Los Angeles Times bombing - Knowledge (XXG)

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McNamaras, he confided this to a journalist as the reason he was reluctant to take the case. Ryan turned to Harriman, who agreed to be the brothers' defense attorney. Gompers, however, visited Darrow in Chicago and convinced him that the case required his expertise. Reluctantly, Darrow consented to be lead defense attorney. Harriman stayed on as his assistant. Darrow also recruited former Los Angeles county assistant district attorney Lecompte Davis, pro-union Indiana judge Cyrus F. McNutt, and president of the

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Iron Workers Union, for involvement in a five-year nationwide campaign of dynamite. Because such things as murder or destruction of property were not federal crimes, the defendants were charged with the federal crime of conspiracy to illegally transport dynamite on railroad trains. A number of different attorneys represented different defendants, but leading the defense was sitting US senator from Indiana,

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reported back that there were no signs of a dynamite explosion at the Times building, and that it was solely a gas explosion. They also concluded that Otis knew that it was an accident, but had fabricated charges against the McNamaras, partly to discredit labor unions, and partly to evade blame for his negligence that allowed the gas accident to happen. The report declared:

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following day in Tarrytown, New York, where a number of anarchists, including one of the dead bombers, were due to face charges connected with attempted invasion of the Rockefeller summer estate. The incident seemed unconnected with the Iron Workers bombings, but William J. Burns learned that fragments of the bomb showed similar construction to the Los Angeles

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handling of McManigal and J. B. McNamara. The local circuit judge had unlawfully denied J. J. McNamara access to legal representation and had no authority to approve his extradition. Both McNamaras had been arrested on the basis of a confession wrung from a third man who, they believed, had been kidnapped and perhaps coerced into confessing.

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at one o'clock the next morning. It was my intention to injure the building and scare the owners. I sincerely regret that these unfortunate men lost their lives. If the giving of my life would bring them back I would gladly give it. In fact, in pleading guilty to murder in the first degree I have placed my life in the hands of the state.

1059:. Both men agreed to the plan. The success of the AFL's public opinion campaign had apparently worried both newspapermen, and the Iron Workers' success in maintaining (even widening) the strike had weakened the resolve of many in the Los Angeles business community. Chandler offered to open negotiations with the district attorney, 609:. McManigal set off a dynamite bomb at the Llewellyn Iron Works, partially wrecking the plant with the damage costing $ 25,000, but he found two of the other sites too closely guarded, and never visited the remaining two. J.J. was angry that only one of the sites was bombed, but McManigal told him that security was too tight. 1051:. During their discussions of the trial, Darrow raised the possibility of pressuring the prosecution into accepting a plea bargain. In exchange for light prison terms for the McNamaras, the AFL would end its debilitating strike and organizing efforts against Los Angeles employers. Steffens met with Otis and 1393:

J. B. McNamara became a hero to radicals who believed in violence. Although he had not previously been political, he embraced violent radicalism in return. Despite repeated attempts by left-wing labor leaders and certain politicians to win his release, he refused to file any parole requests. James B.

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As part of the McNamara brothers' plea bargain, Los Angeles prosecutors had agreed not to pursue other labor union officials for the L.A. bombings. But the federal government was not a party to the agreement, and in 1912 brought charges against 54 union men, mostly national and local officials of the

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Following the guilty pleas, Darrow was criticized for using deception to raise money for his clients' defense: allowing supporters to believe in their innocence, in order to raise a war chest of $ 200,000 from contributions by working men, and spend about $ 100,000 of it to mount an expensive effort,

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I, James B. McNamera, having heretofore pleaded guilty to the crime of murder, desire to make this statement of facts: On the night of September 30, 1920, at 5:45 p.m., I placed in Ink Alley, a portion of the Times building, a suitcase containing sixteen sticks of 80 per cent dynamite, set to explode

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to catch the guilty parties. Burns had been investigating the nationwide wave of iron manufacturing plant bombings for the past four years on behalf of the NEA, and took the City job as part of his investigation. From Hockin, his paid IW spy, Burns learned that McManigal had been handling the union's

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Schmidt and Caplan were tried separately in Los Angeles. Matthew Schmidt was convicted of murder in December 1915, and received life imprisonment. Upon his conviction, Olaf Tveitmoe, secretary of the California Building Trades Council said: "There will be ten years' war in Los Angeles. They will pay

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bombing was irrelevant to the federal charges, because that incident did not involve interstate transportation of dynamite. Citing abundant evidence in the trial record, the court upheld the remaining 25 convictions. The following month, the US district attorney announced that, in light of the court

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Darrow was later criticized for misleading and pressuring the McNamaras into each pleading guilty. There remained a suspicion that, following the arrest of his chief jury investigator Burt Franklin on charges of attempted bribery of jurors, Darrow needed to hurry up the guilty pleas, because he knew

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Darrow had hoped that a plea bargain (rather than an admission of guilt in open court) would be all that was needed. But Los Angeles employers were worried that defense attorney Harriman would trounce Mayor Alexander on election day (December 5). Nothing short of an actual admission of guilt in open

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arrived in Los Angeles. Steffens, convinced the McNamaras were guilty, visited them in jail. Steffens proposed to defend their actions in print as "justifiable dynamiting" in the face of employer violence and state-sponsored repression of labor unions. J.B. was an eager proponent of Steffens' plans,

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explosion on an accidental ignition of a gas leak, and denied that dynamite was in any way involved. The rest of the evidence, such as the other bombs found in Los Angeles the next morning, and all the material seized at union headquarters at Indianapolis, they claimed was planted. They accused Otis

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The caretaker at the Otis home heard of the Zeehandelaar bomb, and decided to search around the estate. He found a leather suitcase behind some bushes under a bay window. Again the police arrived, and carried the suitcase away from the house and out in the open. However, while they were cutting open

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Based on the similarity of bombs, Burns concentrated his search on anarchist circles in New York City. He found Matthew Schmidt, and was at the scene when New York City policemen arrested Schmidt on February 13, 1915. Burns' agents had been watching Schmidt for some time, hoping to arrest Caplan as

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building on October 1, 1910. John J. McNamara, setting foot for the first time in court, admitted to having ordered the bombing of the Llewellyn Iron Works on December 25. J.J. McNamara later told an interviewer that Darrow had kept the McNamara brothers isolated from public opinion. Had they known

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The defense's position weakened further when, on November 28, Darrow was accused of attempted bribery of a juror. The defense team's chief investigator had been arrested for bribing a juror, and Darrow had been seen in public passing the investigator money. With Darrow himself on the verge of being

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On the morning of 1 October, Zeehandelaar's maid found a package behind a bush beneath a bedroom window. Police were called, and opened and disarmed the bomb. The spring of the mechanical clock had apparently been wound too tightly, slowing the clock, and preventing the bomb from exploding on time.

391:(colloquially known as the M&M), and used it and his newspaper's large circulation to spearhead a twenty-year campaign to end the city's few remaining unions. Without unions to keep wages high, open shop employers in Los Angeles were able to undermine the wage standards set in heavily unionized 1207:

Leading up to the trial, the number of defendants was reduced from 54 to 48. The McNamara brothers were dropped from the trial because they were already imprisoned in California; two more pled guilty; one was a fugitive and could not be found; and the trial of one was delayed because of an injury.

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It is easy enough for a gentleman of education and refinement to sit at his typewriter and point out the crimes of the workers. But let him be one of them himself, reared in hard poverty, denied education, thrown into the brute struggle for existence from childhood, oppressed, exploited, forced to

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The agreement was laid before the McNamara brothers. J. B. initially refused to agree to any plea bargain that did not set his brother free. But when Darrow told him that a settlement was possible only if both brothers pleaded guilty, J. B. gave his consent. Darrow sent for a representative of the

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Although a group of Los Angeles businessmen had endorsed the secret talks, they had no legal power over the prosecutor, Fredericks. Fredericks refused to sanction any plan which let the McNamaras go free. The National Erectors' Association had learned of the talks (both the defense and prosecution

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Organized labor found J. J. McNamara an attractive figure to rally behind. By outward appearances, he did not look like a man who would dynamite his enemies. He was 34 years old, handsome, had an athletic build, always well-dressed and well-spoken. He had earned a law degree at night while working

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campaign. Between 1906 and 1911, the union blew up 110 iron works, though only a few thousand dollars in damages was done. The NEA was well aware who was responsible for the bombings, since Herbert S. Hockin, a member of the IW's executive board, was their paid spy. These hundreds of bombings were

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Hard pressed by the open shop campaign, the IW reacted by electing the militant Frank M. Ryan president and J.J. McNamara the secretary-treasurer in 1905. In 1906, the IW struck at American Bridge in an attempt to retain their contract. However, the open shop campaign was a significant success. By

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Darrow was indicted on two charges of jury tampering. His chief investigator turned state's evidence, and even implicated Samuel Gompers in the bribery attempt. Darrow was in financial difficulty, and asked for AFL assistance in raising funds for his defense. Gompers declined to give it. When the

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The labor movement in Los Angeles collapsed, and union membership in the city remained minuscule almost a century later. Employers refused to honor additional terms of the plea agreement, which required the convening of a meeting of labor union and employers and an end to the open shop campaign.

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To support the accidental gas explosion theory, the State Federation of Labor of California appointed a committee to travel to Los Angeles and investigate the matter. The committee included a number of Western Federation of Miners members, who would have been familiar with dynamite. The committee

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were accused of using dynamite to assassinate an ex-governor of Idaho. As in the McNamara case, a union member had confessed and implicated union leadership, the defendants were extradited in a highly irregular manner, and the prosecution's investigation was led by a detective with strong ties to

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From the first there was never the slightest chance to win. To those who say it would have been better to have gone to trial and suffered complete defeat, I would call attention to the fact that there were thirty or forty hotel registers, three in Los Angeles, many in San Francisco and others in

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After sentencing, Judge Bordwell issued a long statement minimizing the role of Lincoln Steffens in bringing about the plea deal. Bordwell wrote that the prosecution had long sought a plea deal, but could not agree to J. B.'s insistence that his brother go free. The judge stated that what really

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Darrow argued that he would need $ 350,000 ($ 11,000,000 in 2024) for the defense. The AFL, who had already paid Darrow a $ 50,000 retainer, immediately began to raise the additional funds. The AFL Executive Council established a permanent "Ways and Means Committee" to seek money. The federation

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unanimously enacted an ordinance banning picketing and "speaking in public streets in a loud or unusual tone", with a penalty of fifty days in jail, a $ 100 fine, or both. Most union members refused to obey the injunctions or ordinance, and 472 strikers were arrested. The strike, however, proved

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The Iron Workers suffered severe membership losses, and appealed to the AFL for funds. The AFL declined to offer financial assistance or permit Gompers to speak at the next Iron Workers convention. The heads of a number of AFL unions did speak, however, and Iron Worker delegates re-elected Ryan

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The national labor movement was outraged by the way the McNamaras had been treated, and labor leaders were quick to defend the brothers' innocence. They contended that Burns had engaged in kidnapping, misrepresentation of his status as a law enforcement officer, and unlawful imprisonment in his

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J. J. McNamara left prison after nine years, and the Iron Workers' union welcomed him back as an organizer. He was convicted of threatening the destruction of a building unless the contractor hired union members, and was sent back to prison. Released once more, the union discovered that he had

479:. The suitcase was left near barrels of flammable printer's ink. The dynamite had a detonator connected to a mechanical windup clock, set to close an electric battery circuit at 1:00am, and set off the explosion. J.B. left similar bombs, also set to explode at 1:00am, next to the homes of both 398:

The San Francisco unions relied heavily on the IW, one of the few strong unions remaining in Los Angeles. The unionization campaign began in the spring of 1910. On June 1, 1910, 1,500 union members struck iron manufacturers in the city to win a $ 0.50 an hour minimum wage ($ 16 an hour in 2023

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A man who would put sixteen sticks of 80 per cent dynamite in a building * * * in which you, as a printer, knew gas was burning in many places, and in which you knew there were scores of human beings toiling, must have no regard whatever for the lives of his fellow beings. He must have been a

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Burns was offended by accusations from labor supporters that he had planted the evidence that he had seized at the union headquarters in Indianapolis. He was particularly critical of Samuel Gompers. Burns did not believe that Gompers was part of the dynamite plot, but blamed Gompers for being

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On July 4, 1914, a dynamite bomb exploded in a New York tenement apartment occupied by three anarchists. All three men died in the explosion, which destroyed the building, killed a woman in the next apartment, and injured many more. Police speculated that the bomb was intended to be used the

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in 1906. However, Darrow was in ill health, and although organized labor was convinced of the McNamaras' innocence, Darrow realized that the evidence against them was overwhelming and that the brothers were almost certainly guilty. Soon after the arrest, and before he agreed to represent the

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Sergeant William Reed and held from April 13 until April 20. Burns apparently convinced McManigal that he knew everything and that McManigal could save himself by cutting a deal with authorities. McManigal agreed to tell all he knew in order to secure a lighter prison sentence, and signed a

432:, wrote to J.J.: "Now, Joe, what I want here is Hockin," referring to Herbert Hockin, the union official in charge of the dynamite bombings. However, Hockin had been caught taking money earmarked for bombing jobs, and McNamara no longer trusted him. He asked another dynamiter, Jack Barry of 1176:

strike, clubbed by the police, jailed while his family is evicted, and his wife and children are hungry, and he will hesitate to condemn these as criminals who fight against the crimes of which they are the victims of such savage methods as have been forced upon them by their masters.

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but J.J. refused to cooperate unless Darrow agreed. Darrow was stunned by Steffens' report that the brothers had admitted their guilt to him, but with his health worsening and his pessimism about the defense growing, Darrow agreed to permit the McNamaras to cooperate with Steffens.

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The Socialist Party, however, refused to condemn the McNamara brothers, arguing that their actions were justified in view of the supposed employer- and state-sponsored terror their union had faced for the last 25 years. Haywood and Debs echoed that sentiment. Wrote Debs:

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building. The undercover private eye also surreptitiously took a photo of J.J. that Burns presented to a hotel clerk in Los Angeles, who recognized him as a "Mr. J. B. Bryce" who had checked in the day before the bombing and hurriedly checked out the following morning.

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After the Indianapolis trials, the only cases remaining were of David Caplan and Matthew Schmidt, two anarchists who had helped Jim McNamara buy the dynamite used in the Los Angeles bombings. Both were indicted in 1911, but they became fugitives and evaded the police.

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the suitcase, the clockwork alarm went off inside the suitcase. The police ran to safety just before the bomb exploded. Investigators speculated that, like the Zeehandelaar bomb, the clock mechanism at the Otis house had been wound too tightly, delaying the explosion.

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that he would be accused of attempted bribery as well, and one of his defenses would be that a plea deal had already been agreed upon, so that he had no motive to bribe jurors. Darrow defended the guilty pleas by citing the overwhelming evidence against the brothers:

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bombing. Gompers believed him completely, and threw all his influence behind the McNamaras. With Gompers' endorsement, the entire US labor movement supported the McNamaras, with parades, mass rallies, publicity campaigns, and donations to the McNamaras' defense fund.

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Instead, employers redoubled their efforts to break the labor movement in Los Angeles. The Central Labor Council suffered severe membership losses in the early months of 1912, and the labor movement in the city did not begin to show signs of growth until the 1950s.

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Thirty defendants appealed. In June 1914, the US Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals reversed and ordered new trials for five of the convictions, including that of Olaf Tveitmoe. In the case of Tveitmoe, the court ruled that evidence implicating him in the Los Angeles

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different parts of the country. There were scores of witnesses to identify J. B. McNamara as being present practically on the very day, and one at least, in the building. There was overwhelming evidence of all kinds, which no one could have surmounted if they would.

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bombing, but that J.B. had told him all about it, and that it was done by J.B. and two others, Matthew Schmidt and David Caplan (Schmidt and Caplan evaded arrest until 1915). McManigal also said that others involved included Ryan, J.J., Hockin and other IW leaders.

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building). Burns repeatedly implied that Gompers and other labor leaders were involved in the national bombing campaign, and AFL officials feared a national campaign of arrests designed to destroy the nascent labor movement might be in the works. Meanwhile,

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broke the deadlock was the arrest of Bert Franklin, a detective hired by the defense, on a charge of attempted bribery of jurors. The bribery attempt, he wrote, revealed how desperate the defense was, and forced them to agree to a prison sentence for J. J.

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The evidence shows some of these defendants to be guilty of murder, but they are not charged with that crime; this court cannot punish them for it, nor should it be influenced by such consideration in fixing the measure punishment for the crimes

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issued an appeal for donations, the AFL Executive Council postponed consideration of a donation until the issue was moot. Darrow was acquitted in his first trial. When charges were brought in the second bribery case, the trial ended in a

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This was an escalation of the bombing campaign. Previously, only non-union workplaces had been targeted. Now the IW was expanding the targets to the homes of anti-union leaders, and a newspaper noted for its anti-union editorial policy.

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bombing, James B. McNamara had asked him to murder Mary Dye, a stenographer at union headquarters, because "she knew too much." Jim McNamara had wanted him to plant an explosive under her seat on a commuter train. Eckhoff had refused.

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was so troubled by the vituperation heaped on the McNamara brothers that he began a campaign to ease economic and class differences in the United States. By mid-1912, a number of prominent individuals — including social workers

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Prosecutor Fredericks justified the plea deal because by having the McNamaras plead guilty, he said, there would be no doubt of their guilt; without a guilty plea, their supporters would always believe that they were framed.

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irresponsible in accusing Burns of framing the McNamaras, in the face of overwhelming evidence. Burns wrote that Gompers could not have been unaware of the four-year dynamiting campaign, which should have given him pause.

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Labor leaders were also convinced of the McNamaras' innocence by other factors as well. The open shop movement and virulent hostility shown by Otis convinced many that the whole event was a frame-up (with some, including

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Some went farther. Eugene Debs accused Harrison Otis of blowing up his own building to frame labor leaders. He referred to the bombing as: "a job that General Otis did himself or had it done, for I know the man well."

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David Caplan's first trial ended in a deadlocked jury. In December 1916, a second jury found him guilty of second degree manslaughter. The court sentenced him to ten years in prison. He was released in 1923 after

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and prosecution informer Herbert Hockin, were given six years. The others received sentences of between a year and a day and four years. All prisoners were sent to the federal penitentiary at Leavenworth, Kansas.

395:. Unions in San Francisco feared that employers in their city would also soon begin pressing for wage cuts and start an open shop drive of their own. The only solution they saw was to re-unionize Los Angeles. 348:

1910, U.S. Steel had almost succeeded in driving all unions out of its plants. Unions in other iron manufacturing companies also vanished. Only the IW held on (though the strike at American Bridge continued).

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had their paid spies in the other's camp), and was pressing Fredericks to reject any plea bargain. As a compromise, Fredericks demanded that J.B. receive life in prison and J.J. receive a much shorter term.

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corporation. American Bridge was the dominant company in the iron industry, and within a year the IW had not only organized almost every U.S. iron manufacturer, but had also won signed contracts including

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In 1903, officials of U.S. Steel and the American Bridge founded the National Erectors' Association (NEA), a coalition of steel and iron industry employers. The primary goal of the NEA was to promote the

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On 28 December 1912, the jury found 38 of the remaining 40 guilty. Two days later, Judge A. B. Anderson handed out sentences, calling the dynamite campaign "a veritable reign of terror," and commenting:

1184:. Although Harriman had run ahead of Alexander in the 5-way primary, winning 44% of the vote to Alexander's 37%, following the McNamara confession Harriman received just 38% of the votes in the runoff. 537:

building. After he confessed to the bombing, he insisted that he had not known of the gas pipes. However, Ortie McManigal testified that before their arrest, J.B. had told him that he had gone into the

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while knowing all along that the McNamara brothers were guilty. Darrow said that his first duty was to his clients, and that he did whatever needed to raise the funds for the best defense possible.

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On the other hand. those who are familiar with the peculiarities of explosions by dynamiting, the evidence furnishes an overwhelming certainty that there was no dynamite connected with the affair.

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well, but finally settled for Schmidt alone. But a search of Schmidt's belongings found a letter that led them to the Seattle area, where local police arrested David Caplan on February 18, 1915.

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Darrow also insisted that he needed popular support, to put political pressure on the prosecution. Pins, buttons and other paraphernalia were sold to raise money, and a film about J. J. McNamara—

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appealed to local, state, regional and national unions to donate 25 cents per capita to the defense fund, and set up defense committees in larger cities throughout the nation to take donations.

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building – he was challenged twice, but each time passed by saying he was on his way to the composing room – went into the basement and wrenched off a gas valve to maximize the destruction.

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to engage in a campaign against the unions. Local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies generally cooperated in this campaign, which often used violence against union members.

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San Francisco labor leader Olaf Tveitmoe, who had been released from prison the previous year, promised that the two men would be defended at the expense of West Coast labor unions.

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and law enforcement authorities announced that the perpetrators would be caught immediately, but weeks passed and no arrests were made. The City of Los Angeles posted a $ 25,000

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bombers had escaped arrest and gone to ground. The IW decided it was time for more bombings in Los Angeles and sent McManigal with a list of five bombing targets, including the

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The exact number of deaths is uncertain. The remains of twenty were identified. Parts of either one or two additional bodies were pulled from the rubble. Source: Lew Irwin,

436:, to go to California, but Barry turned down the job when he learned of the targets. McNamara finally sent his younger brother, J.B., to California on the bombing mission. 1229:

Six defendants were given suspended sentences. Union president Frank Ryan was handed the longest sentence, seven years. Six more men, including San Francisco labor leader

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who liked to drink and hunt at the same time. Burns infiltrated one of their late-winter hunting trips with a spy, and during the trip J.J. boasted of having blown up the

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boarded his train, woke him, and handed him the dispatch regarding the guilty verdicts. "I am astounded, I am astounded", he said. "The McNamaras have betrayed labor."

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On December 1, 1911, the McNamara brothers changed their pleas in open court to guilty. James B. McNamara admitted to murder by having set the bomb that destroyed the

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building bomb had been set for 4 am, but detonated prematurely; the bomb at the Felix Zeehandelaar home set for 1 pm, and the bomb at the Otis home for 2 pm.

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Christianson, Stephen G., "McNamara Brothers Trial: 1911", "Great American Trials", Knappman, Edward W., editor, Visible Ink Press, Detroit, Michigan, 1994,

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continued, Darrow became increasingly concerned about the outcome of the trial. He felt J. B. could not be relied on as a witness and would break down under

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The unexploded bomb contained valuable clues as to the bombers' method. In addition, investigators were able to trace the dynamite back to its source.

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and the Hotel Alexandria. J.J. told McManigal that he had promised the "coast bunch" a Christmas present, and wanted the explosions to take place on

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and alarm clocks were found in their suitcases. The men were told they were being arrested for robbing a bank in Chicago. Since they had watertight

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publisher Otis and Felix Zeehandelaar, secretary of the M&M. He then boarded a train to San Francisco, and was out of town when the bomb at the

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Union officials used violence to counter the setbacks they had suffered. Beginning in late 1906, national and local officials of the IW launched a

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On April 22, Burns and two local police detectives burst into an executive board meeting of the IW and arrested J.J. He was taken before a local

1013:. On October 15, he learned that the prosecution had acquired masses of evidence to support 21 separate charges. On October 18, he learned that 869: 640: 3222: 3177: 1740: 1713: 1675: 1442: 1826:

Robert Fitch (2006) Solidarity for Sale: How Corruption Destroyed the Labor Movement and Undermined America's Promise. Bublic Affairs Books

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auxiliary building, in which two men were chased off by a security guard. The incident was at first assumed to be another bombing attempt.

1917:, 15 Nov. 1912, p.4.) Most other sources reflect this, and say that the bombs were timed to explode at 1 am. For example: Geoffrey Cowan, 3232: 3123: 1447: 1359:—had asked President Taft to appoint a commission on industrial relations to ease economic tensions in the country. Taft requested that 810: 510:

was a morning paper, and so had employees working during the late-night early-morning hours. The bombers were unaware that a number of

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throughout the nation was declared to be "McNamara Day", and mass marches were held in 13 major cities in support of the defendants.

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bombing campaign on orders from union president Frank Ryan and secretary-treasurer J.J. McNamara. McManigal and J.J. were borderline

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of appeals ruling, that the government would not retry the five defendants whose convictions were reversed; the five were released.

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Welskopp, Thomas. "Birds of a Feather: A Comparative History of German and US Labor in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries." In

387:, was vehemently anti-union. Otis first joined and then seized control of the local Merchants Association in 1896, renaming it the 236:(IW). The explosion started a fire which killed 21 occupants and injured 100 more. It was termed the "crime of the century" by the 1630:

Bombs and Bribery: The Story of the McNamara and Darrow Trials Following the Dynamiting in 1910 of the Los Angeles Times Building

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Brothers John J. ("J.J.") and James Barnabas ("J.B.") McNamara were arrested in April 1911 for the bombing. Their trial became a

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AFL. The shocked labor leader refused to accept the agreement until Darrow convinced him that the defense had almost no chance.

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1, 1910. Nicknamed "the fortress", the 1886 brick and granite building was on Broadway and First Street, across the street from

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Associated Press, "Strange Story Is Told By Detective: Burns Narrative Takes on Color as Dynamite Case Is Fully Probed",

502:. The sixteen sticks of dynamite in the suitcase bomb were not enough to level the whole structure, but the bomb ignited 3257: 3242: 3207: 3057: 1315: 851: 574: 75: 2922: 3202: 3162: 778: 42: 2708:"Anarchist bomb believed for Rockefeller kills three I.W.W. makers and a woman-injures many--wrecks tenement house," 1925:(Guilford, Conn.: Lyons, 2013) 116-118. In addition, Jim McNamara's confession specified that he set the bomb at the 514:

employees were working overnight to produce an extra edition the next afternoon which would carry the results of the

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Kraft, James P., "The Fall of Job Harriman's Socialist Party: Violence, Gender, and Politics in Los Angeles, 1911,"

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on December 9. J.B. McNamara's post-trial conclusion was: "You see? ... The whole damn world believes in dynamite."

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effective: by September, 13 new unions had formed, increasing union membership in the city by almost 60 percent.

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building, the Otis home, and the Zeehandelaar home) were set for 1 am ("M'Manigal repeats boast of M'Namara,"

1188: 577:(AFL), immediately condemned the bombing and claimed no labor union or individual could have been responsible. 416: 1560:

Thinking Big: The Story of the 'Los Angeles Times, Its Publishers, and Their Influence on Southern California.

967: 943:

to defend the McNamaras. Darrow had become a hero in labor circles for his successful defense of labor leader

3081: 952: 287: 251:

for the American labor movement. J.B. admitted to setting the explosive, and was convicted and sentenced to

464:

On the evening of 30 September 1910, J.B. left a suitcase full of dynamite in the narrow alley between the

1503:. Reprint ed. New York: Arno Press, 1969. Originally published by George H. Doran Company, New York, 1913. 1421: 1416: 1360: 499: 303:

unionists. John (known as J.J.) and his younger brother James (known as J.B.) were both active in the IW.

1528: 522:

building and Ink Alley. Of the 115 people still in the building, 21 died (most of them in the fire). The

3117: 3063: 3021: 1705:

Terrorism on American Soil: A Concise History of Plots and Perpetrators from the Famous to the Forgotten

1437: 1340: 1208:

Judge A. B. Anderson dismissed charges against eight men after the trial started, for lack of evidence.

1887:"The 1910 bombing of the Los Angeles Times has been the subject of books and film. Now it's a bus tour" 1398:

embezzled $ 200, and fired him. J. J. spent the rest of his life drifting from job to job, and died in

803: 1080:

court would discredit Harriman and prevent his victory, and the employers were pressing hard for one.

3045: 3011: 1553:

History of the Labor Movement in the United States. Vol. 5: The AFL in the Progressive Era, 1910-1915

1017: 873: 637: 594: 1107:

how strongly the public was on their side, they would not have agreed to the plea deal, he claimed.

681:

for that alleged crime, both men agreed to accompany Burns and the police officers back to Chicago.

3069: 3051: 3033: 2968: 1574:

Deadly Times: The 1910 Bombing of the 'Los Angeles Times' and America's Forgotten Decade of Terror.

1427: 1024: 706: 465: 433: 428:

On June 3, 1910, two days after the start of the strike, Eugene Clancy, the top IW official on the

247: 1356: 1060: 709: 705:, where the IW had their headquarters. With the assistance of officials of the NEA, he convinced 362: 1732:

Deadly Times: The 1910 Bombing of the Los Angeles Times and America's Forgotten Decade of Terror

1087: 518:

auto race. The bomb collapsed the side of the building, and the ensuing fire destroyed both the

282:

remained weak and much of the industry remained unorganized until 1902. That year, the IW won a

888:

for the Iron Workers' Union. J. J. McNamara assured Gompers that he had nothing to do with the

2525: 1736: 1709: 1671: 1010: 855:

anti-union business interests. In that case, the accused union leaders were found not guilty.

684:

In Chicago, McManigal and J.B. were not taken to a police station, but to the private home of

383: 337: 333: 252: 238: 194: 1730: 1703: 1180:

Darrow's co-counsel on the McNamara case, Job Harriman, was defeated by Mayor Alexander in a

884:

candidate. The bombing, some felt, might simply be a plot to keep Harriman out of City Hall.

494:

At 1:07 a.m. on October 1, 1910, the bomb went off in the alley outside the three-story

3093: 2541:

Gerald F. Uelmen, "Fighting fire with fire: a reflection on the ethics of Clarence Darrow,"

1327: 1164: 1040: 982: 644: 598: 278:(IW) was formed in 1896. As the work was seasonal and most iron workers were unskilled, the 3136:

Death counts do not include deceased perpetrator(s). This navbox reflects information from

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of taking advantage of a tragic accident to imprison union leaders on fabricated charges.

630: 388: 1588:

Barons of Labor: The San Francisco Building Trades and Union Power in the Progressive Era

1492:

American Lightning: Terror, Mystery, the Birth of Hollywood, and the Crime of the Century

2367:

building minutes before the October 1 bomb blast. See: "Fire Kills 19, Unions Accused",

2232:

Geoffrey Cowan, The People v. Clarence Darrow (New York: Random House, 1993) 78-79, 110.

1683:

Comparative and Transnational History: Central European Approaches and New Perspectives.

1119:

Judge Bordwell rejected the defendants' assertions that they did not intend to harm the

673:

went to the Oxford Hotel in Detroit and arrested McManigal and J.B. McNamara. Dynamite,

311: 2101:, San Bernardino, California, Sunday 1 December 1912, Volume XXXVII, Number 37, page 2. 1399: 1390:

Ortie McManigal served two and a half years in prison before being released on parole.

1372: 1368: 1348: 1052: 1000: 860: 713: 570: 515: 476: 404: 300: 2751:, 4 Mar. 1915, p.2. "$ 5,000 donated by unions for Schmidt-Caplan Case," Indianapolis 3151: 1352: 1230: 1048: 725: 606: 403:. The M&M raised $ 350,000 ($ 11,445,000 in 2023 dollars) to break the strike. A 341: 325: 283: 17: 2950: 530:

scum," "cowardly murderers," "leeches upon honest labor," and "midnight assassins."

2066:"Editors and printers meet awful death in flames following big explosion," Oakland 1909:

Ortie McManigal testified that Jim McNamara had told him that all three bombs (the

1486: 1432: 1336: 1201: 944: 877: 847: 702: 674: 400: 152: 2266:

Geoffrey Cowan, The People v. Clarence Darrow (New York: Random House, 1993) 123.

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The weekend of November 19–20, Darrow and Steffens met with newspaper publisher

959: 745: 698: 503: 374: 329: 279: 229: 221: 63: 617: 2150: 1602:

Privileged Son: Otis Chandler and the Rise and Fall of the L. A. Times Dynasty

1160: 1036: 931: 649: 526:

called the bombing the "crime of the century", and Otis excoriated unions as "

408: 296: 291: 225: 67: 2953:, Archives and Rare Books Library, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 2162:

Historian Philip Taft characterizes this as a kidnapping, due to the lack of

1515:

The People v. Clarence Darrow: The Bribery Trial of America's Greatest Lawyer

846:

To many in organized labor, the McNamara case appeared to be a repeat of the

97: 84: 1320: 1005: 527: 412: 321: 1668:

Hollywood Bohemia: The Roots of Progressive Politics in Rob Wagner's Script

1363:

approve a commission, and it did so on August 23, 1912. The reports of the

1211:

Frank Eckhoff, a friend of John J. McNamara, testified that, following the

732:

via train to California. All three men arrived in Los Angeles on April 26.

2812:"David Caplan of Los Angeles Times dynamiting case freed," St. Louis (MO) 1685:

Heinz-Gerhard Haupt and Jürgen Kocka, eds. New York: Berghahn Books, 2012.

1384: 633:

for the capture of the bombers, and the M&M raised another $ 50,000.

533:

An unresolved contradiction was J.B.'s knowledge of the gas pipes in the

357: 210: 166: 1996:"Twenty-One Killed and More Injured In the Dynamited 'Times' Building," 1640: 1635:

Shapiro, Herbert. "The McNamara Case: A Crisis of the Progressive Era,"

1110:

At his sentencing hearing, Jim McNamera's confession was read in court:

377:

had been successfully resisting unionization for nearly half a century.

1616:

L.A. Story: Immigrant Workers and the Future of the U.S. Labor Movement

770: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 670: 666: 665:

On April 14, 1911, Burns, Burns' son Raymond, and police officers from

2686:"Labor conspiracy cases disposed of in federal court," Rochester (NY) 2057:"M'Manigal repeats boast of M'Namara," N.Y. Times, 15 Nov. 1912, p.4. 1581:

The Origins and Evolution of Industrial Relations in the United States

1510:. Reprint ed. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1974. 701:

papers for McManigal and both McNamara brothers. Burns then left for

2000:

October 2, 1910; "Los Angeles Times Ruins Yield Five More Bodies",

1814:

Foner, pp. 7–8; Welskopp, pp. 156–57; Gottlieb and Wolt, pp. 88–89.

1084:

discredited, the defense's hope for a simple plea agreement ended.

2799:"David Caplan held guilty in Times dynamiting case," Indianapolis 1086: 991: 930: 678: 616: 443: 310: 156: 1394:"J.B." McNamara died of cancer in San Quentin on March 9, 1941. 963: 2972: 2777:

Associated Press, "Jury fixes sentence for life," Oakland (CA)

2747:"Schmidt and Caplan face murder charge on coast," Indianapolis 276:

International Association of Bridge and Structural Iron Workers

234:

International Association of Bridge and Structural Iron Workers

739: 1625:. Rev. and exp. ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1974. 1094:

edition of December 27, 1911 (v. 70, no. 1817) depicting the

1929:

building for 1 am. Dennis McDougal, however, wrote that the

2609: 2607: 1663:. Hardback reprint. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1957. 562:

explosion, there was a reported attempted break-in at the

2392:

McDougal, p. 56–57; Darrow, p. 181; Steffens, p. 674–675.

1656:. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1955. 475:

annex, known as "Ink Alley", which contained the paper's

2959:, C.C. Pierce Photography Collection, Los Angeles Times. 1055:, Otis' son-in-law and assistant general manager at the 1020:

had obtained enough evidence on his own to secure, with

876:, was locked in a very close re-election battle against 689:

confession. He said that he had not participated in the

2790:"Labor leaders and hypocrisy," Sunset, Feb. 1916, p.32. 2651:

United Press, "Ryan is given 7 years," Pittsburgh (PA)

1548:. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press, 1995. 720:

Raid on union headquarters and arrest of J. J. McNamara

2205:

Foner, pp. 12–13; Stimson, p. 389; Adamic, pp. 155–56.

2166:

and jurisdiction. Taft, p. 277; see also Foner, p. 13.

1590:. Champaign, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1987. 1163:

when the change in plea was made. A reporter with the

266:

and the deadliest crime to go to trial in California.

262:

bombing shocked Americans and remains both one of the

2554:"With the two brothers in San Quentin all is quiet," 2511:"With the two brothers in San Quentin all is quiet," 2498:"With the two brothers in San Quentin all is quiet," 1567:"I Have Seen the Future": A Life of Lincoln Steffens. 996:

Members of the pool from which the jury was chosen.

188: 180: 172: 162: 146: 133: 113: 74: 59: 32: 2904: 2902: 2419:Foner, p. 23-24; Darrow, p. 183; Steffens, p. 682. 2354:Foner, p. 21–22; Darrow, p. 182; Steffens, p. 662. 1921:(New York: Random House, 1993) 87, and Lew Irwin, 1539:The Los Angeles Plaza: Sacred and Contested Space. 736:Organized labor unites in defense of the McNamaras 2149:McDougal claims that McManigal and McNamara were 1604:. Reprint ed. New York: Perseus Publishing, 2002. 985:, and an estimated 50,000 people paid to see it. 3000:Deadliest terrorist attacks in the United States 1473:Dynamite: The Story of Class Violence in America 3213:History of labor relations in the United States 2675:United States Circuit Courts of Appeals Reports 2450: 2448: 1583:. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1992. 1112: 3188:Commercial building fires in the United States 2951:Finding Aid for James and John McNamara papers 1649:. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1931. 1639:vol. 59, no. 3 (Fall 1977), pp. 271–287. 1541:Austin, Tex.: University of Texas Press, 2009. 452:Building after the bombing disaster on October 2984: 1835:Cross, p. 278; Kazin, p. 203; Milkman, p. 35. 1597:vol. 70, no. 1 (Spring 1988), pp. 43–68. 1534:vol. 12, no. 7 (Jan. 1912), pp. 397–401. 697:Burns wired California officials and secured 8: 1483:. New York: Columbia University Press, 1966. 661:Arrest of J. B. McNamara and Ortie McManigal 601:, and two non-union construction sites: the 3228:Labor-related violence in the United States 2569:Cases and Other Authorities on Legal Ethics 2487:Cases and Other Authorities on Legal Ethics 2474:Cases and Other Authorities on Legal Ethics 2241:"Law's classification in kidnapping case," 1960:"Robert Sawyer." Motorsport Memorial. 2012. 1885:Miranda, Carolina A. (September 22, 2017). 1822: 1820: 1555:. New York: International Publishers, 1980. 1529:"The McNamara Case and the Labor Movement," 1508:History of the Labor Movement in California 850:case of 1906. In that case, leaders of the 585:After several months, it appeared that the 569:The IW strike committee in Los Angeles and 2991: 2977: 2969: 2588: 2586: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2379: 2377: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2183: 2181: 2127: 2125: 1979: 1977: 1618:. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2006. 1524:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1932. 228:, United States, on October 1, 1910, by a 29: 2883:"M'Namara, Bomber, Dies In San Quentin", 1937:(Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus, 2001) 50, 53. 1780: 1778: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1654:Rise of the Labor Movement in Los Angeles 830:Learn how and when to remove this message 2721:"4-year chase lands alleged dynamiter," 1792: 1790: 1632:. Los Angeles: Dawson's Book Shop, 1969. 1297:years, with time off for good behavior. 1159:Samuel Gompers was traveling by rail in 939:Iron Workers president Frank Ryan asked 389:Merchants and Manufacturers' Association 242:newspaper, which occupied the building. 2626:"Tells of dynamite plot to slay girl," 2175:Burns, pp. 151–55; Stimson, pp. 387–88. 2017:(Guilford, Conn.: Lyons, 2013) 337-338. 1735:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. x. 1694: 1412:Domestic terrorism in the United States 863:, accusing Otis himself of bombing the 361:later described as perhaps the largest 264:deadliest criminal acts in U.S. history 3183:Building bombings in the United States 2923:"John J. M'Namara, Dynamiter, is Dead" 1455:, a carpenter indicted but not charged 498:building, located at First Street and 2734:"Letter found here betrays Caplan," 2613:"38 labor leaders are found guilty," 2275:Taft, pp. 278, 280; Foner, pp. 17–18. 1708:. Sentient Publications. p. 35. 1661:The A.F. of L. in the Time of Gompers 1647:The Autobiography of Lincoln Steffens 1569:Berkeley, Calif.: Counterpoint, 2011. 1517:. New York: Three Rivers Press, 1994. 1481:Age of Industrial Violence, 1910-1913 1443:1919 United States anarchist bombings 27:1910 bombing by trade union activists 7: 2764:"Fair play for Schmidt and Caplan," 2255:The Commercial Telegraphers' Journal 2079:Foner, pp. 11, 14; Irwin, pp. 14–15. 768:adding citations to reliable sources 328:in their industries. Employers used 299:clauses. The McNamara brothers were 3124:Milwaukee Police Department bombing 2912:(Guilford, Conn.: Lyons, 2013) 335. 2628:New York Times, 17 Nov. 1912, p.12. 1576:Guilford, Conn.: Lyons Press, 2013. 1448:Milwaukee Police Department bombing 290:, a subsidiary of the newly formed 3268:Terrorist incidents in Los Angeles 2664:Taft, pp. 283–84; Stimson, p. 412. 2638:"33 dynamiters get prison terms," 1971:Cross, pp. 282–83; Adamic, p. 151. 1950:(Guilford, Conn.: Lyons, 2013) 71. 1875:(Guilford, Conn.: Lyons, 2013) 74. 1558:Gottlieb, Robert and Wolt, Irene. 1365:Commission on Industrial Relations 603:Los Angeles County Hall of Records 307:Strike against American Bridge Co. 25: 3168:1910 murders in the United States 1983:"Fire Kills 19, Unions Accused", 1805:Stimson, p. 380; Fine, pp. 33–46. 1383:, and profoundly influenced most 3263:Terrorist incidents in the 1910s 3253:Mass murder in the United States 3158:1910 crimes in the United States 1496:New York: Crown, September 2008. 970:, was not charged at that time. 744: 41: 2571:(St. Paul: West, 1917) 343-352. 2476:(St. Paul: West, 1917) 349-347. 2140:Burns, p. 146; Stimson, p. 387. 1611:. Los Angeles: Neale Co., 1913. 1532:International Socialist Review, 1476:. New York: Viking Press, 1931. 1459:List of homicides in California 1251:Final cases: Caplan and Schmidt 981:—was produced. It premiered in 966:not guilty. McManigal, who had 955:as co-counsel for the defense. 950:Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce 927:Clarence Darrow for the defense 755:needs additional citations for 2088:Taft, p. 281; Estrada, p. 140. 1637:Southern California Quarterly, 1595:Southern California Quarterly, 1312:United Mine Workers of America 593:auxiliary printing plant, the 315:James (left) and John McNamara 1: 3106:Pittsburgh synagogue shooting 1919:The People v. Clarence Darrow 1137:Reactions to the guilty pleas 1035:As jury selection continued, 506:piped into the building. The 3223:Labor disputes in California 3178:20th-century American trials 3118:Buffalo supermarket shooting 3058:UpStairs Lounge arson attack 2870:"McManigal's Liberty Near," 2768:, Sept. 1915, v.35 n.9 p.23. 2558:, Jan. 1912, v.9 n.78 p.531. 2515:, Jan. 1912, v.9 n.78 p.527. 2502:, Jan. 1912, v.9 n.78 p.530. 2257:, Oct. 1911, v.9 n.10 p.300. 2099:The San Bernardino Daily Sun 2026:"The Crime of the Century," 1316:Western Federation of Miners 1182:landslide loss on December 5 905:The defense blamed the L.A. 852:Western Federation of Miners 575:American Federation of Labor 2489:(St. Paul: West, 1917) 347. 1623:A History of American Labor 779:"Los Angeles Times bombing" 424:Leading up to the explosion 3294: 3233:Labor relations by company 2929:. Butte, Mont. May 8, 1941 2245:, May 1911, v.19 n.6 p.37. 2243:The Motorman and Conductor 1702:McCann, Joseph T. (2006). 1609:The National Dynamite Plot 882:Socialist Party of America 365:campaign in U.S. history. 3248:Mass murder in California 3173:1911 in the United States 3134: 3100:LaGuardia Airport bombing 3076:Los Angeles Times bombing 3028:Mountain Meadows Massacre 3006: 2677:, 1915, v.132, p.257-305. 1195:Big trial in Indianapolis 1187:The two brothers entered 613:Tracking down the bombers 558:On the same night as the 458:the present 1935 building 407:judge issued a series of 40: 3112:Preparedness Day bombing 3064:El Paso Walmart shooting 3040:Pulse nightclub shooting 2803:, 16 Dec. 1916, p.1 c.2. 2545:, 2003, v.71 n.4 p.1564. 2485:George P. Costigan Jr., 2472:George P. Costigan Jr., 1652:Stimson, Grace Heilman. 1355:, and pacifist minister 1189:San Quentin State Prison 1003:began on October 25. As 643:hired private detective 417:Los Angeles City Council 324:and assist employers in 232:member belonging to the 3070:Wilmington insurrection 2755:, 7 Jan. 1916, p.5 c.3. 2673:Ryan v. United States, 1666:Wagner, Rob Leicester. 1562:New York: Putnam, 1977. 1371:, helped establish the 968:turned state's evidence 581:Bombing returns to L.A. 288:American Bridge Company 119:; 113 years ago 3218:History of Los Angeles 3036:(1921) (75–300 deaths) 2688:Democrat and Chronicle 2363:Chandler had left the 1422:Propaganda of the deed 1417:Anarchism and violence 1227: 1178: 1153: 1130: 1117: 1099: 1071:McNamaras plead guilty 997: 936: 920: 622: 461: 316: 98:34.05284°N 118.24500°W 3088:San Bernardino attack 3022:Oklahoma City bombing 1438:Espionage Act of 1917 1341:Henry Morgenthau, Sr. 1222: 1173: 1148: 1125: 1090: 1015:U.S. Attorney General 995: 979:A Martyr to His Cause 962:on May 5, 1911. They 934: 916: 901:Gas explosion defense 620: 447: 411:which all but banned 314: 18:The McNamara Brothers 3278:Trials in California 3198:Events in California 3046:Bath School disaster 3012:September 11 attacks 2861:Kaufman, pp. 3, 8–9. 2843:Cowan, pp. 428, 433. 2816:, 11 July 1923, p.3. 2781:, 31 Dec. 1915, p.6. 2738:, 20 Feb. 1915, p.6. 2725:, 14 Feb. 1915, p.1. 2655:, 30 Dec. 1912, p.1. 2642:, 31 Dec. 1912, p.1. 2617:, 29 Dec. 1912, p.9. 2119:McDougal, pp. 52–53. 1962:Accessed 2012-10-11. 1853:Stimson, pp. 33–133. 1755:Rayback, pp. 219–20. 1537:Estrada, William D. 1522:The Story of My Life 1479:Adams, Jr., Graham. 1018:George W. Wickersham 874:Mayor of Los Angeles 764:improve this article 636:On October 2, 1910, 595:Llewellyn Iron Works 103:34.05284; -118.24500 3258:October 1910 events 3243:Mass murder in 1910 3208:Fires in California 3052:Wall Street bombing 3034:Tulsa race massacre 3030:(1857) (120 deaths) 3024:(1995) (168 deaths) 2885:The New York Times, 2872:The New York Times, 2712:, 5 July 1914, p.1. 2690:, 4 July 1914, p.1. 2567:Geoge F. Costigan, 2316:Darrow, p. 179–181. 2070:, 1 Oct. 1910, p.2. 1729:Irwin, Lew (2013). 1645:Steffens, Lincoln. 1621:Rayback, Joseph G. 1428:Wall Street bombing 1387:labor legislation. 1025:William Howard Taft 958:The McNamaras were 573:, president of the 487:building went off. 381:, publisher of the 209:was the purposeful 94: / 3203:Explosions in 1910 3163:1910 in California 3126:(1917) (10 deaths) 3120:(2022) (10 deaths) 3114:(1916) (10 deaths) 3108:(2018) (11 deaths) 3102:(1975) (11 deaths) 3096:(1886) (12 deaths) 3090:(2015) (14 deaths) 3084:(2009) (14 deaths) 3082:Fort Hood shooting 3078:(1910) (21 deaths) 3072:(1898) (22 deaths) 3066:(2019) (23 deaths) 3060:(1973) (32 deaths) 3054:(1920) (38 deaths) 3048:(1927) (44 deaths) 3042:(2016) (49 deaths) 2927:The New York Times 2601:Hartshorn, p. 215. 2543:Fordham Law Review 2442:Cowan, p. 364-365. 2369:The New York Times 2030:, October 16, 1910 1998:Los Angeles Times, 1987:, October 2, 1910. 1607:McManigal, Ortie. 1600:McDougal, Dennis. 1579:Kaufman, Bruce E. 1565:Hartshorn, Peter. 1520:Darrow, Clarence. 1499:Burns, William J. 1402:, on May 8, 1941. 1357:John Haynes Holmes 1310:presidents of the 1128:murderer at heart. 1100: 1061:John D. Fredericks 998: 937: 730:Los Angeles police 710:Thomas R. Marshall 623: 462: 415:. On July 15, the 379:Harrison Gray Otis 369:Los Angeles strike 363:domestic terrorism 334:agents provocateur 326:busting the unions 317: 3273:Trials in Indiana 3238:Los Angeles Times 3193:Conflicts in 1910 3145: 3144: 2852:Taft, pp. 286–87. 2825:Foner, pp. 29–30. 2699:Taft, pp. 284–85. 2371:, October 2, 1910 2365:Los Angeles Times 2293:Foner, pp. 18–20. 2223:Foner, pp. 14–16. 2214:Foner, pp. 13–14. 2028:Los Angeles Times 1891:Los Angeles Times 1764:Taft, pp. 275–76. 1742:978-0-7627-9524-6 1715:978-1-59181-049-0 1676:978-1-59641-369-6 1551:Foner, Philip S. 1513:Cowan, Geoffrey. 1104:Los Angeles Times 1057:Los Angeles Times 1031:Plea negotiations 1011:cross-examination 840: 839: 832: 814: 467:Los Angeles Times 450:Los Angeles Times 384:Los Angeles Times 352:Dynamite campaign 338:private detective 253:life imprisonment 239:Los Angeles Times 216:Los Angeles Times 205:Los Angeles Times 200: 199: 195:James B. McNamara 192:John J. McNamara 139:Los Angeles Times 50:Los Angeles Times 34:Los Angeles Times 16:(Redirected from 3285: 3094:Haymarket affair 2993: 2986: 2979: 2970: 2939: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2919: 2913: 2906: 2897: 2894: 2888: 2881: 2875: 2874:November 2, 1913 2868: 2862: 2859: 2853: 2850: 2844: 2841: 2835: 2832: 2826: 2823: 2817: 2810: 2804: 2797: 2791: 2788: 2782: 2775: 2769: 2762: 2756: 2745: 2739: 2732: 2726: 2719: 2713: 2706: 2700: 2697: 2691: 2684: 2678: 2671: 2665: 2662: 2656: 2649: 2643: 2636: 2630: 2624: 2618: 2611: 2602: 2599: 2593: 2590: 2581: 2580:Foner, pp. 25–26 2578: 2572: 2565: 2559: 2552: 2546: 2539: 2533: 2522: 2516: 2509: 2503: 2496: 2490: 2483: 2477: 2470: 2464: 2461: 2455: 2452: 2443: 2440: 2434: 2431: 2420: 2417: 2411: 2410:Stimson, p. 405. 2408: 2402: 2401:McDougal, p. 56. 2399: 2393: 2390: 2384: 2381: 2372: 2361: 2355: 2352: 2346: 2343: 2337: 2334: 2317: 2314: 2308: 2305: 2294: 2291: 2285: 2282: 2276: 2273: 2267: 2264: 2258: 2252: 2246: 2239: 2233: 2230: 2224: 2221: 2215: 2212: 2206: 2203: 2197: 2194: 2188: 2185: 2176: 2173: 2167: 2160: 2154: 2147: 2141: 2138: 2132: 2129: 2120: 2117: 2111: 2108: 2102: 2095: 2089: 2086: 2080: 2077: 2071: 2064: 2058: 2055: 2049: 2048:McDougal, p. 53. 2046: 2040: 2037: 2031: 2024: 2018: 2011: 2005: 1994: 1988: 1981: 1972: 1969: 1963: 1957: 1951: 1944: 1938: 1907: 1901: 1900: 1898: 1897: 1882: 1876: 1869: 1863: 1862:Foner, pp. 9–10. 1860: 1854: 1851: 1845: 1842: 1836: 1833: 1827: 1824: 1815: 1812: 1806: 1803: 1797: 1794: 1785: 1782: 1765: 1762: 1756: 1753: 1747: 1746: 1726: 1720: 1719: 1699: 1670:(Janaway 2016) ( 1586:Kazin, Michael. 1339:, industrialist 1328:Lincoln Steffens 1296: 1295: 1291: 1288: 1165:Associated Press 1041:Lincoln Steffens 983:Cincinnati, Ohio 870:George Alexander 835: 828: 824: 821: 815: 813: 772: 748: 740: 707:Indiana Governor 645:William J. Burns 641:George Alexander 621:William J. Burns 599:Baker Iron Works 455: 127: 125: 120: 109: 108: 106: 105: 104: 99: 95: 92: 91: 90: 87: 45: 30: 21: 3293: 3292: 3288: 3287: 3286: 3284: 3283: 3282: 3148: 3147: 3146: 3141: 3130: 3129: 3002: 2997: 2966: 2963: 2947: 2942: 2932: 2930: 2921: 2920: 2916: 2907: 2900: 2895: 2891: 2882: 2878: 2869: 2865: 2860: 2856: 2851: 2847: 2842: 2838: 2833: 2829: 2824: 2820: 2811: 2807: 2798: 2794: 2789: 2785: 2776: 2772: 2763: 2759: 2746: 2742: 2733: 2729: 2720: 2716: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2694: 2685: 2681: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2659: 2650: 2646: 2637: 2633: 2625: 2621: 2612: 2605: 2600: 2596: 2591: 2584: 2579: 2575: 2566: 2562: 2556:The Square Deal 2553: 2549: 2540: 2536: 2523: 2519: 2513:The Square Deal 2510: 2506: 2500:The Square Deal 2497: 2493: 2484: 2480: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2458: 2453: 2446: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2423: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2405: 2400: 2396: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2375: 2362: 2358: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2320: 2315: 2311: 2306: 2297: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2279: 2274: 2270: 2265: 2261: 2253: 2249: 2240: 2236: 2231: 2227: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2200: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2179: 2174: 2170: 2161: 2157: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2123: 2118: 2114: 2110:Adamic, p. 155. 2109: 2105: 2096: 2092: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2074: 2065: 2061: 2056: 2052: 2047: 2043: 2038: 2034: 2025: 2021: 2012: 2008: 2004:October 3, 1910 2002:New York Times, 1995: 1991: 1982: 1975: 1970: 1966: 1958: 1954: 1945: 1941: 1908: 1904: 1895: 1893: 1884: 1883: 1879: 1870: 1866: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1830: 1825: 1818: 1813: 1809: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1788: 1783: 1768: 1763: 1759: 1754: 1750: 1743: 1728: 1727: 1723: 1716: 1701: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1628:Robinson, W.W. 1470:Adamic, Louis. 1467: 1465:Further reading 1453:Anton Johannsen 1426:September 1920 1408: 1381:War Labor Board 1303: 1293: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1253: 1197: 1139: 1098:of the bombing. 1073: 1033: 941:Clarence Darrow 935:Clarence Darrow 929: 903: 836: 825: 819: 816: 773: 771: 761: 749: 738: 722: 663: 615: 583: 548: 453: 442: 426: 371: 354: 342:strike breakers 309: 272: 193: 149: 128: 124:October 1, 1910 123: 121: 118: 117:October 1, 1910 102: 100: 96: 93: 88: 85: 83: 81: 80: 55: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3291: 3289: 3281: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3160: 3150: 3149: 3143: 3142: 3135: 3132: 3131: 3128: 3127: 3121: 3115: 3109: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3031: 3025: 3019: 3008: 3007: 3004: 3003: 2998: 2996: 2995: 2988: 2981: 2973: 2961: 2960: 2954: 2946: 2945:External links 2943: 2941: 2940: 2914: 2898: 2889: 2876: 2863: 2854: 2845: 2836: 2827: 2818: 2805: 2792: 2783: 2770: 2757: 2740: 2736:New York Times 2727: 2723:New York Times 2714: 2701: 2692: 2679: 2666: 2657: 2644: 2640:New York Times 2631: 2619: 2615:New York Times 2603: 2594: 2582: 2573: 2560: 2547: 2534: 2517: 2504: 2491: 2478: 2465: 2456: 2444: 2435: 2421: 2412: 2403: 2394: 2385: 2373: 2356: 2347: 2338: 2318: 2309: 2295: 2286: 2277: 2268: 2259: 2247: 2234: 2225: 2216: 2207: 2198: 2189: 2177: 2168: 2155: 2142: 2133: 2121: 2112: 2103: 2090: 2081: 2072: 2059: 2050: 2041: 2039:Adamic, p. 211 2032: 2019: 2006: 1989: 1985:New York Times 1973: 1964: 1952: 1939: 1935:Privileged Son 1902: 1877: 1864: 1855: 1846: 1844:Cross, p. 282. 1837: 1828: 1816: 1807: 1798: 1786: 1766: 1757: 1748: 1741: 1721: 1714: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1687: 1686: 1679: 1664: 1659:Taft, Philip. 1657: 1650: 1643: 1633: 1626: 1619: 1614:Milkman, Ruth 1612: 1605: 1598: 1591: 1584: 1577: 1570: 1563: 1556: 1549: 1544:Fine, Sidney. 1542: 1535: 1527:Debs, Eugene. 1525: 1518: 1511: 1506:Cross, Ira B. 1504: 1501:The Masked War 1497: 1484: 1477: 1466: 1463: 1462: 1461: 1456: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1407: 1404: 1400:Butte, Montana 1373:eight-hour day 1369:Frank P. Walsh 1349:Louis Brandeis 1302: 1299: 1252: 1249: 1196: 1193: 1138: 1135: 1072: 1069: 1053:Harry Chandler 1032: 1029: 1001:Jury selection 928: 925: 902: 899: 861:Eugene V. Debs 838: 837: 820:September 2017 752: 750: 743: 737: 734: 721: 718: 714:arrest warrant 686:Chicago Police 662: 659: 614: 611: 582: 579: 571:Samuel Gompers 547: 544: 516:Vanderbilt Cup 477:printing press 441: 438: 425: 422: 405:superior court 370: 367: 353: 350: 340:agencies, and 308: 305: 301:Irish American 271: 268: 198: 197: 190: 186: 185: 182: 178: 177: 174: 170: 169: 164: 160: 159: 150: 147: 144: 143: 135: 131: 130: 115: 111: 110: 78: 72: 71: 61: 57: 56: 47:Rubble of the 46: 38: 37: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3290: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3155: 3153: 3139: 3133: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3013: 3010: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2994: 2989: 2987: 2982: 2980: 2975: 2974: 2971: 2967: 2964: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2948: 2944: 2928: 2924: 2918: 2915: 2911: 2905: 2903: 2899: 2896:Foner, p. 29. 2893: 2890: 2887:March 9, 1941 2886: 2880: 2877: 2873: 2867: 2864: 2858: 2855: 2849: 2846: 2840: 2837: 2834:Taft, p. 284. 2831: 2828: 2822: 2819: 2815: 2814:Post-Dispatch 2809: 2806: 2802: 2796: 2793: 2787: 2784: 2780: 2774: 2771: 2767: 2766:The Carpenter 2761: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2744: 2741: 2737: 2731: 2728: 2724: 2718: 2715: 2711: 2705: 2702: 2696: 2693: 2689: 2683: 2680: 2676: 2670: 2667: 2661: 2658: 2654: 2648: 2645: 2641: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2623: 2620: 2616: 2610: 2608: 2604: 2598: 2595: 2592:Foner, p. 27. 2589: 2587: 2583: 2577: 2574: 2570: 2564: 2561: 2557: 2551: 2548: 2544: 2538: 2535: 2531: 2530:0-8103-8875-8 2527: 2521: 2518: 2514: 2508: 2505: 2501: 2495: 2492: 2488: 2482: 2479: 2475: 2469: 2466: 2463:Foner, p. 28. 2460: 2457: 2454:Foner, p. 25. 2451: 2449: 2445: 2439: 2436: 2433:Foner, p. 24. 2430: 2428: 2426: 2422: 2416: 2413: 2407: 2404: 2398: 2395: 2389: 2386: 2383:Foner, p. 23. 2380: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2360: 2357: 2351: 2348: 2345:Foner, p. 22. 2342: 2339: 2336:Taft, p. 281. 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2313: 2310: 2307:Foner, p. 21. 2304: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2290: 2287: 2284:Foner, p. 18. 2281: 2278: 2272: 2269: 2263: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2248: 2244: 2238: 2235: 2229: 2226: 2220: 2217: 2211: 2208: 2202: 2199: 2196:Foner, p. 13. 2193: 2190: 2187:Taft, p. 277. 2184: 2182: 2178: 2172: 2169: 2165: 2159: 2156: 2152: 2146: 2143: 2137: 2134: 2131:Foner, p. 12. 2128: 2126: 2122: 2116: 2113: 2107: 2104: 2100: 2094: 2091: 2085: 2082: 2076: 2073: 2069: 2063: 2060: 2054: 2051: 2045: 2042: 2036: 2033: 2029: 2023: 2020: 2016: 2010: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1993: 1990: 1986: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1968: 1965: 1961: 1956: 1953: 1949: 1943: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1906: 1903: 1892: 1888: 1881: 1878: 1874: 1868: 1865: 1859: 1856: 1850: 1847: 1841: 1838: 1832: 1829: 1823: 1821: 1817: 1811: 1808: 1802: 1799: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1784:Taft, p. 276. 1781: 1779: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1761: 1758: 1752: 1749: 1744: 1738: 1734: 1733: 1725: 1722: 1717: 1711: 1707: 1706: 1698: 1695: 1689: 1684: 1680: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1662: 1658: 1655: 1651: 1648: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1631: 1627: 1624: 1620: 1617: 1613: 1610: 1606: 1603: 1599: 1596: 1592: 1589: 1585: 1582: 1578: 1575: 1571: 1568: 1564: 1561: 1557: 1554: 1550: 1547: 1543: 1540: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1526: 1523: 1519: 1516: 1512: 1509: 1505: 1502: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1469: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1409: 1405: 1403: 1401: 1395: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1353:Irving Fisher 1350: 1346: 1343:, journalist 1342: 1338: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1322: 1317: 1313: 1307: 1300: 1298: 1280: 1276: 1274: 1273:The Carpenter 1269: 1265: 1263: 1257: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1241: 1235: 1232: 1231:Olaf Tveitmoe 1226: 1221: 1217: 1214: 1209: 1205: 1203: 1194: 1192: 1190: 1185: 1183: 1177: 1172: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1143: 1136: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1122: 1116: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1097: 1093: 1092:Puck magazine 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1049:E. W. Scripps 1045: 1042: 1038: 1030: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1019: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1007: 1002: 994: 990: 988: 984: 980: 975: 971: 969: 965: 961: 956: 954: 951: 946: 942: 933: 926: 924: 919: 915: 911: 908: 900: 898: 894: 891: 885: 883: 879: 875: 871: 866: 862: 856: 853: 849: 844: 834: 831: 823: 812: 809: 805: 802: 798: 795: 791: 788: 784: 781: – 780: 776: 775:Find sources: 769: 765: 759: 758: 753:This section 751: 747: 742: 741: 735: 733: 731: 727: 726:circuit court 719: 717: 715: 711: 708: 704: 700: 695: 692: 687: 682: 680: 676: 675:blasting caps 672: 668: 660: 658: 655: 651: 646: 642: 639: 634: 632: 628: 619: 612: 610: 608: 607:Christmas Day 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 580: 578: 576: 572: 567: 565: 561: 556: 552: 545: 543: 541: 536: 531: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 492: 488: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 468: 459: 451: 446: 439: 437: 435: 431: 423: 421: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 399:dollars) and 396: 394: 393:San Francisco 390: 386: 385: 380: 376: 373:Employers in 368: 366: 364: 359: 351: 349: 345: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 313: 306: 304: 302: 298: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 269: 267: 265: 261: 256: 254: 250: 249: 248:cause célèbre 243: 241: 240: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 217: 212: 208: 206: 196: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 168: 165: 161: 158: 154: 151: 145: 142: 140: 136: 132: 116: 112: 107: 79: 77: 73: 69: 65: 62: 58: 53: 51: 44: 39: 35: 31: 19: 3075: 3016:2,977 deaths 2965: 2962: 2931:. Retrieved 2926: 2917: 2910:Deadly Times 2909: 2892: 2884: 2879: 2871: 2866: 2857: 2848: 2839: 2830: 2821: 2813: 2808: 2800: 2795: 2786: 2778: 2773: 2765: 2760: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2735: 2730: 2722: 2717: 2710:New York Sun 2709: 2704: 2695: 2687: 2682: 2674: 2669: 2660: 2652: 2647: 2639: 2634: 2627: 2622: 2614: 2597: 2576: 2568: 2563: 2555: 2550: 2542: 2537: 2520: 2512: 2507: 2499: 2494: 2486: 2481: 2473: 2468: 2459: 2438: 2415: 2406: 2397: 2388: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2350: 2341: 2312: 2289: 2280: 2271: 2262: 2254: 2250: 2242: 2237: 2228: 2219: 2210: 2201: 2192: 2171: 2158: 2145: 2136: 2115: 2106: 2098: 2093: 2084: 2075: 2067: 2062: 2053: 2044: 2035: 2027: 2022: 2015:Deadly Times 2014: 2009: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1984: 1967: 1955: 1948:Deadly Times 1947: 1942: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1923:Deadly Times 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1894:. Retrieved 1890: 1880: 1873:Deadly Times 1872: 1867: 1858: 1849: 1840: 1831: 1810: 1801: 1796:Foner, p. 8. 1760: 1751: 1731: 1724: 1704: 1697: 1682: 1667: 1660: 1653: 1646: 1636: 1629: 1622: 1615: 1608: 1601: 1594: 1587: 1580: 1573: 1572:Irwin, Lee. 1566: 1559: 1552: 1545: 1538: 1531: 1521: 1514: 1507: 1500: 1490: 1487:Blum, Howard 1480: 1471: 1433:Palmer Raids 1396: 1392: 1389: 1351:, economist 1345:Paul Kellogg 1337:Lillian Wald 1325: 1308: 1304: 1281: 1277: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1258: 1254: 1245: 1239: 1236: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1212: 1210: 1206: 1202:John W. Kern 1198: 1186: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1158: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1140: 1131: 1126: 1120: 1118: 1113: 1109: 1103: 1101: 1095: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1065: 1056: 1046: 1034: 1004: 999: 978: 976: 972: 957: 953:Joseph Scott 945:Bill Haywood 938: 921: 917: 912: 906: 904: 895: 889: 886: 878:Job Harriman 864: 857: 848:Bill Haywood 845: 841: 826: 817: 807: 800: 793: 786: 774: 762:Please help 757:verification 754: 723: 712:to issue an 703:Indianapolis 696: 690: 683: 664: 653: 635: 626: 624: 590: 586: 584: 568: 563: 559: 557: 553: 549: 539: 534: 532: 523: 519: 511: 507: 495: 493: 489: 484: 480: 472: 466: 463: 449: 427: 401:overtime pay 397: 382: 372: 355: 346: 318: 286:against the 273: 259: 257: 246: 244: 237: 215: 204: 203: 201: 189:Perpetrators 153:Time bombing 138: 49: 33: 2933:October 11, 2908:Lew Irwin, 2532:, page 252. 2164:due process 1946:Lew Irwin, 1871:Lew Irwin, 1377:World War I 1333:Jane Addams 1326:Journalist 1279:for this." 1247:president. 1039:journalist 699:extradition 546:Other bombs 504:natural gas 409:injunctions 375:Los Angeles 330:labor spies 222:Los Angeles 148:Attack type 101: / 89:118°14′42″W 76:Coordinates 64:Los Angeles 3152:Categories 1915:N.Y. Times 1896:2018-10-23 1690:References 1161:New Jersey 1037:muckraking 790:newspapers 650:alcoholics 430:West Coast 358:dynamiting 297:union shop 292:U.S. Steel 270:Background 226:California 211:dynamiting 86:34°03′10″N 68:California 3138:this list 2151:kidnapped 1367:, led by 1347:, jurist 1321:hung jury 1301:Aftermath 1123:workers: 1096:flareback 1022:President 1006:voir dire 987:Labor Day 960:arraigned 716:for J.J. 434:St. Louis 413:picketing 322:open shop 129:1:07 a.m. 3014:(2001) ( 1641:In JSTOR 1406:See also 1385:New Deal 1375:and the 1361:Congress 1225:charged. 528:anarchic 500:Broadway 471:and the 469:Building 218:Building 167:Dynamite 141:Building 60:Location 52:building 2779:Tribune 2068:Tribune 1292:⁄ 1264:bombs. 804:scholar 671:Chicago 667:Detroit 440:Bombing 213:of the 207:bombing 181:Injured 163:Weapons 122: ( 54:in 1910 36:bombing 2528: 1739: 1712: 1674: 806: 799: 792: 785: 777: 679:alibis 631:reward 597:, the 454: 284:strike 173:Deaths 134:Target 70:, U.S. 2957:Photo 2653:Press 1931:Times 1927:Times 1911:Times 1379:-era 1262:Times 1240:Times 1213:Times 1121:Times 907:Times 890:Times 865:Times 811:JSTOR 797:books 691:Times 654:Times 638:Mayor 627:Times 591:Times 587:Times 564:Times 560:Times 540:Times 535:Times 524:Times 520:Times 512:Times 508:Times 496:Times 485:Times 481:Times 473:Times 280:union 260:Times 230:union 157:arson 2935:2019 2801:Star 2753:Star 2749:Star 2526:ISBN 1737:ISBN 1710:ISBN 1672:ISBN 1335:and 1314:and 964:pled 880:, a 783:news 669:and 625:The 448:The 274:The 258:The 202:The 184:100+ 114:Date 766:by 220:in 3154:: 2925:. 2901:^ 2606:^ 2585:^ 2447:^ 2424:^ 2376:^ 2321:^ 2298:^ 2180:^ 2124:^ 1976:^ 1889:. 1819:^ 1789:^ 1769:^ 1489:. 1323:. 1204:. 1063:. 872:, 336:, 332:, 224:, 176:21 155:, 66:, 3140:. 3018:) 2992:e 2985:t 2978:v 2937:. 1899:. 1745:. 1718:. 1678:) 1494:. 1294:2 1290:1 1287:+ 1285:6 833:) 827:( 822:) 818:( 808:· 801:· 794:· 787:· 760:. 460:. 126:) 20:)

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