40:
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and
Ludovico wryly responds that Galileo's is red rather than green. After presenting the telescope, Galileo receives an increase in his salary from the University and the procurator tells Galileo that the financial incentive was necessary to elicit inventions, but within a short time, the procurator discovers Galileo's ruse and is upset to have been publicly made a fool.
528:) containing all his scientific discoveries, asking him to smuggle it out of Italy for dissemination abroad. Andrea now believes Galileo's actions were heroic and that he just recanted to fool the ecclesiastical authorities. However, Galileo insists his actions had nothing to do with heroism but were merely the result of self-interest.
548:), who, rather than becoming engaged, was considered unmarriageable by her father and confined to a convent from the age of thirteen (the bulk of the play), and, further, died of dysentery shortly after her father's recantation. However, Galileo was close with Virginia, and they corresponded extensively.
466:
enters and informs
Galileo that he cannot approve his application for a raise unless Galileo can produce inventions with practical applications. When Galileo protests that he will be unable to pursue his theoretical research into astronomy if he focuses on business pursuits, the procurator points out
470:
Galileo realizes that he must appease his sponsors, replicates the Dutch telescope invention, and presents it to the leaders of Venice as his own creation. Galileo's daughter, Virginia, and
Ludovico congratulate Galileo on his "invention" which Galileo claims is much improved from the Dutch version
364:, which to this day remains the most widely staged version in the English-speaking world. This version differed in tone from the original, as Brecht felt that the optimistic portrait of the scientific project present in the first version required revision in a post-
462:, a city in the 17th century Venetian Republic, is short of money. A prospective student, named Ludovico Marsali, tells him about a novel invention, the telescope ("a queer tube thing"), that is being sold in Amsterdam. Afterwards, the procurator of
482:
where he hopes to be able to focus more on his writing and research, but his close friend and colleague, Sagredo, pleads with him not to leave Venice since the rest of Italy is dominated by clerics. His astronomical observations strongly support
536:
The play stays generally faithful to
Galileo's science and timeline thereof, but takes significant liberties with his personal life. Galileo did in fact use a telescope, observe the moons of Jupiter, advocate for the heliocentric model, observe
467:
that his research into astronomy would be deemed heretical in other parts of Italy and that Venice provides greater academic freedom to scientists because
Venetian merchants and industrialists seek to profit from the scientific advances.
506:
Virginia's years long engagement to
Ludovico Marsali, a wealthy young man whom she genuinely loves, is broken because of Galileo's reluctance to distance himself from his unorthodox teachings. He furthermore publishes his views in
604:
The mention of tides refers to
Galileo's theory that the motion of the Earth caused the tides, which would give the desired physical proof of the Earth's movement, and which is discussed in his
541:, investigate buoyancy, and write on physics, and did visit the Vatican twice to defend his work, the second time being made to recant his views, and being confined to house arrest thereafter.
597:
Questions about motivations for academic pursuits are often raised, with
Galileo seeking knowledge for knowledge's sake and his supporters focused on monetizing his discoveries through
594:(technological progress determines social change), which is reflected in the telescope (a technological change) being the root of the scientific progress and hence social unrest.
601:
and industry applications. There is a tension between
Galileo's pure love of science and his sponsors who only fund and protect his research because they wish to profit from it.
474:
Galileo then uses the telescope for careful observations of the Moon and the planets, and he discovers the moons orbiting
Jupiter. He makes plans to seek the sponsorship of the
688:
522:
Galileo, old and broken, now living under house arrest with a priest monitoring his activities, is visited by one of his former pupils, Andrea. Galileo gives him a book (
626:(in the context of the quickest descent from a point to a wall), which he incorrectly believed to be given by a quarter circle. Instead, the brachistochrone is a half
515:, thus making his work and conclusions more accessible to the common people, enraging the Church. Galileo is brought to the Vatican in Rome for interrogation by the
1970:
1717:
606:
618:
The bent wooden rail in scene 13 and the discussion that the quickest distance between two points need not be a straight line (though a straight line offers the
1623:
519:. Upon being threatened with torture, he recants his teachings. His students are shocked by his surrender in the face of pressure from the church authorities.
503:. When doubters quote scripture and Aristotle to him, Galileo pleads with them to look in his telescope and trust the observations of their eyes; they refuse.
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world, where science's harmful potential had become more apparent. This second version formed the basis for Losey's 1975 film adaptation for
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Trans. John Willett. Ed. John Willett and Ralph Manheim. Bertolt Brecht: Plays, Poetry and Prose Ser. London: Methuen, 1980.
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Matej Danter offers a readily-accessible and detailed comparison of the early, the American, and the final German versions.
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connections. He testified before HUAC on 30 October 1947, and flew to Europe on 31 October. He chose to return to
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and continued to work on the play, now once again in the German language. The final German version premiered at
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path, the fastest descent of a rolling ball in fact follows a curve) alludes to Galileo's investigation of the
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for the promulgation of his scientific discoveries. The play embraces such themes as the conflict between
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Trans. Charles Laughton. Ed. Eric Bentley. Works of Bertolt Brecht Ser. New York: Grove Press, 1966.
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In actuality Galileo was wrong. Kepler correctly believed that the Moon's gravity caused the tides.
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One significant liberty that is taken is the treatment of Galileo's daughter Virginia Gamba (Sister
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An Introduction to the Social and Political Philosophy of Bertolt Brecht: Revolution and Aesthetics
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The second (or "American") version was written in English between 1945–1947 in collaboration with
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213:. The play was written in 1938 and received its first theatrical production (in German) at the
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695:. Feuchtwanger Memorial Library at the University of Southern California. Archived from
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The Many Lives of Galileo: Brecht, Theatre and Translation's Political Unconscious
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which are not further elaborated in the play; some of these are noted below.
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performed a new version of the play based on a "pared down" translation by
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was a major point of debate in 19th century economics, under the terms
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production received a favorable review from the veteran theater critic
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352:(with stopovers in various other countries in between, among them the
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Galileo's Daughter: A Historical Memoir of Science, Faith, and Love
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British Royal National Theatre's web page about its production of
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In 1955 Brecht prepared a third version. A production, by the
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Advertisement for the Scottish Theatre Company production of
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There are a number of allusions to Galileo's science and to
630:, which was only proven much later with the development of
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The Theatre of Bertolt Brecht: A Study from Eight Aspects.
676:(7th ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 152–153.
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In September 1947, Brecht was subpoenaed in the US by the
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More subtly, Marx is sometimes interpreted as advocating
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Atkinson, Brooks (December 8, 1947). "At the Theatre".
415:, toured Scottish theatres in the autumn of 1985, with
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The action of the play follows the career of the great
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production of the Laughton translation, directed by
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233:. The cast included Steckel himself (as Galileo),
295:in the title role, opened in January 1957 at the
1718:Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems
607:Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems
458:Galileo, an eminent professor and scientist in
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868:. New Mexico State University. Archived from
717:. New York, New York. p. 32 – via
8:
511:Italian, rather than traditional scientific
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276:as Virginia. This production opened at the
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885:. Bern, Switzerland: Peter Lang Academic.
674:The Oxford Companion to English Literature
38:
29:
807:Billington, Michael (February 13, 2013).
866:"History of changes of Brecht's Galileo"
307:. The play was first published in 1940.
1321:The Trial of Joan of Arc at Rouen, 1431
661:
1971:Cultural depictions of Galileo Galilei
1511:The Modern Theatre Is the Epic Theatre
1098:Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny
797:, Issue 3, 1 - 14 November 1985, p. 17
693:at the Coronet Theatre, February 1998"
495:, which is counter to popular belief,
387:House Un-American Activities Committee
260:and Brecht, with musical direction by
1688:Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina
1049:Downfall of the Egotist Johann Fatzer
777:, Issue 2, 18 - 31 October 1985, p. 8
7:
499:and the established doctrine of the
256:on 30 July 1947. It was directed by
91:Father Christopher Clavius
1961:Biographical plays about scientists
911:. Amsterdam: Rodopi. 9789042038998.
144:Social responsibility of scientists
1174:Fear and Misery of the Third Reich
221:. This production was directed by
217:, opening on the 9th of September
25:
1084:The Baden-Baden Lesson on Consent
44:1971 Berliner Ensemble production
1624:Leaning Tower of Pisa experiment
1533:
1532:
1237:The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui
1167:The Horatians and the Curiatians
284:on 7 December of the same year.
268:. Laughton played Galileo, with
1517:A Short Organum for the Theatre
1265:Schweyk in the Second World War
1209:Mother Courage and Her Children
450:Portrait of Galileo Galilei by
324:, in which he was tried by the
1:
1986:Plays set in the 17th century
1300:Die Verurteilung des Lukullus
1251:The Visions of Simone Machard
1160:Round Heads and Pointed Heads
645:Life of Galileo
1680:Letter to Benedetto Castelli
1223:Mr Puntila and His Man Matti
1125:Saint Joan of the Stockyards
809:"A Life of Galileo – review"
583:this is discussed under the
1230:The Good Person of Szechwan
1077:The Flight Across the Ocean
672:(2009). "Brecht, Bertolt".
27:1943 play by Bertolt Brecht
2012:
1853:Galileo National Telescope
1496:Separation of the elements
1272:The Caucasian Chalk Circle
1132:The Exception and the Rule
749:McNeil (2005: 63; 111–113)
650:Internet Broadway Database
297:Theater am Schiffbauerdamm
88:Cosimo de Medici
1530:
1381:What Keeps Mankind Alive?
1021:Mysteries of a Barbershop
907:Squiers, Anthony (2014).
592:technological determinism
424:Royal Shakespeare Company
344:After immigrating to the
37:
1817:Galileo's objective lens
1360:Reminiscence of Marie A.
877:McNeill, Dougal (2005).
844:Brecht, Bertolt (1955).
829:Brecht, Bertolt (1952).
687:Schuetze-Coburn, Marje.
611:whose working title was
409:Scottish Theatre Company
278:Maxine Elliott's Theatre
1956:Plays by Bertolt Brecht
1848:Galileo Galilei Airport
1619:Galilean transformation
1594:Observational astronomy
1286:The Days of the Commune
1028:In the Jungle of Cities
94:Cardinal Barberini
1695:Discourse on the Tides
1440:Non-Aristotelian drama
1195:How Much Is Your Iron?
1181:Señora Carrar's Rifles
914:Willett, John (1959).
864:Danter, Matej (2001).
731:Willett (1959, 46–47).
613:Dialogue on the Tides.
455:
178:
1504:Messingkauf Dialogues
1307:Report from Herrnburg
1216:The Trial of Lucullus
1153:The Seven Deadly Sins
850:Collected Plays:Five.
585:labor theory of value
532:Historical background
501:Roman Catholic Church
449:
370:American Film Theatre
326:Roman Catholic Church
303:, with set-design by
215:Zurich Schauspielhaus
73:Ludovico Marsili
1981:Plays about religion
1859:Astronomers Monument
1812:Galileo's telescopes
1750:Michelagnolo Galilei
1604:Galileo's escapement
1258:The Duchess of Malfi
1070:The Threepenny Opera
740:McNeil (2005: 45–47)
497:Aristotelian physics
340:Versions of the play
299:and was directed by
248:, and opened at the
191:by the 20th century
1996:Plays about science
1829:Galileo thermometer
1702:Discourse on Comets
1672:Letters on Sunspots
1609:Galilean invariance
1014:Driving Out a Devil
485:Nicolaus Copernicus
419:in the title role.
382:in the title role.
334:scientific evidence
315:natural philosopher
97:Fillipo Mucius
18:The Life of Galileo
1991:Plays set in Italy
1869:In popular culture
1824:Tribune of Galileo
1656:De motu antiquiora
1342:Trumpets and Drums
1000:Drums in the Night
689:"Bertolt Brecht's
563:The discussion of
489:heliocentric model
456:
436:Michael Billington
264:and set-design by
1943:
1942:
1797:Galileo's paradox
1792:Villa Il Gioiello
1587:Scientific career
1546:
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1452:Defamiliarization
1395:Einheitsfrontlied
1244:Hangmen Also Die!
1056:The Elephant Calf
918:London: Methuen.
841:. p. 43–129.
581:Marxian economics
452:Giusto Sustermans
289:Berliner Ensemble
272:as Barberini and
239:Wolfgang Langhoff
203:Margarete Steffin
201:and collaborator
181:), also known as
179:Leben des Galilei
166:
165:
162:Renaissance Italy
131:Original language
16:(Redirected from
2003:
1909:Starry Messenger
1885:Lamp At Midnight
1786:And yet it moves
1744:Vincenzo Galilei
1726:Two New Sciences
1664:Sidereus Nuncius
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1388:Solidaritätslied
1063:Little Mahagonny
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860:. p. 1–105.
846:Life of Galileo.
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464:Padua University
372:under the title
358:Charles Laughton
350:Hitler's Germany
246:Charles Laughton
207:incidental music
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1877:Life of Galileo
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401:in April 1955.
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318:Galileo Galilei
250:Coronet Theatre
223:Leonard Steckel
170:Life of Galileo
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100:Mr Gaffone
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573:exchange value
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1935:(2009 novel)
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1927:(2002 opera)
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1768:Marina Gamba
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1522:Street scene
1509:
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1428:Epic theatre
1419:Theories and
1374:Pirate Jenny
1367:Alabama Song
1352:Poems, songs
1340:
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1118:The Decision
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849:
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813:The Guardian
812:
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794:
791:by Julie Ash
788:
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690:
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673:
670:Birch, Dinah
664:
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493:Solar System
476:Medici Court
473:
469:
457:
432:Swan Theatre
422:In 2013 the
421:
406:
403:
395:East Germany
389:for alleged
384:
373:
361:
343:
309:
305:Caspar Neher
286:
258:Joseph Losey
243:
211:Hanns Eisler
183:
182:
169:
168:
167:
153:Epic theatre
67:Andrea Sarti
1919:(1999 book)
1911:(1996 book)
1903:(1975 film)
1895:(1968 film)
1887:(1947 play)
1879:(1943 play)
1710:The Assayer
1659:(1589–1592)
1639:Thermoscope
1402:Kinderhymne
1146:Kuhle Wampe
1105:Der Jasager
719:NYTimes.com
599:star charts
517:Inquisition
417:Tom Fleming
301:Erich Engel
293:Ernst Busch
262:Serge Hovey
254:Los Angeles
235:Karl Paryla
1966:1943 plays
1950:Categories
1841:spacecraft
1770:(mistress)
1764:(daughter)
1434:LehrstĂĽcke
1421:techniques
1409:Die Lösung
1314:Coriolanus
1139:The Mother
824:References
787:review of
509:vernacular
413:Peter Dews
270:Rusty Lane
227:set-design
58:Characters
50:Written by
1752:(brother)
1486:Not / But
1293:The Tutor
1091:Happy End
1035:Edward II
1007:A Wedding
579:. Within
577:use value
552:Allusions
454:, c. 1640
391:communist
366:Hiroshima
330:dogmatism
196:dramatist
112:Puppeteer
82:Federzoni
1746:(father)
1697:" (1616)
1690:" (1615)
1634:Celatone
1539:Category
1335:Don Juan
1328:Turandot
1279:Antigone
983:Dramatic
901:61178224
831:Galileo.
795:The List
775:The List
632:calculus
620:shortest
539:sunspots
480:Florence
442:Synopsis
320:and the
282:New York
231:Teo Otto
109:1st Monk
76:Virginia
1901:Galileo
1893:Galileo
1778:Related
939:Galileo
691:Galileo
648:at the
628:cycloid
575:versus
567:versus
558:Marxism
491:of the
399:Cologne
375:Galileo
362:Galileo
312:Italian
225:, with
187:, is a
184:Galileo
159:Setting
141:Subject
106:Senator
79:Sagredo
64:Galileo
1802:Sector
1737:Family
1729:(1638)
1721:(1632)
1713:(1623)
1705:(1619)
1683:(1613)
1675:(1613)
1667:(1610)
1470:Gestus
1202:Dansen
922:
899:
889:
856:
837:
430:; the
193:German
175:German
135:German
115:Rector
1758:(son)
1648:Works
1463:Fabel
985:works
656:Notes
569:value
565:price
513:Latin
460:Padua
380:Topol
378:with
348:from
291:with
205:with
149:Genre
103:Vanni
993:Baal
920:ISBN
897:OCLC
887:ISBN
854:ISBN
835:ISBN
354:USSR
332:and
237:and
219:1943
189:play
126:1943
848:In
478:in
280:in
252:in
229:by
209:by
1952::
1108:/
895:.
811:.
793:,
773:,
705:^
634:.
587:.
487:'
438:.
407:A
241:.
177::
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1693:"
1686:"
1572:e
1565:t
1558:v
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1365:"
1362:"
1358:"
968:e
961:t
954:v
926:.
903:.
815:.
721:.
609:,
173:(
20:)
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