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fictitious. Martin
Kallikak Jr., the supposedly illegitimate offspring of Martin Kallikak Sr. and the barmaid, was in fact the son of Gabriel Wolverton and his wife Catherine Murray. His real name was John Wolverton (1776–1861), and he was a landowner prosperous enough to buy two tracts of land for cash in 1809. Census records of 1850 show that all the adults in his household (which included Wolverton, one daughter, and several grandchildren) were able to read. The "bad" side of the Kallikak family included poor farmers but also school teachers, an Army Air Corps pilot, and a bank treasurer.
153:, and every effort should be undertaken to keep the 'feeble-minded' from procreating, with the overall goal of potentially ending 'feeble-mindedness' and its accompanying traits. The damage from even one dalliance between a young man and a "feeble-minded" woman could create generations and generations worth of crime and poverty, with its members eventually living off the generosity of the state (and consequently taxpayers), Goddard argued. His work contains intricately constructed family trees, showing near-perfect Mendelian ratios in the inheritance of negative and positive traits.
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menacing faces on the children and adults in the pictures. Gould argues that photographic reproduction in books was still then a very new art, and that audiences would not have been as keenly aware of photographic retouching, even on such a crude level. The 14 photos were subsequently studied further to show the nature of the retouching and subsequent use to help make
Goddard's points.
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woman. On his way back from battle the normally morally upright Martin dallied one time with a "feeble-minded" barmaid. He impregnated her and then abandoned her. The young Martin soon reformed and went on with his upright life, becoming a respected New
England citizen and father of a large family of
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Research published in 2001 by David MacDonald and Nancy McAdams revealed that
Goddard's account of the division of the Kallikak family into a "good" lineage—descended from Martin Kallikak Sr. and his wife—and a "bad" lineage—descended from Martin Kallikak Sr. and an unnamed feeble-minded barmaid—was
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On the "normal" side of the
Kallikak family tree, the children Martin had with his wife and their descendants all ended up prosperous, intelligent, and morally upstanding. They were lawyers, ministers, and doctors. None were "feeble-minded". Goddard concluded from this that intelligence, sanity, and
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advanced the view that
Goddard—or someone working with him—had retouched the photographs used in his book in order to make the "bad" Kallikaks appear more menacing. In older editions of the books, Gould said, it has become clearly evident that someone had drawn in darker, "crazier" looking eyes and
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On the "feeble-minded" side of the
Kallikak family, descended from the abandoned single-parent barmaid, the children wound up poor, mentally ill, delinquent, and intellectually disabled. Deborah was, in Goddard's assessment, "feeble-minded": a catch-all early 20th century term to describe various
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had only been rediscovered a decade before; Goddard's genetic shorthand was, in its day, considered to be on par with cutting-edge science). It was in tracing the family history of
Deborah that Goddard and his assistants discovered that Deborah's family of drunks and criminals was related—through
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But according to
Goddard, a child was born by the dalliance with "the nameless feeble-minded girl". This single child, a male, called Martin Kallikak Jr. in the book (real name John Wolverton, 1776–1861), went on to father more children, who fathered their own children, and on and on down the
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was to temporarily increase funding to institutions such as
Goddard's, but these were not seen to be worthwhile solutions of the problem of "feeble-mindedness" (much less "rogue" "feeble-mindedness"—the threat of idiocy as a recessive trait), and more stringent methods, such as
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forms of intellectual or learning disabilities. Goddard was interested in the heritability of "feeble-mindedness"—and often wrote of the invisible threat of recessive "feeble-minded" genes carried by otherwise healthy and intelligent looking members of the population (
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76:, the book is noted for factual inaccuracies that render its conclusions invalid. Goddard believed that a variety of mental traits were hereditary and that society should limit reproduction by people possessing these traits.
103:
The book begins by discussing the case of "Deborah Kallikak" (real name Emma Wolverton, 1889–1978), a woman in Goddard's institution, the New Jersey Home for the Education and Care of Feebleminded Children (now
298:, which depicted the comic misadventures of an Appalachian family that moved to California and feuded with another family named the Jukes; the series lasted only five episodes. A June 8, 1987, cartoon in
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generations. And so with the Kallikaks, Goddard claims to have discovered, one has as close as one could imagine an experiment in the hereditability of intelligence, moral ability, and criminality.
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Karp, R.J., Quazi, Q.H., Moller, K.A., Angelo, W.A., & Davis, J.M. (1995). Fetal alcohol syndrome at the turn of the century: An unexpected explanation of the Kallikak family.
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were overlooked in the Kallikak family. Goddard's peer, Davenport, even identified various forms of diseases now known to be caused by diet deficiencies as being hereditary.
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A caricature of the Kallikak Family from a 1950s psychology textbook. Modern research indicates that there is nothing accurate about the descriptions offered here.
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song in the 1950s: "... a loudly lovable old standard out of Memphis, Tennessee, in which the rhyme of the proper name Betty Lou and the plural noun
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was a tremendous success and went through multiple printings. It helped propel Goddard to the status of one of the nation's top experts in using
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J. David Smith, Michael L. Wehmeyer, "Good Blood, Bad Blood: Science, Nature, and the Myth of the Kallikaks," Washington, DC : AAIDD, 2012
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and other physical anomalies that could account for their peculiar facial features. Furthermore, prenatal alcohol exposure may also damage the
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prosperous individuals. All of the children that came from this relationship were "wholesome" and had no signs of developmental disabilities.
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Elks, Martin A. (August 2005). O'Brien, John (ed.). "Visual indictment: a contextual analysis of the Kallikak family photographs".
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The name Kallikak is a pseudonym used as a family name throughout the book. Goddard coined the name from the Greek words καλός (
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Goddard recommended segregating them in institutions, where they would be taught how to work various forms of menial labor.
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Karp, R.J. (1993). Introduction: A history and overview of malnourished children in the United States. In R.J. Karp (Ed.),
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Goddard, H. H. (1912). The Kallikak family: A study in the heredity of feeble mindedness.New York: MacMillan.
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Shirley Garton Straney, "The Kallikak Family: A Genealogical Examination of a Classic in Psychology,"
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The book follows the genealogy of Martin Kallikak, Deborah's great-great-great grandfather, a
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Another perspective has been offered that the Kallikaks almost certainly had undiagnosed
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Goddard's book traced the genealogy of "Deborah Kallikak", a woman in his institution.
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provided a further update to the concept, depicting "The Jukes and Kallikaks Today".
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Defending the Master Race: Conservation, Eugenics, and the Legacy of Madison Grant
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Malnourished Children in the United States: Caught in the Cycle of Poverty
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1919 Report by the Kansas Commission on Provision for the Feeble Minded
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is considered one of the canonical works of early 20th-century American
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alleged that Goddard had doctored them to make them look more sinister.
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R. E. Fancher, "Henry Goddard and the Kallikak family photographs,"
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A set of Kallikak children on the "feeble-minded" side of the family
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were repeated, in a Kallikakian couplet, over and over again...."
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Martin Kallikak—to another family tree of economy and prosperity.
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The Kallikak Family: A Study in the Heredity of Feeble-Mindedness
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and behavioral functioning similar to that described by Goddard.
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The Kallikak Family: A Study in the Heredity of Feeble-Mindedness
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Minds Made Feeble : The Myth and Legacy of the Kallikaks
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: A Guide for Families and Communities
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of people with intellectual disabilities, were undertaken.
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10.1352/0047-6765(2005)43[268:VIACAO]2.0.CO;2
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Two Kallikaks. It is possible that the boy was born with
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534:(2):169–178, 2012 | doi:10.1352/1934-9556-50.2.169.
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172:, a former name of the syndrome being mongolism.
567:Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine
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529:Intellectual and developmental disabilities
383:Educational attainment in the United States
802:Digitised version of the 1912 edition of
517:J. David Smith and Michael L. Wehmeyer,
279:The term "Kallikak" became, along with "
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203:It has been argued that the effects of
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246:The paleontologist and science writer
184:in policy, and along with the work of
108:). In the course of investigating her
16:Eugenics book by Henry Herbert Goddard
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676:from the original on August 10, 2017
475:from the original on 6 December 2021
294:premiered a situation comedy called
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826:Latest Book on the Kallikak Family
746:, Rockville, MD : Aspen, 1985
646:from the original on July 26, 2018
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428:Impact of health on intelligence
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214:A detail of faces from the book—
41:was a 1912 book by the American
463:Goddard, Henry Herbert (1912).
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19:For the television series, see
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854:Eugenics in the United States
495:Deviance & Social Control
720:, New York: Macmillan, 1912.
556:. New York: Springer-Verlag.
388:Environment and intelligence
820:public domain audiobook at
757:Spiro, Jonathan P. (2009).
699:. McGraw-Hill. p. 182.
94:Goddard's Kallikak pedigree
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761:. Univ. of Vermont Press.
582:Streissguth, A.P. (1997).
413:Fertility and intelligence
83:) meaning good and κακός (
52:, dedicated to his patron
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791:, 69 (April 1994): 65-80.
654:– via www.IMDb.com.
586:. Baltimore, MD: Brookes.
519:Who Was Deborah Kallikak?
242:Alteration of photographs
788:The American Genealogist
697:The Manchurian Candidate
695:Condon, Richard (1959).
358:Compulsory sterilization
310:The Manchurian Candidate
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106:Vineland Training School
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869:Works about eugenics
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479:6 December
450:References
393:Eudaimonia
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151:hereditary
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859:Euthenics
618:0047-6765
497:, p. 168.
408:Euthenics
403:Euphenics
373:Dysgenics
255:Influence
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110:genealogy
822:LibriVox
674:Archived
644:Archived
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378:Ecology
283:" and "
99:Summary
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281:Jukes
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