98:, who was just 30 years old at the time. The body became popular with trade unions and Pennsylvania coal miners during the economic depression of the mid-1870s, then it grew rapidly. The KOL was a diverse industrial union open to all workers. The leaders felt that it was best to have a versatile population in order to get points of view from all aspects. The Knights of Labor barred five groups from membership: bankers, land speculators, lawyers, liquor dealers and gamblers. Its members included low skilled workers, railroad workers, immigrants, and steel workers. This helped the workers to get an organizational identity. As one of the largest labor organization in nineteenth century, Knights wanted to classify the workers as it was a time where large scale factories and industries were rapidly growing. Even though skilled workers were prioritized at the beginning 1880s but slowly later by the time of 1886, nearly a million workers were enrolled.
33:
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Spies, Adolph
Fischer, and labor organizer Oscar Neebe. On May 4, they organized a protest in Chicago's Haymarket Square. After the main speakers, Parson and Spies, left the platform, someone from the crowd threw a bomb into a group of police standing in the square, which left seven police dead, and sixty protesters from the crowd injured. Afterwards, the eight anarchists were arrested and seven of them were sentenced to death in a trial that focused on political beliefs, not the actions of the anarchists. Two of the condemned had their sentences commuted; but after Louis Lingg committed suicide in prison, the remaining four were executed.
60:. The Knights of Labor promoted the social and cultural uplift of the worker, and demanded the eight-hour day. In some cases it acted as a labor union, negotiating with employers, but it was never well organized or funded. It was notable in its ambition to organize across lines of gender and race and in the inclusion of both skilled and unskilled labor. After a rapid expansion in the mid-1880s, it suddenly lost its new members and became a small operation again. The Knights of Labor had served, however, as the first mass organization of the white working class of the United States.
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conflict with employers, who neither accepted unions nor believed that governments should intervene on workers' behalf. During an Eight Hour campaign in
Chicago in 1886, a conflict between organized laborers and employers turned violent. By the mid-1880s, Chicago was the center of immigrant and working-class organizing, with a wide array of labor organizations. Demands for the eight-hour workday were at the heart of a strike against one of Chicago's most powerful employers, the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company, which refused to bargain with the union.
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assemblies around the country protested the arrests. Rapid growth of the labor union in the mid-1880s weakened the bonds that held it together, New
Knights members had joined the organization in the wake of its victories over southwestern railroads, but without fully understanding or accepting the Knights' movement culture. While it would be over a decade before the Knights disbanded, these organizational weaknesses, and the strength of the new trade federation union, led to the Knights' decline.
141:'s Wabash Line after C. A. Hall, a carpenter and Knights member, was fired for attending a meeting in February. The strike included stopping track, yard, engine maintenance, the control or sabotage of equipment, and the occupation of shops and roundhouses. Gould met with Powderly and agreed to call off his campaign against the Knights of Labor, which had caused the turmoil originally. This gave momentum to the Knights and membership surged. By 1886, the Knights had more than 700,000 members.
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the
Chinese were excluded from the Knights of Labor. “Only at accepting Chinese did the Knights generally draw the line,” Alexander Saxton wrote. The Knights of Labor consistently made efforts towards many problems in the workforce but often left out any advances that would benefit the Chinese communities. This further drew the attention away from the Knights of Labor as many Americans did not appreciate the hatred.
236:
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367:, claiming that industrialists were using Chinese workers as a wedge to keep wages low. To stop companies from doing this, they supported Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and also the Alien Contract labor law 1885. Even though the Acts were useful to pass the laws they wanted, they weren't satisfied so they attacked Chinese workers and burned down their places.
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diminish or at least decrease the wage gap. They wanted to educate workers, create cooperative institutions, and enact labor laws such as child labor laws. The
Knights also wanted to make sure that workers were protected and that their workplace was improved. The 8-hour workday was something that became very important to the Knights.
175:. In 1883, Powderly officially recommended George's book and announced his support of "single tax" on land values. During the New York mayoral election of 1886, Powderly was able to successfully push the organization towards the favor of Henry George. In 1886, the Knights became of the part of the short lived
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opportunities. Skilled workers would become upset when someone took their jobs with less skill. Skilled workers benefit from better pay, but many unskilled workers do not receive those benefits. This tension caused many to stay away from the
Knights of Labor and ultimately caused many members to leave.
67:
on
December 28, 1869, the Knights of Labor reached 28,000 members in 1880, then jumped to 100,000 in 1884. By 1886, 20% of all workers were affiliated with the Knights of Labor, which equals nearly 800,000 members. Its frail organizational structure could not cope as charges of failure, violence, and
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Not only did the
Knights of Labor speak poorly about the Chinese, but they happened to be one of the only groups they excluded from their group. Immigrants of countries from non-Western Europe were considered to be second-class citizens at this time. This may be a large contributing factor as to why
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The
Knights of Labor helped to bring together many different types of people from all different walks of life; for example Catholic and Protestant Irish-born workers. The KOL appealed to them because they worked very closely with the Irish Land League. The Knights had a mixed record on inclusiveness
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to win concessions from employers. The
Knights of Labor brought together workers of different religions, races, and genders and helped them all create a bond and unify all for the exact cause. The new leader, Powderly, opposed strikes as a "relic of barbarism", but the size and the diversity of the
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While workingmen had gathered to strike against the plant, some of them had drawn fire from authorities. City police and private guards had injured and killed some of the strikers. Which prompted responses from a bigger working class, which included anarchists Albert Parsons, Michael Schwab, August
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The Great Southwest railroad strike of 1886 was a Knights strike involving more than 200,000 workers. Beginning on March 1, 1886, railroad workers in five states struck against the Union Pacific and Missouri Pacific railroads, owned by Jay Gould. At least ten people were killed. The unravelling of
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The Haymarket trial had two distinct effects on the labor movement: first, a nationwide campaign to round up anarchists and, second, a steep decline in the Knights of Labor's membership. Terence Powderly, the Knights president, disavowed the Haymarket eight, even as local trade unions and Knights
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Anti-Chinese rhetoric and violence were more prevalent among the western chapters of the Knights. In 1880, San Francisco Knights wrote, "They bear the semblance of men, but live like beasts...who eat rice and the offal of the slaughter house." The article also calls Chinese "natural thieves" and
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in America. The Knights frequently included music in their regular meetings, and encouraged local members to write and perform their work. In Chicago, James and Emily Talmadge, printers and supporters of the Knights of Labor, published the songbook "Labor Songs Dedicated to the Knights of Labor"
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The labor movement, including those in the Knights of Labor, were rallying for an eight-hour workday and protesting with their slogan: "Eight Hours for Work, Eight Hours for Rest, Eight Hours for What We Will." Through Eight Hour rallies and legislative lobbying, labor leaders came into direct
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Scholars pit the skilled and unskilled workers as another reason for the Knights of Labor's downfall. The Union worked for both groups, but since the results of the union efforts often benefited one or the other and not both, the tension persisted. Unskilled workers often benefited from equal
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The Knights aimed to educate and uplift workers and negotiate salaries and contracts with employers. The Knights had a few primary demands that they wanted to see established. For one, they wanted the workers to see a proper share of the wealth that they created; in other words, they tried to
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violently expelled the city's Chinese workers, who amounted to nearly a tenth of the overall city population at the time. The Union Pacific Railroad came into conflict with the Knights. When the Knights in Wyoming refused to work more hours in 1885, the railroad hired Chinese workers as
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As membership expanded, the Knights began to function more as a labor union and less as a secret organization. During the 1880s, the Knights of Labor played a massive role in independent and third-party movements. Local assemblies began to emphasize cooperative enterprises and initiate
2081:
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Licht, Walter; Kealey, Gregory; Palmer, Bryan; Fink, Leon (Summer 1985). "The Knights of Labor Commemorated and Reconsidered: : Dreaming of What Might Be: The Knights of Labor in Ontario, 1880-1900; Workingmen's Democracy: The Knights of Labor and American Politics".
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The Knights of Labor attracted many Catholics, who were a large part of the membership, perhaps a majority. Powderly was also a Catholic. However, the Knights's use of secrecy, similar to the Masons, during its early years concerned many bishops of the
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of 1885, as did many other labor groups, demonstrating the limits of their commitment to solidarity. While they claimed to not be "against immigration", their anti-Asian racism demonstrated the limits and inconsistency of their anti-racist platform.
266:. The Knights of Labor's fall is believed to have been due to their lack of adaptability and beliefs in old-style industrial capitalism. Another large reason for their decline was the tension between skilled craftsmen and unskilled workers.
72:
battered it. Most members abandoned the movement in 1886–1887, leaving at most 100,000 members in 1890. Many opted to join groups that helped to identify their specific needs, instead of the KOL which addressed many different types of issues. The
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of assemblies in the South. Bankers, doctors, lawyers, stockholders, and liquor manufacturers were excluded because they were considered unproductive members of society. Asians were also excluded, and in November 1885, a branch of the Knights in
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terminated the Knights of Labor's importance. While their national headquarters closed in 1917, remnants of the Knights of Labor continued in existence until 1949, when the group's last 50-member local dropped its affiliation.
164:, worked as an investigator. She described the horrific conditions in factories employing women and children. These reports made Barry the first person to collect national statistics on the American working woman.
205:, that killed scores of Chinese workers, and drove the rest out of Wyoming. About 50 African-American sugar-cane laborers organized by the Knights went on strike and were murdered by strikebreakers in the 1887
56:
that was active in the late 19th century, especially the 1880s. It operated in the United States as well in Canada, and had chapters also in Great Britain and Australia. Its most important leader was
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Historian Catharine Collomp notes that "Chinese exclusion was the only issue about which the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor constantly lobbied the Federal government."
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Roark, James L.; Johnson, Michael P.; Furstenburg, Francois; Cline Cohen, Patricia; Hartmann, Susan M.; Stage, Sarah; Igo, Sarah E. (2020). "Chapter 19 The City and Its Workers: 1870–1900".
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in 1873 left a vacuum for workers looking for organization. The Knights became better organized with a national vision when, in 1879, they replaced Stephens with
90:, James L. Wright, and a small group of Philadelphia tailors founded a secret organization known as the Noble Order of the Knights of Labor. The collapse of the
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states that all Chinese women are prostitutes. In March 1882, Knights joined the San Francisco rally to demand expulsion of the Chinese. Several years later,
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led by the Knights of Labor, a loosely structured labor federation, rounded up Seattle's Chinese-born workers and campaigned to prevent further immigration.
1965:
Parfitt, Steven. "The First-and-a-half International: The Knights of Labor and the History of International Labour Organization in the Nineteenth Century."
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Steven Parfitt, "The First-and-a-half International: The Knights of Labor and the History of International Labour Organization in the Nineteenth Century."
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305:. It has been believed that the fall of the Knights of Labor was due to their lack of adaptability and beliefs in the old-style industrial capitalism.
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In 1882, the Knights ended their membership rituals and removed the words "Noble Order" from their name. This was intended to mollify the concerns of
876:"Henry George and Organized Labor: The 19th Century Economist and Social Philosopher Championed Labor's Cause, but Used Its Candidacy for Propaganda"
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Conell, Carol, and Kim Voss. "Formal Organization and the Fate of Social Movements: Craft Association and Class Alliance in the Knights of Labor,"
327:(1885). The song "Hold the Fort" , a Knights of Labor pro-labor revision of the hymn by the same name, became the most popular labor song prior to
191:(after 1878) and their employers as members, and advocating the admission of blacks into local assemblies. However, the organization tolerated the
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2009:, shows that American workers in the window glass industry set up an English chapter in 1884 to watch the business in Europe; it remained small
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Parfitt, Steven. "A nexus between labour movement and labour movement: the Knights of Labor and the financial side of global labour history."
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Cultural Opportunity Structures and the Evolution of the Wage Demands of the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor, 1880-1900
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condemned the Knights in 1884, twelve American archbishops voted 10 to 2 against doing likewise in the United States. Furthermore, Cardinal
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Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1978. Also in partial translation by Frederic Meyers, Institute of Industrial Relations, Los Angeles, 1959:
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Blum, Edward J. " 'By the Sweat of Your Brow': The Knights of Labor, the Book of Genesis, and the Christian Spirit of the Gilded Age."
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642:(Kindle). Vol. Combined Volume (Value Edition, 8th ed.). Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin's. Kindle Locations 14511-14513.
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Powderly and the Knights tried to avoid divisive political issues, but in the early 1880s, many Knights had become followers of
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Cassity, Michael J. (June 1979). "Modernization and Social Crisis: The Knights of Labor and a Midwest Community, 1885-1886".
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Kemmerer, Donald L.; Edward D. Wickersham (January 1950). "Reasons for the Growth of the Knights of Labor in 1885-1886".
351:(Revolting Records 2000). Halker also draws heavily on the Knights songs and poems in his book on labor song and poetry,
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Keohane, Jennifer. " 'Labor is Noble and Holy': Ironic Inclusion and Exclusion in the Knights of Labor, 1885-1890."
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Reports of the Industrial Commission on Labor Organizations, Labor Disputes, and Arbitration, and on Railway Labor
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Greenbackers, Knights of Labor, and Populists: Farmer-Labor Insurgency in the Late-Nineteenth-Century South
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the strike within two months led directly to the collapse of the Knights of Labor and the formation of the
2012:
Toth, Gyorgy. "Knights across the Atlantic: The Knights of Labor in Britain and Ireland." (2019): 151–156.
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The Making of American Exceptionalism: The Knights of Labor and Class Formation in the Nineteenth Century.
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Terence Vincent Powderly Papers 1864-1937 and John Williams Hayes Papers 1880-1921, The Knights of Labor
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108:, Grand Master Workman of the Knights of Labor during its meteoric rise and precipitous decline (1890)
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Hild, Matthew. "Building the Alabama Labor Movement: Nicholas Byrne Stack and the Knights of Labor."
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129:. Though initially averse to strikes to advance their goals, the Knights did aid various strikes and
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often performed this song and it appears on a number of his recordings. Songwriter and labor singer
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The Knights' primary demand was for the eight-hour workday. They also called for legislation to end
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Hoffman, Richard C. "Producer co-operatives of the Knights of Labor: seeking worker independence."
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In 1886, right after the peak of the Knights of Labor, they started to lose more members to the
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strike in 1885 saw Powderly finally adapt and support an eventually successful strike against
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statistical study of competition with other unions and with fraternal societies for members
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1044:"Labor Organization and Class Alliance: Industries, Communities, and the Knights of Labor"
688:"Labor Organization and Class Alliance: Industries, Communities, and the Knights of Labor"
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In 1886, right after the Knights of Labor's peak, they started losing more members to the
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Kaufman, Jason. "Rise and Fall of a Nation of Joiners: The Knights of Labor Revisited,"
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1199:"Blind in One Eye Only: Western and Eastern Knights of Labor View the Chinese Question"
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Though often overlooked, the Knights of Labor contributed to the tradition of labor
17:
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344:
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179:, an alliance of labor organizations formed in support of George's campaign in the
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True Women: Carpet Weavers, Industrialization, and Labor Reform in the Gilded Age.
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This is a cartoon satirizing the first annual picnic of the "Knights of Labor"
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J. R. Sovereign, Grand Master Workman of the Knights of Labor from 1893
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2330:
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Knights afforded local assemblies a great deal of autonomy.
1925:
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Grob, Gerald N. "The Knights of Labor and the Trade Unions, 1878-1886,"
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includes the Talmadge version, entitled "Our Battle Song," on his CD
1996:
1911:
The style and mythology of socialism: socialist idealism, 1871-1914.
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strikebreakers and to stir up racial animosity. The result was the
1874:
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31:
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members and the bishops who wanted to avoid any resemblance to
570:
2185:. Baird was a commissioned organizer of the Knights of Labor.
1791:
1.2 (1887): 184–222; detailed coverage by a leading scholar;
2074:
Record of the proceedings of the General Assembly, 1st - 9th
1467:
History of Labour in the United States: Volume 2, 1860-1896.
209:
in Louisiana. The Knights strongly supported passage of the
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Catholic University of America. Retrieved October 8, 2006.
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1169:"Knights of Labor - Definition, Goals & Leader"
2080:. Library of American civilization. LAC 23214-16.
2054:. Library of American civilization. LAC 23217-20.
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1427:The Great Southwest Railroad Strike and Free Labor
1317:. Washington DC: Government Printing Office. 1901.
995:The Great Southwest Railroad Strike and Free Labor
2402:National trade union centers of the United States
2295:vol. 166, no. 497 (April 1898), pp. 408–418.
2277:vol. 140, no. 338 (January 1885), pp. 48–63.
777:The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era
566:Labor federation competition in the United States
2387:Service organizations based in the United States
2260:vol. 142, no. 355 (June 1886), pp. 602–607.
2048:Proceedings of the General Assembly, 10th - 30th
1896:vol. 1, no. 2 (January 1887), pp. 137–168.
1617:Vol. 31, No. 4 (Spring, 2001), pp. 553–579
2319:vol. 1, no. 2 (January 1887), pp. 137–168.
2209:vol. 45, no. 195 (June 1886), pp. 490–498.
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880:The American Journal of Economics and Sociology
849:The American Journal of Economics and Sociology
2422:Anti-immigration politics in the United States
2312:vol. 58, no. 345 (July 1886), pp. 97–113.
1681:Vol. 70, No. 2 (Sep., 1983), pp. 323–339
1532:Vol. 18, No. 2 (Jun., 1958), pp. 176–192
1504:Vol. 75, No. 1 (Jun., 1988), pp. 115–136
1476:Vol. 55, No. 2 (Apr., 1990), pp. 255–269
1420:The Catholic Church and the Knights of Labor.
1309:
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2243:vol. 145, no. 368 (July 1887), pp. 1–8.
1832:(Pennsylvania State University Press, 1996)
1698:Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1984.
1522:Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983.
50:Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor
2417:Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States
2117:. Excelsior publishing house. p. 693.
2103:. Excelsior publishing house. p. 693.
1920:New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982.
588:, first woman delegate to annual convention
187:and exclusiveness. They accepted women and
1278:
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294:defended the Knights. Gibbons went to the
2377:Defunct trade unions in the United States
2128:The Labor Movement: The Problem of To-day
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1787:"The South-Western Strike of 1886." The
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1771:(Greenwood, 2000), scholarly biography
1257:. New York: Routledge. pp. 22–24.
1027:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
605:Gregory S. Kealey and Bryan D. Palmer,
598:
250:Great Southwest railroad strike of 1886
1353:. University of Illinois Press. 1986.
1255:Rethinking the American Labor Movement
355:(University of Illinois Press, 1991).
68:calumnies of the association with the
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2131:. The M. W. Hazen Company. pp.
1863:(Wayne State University Press, 2000)
1764:Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1978.
1705:Journal of Interdisciplinary History
1615:Journal of Interdisciplinary History
914:from the original on 7 November 2021
1916:Kealey, Gregory, and Brian Palmer,
363:The Knights of Labor supported the
181:1886 New York City mayoral election
2143:Powderly, Terence Vincent (1891).
2111:Powderly, Terence Vincent (1889).
2097:Powderly, Terence Vincent (1889).
1762:The Knights of Labor in the South.
1149:from the original on 25 April 2020
1090:from the original on 27 March 2023
892:10.1111/j.1536-7150.1991.tb02500.x
861:10.1111/j.1536-7150.1997.tb02653.x
819:from the original on 29 March 2023
734:from the original on 27 March 2023
25:
2214:"The Labor Unions and the Negro,"
1561:Southwestern Historical Quarterly
1229:from the original on 3 April 2024
561:Labor unions in the United States
244:Southwest railroad strike of 1886
2407:Trade unions established in 1869
2183:University of Maryland libraries
2114:Thirty Years of Labor. 1859-1889
2100:Thirty Years of Labor. 1859-1889
2084:from the original on 10 May 2017
2058:from the original on 10 May 2017
2017:The Knights of Labor in Belgium.
1913:Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2017.
1175:from the original on 28 May 2023
837:Whitman, American Reformers, 57.
545:
2372:American cooperative organizers
2317:Quarterly Journal of Economics,
2265:"American Labor Organizations,"
1991:. 9 (new series) (2): 313–331.
1894:Quarterly Journal of Economics,
333:Industrial Workers of the World
2349:New International Encyclopedia
2207:New Englander and Yale Review,
2071:Knights of Labor (1878–1886).
2045:Knights of Labor (1887–1913).
1878:. W. W. Norton & Company.
1789:Quarterly Journal of Economics
611:The Knights of Labor in Canada
1:
2282:"Women and the Labor Movement
309:Unskilled vs. Skilled Workers
2172:William Baillie Baird papers
1474:American Sociological Review
609:(1982); Douglas R. Kennedy,
303:American Federation of Labor
264:American Federation of Labor
257:American Federation of Labor
2397:Trade unions in New Zealand
1679:Journal of American History
1549:(U of Georgia Press, 2010).
1530:Journal of Economic History
1502:Journal of American History
1439:Journal of American History
1328:"Labor leader is deposed".
1283:McNeill, George E. (1887).
1197:Weir, Rob (November 2000).
874:Genovese, Frank C. (1991).
2438:
298:to talk to the hierarchy.
247:
2298:George Frederic Parsons,
2155:Terence Vincent Powderly.
2137:Terence Vincent Powderly.
2119:Terence Vincent Powderly.
2105:Terence Vincent Powderly.
1760:McLaurin, Melton Alonza.
1487:, focus on steel industry
1465:Commons, John R. et al.,
1351:The Samuel Gompers Papers
1127:10.1162/00221950151115089
789:10.1017/S1537781400001006
771:Case, Theresa A. (2009).
534:1910s: William A. Denison
171:'s ideology known now as
27:US-based labor federation
2343:"Knights of Labor"
1845:Weir, Robert E. (1997).
1579:Journal of Negro History
1253:Faue, Elizabeth (2017).
531:1902: Isaac A. Sanderson
349:Don't Want Your Millions
2197:"The Knights of Labor,"
1989:Economic History Review
1945:8 December 2022 at the
1215:10.1080/002365600449137
1109:Kaufman, Jason (2001).
760:: 30 – via uiowa.
675:: 30 – via uiowa.
553:Organized labour portal
516:1893: Michael J. Bishop
2392:Trade unions in Canada
2293:North American Review,
2275:North American Review,
2258:North American Review,
2241:North American Review,
2212:John Stephens Durham,
1664:38.3 (2019): 311–324.
1019:Wheeler, Hoyt (2002).
528:1901: Arthur McConnell
240:
156:. They also supported
109:
37:
2300:"The Labor Question,"
2167:. pp. 109 reels.
1969:80.2 (2015): 135–167.
1967:Labour History Review
1962:85.2 (2020): 127–157.
1960:Labour History Review
1955:58.3 (2017): 288–302.
1624:25 April 2020 at the
1563:119.1 (2015): 24–43.
1539:26 April 2020 at the
1511:4 August 2020 at the
1492:Labor Studies Journal
1483:26 April 2020 at the
626:80.2 (2015): 135-167.
624:Labour History Review
510:1888: Morris L. Wheat
365:Chinese Exclusion Act
238:
211:Chinese Exclusion Act
203:Rock Springs massacre
104:
70:Haymarket Square riot
35:
2305:14 December 2012 at
2287:10 December 2012 at
2270:11 December 2012 at
2253:11 December 2012 at
2236:12 December 2012 at
2219:14 December 2012 at
2202:10 December 2012 at
2026:3 March 2016 at the
1839:27 June 2019 at the
1815:27 June 2019 at the
1778:27 June 2019 at the
1556:73.2 (2020): 91–117.
1494:42.1 (2017): 10–26.
576:Olivier-David Benoît
524:Isaac D. Chamberlain
519:1896: Thomas McGuire
513:1890: Hugh Cavanaugh
469:Grand Worthy Foremen
445:Isaac D. Chamberlain
415:Uriah Smith Stephens
408:Grand Master Workmen
284:Archbishop of Quebec
154:graduated income tax
92:National Labor Union
88:Uriah Smith Stephens
18:The Knights of Labor
2263:Richard J. Hinton,
2248:"The Labor Crisis,"
2177:14 May 2021 at the
1983:14.1 (2017): 13–37.
1934:16 May 2023 at the
1798:15 May 2023 at the
1688:4 June 2021 at the
1671:15 May 2023 at the
1469:(4 vol 1918). vol 2
1415:11.2 (2014): 29–34.
1332:. 17 November 1901.
482:Terence V. Powderly
421:Terence V. Powderly
96:Terence V. Powderly
58:Terence V. Powderly
1909:Arvidsson, Stefan
1171:. 7 October 2021.
1060:10.1007/BF00160843
1048:Theory and Society
1042:Voss, Kim (1988).
758:The Annals of Iowa
704:10.1007/BF00160843
692:Theory and Society
686:Voss, Kim (1988).
673:The Annals of Iowa
337:Solidarity Forever
241:
215:Contract Labor Law
207:Thibodaux massacre
198:Tacoma, Washington
177:United Labor Party
110:
52:, was an American
48:), officially the
38:
2310:Atlantic Monthly,
2224:Atlantic Monthly,
1976:110 (2016): 1–18.
1923:Parfitt, Steven.
1885:978-0-393-06126-0
1785:Taussig, Frank W.
1425:Case, Theresa A.
1418:Browne, Henry J.
1377:Scholarly studies
993:Theresa A. Case,
979:Parfitt, Steven.
581:Mary Harris Jones
506:Richard Griffiths
488:Richard Griffiths
16:(Redirected from
2429:
2367:Knights of Labor
2353:
2345:
2231:"The New Party,"
2168:
2157:
2139:
2121:
2107:
2093:
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2079:
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2008:
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1859:Weir, Robert E.
1828:Weir, Robert E.
1821:Ware, Norman J.
1757:
1728:
1657:
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1515:, historiography
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359:Racism and wages
213:of 1882 and the
106:Terence Powderly
54:labor federation
42:Knights of Labor
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2028:Wayback Machine
1997:10.2307/2591749
1986:
1947:Wayback Machine
1936:Wayback Machine
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1841:Wayback Machine
1817:Wayback Machine
1800:Wayback Machine
1780:Wayback Machine
1767:Phelan, Craig.
1731:
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1694:Levine, Susan.
1690:Wayback Machine
1673:Wayback Machine
1662:Rhetoric Review
1646:10.2307/2518830
1631:
1626:Wayback Machine
1591:10.2307/2715493
1576:
1545:Hild, Matthew.
1541:Wayback Machine
1513:Wayback Machine
1485:Wayback Machine
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