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255:. On the prisoners' journey to Fort Delaware, Dickinson organized a group of thirteen officers, including Colonel Paul F. DeGournay of the 12th Battalion, Louisiana Artillery and Colonel George Woolfolk, to try to escape from the gunboat. However, the effort failed when the captain of the ship, noticing that one of the 13 men was missing, led the prisoners to the brig below the deck of the ship.
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Instructions from the War
Department reached Foster in late July, and he coordinated an exchange of the fifty prisoners on July 29. Exchange of the fifty officers actually took place on August 4, 1864. However, at that time Jones brought 600 additional prisoners to Charleston, in part to press for a
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in 1864–65. In the summer of 1863, the
Confederacy passed a resolution stating all captured African-American soldiers and the officers of colored troops would not be returned. The resolution also allowed for any captured officer of colored troops to be executed and any captured African-American
150:, commanding the Confederate Department of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, indicates the Confederates subsequently accepted the military nature of Charleston as a target. Soon the correspondence turned to an exchange of these high-ranking prisoners.
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US pint (0.24 L; 0.42 imp pt) of soured onion pickles was the only food issued to the prisoners. The starving men were reduced to supplementing their rations with the occasional rat or stray cat. Thirteen men died there of diseases such as
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refused, following Order 252 which stated no exchanges would occur until the
Confederacy agreed to treat both black and white prisoners of war equally. Grant wrote, "In no circumstances will he be allowed to make exchanges of prisoners of war."
169:) removed the Federal prisoners from Charleston. Foster removed the Confederate prisoners from Morris Island only after being informed officially of the Federal prisoners' status. At that time the Immortal 600 were moved to Fort Pulaski.
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soldier be sold into slavery. The resolution caused a breakdown in the exchange of captured soldiers as the Union demanded all soldiers be treated equally. The
Immortal Six Hundred were one group of officers who could not be exchanged.
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larger prisoner exchange. In retaliation for the treatment of
Federal prisoners, Foster asked for a like number of Confederate prisoners to be placed on Morris Island. These men became known in the South as the Immortal Six Hundred.
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of the 63rd
Tennessee Infantry Regiment was elected president. Out of their sparse funds, the prisoners collected and expended eleven dollars, according to a report filed by Fulkerson on December 28, 1864.
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General Grant to
Secretary of War Stanton, regarding General Foster's planned exchange of the 600 Confederate officers for 600 Yankee prisoners of war. Source: Official Records, Ser I, Vol.XXXV, Pt.2, 254.
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The
Confederate prisoners did not arrive on Morris Island until the first week of September 1864. During the first week of October 1864, Jones (under orders from Lieutenant General
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At Fort
Pulaski, the prisoners organized "The Relief Association of Fort Pulaski for Aid and Relief of the Sick and Less Fortunate Prisoners" on December 13, 1864. Col.
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Three of the six hundred died from subsistence on starvation rations issued as retaliation for the conditions found by the Union at the
Confederate prisons in
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440:"Immortal Captives: The Story of 600 Confederate Officers and the United States Prisoner of War Policy" - Mauriel Joslyn. 2008. Pelican Publishing.
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in Charleston, the Union officers were removed from the city limits. In response the Union Army transferred the Immortal Six Hundred to
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The Confederates had originally contended that Charleston should not be shelled. The correspondence between Major General
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Correspondence between Foster and Jones. Source: Official Records, Ser I, Vol.XXXV, Pt.2, 132, 134, 143, and 174-5.
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Correspondence between Foster and Jones. Source: Official Records, Ser I, Vol.XXXV, Pt.2, 198.
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Immortal Captives: The Story of 600 Confederate Officers and the U.S. Prisoner of War Policy.
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At one point General Foster planned an exchange of the six hundred, but General
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in an attempt to stop Union artillery from firing on the city. In retaliation,
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Minutes of the 1910 annual meeting of the Society of the Immortal Six Hundred.
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The prisoners became known throughout the South for their refusal to take the
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ordered fifty captured Confederate officers, of similar ranks, to be taken to
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The immortal six hundred: A Story of Cruelty to Confederate Prisoners of War
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Video and text on the Immortal 600 produced by Georgia Public Broadcasting.
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431:"Foreigners in the Confederacy" - Ella Lonn. 2002. UNC Press Books.
386:"Fort Pulaski National Monument: Immortal 600 Living History Event"
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A notable escape effort was led by Captain Henry Dickinson of the
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under duress. Southerner apologists and those who believe in the
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American Civil War prisoners of war held by the United States
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The Immortal 600: Surviving Civil War Charleston and Savannah
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have long lauded their refusal as honorable and principled.
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Sign on a room where Confederate soldiers were confined at
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Five more of the Immortal Six Hundred later died at
248:on March 12, 1865, where another twenty-five died.
344:"Myth: Grant Stopped the Prisoner of War Exchange"
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462:Murray, Major John Ogden (1911).
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412:"Fort Pulaski National Monument"
27:Event in the American Civil War
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472:Joslyn, Mauriel Phillips.
283:"The Immortal Six Hundred"
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312:HistoryNet
270:References
264:Lost Cause
114:Charleston
110:Union Army
63:Union Army
354:March 28,
223:dysentery
204:casemates
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396:April 4,
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