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640:. Priestley had been closely associated with the group's activities for over a decade and was a strong advocate of the benefits of scientific societies. Shortly after his arrival Lunar meetings moved from Sunday afternoons to Mondays to accommodate Priestley's duties as a clergyman, while the society's dependence on Matthew Boulton was lessened by holding meetings at other members' houses in addition to Soho House. The result was to be the society's most productive era.
837:
university. This was agreed by the
University's Guild of Students in autumn 2012. The society now hosts symposiums every two weeks. Any member has always been welcome to suggest a topic for discussion. These meetings occur in a variety of environments from University rooms to local bars. In 2013 the society attempted to change the name of one of the rooms in the Guild of Students to 'The Lunar Room' in honour of the original Birmingham Lunar Society. Like the
775:
699:
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137:, for example, is described by some commentators as being one of five "principal members" of the society, while others consider that he "cannot be recognized as full member" at all. Dates given for the establishment of the society range from "sometime before 1760" to 1775. Some historians argue that it had ceased to exist by 1791; others that it was still operating as late as 1813.
626:
44:
370:"of all the provincial philosophical societies it was the most important, perhaps because it was not merely provincial. All the world came to Soho to meet Boulton, Watt or Small, who were acquainted with the leading men of Science throughout Europe and America. Its essential sociability meant that any might be invited to attend its meetings."
617:
as the period coincided with the peak of his work building up his steam engine business and he was frequently absent. Although the 1770s was one of the society's richest eras in terms of its collaborative achievements, the society's meetings declined from regular occurrences in 1775 to infrequent ones by the end of the decade.
569:
By 1768 the core group of nine individuals who would form the nucleus of the Lunar
Society had come together with Small at their heart. The group at this time is sometimes referred to as the "Lunar circle", though this is a later description used by historians, and the group themselves used a variety
469:
when he travelled to
Birmingham in July 1758 "to improve and increase Acquaintance among Persons of Influence", and Franklin returned in 1760 to conduct experiments with Boulton on electricity and sound. Although Michell seems to have withdrawn slightly from the group when he moved to Thornhill (near
361:
This lack of a defined membership has led some historians to criticise a Lunar
Society "legend", leading people to "confuse it and its efforts with the general growth of intellectual and economic activities in the provinces of eighteenth century Britain". Others have seen this both as real and as one
616:
was the principal venue for meetings, and in 1776 he is recorded as planning "to make many
Motions to the Members respecting new Laws, and regulations, such as will tend to prevent the decline of a society which I hope will be lasting." This reliance on Boulton was also to prove a weakness, however,
504:, and had formed the focus of a local group of intellectuals. His arrival with a letter of introduction to Matthew Boulton from Benjamin Franklin was to have a galvanising effect on the existing circle, which began to explicitly identify itself as a group and actively started to attract new members.
836:
In the latter part of the 20th century, the
University of Birmingham Lunar Society met every Thursday to debate and discuss all manner of topics in the Guild bar. In 2011, steps were undertaken to reform the discussion society as an alternative to the more regulated debate options available at the
588:
If
William Small's arrival in 1765 had been the catalyst to the development of the Lunar Circle as a cohesive group, his death – probably from malaria – in 1775 was to mark another change in its structure. Small had been the key link between the members, and in his absence those remaining moved to
860:
Historical material related to the Lunar
Society is held in multiple collections. The University of Birmingham's Cadbury Research Library holds a series of portraits of the original Lunar Society members. The Library of Birmingham holds a large collection of Joseph Priestley's publications. Both
438:
at the age of 21. Despite their different backgrounds they shared a common interest in experiment and invention, and their activities would show Darwin's theoretical understanding and
Boulton's practical experience to be complementary. Soon they were visiting each other regularly and conducting
206:
correspondence at least weekly. A more loosely defined group has therefore been identified over a wider geographical area and longer time period, who attended meetings occasionally and who corresponded or co-operated regularly with multiple other members on group activities. These include
205:
While the society's meetings provided its name and social focus, however, they were relatively unimportant in its activities, and far more activity and communication took place outside the meetings themselves – members local to
Birmingham were in almost daily contact, more distant ones in
132:
The Lunar Society evolved through various degrees of organisation over a period of up to fifty years, but was only ever an informal group. No constitution, minutes, publications or membership lists survive from any period, and evidence of its existence and activities is found only in the
589:
place the group on a more organised footing. Meetings were to be held on the Sunday nearest the full moon, lasting from two o'clock in the afternoon until eight o'clock in the evening. The first was probably that held on 31 December 1775, and the "Lunar" name is first recorded in 1776.
479:
566:, being shown around the Soho Manufactory by Small and Darwin in Boulton's absence. Although neither Priestley nor Watt were to move to Birmingham for several years, both were to be in constant communication with the Birmingham members and central to the circle's activities from 1767.
758:
was describing "the remnant of the Lunar Society" as being "very interesting". While individual members continued to produce work of importance, however, the collaborative activity that marked the heyday of the society was noticeably absent.
600:
to Birmingham and became a member of the Society in 1776. John Whitehurst's move to London in 1775 had a less dramatic effect: he kept in regular contact with other members of the society and remained an occasional attender of meetings.
133:
correspondence and notes of those associated with it. Historians therefore disagree on what qualifies as membership of the Lunar Society, who can be considered to have been members, and even when the society can be said to have existed.
827:
In Australia, The Lunaticks Society of Newcastle was formed by leading digital entrepreneurs, software developers, educators, film producers, creatives, investors to encourage creative thinking and new ideas in a digital age.
413:
met some time between 1757 and 1758, possibly through family connections, as Boulton's mother's family were patients of Darwin; or possibly though shared friendships, as both were admirers of the printer
140:
Despite this uncertainty, fourteen individuals have been identified as having verifiably attended Lunar Society meetings regularly over a long period during its most productive eras: these are
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845:
of Edinburgh University. In 2019, the society was rebranded as the Devil's Advocate Society, and retained the goals of the Lunar Society whilst changing much of its branding.
734:
had to arm their employees to protect the Soho Manufactory. Lunar meetings were continued by the younger generation of the families of earlier Lunar members, including
2026:
558:
and a close friend of John Michell, became associated with the Society in 1767 when Darwin and Wedgwood became involved with his work on electricity. In the same year
2146:
667:
and started attending Lunar Society meetings from 1783. His contribution to the society was significant but short-lived: after collaborating with Withering on his
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754:. Regular meetings are recorded into the nineteenth century – eight in 1800, five or six before August 1801 and at least one in 1802, while as late as 1809
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in 1781, but although he complained of being "cut off from the milk of science", he continued to attend Lunar Society meetings at least until 1788.
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visited Darwin in Lichfield, where he was introduced to Boulton, Small, Wedgwood and Whitehurst and subsequently decided to move to Birmingham.
82:, as the extra light made the journey home easier and safer in the absence of street lighting. The members cheerfully referred to themselves as
78:. At first called the Lunar Circle, "Lunar Society" became the formal name by 1775. The name arose because the society would meet during the
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1937:
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ceased regular involvement in the society's activities when he returned to Ireland in 1782, John Whitehurst died in London in 1788, and
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manufacturing operation. Although older than both Boulton and Darwin, by 1758 Whitehurst was writing to Boulton telling excitedly of a
651:
who was also a gun-manufacturer, appears in the letters of other Lunar members as attending meetings from July 1781, and his daughter
531:, met Darwin, Small and Boulton in 1766 through a shared interest in carriage design, and he in turn introduced his friend and fellow
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The leading figure behind the establishment of the society as a more organised body during this early period seems to have been
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he had built, and looking forward to visiting Birmingham "to spend one day with you in trying all necessary experiments".
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became a friend, first of Boulton and subsequently of Darwin, through his business supplying clock movements to Boulton's
2017:
The Lunar Society of Birmingham : a social history of provincial science and industry in eighteenth-century England
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open to both undergraduate and graduate students, as well as professional academics, from the University of Birmingham.
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1965:
Schofield, Robert E. (December 1957), "The Industrial Orientation of Science in the Lunar Society of Birmingham",
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The nature of the group was to change significantly with the move to Birmingham in 1765 of the Scottish physician
841:, the society has always traditionally put a huge emphasis on freedom of speech. The society has similar aims to
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was to provide one of the few first-hand accounts of the Lunar Society's activities. The botanist and physician
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Fraser, David. "Joseph Wright of Derby and the Lunar Society", in Egerton, Judy, Wright of Derby (London, 1990)
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Industrial Enlightenment: Science, technology and culture in Birmingham and the West Midlands, 1760–1820
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is recorded as having won a ballot for possession of the scientific books from the society's library.
434:; Boulton had left school at fourteen and started work in his father's business making metal goods in
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of 1791 in Birmingham itself that saw a decisive falling off of the society's spirit and activities.
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2024:
Schofield, Robert E. (December 1966), "The Lunar Society of Birmingham; A Bicentenary Appraisal",
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the two quarrelled bitterly and Stokes severed his relations with the main Lunar members by 1788.
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The origins of the Lunar Society lie in a pattern of friendships that emerged in the late 1750s.
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of less specific descriptions, including "Birmingham Philosophers" or simply "fellow-schemers".
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himself was driven from the town, leaving England entirely for the United States in 1794,
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In late 1780 the nature of the society was to change again with the move to Birmingham of
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1838:(January 1998), "The 1997 Wilkins Lecture: Erasmus Darwin, the Lunaticks and Evolution",
816:. Its aim is to play a leading part in the development of the city and the wider region.
812:
In more recent times a new Lunar Society was formed in Birmingham by a group led by Dame
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Dewsbury) in 1767, Franklin was to remain a common link among many of the early members.
511:, who became a close friend of Darwin in 1765 while campaigning for the building of the
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Several other major new figures became associated with the society during this period.
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Its current Chair, appointed for a two-year term in 2019, is Deirdre LaBassiere.
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in 1789 caused political strains between members of the society, but it was the
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The society had definitely collapsed by 1813, however: in August of that year
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Robinson, Eric (1962), "The Lunar Society: Its Membership and Organisation",
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Boulton, Darwin and Whitehurst were in turn introduced by Michell to
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visited Birmingham on the recommendation of his business patron
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54:, Birmingham, a regular venue for meetings of the Lunar Society
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and intellectuals, who met regularly between 1765 and 1813 in
2077:
The Lunar Men: Five Friends Whose Curiosity Changed the World
674:
The society also lost several major figures over the period:
439:
investigations into scientific subjects such as electricity,
30:"Lunar Society" redirects here. For society on the Moon, see
2100:
1919:
Enlightenment: Britain and the Creation of the Modern World
550:
The Lunar Circle also attracted more distant involvement.
34:. For the society promoting colonization of the Moon, see
903:
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archives also hold various letters of society members.
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Among memorials to the Society and its members are the
500:. There he had taught and been a major influence over
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1550:
426:. Darwin was a physician and poet who had studied at
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of the society's main strengths: a paper read at the
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The era also saw significant changes in membership.
1893:
Science and Technology in the Industrial Revolution
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2097:"Lunar Society of Birmingham (act. c.1765–c.1800)"
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1975:(4), The University of Chicago Press on behalf of
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492:, who had been Professor of Natural Philosophy at
27:British dinner club and learned society, 1755–1813
2202:Clubs and societies in the West Midlands (county)
2027:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London
1840:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London
1205:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London
515:and subsequently closely modelled his large new
368:
1890:Musson, Albert Edward; Robinson, Eric (1969),
1104:
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1026:
945:
682:died the following year. Most significantly,
8:
418:and friends of the astronomer and geologist
1896:, Manchester: Manchester University Press,
1821:, Manchester: Manchester University Press,
2105:(Online ed.), Oxford University Press
1921:, London: Penguin Books (published 2001),
1199:King-Hele, Desmond George (31 July 1992).
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422:, a regular visitor to Darwin's house in
1623:Lunar Society award to Rachel Waterhouse
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62:was a British dinner club and informal
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795:; two statues of Watt and a statue of
2149:(from the Birmingham Stories website)
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110:, Bowbridge House in Derbyshire, and
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2237:Organizations disestablished in 1813
2207:History of Birmingham, West Midlands
1938:Transactions of the Newcomen Society
1656:‘The Lunaticks Society of Newcastle’
726:'s house was invaded by rioters and
2147:The Lunar Men who shaped the future
876:Science and invention in Birmingham
2182:The Lunaticks Society of Newcastle
2126:"More about ... the Lunar Society"
848:Today, the society is an informal
25:
2232:Organizations established in 1765
2227:1813 disestablishments in England
494:The College of William & Mary
399:Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery
2212:Industrial Revolution in England
2137:Erasmus Darwin House, Lichfield
1786:"UoB Calmview5: Search results"
1686:"UoB Calmview5: Search results"
621:Heyday of the Society 1780–1789
366:in London in 1963 claimed that
344:Barthélemy Faujas de Saint-Fond
2222:1765 establishments in England
1977:The History of Science Society
541:Corpus Christi College, Oxford
539:, with whom he had studied at
1:
2163:Revolutionary Players website
2095:Uglow, Jenny (October 2008),
2081:, London: Faber & Faber,
2015:Schofield, Robert E. (1963),
336:Louis Joseph d'Albert d'Ailly
86:, a contemporary spelling of
340:the seventh Duke of Chaulnes
70:, including industrialists,
66:of prominent figures in the
2197:Lunar Society of Birmingham
574:The Lunar Society 1775–1780
160:, Robert Augustus Johnson,
60:Lunar Society of Birmingham
2253:
1765:calmview.birmingham.gov.uk
1740:calmview.birmingham.gov.uk
1715:calmview.birmingham.gov.uk
1105:Musson & Robinson 1969
1078:Musson & Robinson 1969
1046:Musson & Robinson 1969
1027:Musson & Robinson 1969
946:Musson & Robinson 1969
653:Mary Anne Schimmelpenninck
474:The Lunar Circle 1765–1775
29:
2019:, Oxford: Clarendon Press
1668:"Security Check Required"
798:Boulton, Watt and Murdoch
784:Boulton, Watt and Murdoch
446:Around the same time the
2177:The Lunar Society Italia
2158:The modern Lunar Society
1815:Jones, Peter M. (2008),
886:Lunar Society Moonstones
740:Matthew Robinson Boulton
676:Richard Lovell Edgeworth
529:Richard Lovell Edgeworth
154:Richard Lovell Edgeworth
32:Colonization of the Moon
1643:"The Phoenix Newspaper"
843:The Speculative Society
787:, in central Birmingham
781:'s gold-covered statue
527:. Another new recruit,
507:The first of these was
36:Lunar Explorers Society
2040:10.1098/rsnr.1966.0015
1852:10.1098/rsnr.1998.0042
1217:10.1098/rsnr.1992.0025
871:Scottish Enlightenment
788:
770:Modern Lunar Societies
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633:
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521:Etruria, Staffordshire
513:Trent and Mersey Canal
498:Williamsburg, Virginia
485:
402:
395:Joseph Wright of Derby
372:
202:
129:
68:Midlands Enlightenment
55:
1201:"Shelley and science"
809:– all in Birmingham.
777:
752:Samuel Tertius Galton
701:
663:as a child, moved to
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481:
387:
198:
125:
118:Membership and status
46:
1951:10.1179/tns.1962.009
1917:Porter, Roy (2000),
1629:30 June 2007 at the
881:Erasmus Darwin House
850:academic association
805:; and the museum at
710:The outbreak of the
72:natural philosophers
2132:on 7 February 2008.
1790:calmview.bham.ac.uk
1690:calmview.bham.ac.uk
1606:"The Lunar Society"
2142:Article in Science
1836:King-Hele, Desmond
1583:, pp. 157–158
1515:, pp. 154–155
1503:, pp. 219–223
1491:, pp. 153–154
1479:, pp. 144–145
1433:, pp. 149–150
1394:, pp. 147–148
1367:, pp. 146–147
1029:, pp. 122–123
910:, pp. 410–411
823:Outside Birmingham
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764:Samuel Galton, Jr.
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645:Samuel Galton, Jr.
634:
586:
486:
450:-based clockmaker
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158:Samuel Galton, Jr.
130:
90:. Venues included
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1828:978-0-7190-7770-8
814:Rachel Waterhouse
748:James Watt junior
724:William Withering
712:French Revolution
694:Decline 1789–1813
661:William Withering
594:William Withering
583:William Withering
554:, then living in
467:Benjamin Franklin
380:Origins 1755–1765
348:Grossart de Virly
300:Benjamin Franklin
200:Benjamin Franklin
190:William Withering
18:The Lunar Society
16:(Redirected from
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659:, who had known
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525:Soho Manufactory
502:Thomas Jefferson
416:John Baskerville
338:, William Emes,
312:William Herschel
256:Jean-André Deluc
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166:Joseph Priestley
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940:
933:
926:
918:
914:
906:
899:
894:
867:
858:
834:
772:
750:, and possibly
744:Thomas Wedgwood
728:Matthew Boulton
716:Priestley riots
704:Priestley riots
696:
657:Jonathan Stokes
647:, unusual as a
623:
606:Matthew Boulton
576:
509:Josiah Wedgwood
476:
452:John Whitehurst
407:Matthew Boulton
382:
377:
352:Johann Gottling
328:Alexander Blair
316:Daniel Solander
288:Thomas Percival
280:Ralph Griffiths
248:William Thomson
208:Joseph Pickford
186:John Whitehurst
182:Josiah Wedgwood
174:Jonathan Stokes
142:Matthew Boulton
135:Josiah Wedgwood
127:Matthew Boulton
120:
112:Great Barr Hall
104:Matthew Boulton
64:learned society
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2250:
2248:
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2144:
2139:
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2120:
2119:External links
2117:
2115:
2114:
2092:
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2067:
2034:(2): 144–161,
2021:
2012:
1985:10.1086/348607
1962:
1932:
1927:
1914:
1902:
1887:
1846:(1): 153–180,
1832:
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1802:
1777:
1752:
1727:
1702:
1677:
1659:
1648:
1634:
1615:
1597:
1593:Schofield 1966
1585:
1581:Schofield 1966
1573:
1569:Schofield 1963
1561:
1557:Schofield 1966
1546:
1542:Schofield 1963
1534:
1530:Schofield 1966
1517:
1513:Schofield 1966
1505:
1501:Schofield 1963
1493:
1489:Schofield 1966
1481:
1477:Schofield 1963
1469:
1454:
1450:Schofield 1966
1435:
1431:Schofield 1966
1423:
1419:Schofield 1963
1408:
1404:Schofield 1966
1396:
1392:Schofield 1966
1381:
1377:King-Hele 1998
1369:
1365:Schofield 1966
1357:
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1317:Schofield 1966
1306:
1294:
1279:
1275:Schofield 1966
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1144:Schofield 1966
1121:
1109:
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1082:
1065:
1061:King-Hele 1998
1050:
1031:
1019:
1015:Schofield 1966
1007:
1003:King-Hele 1998
990:
969:
965:Schofield 1957
950:
938:
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920:Schofield 1966
912:
908:Schofield 1957
896:
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893:
890:
889:
888:
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878:
873:
866:
863:
857:
854:
833:
830:
771:
768:
756:Leonard Horner
695:
692:
684:Erasmus Darwin
622:
619:
608:: his home at
575:
572:
475:
472:
411:Erasmus Darwin
390:Erasmus Darwin
381:
378:
376:
373:
364:Science Museum
324:George Fordyce
276:James Brindley
260:John Wilkinson
240:Thomas Beddoes
212:Richard Kirwan
146:Erasmus Darwin
119:
116:
92:Erasmus Darwin
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
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2:
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1610:Lunar Society
1607:
1601:
1598:
1595:, p. 158
1594:
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1574:
1571:, p. 214
1570:
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1543:
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1531:
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1466:
1465:Robinson 1962
1461:
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1451:
1446:
1444:
1442:
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1427:
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1409:
1406:, p. 148
1405:
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1378:
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1319:, p. 147
1318:
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1307:
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1292:, p. 160
1291:
1290:Robinson 1962
1286:
1284:
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1145:
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1128:
1126:
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1119:, p. 158
1118:
1117:Robinson 1962
1113:
1110:
1107:, p. 195
1106:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1092:, p. 157
1091:
1090:Robinson 1962
1086:
1083:
1080:, p. 177
1079:
1074:
1072:
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1066:
1063:, p. 165
1062:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1048:, p. 144
1047:
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1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1020:
1017:, p. 144
1016:
1011:
1008:
1005:, p. 166
1004:
999:
997:
995:
991:
988:, p. 156
987:
986:Robinson 1962
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
970:
967:, p. 411
966:
961:
959:
957:
955:
951:
948:, p. 143
947:
942:
939:
936:
931:
929:
925:
922:, p. 145
921:
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803:William Bloye
800:
799:
794:
786:
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779:William Bloye
776:
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749:
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631:
627:
620:
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611:
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584:
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573:
571:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
523:on Boulton's
522:
518:
514:
510:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
490:William Small
484:
483:William Small
480:
473:
471:
468:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
444:
443:and geology.
442:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
412:
408:
400:
396:
392:
391:
386:
379:
374:
371:
367:
365:
359:
357:
356:Joseph Wright
353:
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329:
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321:
320:John Warltire
317:
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309:
305:
301:
297:
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277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
252:Cyril Jackson
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
228:Pieter Camper
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
201:
197:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
170:William Small
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
138:
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117:
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109:
105:
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97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2217:Dining clubs
2169:
2168:BBC Radio 4
2130:the original
2107:, retrieved
2101:
2076:
2071:Uglow, Jenny
2031:
2025:
2016:
1972:
1966:
1942:
1936:
1918:
1907:, retrieved
1892:
1843:
1839:
1817:
1808:Bibliography
1793:. Retrieved
1789:
1780:
1768:. Retrieved
1764:
1755:
1743:. Retrieved
1739:
1730:
1718:. Retrieved
1714:
1705:
1693:. Retrieved
1689:
1680:
1672:facebook.com
1671:
1662:
1651:
1637:
1618:
1609:
1600:
1588:
1576:
1564:
1537:
1508:
1496:
1484:
1472:
1426:
1421:, p. 17
1399:
1372:
1360:
1355:, p. 78
1348:
1343:, p. 59
1336:
1331:, p. 58
1324:
1304:, p. 45
1297:
1270:
1261:
1256:, p. 89
1249:
1208:
1204:
1194:
1189:, p. 88
1151:
1112:
1085:
1022:
1010:
941:
915:
859:
847:
839:Oxford Union
835:
826:
822:
821:
818:
811:
796:
790:
782:
761:
736:Gregory Watt
709:
673:
668:
642:
635:
603:
591:
587:
568:
564:John Roebuck
549:
506:
487:
464:
445:
420:John Michell
404:
388:
369:
360:
304:Joseph Banks
296:James Hutton
292:Joseph Black
284:John Roebuck
224:John Michell
216:John Smeaton
204:
139:
131:
83:
59:
57:
40:
2170:In Our Time
1979:: 408–415,
1945:: 153–178,
1156:Porter 2000
665:Stourbridge
519:factory at
441:meteorology
375:Development
332:Samuel Parr
272:Robert Bage
268:Samuel More
232:R. E. Raspe
220:Henry Moyes
84:"lunaticks"
2191:Categories
2172:discussion
2153:Soho House
2109:17 January
1909:26 January
1353:Uglow 2002
1341:Uglow 2002
1329:Uglow 2002
1302:Uglow 2002
1254:Jones 2008
1211:(2): 257.
1187:Jones 2008
935:Uglow 2008
892:References
807:Soho House
793:Moonstones
732:James Watt
680:Thomas Day
614:Handsworth
610:Soho House
560:James Watt
545:James Keir
543:. In 1767
537:Thomas Day
436:Birmingham
308:James Lind
244:John Wyatt
178:James Watt
162:James Keir
150:Thomas Day
108:Soho House
76:Birmingham
52:Handsworth
48:Soho House
2064:145397408
2048:0035-9149
2009:144950413
1993:0021-1753
1959:0372-0187
1860:0035-9149
1225:0035-9149
686:moved to
632:, c. 1783
535:-admirer
460:pyrometer
432:Edinburgh
428:Cambridge
424:Lichfield
106:'s home,
100:Lichfield
80:full moon
2073:(2002),
1884:27134915
1876:11619941
1627:Archived
1241:43302716
1233:11623027
865:See also
856:Archives
598:Stafford
533:Rousseau
397:, 1770 (
264:John Ash
88:lunatics
706:of 1791
517:pottery
2085:
2062:
2056:531065
2054:
2046:
2007:
2001:227513
1999:
1991:
1957:
1925:
1900:
1882:
1874:
1868:532084
1866:
1858:
1825:
1795:14 May
1770:14 May
1745:14 May
1720:14 May
1695:14 May
1239:
1231:
1223:
649:Quaker
456:ormolu
354:. and
2060:S2CID
2052:JSTOR
2005:S2CID
1997:JSTOR
1880:S2CID
1864:JSTOR
1237:S2CID
688:Derby
556:Leeds
448:Derby
2111:2009
2083:ISBN
2044:ISSN
1989:ISSN
1968:Isis
1955:ISSN
1923:ISBN
1911:2009
1898:ISBN
1872:PMID
1856:ISSN
1823:ISBN
1797:2021
1772:2021
1747:2021
1722:2021
1697:2021
1229:PMID
1221:ISSN
746:and
730:and
702:The
430:and
409:and
188:and
96:home
58:The
2036:doi
1981:doi
1947:doi
1848:doi
1213:doi
801:by
612:in
496:in
393:by
98:in
94:'s
50:in
2193::
2099:,
2058:,
2050:,
2042:,
2032:21
2030:,
2003:,
1995:,
1987:,
1973:48
1971:,
1953:,
1943:35
1941:,
1878:,
1870:,
1862:,
1854:,
1844:52
1842:,
1788:.
1763:.
1738:.
1713:.
1688:.
1670:.
1608:.
1549:^
1520:^
1457:^
1438:^
1411:^
1384:^
1309:^
1282:^
1235:.
1227:.
1219:.
1209:46
1207:.
1203:.
1163:^
1124:^
1097:^
1068:^
1053:^
1034:^
993:^
972:^
953:^
927:^
900:^
742:,
738:,
358:.
350:,
346:,
342:,
334:,
330:,
326:,
322:,
318:,
314:,
310:,
306:,
302:,
298:,
294:,
290:,
286:,
282:,
278:,
274:,
270:,
266:,
262:,
258:,
254:,
250:,
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238:,
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230:,
226:,
222:,
218:,
214:,
210:,
192:.
184:,
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168:,
164:,
156:,
152:,
148:,
144:,
114:.
102:,
2038::
1983::
1949::
1850::
1799:.
1774:.
1749:.
1724:.
1699:.
1674:.
1645:.
1625:.
1612:.
1215::
401:)
38:.
20:)
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