The History of England (Hume book)

795:, as "the most signal and most durable monument of human folly, that has yet appeared in any age or nation" (chapter V). The storming of Jerusalem, 5 July 1099, was attended by a wholesale massacre of Muslims and Jews (chapter 6). "... the triumphant warriors, after every enemy was subdued and slaughtered, immediately turned themselves, with the sentiments of humiliation and contrition, towards the holy sepulchre. They threw aside their arms, still streaming with blood: They advanced with reclined bodies, and naked feet and heads to that sacred monument: They sung anthems to their Saviour, who had there purchased their salvation by his death and agony: And their devotion, enlivened by the presence of the place where he had suffered, so overcame their fury, that they dissolved in tears, and bore the appearance of every soft and tender sentiment. So inconsistent is human nature with itself! And so easily does the most effeminate superstition ally, both with the most heroic courage, and with the fiercest barbarity!" 914:, as authors whose "compositions the most despicable, both for style and matter, have been extolled, and propagated, and read; as if they had equalled the most celebrated remains of antiquity". Sidney was a complex man. He was appalled by the death sentence on Charles I, but later wrote tracts justifying the deed. In 1683, he was beheaded for alleged complicity in the Rye House plot to murder Charles II, after a notoriously unfair trial. Rapin was a French Protestant who had written a monumental history of England dedicated to George I. Bishop Hoadley was another luminary of the whig establishment. What Hume particularly objects to in Locke is his presentation of 814:: "this gallant emperor , in particular, displayed, during the course of the war, a spirit and generosity, which even his bigoted enemies were obliged to acknowledge and admire. Richard, equally martial and brave, carried with him more of the barbarian character; and was guilty of acts of ferocity, which threw a stain on his celebrated victories". Hume also writes that on one occasion, Richard ordered the massacre of 5000 defenceless Muslim prisoners, although "the Saracens found themselves obliged to retaliate upon the Christians by a like cruelty". 1242:. Undefined social contract theory can be taken as the framework for Hobbist authoritarianism, as easily as it can be for Lockist libertarianism. It can be made to mean anything. Government by contract is not something given in nature, but something in need of definition in relevant circumstances. For Hume, the prevailing British Constitution became contractual when William and Mary signed the declarations of right. This was the result of a lawful forfeiture. Hume did not want it to be seen, as 922:

particular, could attain a thorough conviction in these subjects... In his own person he is represented to have been a man of virtue; a character no wise surprising, notwithstanding his libertine system of ethics. Timidity is the principal fault, with which he is reproached: He lived to an extreme old age, yet could never reconcile himself to the thoughts of death. The boldness of his opinions and sentiments form a remarkable contrast to this part of his character. He died in 1679, aged 91."

574:. This was followed by the execution of the remaining regicides: "... a mind, seasoned with humanity, will find a plentiful source of compassion and indulgence ... No saint or confessor ever went to martyrdom with more assured confidence of heaven than was expressed by those criminals, even when the terrors of immediate death, joined to many indignities, were set before them.". They were hanged drawn and quartered. Four (already dead) were disinterred and subject to Posthumous execution. 1124:

extremely that lenity towards him, which was so honourable in the king, and so advantageous to posterity. It is said, that he had saved Davenant's life during the protectorship; and Davenant in return afforded him like protection after the restoration; being sensible, that men of letters ought always to regard their sympathy of taste as a more powerful band of union, than any difference of party or opinion as a source of animosity".

625:. Hume wrote: "In 1759, I published my History of the House of Tudor. The clamour against this performance was almost equal to that against the History of the two first Stuarts. The reign of Elizabeth was particularly obnoxious". Hume's portrayal of Elizabeth is hardly flattering. However, there was another reason for the outrage. Hume, along with Dr. William Robertson, had been examining the papers relative to 852:: "prevented the Roman jurisprudence from becoming the municipal law of the country, as was the case in many states of Europe". Nevertheless, "a great part of it was secretly transferred into the practice of the courts of justice, and the imitation of their neighbours made the English gradually endeavour to raise their own law from its original state of rudeness and imperfection". 1734: 733:

averse from peace and from freedom, and to establish that regular execution of the laws, which, in a following age, enabled the people to erect a regular and equitable plan of liberty". A heritable jurisdiction might be conducted with equity, if presided over by someone like Montesquieu; but there is even less guarantee than there is in the judiciary of an autocracy.

1558:, who also appears to have been an uxoricide. It could be said in partial expiation of Mary that Catherine seems to have succeeded where Darnley had failed. Neither Darnley nor Catherine had any claim to the throne, except through their spouses. It is said of Catherine that she sent Robertson a gem studded snuff-box, and that this is listed in his will. 1191:"a contract and bargain made between the king and his people", without being able to state what this contract was, or when it had been made. He was uncomfortable with the legality of the English precedents for deposing kings: Edward II and Richard II. So he turned to the Scottish Parliament's precedent in dethroning Queen Mary for complicity in murder ( 313: 848:

necessary for giving security to all other arts, and which, by refining, and still more, by bestowing solidity on the judgment, served as a model to farther improvements." Hume credits the clergy with spreading the newly found Romano-Greek jurisprudence. However the association the English laity "formed without any necessity" between Roman and

1183:

years. Hume gives a fair account of Sidney's trial, where the law was twisted so that he could be judged, not for anything he had done, but for what he had written and not even tried to publish. An intriguing question is why Hume included Bishop Hoadley in his rogues' gallery. At the time of the first editions, Hoadley was still alive.

740:, who needed to bolster their shaky claim to the throne with warlord support. The reluctance of the House of Commons to fund the executive, led the otherwise absolutist Tudors to grant monopolies, force loans, and raise funds by other irregular measures. These practices came to a head under the Stuarts, but they did not initiate them. 1610:

with the Plantagenets through the Wars of the Roses, there were just two regicides in Scotland, both of which were disowned by Parliament, and neither of which altered the succession. This compares with six regicides in England during the same period, five of which were dynastic overthrows, and two of which were infanticides.

954:, Hume says: "While Newton seemed to draw off the veil from some of the mysteries of nature, he shewed at the same time the imperfections of the mechanical philosophy; and thereby restored her ultimate secrets to that obscurity, in which they ever did and ever will remain". Hume was no mathematical reductionist, like Hobbes. 775:"The rise, progress, perfection, and decline of art and science, are curious objects of contemplation, and intimately connected with a narration of civil transactions. The events of no particular period can be fully accounted for, but by considering the degrees of advancement, which men have reached in those particulars." 462:. Leaving the extent of the Commonwealth and the location of its capital undecided, Hume's highly devolved scheme was "to have all the advantages both of a great and a little Commonwealth". In some ways it resembles the model of Presbyterian church government. Hume was no theorist of an unwritten constitution. 962:

for the new age of the second coming. Of these three alchemists, Hume writes: "From the grossness of its superstitions, we may infer the ignorance of an age; but never should pronounce concerning the folly of an individual, from his admitting popular errors, consecrated by the appearance of religion".

961:

of Merchiston, the inventor of logarithms. However Napier, Newton and James I are criticised for producing eschatological literature predicting the final days. Writings of this sort were a potent factor in the politico-religious ferment of the time. They were calling for a purification in preparation

661:

Hume wrote several appendices and discursions, which may be classed in their apparent order of composition, covering: 1) the Shakespearean period; 2) the period up until the restoration; 3) the period ending with the Revolution; 4) the period of the Tudors; 5) the Anglo-Saxon period; 6) the period up

1628:

Geoffrey Robertson QC, op.cit. pp.213–6. Robertson also tells us that Cooke cited the Duke of Hamilton's peerage of the Earldom of Cambridge as evidence of his English nationality. On this logic, the late Duke of Hanover, who served in the Wehrmacht, should have been tried as a traitor on account of

1233:

did some further research, concluding: "The genealogists say, there is no doubt of this pedigree ...". Carlyle does, however, add in a footnote to that very sentence that "This theory has been entirely refuted by Mr. Walter Rye, who shows that Mrs. Cromwell was descended from an old Norfolk family,

1182:

An example of such an alteration is the footnote to the remark above about "despicable productions". The quote here is taken from the online version of 1778. The 1772 Dublin edition only mentions Rapin de Thoyras. Clearly, Algernon Sidney and John Locke had sunk in Hume's estimation during his later

1178:

party were in possession of bestowing all places, both in the state and in literature, I was so little inclined to yield to their senseless clamour, that in above a hundred alterations, which farther study, reading, or reflection engaged me to make in the reigns of the two first Stuarts, I have made

747:

He allows that the early Saxons and other Germans "seem to have admitted a considerable mixture of democracy into their form of government, and to have been one of the freest nations, of which there remains any account in the records of history"; but he cautions: "Those who, from a pretended respect

693:

However Hume did acknowledge that the divine right, or patriarchal, system of government itself had a historical origin. This he dates to the time of the first two Tudors: Henry VII and Henry VIII. Before that date: "a kind of Polish Aristocracy prevailed ...". In Humes's time the Polish aristocracy

405:

There are important differences between these little studied declarations. Where the Bill of Rights states that the King cannot make laws without the consent of Parliament, the Claim of Right says that all assertions of a right to rule above the law are themselves against the law. The Bill of Rights

1237:

Unlike Locke, Hobbes or Jefferson, Hume considered that government by consent rested on public opinion alone. He did not derive it from a primeval contract made in the state of nature between ruler and ruled, except in a vague anthropological sense. He recognised that such theories are wide open to

1190:

of Whigs who, like Jefferson, wanted to portray the regicides as heroic patriots who stamped the first great seal of the Commonwealth with the legend: "ON THE FIRST YEAR OF FREEDOM, BY GOD’S BLESSING, RESTORED, 1648" (old style). Judge Bradshaw sentenced the King on the grounds of his having broken

778:

Ever a classicist, he saw the age of Augustus as a high point in civilisation, after which there had been an inexorable decline: "But there is a point of depression, as well as of exaltation, from which human affairs naturally return in a contrary direction, and beyond which they seldom pass either

743:

This earlier era of Polish style aristocracy came about through the gradual implementation of Magna Carta; before which the kings had been more absolute, ruling by right of conquest. The early Normans in turn had subjugated the Saxons, among whom "the balance seems to have inclined to the side of

577:

Of this volume, Hume wrote: "In 1756, two years after the fall of the first volume, was published the second volume of my History, containing the period from the death of Charles I. till the Revolution. This performance happened to give less displeasure to the Whigs, and was better received. It not

1035:

None of the later writers of Arthurian romances get a mention. That is unsurprising. They were (most but not all) glorifying what Hume saw as a period of decadence and decline. "The arts and sciences were imported from Italy into this island as early as into France; and made at first more sensible

817:

Hume tells how, shortly after his great victory, Saladin's death was proclaimed: "he ordered his winding-sheet to be carried as a standard through every street of the city; while a crier went before, and proclaimed with a loud voice, This is all that remains to the mighty Saladin, the conqueror of

1609:

Geoffrey Robertson states (p.185, op.cit.): "Many of the 109 kings and queens of Scotland to that date had indeed met sticky ends, but through brutal clan rivalries and power struggles rather than the decision of a court". Dark age assassinations are speculation. However in the period coterminous

1123:

Hume passes on an oral tradition about John Milton and the playwright William Davenant: "It is not strange, that Milton received no encouragement after the restoration: It is more to be admired, that he escaped with his life" (for eloquently justifying the regicide). "Many of the cavaliers blamed

393:

The narrative ends with a parliamentary convention annexing to the settlement "a declaration of rights, where all the points, which had, of late years, been disputed between king and people, were finally determined; and the powers of the royal prerogative were more narrowly circumscribed and more

847:

Hume would have known about the Pandects as a law student, because Stair's "Institutions" are largely based on them, as are the works of Voet and Vinnius. "It is easy to see what advantages Europe must have reaped by its inheriting at once from the ancients, so complete an art, which was also so

1015:

as a man of letters: "Alfred endeavoured to convey his morality by apologues, parables, stories, apophthegms, couched in poetry; and besides propagating among his subjects, former compositions of that kind, which he found in the Saxon tongue, he exercised his genius in inventing works of a like

732:

Similarly, in England before the Tudors, "... though the kings were limited, the people were as yet far from being free. It required the authority almost absolute of the sovereigns, which took place in the subsequent period, to pull down those disorderly and licentious tyrants, who were equally

1119:

were at least equal to their contemporaries. The reign of Charles II, which some preposterously represent as our Augustan age, retarded the progress of polite literature in this island, and it was then found that the immeasurable licentiousness, indulged or rather applauded at court, was more

921:

Nor does Hobbes fare any better with Hume: "Hobbes's politics are fitted only to promote tyranny, and his ethics to encourage licentiousness. Though an enemy to religion, he partakes nothing of the spirit of scepticism; but is as positive and dogmatical as if human reason, and his reason in

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He wrote of the Revolution: "By deciding many important questions in favour of liberty, and still more, by that great precedent of deposing one king, and establishing a new family, it gave such an ascendent to popular principles, as has put the nature of the English Constitution beyond all

1291:

In the years after Hume's death the Whig party also reinvented itself as the Liberal party of reform. The philosophic followers of Hume in Scotland were often, like Robert Adamson, of the Liberal left; and tended to see Hume as Tory-leaning. However this must be seen in the context of the

517:

I was assailed by one cry of reproach, disapprobation, and even detestation; English, Scotch, and Irish, Whig and Tory, churchman and sectary, freethinker and religionist, patriot and courtier, united in their rage against the man, who had presumed to shed a generous tear for the fate of

373:

interpretation of British freedom can be traced in Hume's account of the revolutionary debates themselves. William of Orange had been invited to invade by a coalition of English Whigs and Tories. To placate the latter's maxim that "the throne was never vacant", or in modern parlance

729:. Before that law was passed, local aristocrats in Scotland had the power to try cases and raise armies, as the Government had just learnt to its cost. Far from exporting divine right principles to England: Scotland, like Poland, had never become a centralised Renaissance monarchy. 1737: 641:

Vol 2 covers the period following the establishment of Magna Carta, through to the auto-destruction of the Plantagenet dynasty in the Wars of the Roses. This could be described as the time when the English Nation was reinvented, after two centuries of Franco-Norman subjugation.

378:, the fiction was agreed that King James would be said to have abdicated. It fell to the Scottish Parliamentary Convention, meeting a month after the English one: "in a bold and decisive vote", to declare "that king James, by his maladministration, and his abuse of power, had 210:. With the relative success of these two volumes, Hume researched the history of earlier eras and produced a total of six volumes. As a result, the fifth volume was the first to appear in print, in 1754, while the first two volumes were published last, in 1762. The complete 414:

1619–1695. Hume studied law as a student at Edinburgh. He implies that he neglected this study. This must be taken with a pinch of salt. He may have wanted to avoid giving the lay reader the impression that he had written a history just for lawyers like

748:

to antiquity, appeal at every turn to an original plan of the constitution, only cover their turbulent spirit and their private ambition under the appearance of venerable forms". Under the Saxons, there was never much freedom for the Ancient Britons.

366:

controversy". Thus Hume is at odds with those who argue that the British Constitution is entirely evolutionary, and did not emerge from a revolution, just like the later American and French Constitutions, and the earlier Dutch Constitution.

1171:(1796) was cited by Jefferson as a remedy to Hume's revisionism: "He has taken Hume's work, corrected in the text his misrepresentations, supplied the truths which he suppressed, and yet has given the mass of the work in Hume's own words." 839:

However, even in the 12th century, there was a glimmer of light. "Perhaps there was no event, which tended farther to the improvement of the age, than one, which has not been much remarked, the accidental finding of a copy of Justinian's

1492: 271:

into a war of the British succession. This had come as a shock to Hume. So his main concern was to legitimise the Revolution of 1688, and forestall any future insurrection. He wanted his philosophy of government to appeal to both

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dated 25 November 1816, he wrote: "This single book has done more to sap the free principles of the English Constitution than the largest standing army " Though generally acknowledged as a plagiarised version of Hume's work,

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from the Tudors. He did not increase their powers. On the contrary, Hume found the rule of the first two Stuarts to have been milder than that of Elizabeth. The revolutionary ferment was not caused by any novel oppression.

779:

in their advancement or decline. The period, in which the people of Christendom were the lowest sunk in ignorance, and consequently in disorders of every kind, may justly be fixed at the eleventh century, about the age of

509:

seized the opportunity to rebel (1641). Civil War broke out in England. The king was defeated, tried, and executed (1649). Thus Hume's first volume ends at the start of England's short-lived experiment with republicanism.

1300:

Hume lived in a post-revolutionary environment, and he did not want there to be another revolution. He did not demonise heroes of the revolution any more than he glorified them. He wanted them to be examined critically.

486:. These came to nothing, curiously more because of opposition in the English Parliament than in the Scottish one. On the whole, Hume portrays this complex king, who had grown up with the same predicament as 1296:

of Hume's time. Hume's roots were in the Revolution of the Scottish Whigs in 1688–9. His grandfather's name is on the Scottish Parliament's muster role as a Lieutenant-Colonel of the Berwickshire militia.

1717: 790:

was the most destructive trauma that the English nation has endured. However this was followed by something even worse, during the next generation. Hume described the crusades, beginning in the reign of

1272:

The publications of Hume's Histories coincided with the revival of the British Tory Party, after decades of being tainted as the Jacobite Party. There is a parallel here with the eclipse of the US

446:

Hume names neither of the unamended constitutions of 1689. He wanted a new constitution for the United Kingdom to flesh out these outline declarations. He set out his proposals in the essay

918:'s "absurd" patriarchal theory of government as if it were something new. What these writers shared was belief in a neverland of ancient English freedoms, which the Stuarts had overthrown. 763:

Hume's fundamental theorem, quoted by Adamson, is that: "everything in the world is purchased by labour, and our passions are the only causes of labour". His position is very close here to

482:

peacefully assuming the title of first King of Great Britain. He immediately began a series of attempts to promote a Union between his two kingdoms, and found for this a staunch ally in

827: 681:, he was king of Scotland alone. He wanted to bring the authoritarian English model of kingship to his unruly northern kingdom. When he came to England, he inherited the oppressive 1955: 2016: 186:

spanned "from the invasion of Julius Caesar to the Revolution of 1688" and went through over 100 editions. Many considered it the standard history of England in its day.

942:

this island may boast of having produced the greatest and rarest genius that ever arose for the ornament and instruction of the species". After noting advances made by

1723: 1808: 1080:. What Hume found in these Italian writers of the 16th century was romances set in the darkest days of the crusades, featuring antiheroes, Christian or Muslim. 497:

turned into a jilting, and the two countries drifted into a war, spurred on by Protestant extremists in the House of Commons. Charles I's attempt following the

1318: 673:

An anti-Jacobite shibboleth that Hume wanted to refute held that absolute monarchy was an innovation brought to England by James I. When James was writing his

726: 182:

was greeted with outrage by all political factions, but it became a best-seller, finally giving him the financial independence he had long sought. Hume's

40: 1350: 382:

all title to the crown". Hume wanted to present the UK as having a modern constitution. He did not see it as something that stretched back seamlessly to

633:, thus exonerating what the Scottish Parliament had said when they deposed her. There have been copious attempts to refute Hume and Robertson on this. 1801: 798:

Hume seems to have had access to some version or other of the Koran, which he calls the "alcoran"; and he was aware of what is now remembered as the

894:

The Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy (linked below) describes Hume as "the third of the great triumvirate of "British Empiricists", along with

1976: 1179:

all of them invariably to the Tory side. It is ridiculous to consider the English constitution before that period as a regular plan of liberty".

1815: 411: 1265:. Like Hume, Hamilton had to put up with prejudice on account of his Scottish ancestry, which he could trace back at least to the time of the 1949: 1829: 1373: 1145: 721:, or aristocracy, had remained as a bulwark against autocracy, which had been lost by aristocrats like himself through the centralisation of 2011: 1770: 1258: 394:

exactly defined, than in any former period of the English government". In fact Britain has two declarations of right from this period. The

323: 969:"the greatest glory of literature in this island" at the time of James I. However, he also criticises Bacon, in contrast with the earlier 871: 334: 2001: 751:

He saw in the patriarchy of the Tudors and Stuarts "the dawn of civility and sciences". It was also the time of the terminal decline of

440: 802:. "The advantage indeed of science, moderation, humanity, was at that time entirely on the side of the Saracens". The results of the 1464: 352: 1273: 1222:

that there had been a dark age union of England and Scotland. Astonishingly, Cooke also appealed to recent treaties, notably the

1165: 736:

The convention that the kings could not raise taxes without parliamentary consent, Hume dates to the time of the usurpers of the

1925: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1981: 273: 1175: 268: 1159:

Jefferson wrote: "It is this book which has undermined the free principles of the English government, " And in a letter to

1843: 1836: 1436: 1408: 1192: 767:. The work contains several discursions on the fluctuations in the price of corn and other commodities through the eras. 2006: 595: 109: 981:, Hume writes that Italy had "too much neglected the renown which it has acquired by giving birth to so great a man". 1325: 874:" as a common law companion to Stair's great work. Both David Humes are buried together, in the old cemetery on the 448: 1794: 1223: 931: 630: 454: 136: 1226:, as a kind of union; though it had just been abrogated by the Rump Parliaments unilateral execution of the king. 670:. This last discursion at the end of vol 2 is a summary of some of Hume's most developed thoughts (chapter XXII). 2026: 1903: 1214:. He prosecuted as an English traitor the general of the Scottish Parliament's army for King and Covenant in the 1077: 1032:

concerning the consolation of philosophy". Actually some of these works were commissioned by Alfred, not by him.

926: 686: 590:, starts (Vol. 3) with the final overthrow and extinction of the old Plantagenet royal family by the Anglo-Welsh 459: 1763: 1527:

See Macaulay's rather dusty account. This Stair is not to be confused with his son, the genocidaire of Glencoe.

860: 682: 93: 1629:

his holding the title: Duke of Cumberland. Instead, he was reinstated as a member of the British Royal Family.

281: 247:

Because of the titles of the last two volumes, the whole work has occasionally been mistakenly referred to as

2021: 1266: 1211: 1203:; but he passed that precedent by, vaguely referring instead to the numerous Dark Age regicides recorded in 548: 439:. Cicero was, of course, a lawyer. The standard work for a Scottish law student to study was, then as now, " 288: 264: 1049: 1915: 1571: 1152: 1137: 985: 667: 178:

in Edinburgh. It was published in six volumes in 1754, 1757, 1759, and 1762. The first publication of his

1862: 1120:

destructive to the refined arts, than even the cant, nonsense, and enthusiasm of the preceding period".

951: 867: 780: 678: 540: 327:

that states a Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.

299:

is a classic of the genre. It helps understand Hume to re-externalise the milieu that he flourished in.

1893: 1872: 1704: 1257:. He came to support independence for the American colonies; and lived just long enough to hear of the 1229:

Hume passed on an oral tradition that Cromwell, through his Stewart mother, was a cousin of Charles I.

470:

The work can perhaps be best discussed as four separate histories in the order in which he wrote them.

39: 1651:

Humes Letters, OUP, Letters 2 vols. ed.J.Y.T.Greig; More Letters ed. Raymond Klibansky, Ernest Mossner

1867: 1234:

originally named Styward." There seems to be no further evidence to support Hume's 'oral tradition.'

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the East". Saladin left his money to charity, "without distinction of Jew, Christian, or Mahometan".

811: 695: 626: 591: 519: 479: 203: 175: 241:

The history of Great Britain, containing the Commonwealth, and the reigns of Charles II and James II

1888: 1756: 1555: 1088: 974: 799: 607: 587: 556: 494: 490:, as a beneficent ruler keeping Britain at peace, notably by staying out of the Thirty Years' War. 395: 207: 167: 17: 1822: 1285: 1262: 1108: 1053: 737: 571: 501:(1628) to rule without a Parliament in England collapsed after he provoked the revolution of the 416: 171: 159: 629:. Both historians found that Queen Mary had indeed been complicit in the murder of her husband 1369: 1344: 1254: 650: 615: 523: 502: 498: 493:

However an epic of unintended consequences was unravelling. As the King was dying, his son's

1281: 1277: 1200: 1156: 1148: 1073: 1065: 1045: 1037: 1008: 911: 722: 563: 506: 163: 120: 1536:

My Own Life. This can be read in vol 1 of the online edition of Hume's History linked above

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of England from its origins through its continuing gradual absorption of the international

1494:

History of England, containing the Commonwealth, and the reigns of Charles II and James II

1204: 1174:

At the end of his life, Hume wrote: "... though I had been taught by experience, that the

1057: 978: 970: 903: 787: 674: 552: 420: 195: 1280:. Part of Jefferson's hostility to Hume may have been associative with Hume's defence of 984:

A more extended critique of these early political scientists can be found in "Hobbes" by

1210:

Atavism is just as detectable in the attorney who led the prosecution against the king,

1898: 1243: 1230: 1116: 1112: 1084: 1069: 428: 399: 220:

The history of England from the invasion of Julius Caesar to the accession of Henry VII

206:, which appeared in 1754. He followed this with a second history that continued to the 199: 1151:

considered it a "poison" and was so critical of the work that he censored it from the

957:

The only 17th-century Scottish philosopher, other than James I, that Hume applauds is

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Hume follows this withering notice on Hobbes with a judiciously favourable review of

915: 907: 899: 822: 803: 792: 567: 483: 424: 370: 1942: 1711: 1516: 1410:

History of England from the Invasion of Julius Caesar to the Accession of Henry VII

1293: 1196: 947: 943: 939: 699: 649:: Kent, Northumberland, East Anglia, Mercia, Essex, Sussex, and Wessex; and to the 645:

Volume 1 takes the story back to the foundation of the first English kingdoms, the

1036:

advances...". So in some need of explanation is why he neglects to mention either

1920: 1909: 1100: 1099:

were superior to their contemporaries, who flourished in that kingdom (France).

1012: 992: 958: 875: 714: 663: 622: 383: 1779: 1554:

An outstanding question is what part this controversy had in the education of

1488: 1460: 1432: 1404: 1160: 1096: 1041: 895: 856: 764: 603: 599: 594:; and his success in gaining acceptance for what was a weak hereditary claim. 407: 277: 155: 141: 57: 1195:). He could have cited another perfectly good precedent in the dethroning of 555:; of Cromwell's final destruction of the now royalist Covenanter army at the 849: 646: 611: 387: 234:

The history of Great Britain, containing the reigns of James I and Charles I

666:; 7) the era of Edward III; and 8) the period ending with the overthrow of 1388: 1743: 1276:, in the decades when it was seen as the party of the aristocracy of the 1215: 1061: 1029: 1000: 841: 718: 703: 547:'s genocidal suppression of the Irish revolt; of his near nemesis at the 544: 536: 539:

experiment with communism; of the Scottish Parliament's proclamation of

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nature, as well as in translating from the Greek the elegant fables of

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Hume chapter LI, Geoffrey Robertson QC, "The Tyrannicide's Brief" p.69

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only rose itself, but helped to buoy up its unfortunate brother.".

194:

Hume set out at first only to write a history of England under the

1675:

Hume’s Politics: Coordination and Crisis in the History of England

1582:"Hobbes", George Croom Robertson, William Blackwood and sons, 1886 1466:

History of England, containing the reigns of James I and Charles I

1064:, but the rest of the named Italians are of the generation of the 1017: 999:, to have been shadowy historic figures, and he mentions the poet 996: 614:; and the attempt at counter-reformation by his daughter "bloody" 1368:(1 ed.). Woodbridge, UK: Boydell& Brewer. p. 224. 1025: 410:. Behind the Claim of Right can be detected the guiding hand of 1752: 570:

brought the army of occupation in Scotland south to effect the

566:, "Tumbledown Dick", could not keep the republic together; and 174:), which he wrote in instalments while he was librarian to the 694:

elected their king. This just predates the long period of the

306: 1748: 1083:

He censured Shakespeare's "barbarism", but insisted that "...

602:

wanted Hume to begin the history. There follows the reign of

1685: 1497:. Vol. II (2 ed.). London: A. Millar in the Strand 1413:. Vol. II (1 ed.). London: A. Millar in the Strand 267:

was a very recent memory, and had come close to turning the

1469:. Vol. I (2 ed.). London: A. Millar in the Strand 1441:. Vol. I (1 ed.). London: A. Millar in the Strand 1288:. Macpherson was a Tory opponent of American independence. 324:

personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay

419:. What is certain is that he names two of the founders of 121: 806:

were reversed during the following century. He contrasts

280:. Perhaps this can be best understood in his 1748 essay " 844:, about the year 1130, in the town of Amalfi in Italy." 1619:

Geoffrey of Monmouth, "History of the Kings of Britain"

330: 1569:

Scottish National Consciousness in the Age of James VI

821:

This point of view was followed shortly afterwards in

755:, free men having become of greater commercial value. 1545:

article "Hume", Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th edition

872:

Commentary on the laws of Scotland respecting crimes

1956:

Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence

1934: 1881: 1855: 1786: 295:, and even wrote a booklet about how to do it. The 131: 119: 107: 99: 89: 81: 71: 63: 53: 1682:Commerce and Politics in Hume’s History of England 1366:Commerce and Politics in Hume's History of England 1261:. The founding father closest to his thinking was 977:'s discovery of the solar system with disdain. Of 771:The Crusades as the nadir of western civilisation 535:Hume continues the story with an account of: the 1515:this phenomenon appears to have been defined by 662:until the signing and gradual implementation of 559:; and of his subsequent annexation of Scotland. 214:is arranged in chronological order, as follows: 1690:Wootton, D. "David Hume, 'The Historian.'" in 227:The history of England under the House of Tudor 222:(i.e. 55 BC – AD 1485; first published in 1762) 1809:An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals 1660:Acts of the Scottish Parliament, 30 March 1689 243:(covering the years 1649–1688; published 1757) 236:(covering the years 1601–1649; published 1754) 229:(covering the years 1485–1601; published 1759) 1863:Argument for the existence of God from design 1764: 1725:David Hume: Prophet of the Counter-revolution 1253:Hume was a close friend and correspondent of 8: 1250:later saw it, as the result of a beheading. 441:Stair's Institutions of the laws of Scotland 32: 1438:History of England under the House of Tudor 1218:, on the strength of evidence derived from 713:It was possible to agree at that time with 505:in Scotland (1638). Irish Catholics led by 291:was running high. Hume was a master of the 1771: 1757: 1749: 1132:Since the time of its publication, Hume's 902:. However, he footnotes Locke, along with 398:is (or was) the basic law of England, the 38: 31: 27:Multi-volume historical work by David Hume 2017:Literature first published in serial form 1802:An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding 855:Thus Hume was writing the history of the 759:A history of political economy in England 725:power in France. Very recent history was 353:Learn how and when to remove this message 866:Hume's nephew and executor, also called 727:the abolition of heritable jurisdictions 284:". He was not an adherent of any party. 1310: 1155:library. In a 12 August 1810 letter to 598:tells us that this was the point where 259:Circumstances of the work's composition 1816:Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary 1640:Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches 1600:George Buchanan, "History of Scotland" 1349:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1342: 1169:A New and Impartial History of England 1052:. Nor does he mention Chaucer's model 412:James Dalrymple, 1st Viscount of Stair 1950:A Treatise of Human Nature (Abstract) 1830:Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion 1020:. He also gave Saxon translations of 513:Of the book's reception, Hume wrote: 7: 1694:Edited by D. Norton. (1993).281-312. 1259:American Declaration of Independence 828:Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 1729:from the Online Library of Liberty. 1718:Jefferson's letter to William Duane 1684:(Boydell and Brewer, 2017) 209 pp. 1677:(Princeton University Press, 2012). 1390:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 621:Vol. 4 continues with the reign of 551:; of the crowning of Charles II at 531:The History of Great Britain Part 2 474:The History of Great Britain Part 1 18:The History of Great Britain (Hume) 657:The work as constitutional history 478:The book begins auspiciously with 25: 586:This history, written during the 582:The History of the House of Tudor 1732: 1720:from the University of Virginia. 1186:What Hume was combating was the 562:After Cromwell's death, his son 311: 1692:The Cambridge Companion to Hume 606:, and his break with Rome; the 1977:Book series introduced in 1754 458:by the 17th-century visionary 449:Idea of a Perfect Commonwealth 269:War of the Austrian Succession 1: 495:wooing of the Spanish Infanta 1844:The History of Great Britain 1727:(1965) by Laurence L. Bongie 1144:. In the United States, the 1048:, or what is now called the 637:The Early History of England 2012:History books about England 1926:Price–specie flow mechanism 1742:public domain audiobook at 744:aristocracy" or oligarchy. 653:these kingdoms supplanted. 258: 2043: 2002:18th-century history books 1795:A Treatise of Human Nature 1364:Wei, Jia (17 March 2017). 1224:Solemn League and Covenant 932:The Commonwealth of Oceana 610:under his ill-starred son 455:The Commonwealth of Oceana 452:, which is a reworking of 1904:The Missing Shade of Blue 1199:and his replacement with 835:The Pandects of Justinian 687:Court of the Star Chamber 265:Jacobite uprising of 1745 37: 882:Hume on the progress of 683:Court of High Commission 431:, in the same breath as 282:Of the Original Contract 249:History of Great Britain 1267:Declaration of Arbroath 289:anti-Scottish prejudice 33:The History of England 1997:1762 non-fiction books 1992:1759 non-fiction books 1987:1757 non-fiction books 1982:1754 non-fiction books 1916:Scottish Enlightenment 1837:The History of England 1739:The History of England 1153:University of Virginia 1138:historical revisionism 986:George Croom Robertson 528: 376:the monarch never dies 333:by rewriting it in an 303:The Revolution of 1688 293:internalised Scoticism 151:The History of England 137:The History of England 46:The History of England 1216:War of the Engagement 1140:intending to promote 1050:Ricardian Renaissance 1028:'s histories; and of 952:mechanical philosophy 812:Richard Coeur de Lion 781:William the Conqueror 679:divine right of kings 651:Romano-Welsh imperium 515: 158:'s great work on the 1868:Problem of induction 1572:Arthur H. Williamson 1220:Geoffrey of Monmouth 1136:has been accused of 696:Partitions of Poland 627:Mary, Queen of Scots 480:James VI of Scotland 176:Faculty of Advocates 2007:Books by David Hume 1556:Catherine the Great 800:Golden Age of Islam 668:Richard Plantagenet 608:English Reformation 557:Battle of Worcester 402:that for Scotland. 388:laws of King Alfred 369:The source of this 190:Publication history 34: 1823:Four Dissertations 1706:History of England 1331:on 13 January 2021 1286:Ossian Controversy 1263:Alexander Hamilton 1060:. He does mention 884:natural philosophy 738:House of Lancaster 417:William Blackstone 335:encyclopedic style 322:is written like a 297:History of England 253:History of England 212:History of England 208:Revolution of 1688 160:history of England 1964: 1963: 1375:978-1-78327-187-0 1255:Benjamin Franklin 1056:either, nor even 524:Earl of Strafford 503:National Covenant 499:Petition of Right 363: 362: 355: 147: 146: 90:Publication place 16:(Redirected from 2034: 2027:Thomas Jefferson 1889:Hume's principle 1873:Is–ought problem 1773: 1766: 1759: 1750: 1736: 1735: 1661: 1658: 1652: 1649: 1643: 1638:Thomas Carlyle, 1636: 1630: 1626: 1620: 1617: 1611: 1607: 1601: 1598: 1592: 1589: 1583: 1580: 1574: 1565: 1559: 1552: 1546: 1543: 1537: 1534: 1528: 1525: 1519: 1513: 1507: 1506: 1504: 1502: 1485: 1479: 1478: 1476: 1474: 1457: 1451: 1450: 1448: 1446: 1429: 1423: 1422: 1420: 1418: 1400: 1394: 1386: 1380: 1379: 1361: 1355: 1354: 1348: 1340: 1338: 1336: 1330: 1324:. Archived from 1323: 1315: 1282:James Macpherson 1278:Antebellum South 1274:Democratic Party 1201:Robert the Bruce 1149:Thomas Jefferson 1066:High Renaissance 1009:Alfred the Great 927:James Harrington 912:Benjamin Hoadley 908:Rapin de Thoyras 717:that the Polish 588:Seven Years' War 564:Richard Cromwell 549:Battle of Dunbar 460:James Harrington 406:was inspired by 358: 351: 347: 344: 338: 315: 314: 307: 123: 42: 35: 21: 2042: 2041: 2037: 2036: 2035: 2033: 2032: 2031: 1967: 1966: 1965: 1960: 1930: 1877: 1851: 1782: 1777: 1733: 1701: 1670: 1668:Further reading 1665: 1664: 1659: 1655: 1650: 1646: 1637: 1633: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1614: 1608: 1604: 1599: 1595: 1590: 1586: 1581: 1577: 1566: 1562: 1553: 1549: 1544: 1540: 1535: 1531: 1526: 1522: 1514: 1510: 1500: 1498: 1487: 1486: 1482: 1472: 1470: 1459: 1458: 1454: 1444: 1442: 1431: 1430: 1426: 1416: 1414: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1392:, entry on Hume 1387: 1383: 1376: 1363: 1362: 1358: 1341: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1321: 1319:"Archived copy" 1317: 1316: 1312: 1307: 1205:George Buchanan 1146:Founding Father 1130: 973:, for treating 904:Algernon Sidney 892: 837: 788:Norman Conquest 773: 761: 677:expounding the 675:Basilicon Doron 659: 639: 623:Queen Elizabeth 584: 533: 476: 468: 421:Roman Dutch law 359: 348: 342: 339: 331:help improve it 328: 316: 312: 305: 261: 192: 162:(also covering 154:(1754–1761) is 112: 103:Print: hardback 100:Media type 49: 44:Title page for 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 2040: 2038: 2030: 2029: 2024: 2022:Censored books 2019: 2014: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1969: 1968: 1962: 1961: 1959: 1958: 1953: 1946: 1938: 1936: 1932: 1931: 1929: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1878: 1876: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1852: 1850: 1849: 1848: 1847: 1833: 1826: 1819: 1812: 1805: 1798: 1790: 1788: 1784: 1783: 1778: 1776: 1775: 1768: 1761: 1753: 1747: 1746: 1730: 1721: 1715: 1714:edition, 1983. 1700: 1699:External links 1697: 1696: 1695: 1688: 1678: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1662: 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1821: 1814: 1807: 1800: 1793: 1738: 1724: 1712:Liberty Fund 1705: 1691: 1681: 1674: 1656: 1647: 1639: 1634: 1624: 1615: 1605: 1596: 1587: 1578: 1568: 1563: 1550: 1541: 1532: 1523: 1517:David Masson 1511: 1499:. Retrieved 1493: 1483: 1471:. Retrieved 1465: 1455: 1443:. Retrieved 1437: 1427: 1415:. Retrieved 1409: 1398: 1389: 1384: 1365: 1359: 1335:20 September 1333:. Retrieved 1326:the original 1313: 1299: 1294:whig history 1290: 1271: 1252: 1236: 1228: 1209: 1197:John Balliol 1185: 1181: 1173: 1168: 1133: 1131: 1122: 1082: 1034: 1007:). He rates 1004: 991:Hume allows 990: 983: 964: 956: 937: 930: 924: 920: 893: 887: 883: 865: 854: 846: 838: 826: 820: 816: 797: 785: 777: 774: 762: 750: 746: 742: 735: 731: 712: 700:Hohenzollern 698:between the 692: 672: 660: 644: 640: 620: 585: 576: 561: 543:as king; of 534: 516: 512: 492: 477: 469: 453: 447: 445: 404: 392: 379: 375: 368: 364: 349: 340: 321: 296: 292: 287:In England, 286: 262: 252: 251:rather than 248: 246: 240: 233: 226: 219: 211: 193: 183: 179: 150: 149: 148: 135: 45: 29: 1910:Of Miracles 1899:Hume's fork 1642:, chapter 3 1489:Hume, David 1461:Hume, David 1433:Hume, David 1405:Hume, David 1103:, (Edmund) 1089:Shakespeare 1013:Charlemagne 995:, and even 959:John Napier 876:Calton Hill 715:Montesquieu 664:Magna Carta 592:Henry Tudor 572:Restoration 384:Magna Carta 276:and former 225:Vols. 3–4. 218:Vols. 1–2: 1971:Categories 1921:Empiricism 1894:Hume's law 1882:Philosophy 1780:David Hume 1680:Wei, Jua. 1305:References 1212:John Cooke 1161:John Adams 1005:Thaliessin 975:Copernicus 896:John Locke 890:in England 868:David Hume 857:common law 765:Adam Smith 604:Henry VIII 600:Adam Smith 541:Charles II 522:, and the 408:John Locke 371:antinomian 343:March 2022 156:David Hume 142:Wikisource 58:David Hume 1856:Criticism 1710:, online 1708:(6 vols.) 1673:Sabl, A. 1128:Criticism 1107:, (John) 1054:Boccaccio 965:He calls 861:Civil Law 850:canon law 647:heptarchy 612:Edward VI 520:Charles I 466:Narrative 380:forfeited 278:Jacobites 263:The last 204:Charles I 198:monarchs 85:1754–1762 82:Published 1744:LibriVox 1491:(1759). 1463:(1759). 1435:(1759). 1407:(1762). 1345:cite web 1193:ut supra 1062:Petrarch 1046:Langland 1030:Boethius 1001:Taliesin 842:Pandects 719:Szlachta 704:Habsburg 685:and the 545:Cromwell 537:leveller 239:Vol. 6. 232:Vol. 5. 168:Scotland 127:DA30 .H9 64:Language 1935:Related 1417:16 June 1284:in the 1248:Trotsky 1188:atavism 1142:toryism 1134:History 1085:Spenser 1078:Guarini 1074:Ariosto 1038:Chaucer 1024:'s and 1022:Orosius 1011:beside 979:Galileo 950:in the 808:Saladin 753:serfdom 723:Bourbon 708:Romanov 631:Darnley 488:Orestes 386:or the 329:Please 200:James I 184:History 180:History 172:Ireland 76:History 67:English 1501:10 May 1473:10 May 1445:10 May 1372: 1244:Danton 1117:Harvey 1113:Cowley 1109:Denham 1105:Waller 1101:Milton 1097:Jonson 993:Arthur 971:Kepler 940:Newton 706:, and 616:Mary I 437:Virgil 433:Cicero 196:Stuart 170:, and 54:Author 1787:Books 1329:(PDF) 1322:(PDF) 1093:Bacon 1070:Tasso 1058:Dante 1042:Gower 1018:Aesop 997:Woden 948:Hooke 944:Boyle 810:with 553:Scone 274:Whigs 164:Wales 115:942.0 72:Genre 1567:See 1503:2018 1475:2018 1447:2018 1419:2014 1402:See 1370:ISBN 1351:link 1337:2020 1246:and 1176:Whig 1076:and 1026:Bede 946:and 938:"In 910:and 898:and 886:and 786:The 435:and 427:and 202:and 132:Text 1044:or 929:'s 825:'s 783:". 443:". 140:at 1973:: 1347:}} 1343:{{ 1269:. 1095:, 1091:, 1087:, 1072:, 1068:: 1040:, 988:. 935:. 906:, 863:. 831:. 702:, 618:. 423:, 390:. 255:. 166:, 1912:" 1908:" 1772:e 1765:t 1758:v 1505:. 1477:. 1449:. 1421:. 1378:. 1353:) 1339:. 1003:( 526:. 356:) 350:( 345:) 341:( 337:. 20:)

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