hume: Prophet of the Counter-revolution
1253:Hume was a close friend and correspondent of
8:
1250:later saw it, as the result of a beheading.
441:Stair's Institutions of the laws of Scotland
32:
1438:History of England under the House of Tudor
1218:, on the strength of evidence derived from
713:It was possible to agree at that time with
505:in Scotland (1638). Irish Catholics led by
291:was running high. Hume was a master of the
1771:
1757:
1749:
1132:Since the time of its publication, Hume's
902:. However, he footnotes Locke, along with
398:is (or was) the basic law of England, the
38:
31:
27:Multi-volume historical work by David Hume
2017:Literature first published in serial form
1802:An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding
855:Thus Hume was writing the history of the
759:A history of political economy in England
725:power in France. Very recent history was
353:Learn how and when to remove this message
866:Hume's nephew and executor, also called
727:the abolition of heritable jurisdictions
284:". He was not an adherent of any party.
1310:
1155:library. In a 12 August 1810 letter to
598:tells us that this was the point where
259:Circumstances of the work's composition
1816:Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary
1640:Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches
1600:George Buchanan, "History of Scotland"
1349:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1342:
1169:A New and Impartial History of England
1052:. Nor does he mention Chaucer's model
412:James Dalrymple, 1st Viscount of Stair
1950:A Treatise of Human Nature (Abstract)
1830:Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
1020:. He also gave Saxon translations of
513:Of the book's reception, Hume wrote:
7:
1694:Edited by D. Norton. (1993).281-312.
1259:American Declaration of Independence
828:Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
1729:from the Online Library of Liberty.
1718:Jefferson's letter to William Duane
1684:(Boydell and Brewer, 2017) 209 pp.
1677:(Princeton University Press, 2012).
1390:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
621:Vol. 4 continues with the reign of
551:; of the crowning of Charles II at
531:The History of Great Britain Part 2
474:The History of Great Britain Part 1
18:The History of England (David Hume)
657:The work as constitutional history
478:The book begins auspiciously with
25:
586:This history, written during the
582:The History of the House of Tudor
1732:
1720:from the University of Virginia.
1186:What Hume was combating was the
562:After Cromwell's death, his son
311:
1692:The Cambridge Companion to Hume
606:, and his break with Rome; the
1977:Book series introduced in 1754
458:by the 17th-century visionary
449:Idea of a Perfect Commonwealth
269:War of the Austrian Succession
1:
495:wooing of the Spanish Infanta
1844:The History of Great Britain
1727:(1965) by Laurence L. Bongie
1144:. In the United States, the
1048:, or what is now called the
637:The Early History of England
2012:History books about England
1926:Price–specie flow mechanism
1742:public domain audiobook at
744:aristocracy" or oligarchy.
653:these kingdoms supplanted.
258:
2043:
2002:18th-century history books
1795:A Treatise of Human Nature
1364:Wei, Jia (17 March 2017).
1224:Solemn League and Covenant
932:The Commonwealth of Oceana
610:under his ill-starred son
455:The Commonwealth of Oceana
452:, which is a reworking of
1904:The Missing Shade of Blue
1199:and his replacement with
835:The Pandects of Justinian
687:Court of the Star Chamber
265:Jacobite uprising of 1745
37:
882:Hume on the progress of
683:Court of High Commission
431:, in the same breath as
282:Of the Original Contract
249:History of Great Britain
1267:Declaration of Arbroath
289:anti-Scottish prejudice
33:The History of England
1997:1762 non-fiction books
1992:1759 non-fiction books
1987:1757 non-fiction books
1982:1754 non-fiction books
1916:Scottish Enlightenment
1837:The History of England
1739:The History of England
1153:University of Virginia
1138:historical revisionism
986:George Croom Robertson
528:
376:the monarch never dies
333:by rewriting it in an
303:The Revolution of 1688
293:internalised Scoticism
151:The History of England
137:The History of England
46:The History of England
1216:War of the Engagement
1140:intending to promote
1050:Ricardian Renaissance
1028:'s histories; and of
952:mechanical philosophy
812:Richard Coeur de Lion
781:William the Conqueror
679:divine right of kings
651:Romano-Welsh imperium
515:
158:'s great work on the
1868:Problem of induction
1572:Arthur H. Williamson
1220:Geoffrey of Monmouth
1136:has been accused of
696:Partitions of Poland
627:Mary, Queen of Scots
480:James VI of Scotland
176:Faculty of Advocates
2007:Books by David Hume
1556:Catherine the Great
800:Golden Age of Islam
668:Richard Plantagenet
608:English Reformation
557:Battle of Worcester
402:that for Scotland.
388:laws of King Alfred
369:The source of this
190:Publication history
34:
1823:Four Dissertations
1706:History of England
1331:on 13 January 2021
1286:Ossian Controversy
1263:Alexander Hamilton
1060:. He does mention
884:natural philosophy
738:House of Lancaster
417:William Blackstone
335:encyclopedic style
322:is written like a
297:History of England
253:History of England
212:History of England
208:Revolution of 1688
160:history of England
1964:
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1375:978-1-78327-187-0
1255:Benjamin Franklin
1056:either, nor even
524:Earl of Strafford
503:National Covenant
499:Petition of Right
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1326:the original
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1197:John Balliol
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1910:Of Miracles
1899:Hume's fork
1642:, chapter 3
1489:Hume, David
1461:Hume, David
1433:Hume, David
1405:Hume, David
1103:, (Edmund)
1089:Shakespeare
1013:Charlemagne
995:, and even
959:John Napier
876:Calton Hill
715:Montesquieu
664:Magna Carta
592:Henry Tudor
572:Restoration
384:Magna Carta
276:and former
225:Vols. 3–4.
218:Vols. 1–2:
1971:Categories
1921:Empiricism
1894:Hume's law
1882:Philosophy
1780:David Hume
1680:Wei, Jua.
1305:References
1212:John Cooke
1161:John Adams
1005:Thaliessin
975:Copernicus
896:John Locke
890:in England
868:David Hume
857:common law
765:Adam Smith
604:Henry VIII
600:Adam Smith
541:Charles II
522:, and the
408:John Locke
371:antinomian
343:March 2022
156:David Hume
142:Wikisource
58:David Hume
1856:Criticism
1710:, online
1708:(6 vols.)
1673:Sabl, A.
1128:Criticism
1107:, (John)
1054:Boccaccio
965:He calls
861:Civil Law
850:canon law
647:heptarchy
612:Edward VI
520:Charles I
466:Narrative
380:forfeited
278:Jacobites
263:The last
204:Charles I
198:monarchs
85:1754–1762
82:Published
1744:LibriVox
1491:(1759).
1463:(1759).
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1407:(1762).
1345:cite web
1193:ut supra
1062:Petrarch
1046:Langland
1030:Boethius
1001:Taliesin
842:Pandects
719:Szlachta
704:Habsburg
685:and the
545:Cromwell
537:leveller
239:Vol. 6.
232:Vol. 5.
168:Scotland
127:DA30 .H9
64:Language
1935:Related
1417:16 June
1284:in the
1248:Trotsky
1188:atavism
1142:toryism
1134:History
1085:Spenser
1078:Guarini
1074:Ariosto
1038:Chaucer
1024:'s and
1022:Orosius
1011:beside
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950:in the
808:Saladin
753:serfdom
723:Bourbon
708:Romanov
631:Darnley
488:Orestes
386:or the
329:Please
200:James I
184:History
180:History
172:Ireland
76:History
67:English
1501:10 May
1473:10 May
1445:10 May
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1244:Danton
1117:Harvey
1113:Cowley
1109:Denham
1105:Waller
1101:Milton
1097:Jonson
993:Arthur
971:Kepler
940:Newton
706:, and
616:Mary I
437:Virgil
433:Cicero
196:Stuart
170:, and
54:Author
1787:Books
1329:(PDF)
1322:(PDF)
1093:Bacon
1070:Tasso
1058:Dante
1042:Gower
1018:Aesop
997:Woden
948:Hooke
944:Boyle
810:with
553:Scone
274:Whigs
164:Wales
115:942.0
72:Genre
1567:See
1503:2018
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1447:2018
1419:2014
1402:See
1370:ISBN
1351:link
1337:2020
1246:and
1176:Whig
1076:and
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