325:(a type of African spear) and some swords for the Malagasy to clean. The assegais had been acquired on Madagascar along with the Malagasy, some of whom were experienced in the use of this weapon. Krause believed himself to be intellectually superior to the Malagasy, and is reported to have laughed when issuing his order, saying he was sure that others would doubt his wisdom; having set the task, he went below deck for a meal. When the Malagasy had cleaned the weapons and were ordered to return them, they attacked the ship's crew, killing all who were left on deck, including Krause, who had returned when the attack began. Also killed in this fight were two of the ship's mates, Bender and Albert, leaving only Daniel Carel Gulik surviving of that rank. Some of the surviving crew climbed into the rigging, and others, including Gulik, Koops, Jan de Leeuw, and Krause's assistant Olof Leij, withdrew to the
1134:, in particular 'Dutch burghers'." Beginning in the 17th century, "so-called free burghers had to sow and plant what prescribed ... They could sell their produce only to the , and it alone would set the prices ... the reservation that this must always take place after communication with the government ... first free burghers at the Cape received in full ownership as much land as they could bring under cultivation within three years ... decided to grant ownership of to the tenant farmers ... their property rights would lapse ... still considered itself master of the grazing lands temporary could be arbitrarily revoked at any time ... the end of the eighteenth century the vast majority of loan farm tenants were people who possessed no freehold land." The militia is described in the source as a "commando".
130:, and persuaded them to light the signal fires for which the Malagasy still on board were waiting. On seeing the fires, the Malagasy cut the ship's anchor cable and allowed the ship to drift towards the shore, after which she ran aground on an offshore sandbank. The Malagasy could then see the militia on the shore preparing to come to the ship's assistance, and realised that their situation was hopeless; they surrendered and were once again enslaved. Muller, the ship's mate Daniel Carel Gulik and Krause's assistant Olof Leij were tried in the Dutch East India Company's Council of Justice; all three were fired from the company, while Muller and Gulik were also stripped of their rank and wages. The enslaved Malagasy were not tried, but the two surviving leaders of the mutiny, named in Dutch East India Company records as
295:
33:
624:, bringing the other end of the rope with them and handing it up to the crew on the ship. The crew then helped the remaining fifty-three Malagasy climb down to the Dutch volunteers, who helped them to shore, some carrying children on their backs. The Dutch built a fire to warm the Malagasy after their immersion in the water, and fed them; three wagons took them to Cape Town on 12 March. Of the 140 or so Malagasy who had been taken on the ship originally, 112 reached the Cape Colony.
1071:
mutinous violence … one can reasonably assume that understanding of the mentality was minimal, and that he must have been a man of limited imagination … had been employed in the capacity of slave purchase and management. He would thus have been already personally acquainted with the he would have been the most capable candidate in the eyes of the to undertake complex … negotiations of this nature… The only possibility for obtaining life and liberty were thus secured in his hands".
432:, in which Gulik was injured again. Their hope was to frighten the Malagasy into submission, and a Malagasy woman who had been taken hostage was instructed to tell the other Malagasy that, if they did not surrender, the crew would blow up the ship. The Malagasy correctly pointed out that doing so would kill the crew as well, and again demanded that they be returned to Madagascar. Leij agreed, but Captain Muller ordered the crew to sail the ship towards
345:. Muller escaped to his cabin and soon climbed down from a window, via the rudder, to join the others in the gunroom. Crew member Rijk Meyer, who had been thrown overboard with others from the rigging, managed to swim around the ship to a rope hanging from the gunroom window, and was pulled to safety by his shipmates. Although the crew who had climbed into the rigging threatened the Malagasy from the fore-mast with
4850:
401:
505:
171:
612:. The Malagasy saw how close they were to defeat; the ship was grounded and a force of Dutchmen on shore was preparing to go to the ship's assistance. Olof Leij persuaded the remaining Malagasy to surrender; he promised that, if they allowed themselves to be enslaved again, they would not be punished further. A second canoe, manned by Leij, Daniel Gulik and a
378:, through an elaborate deception. Although Krause had presented the Malagasy with an opportunity to mutiny by allowing them on deck and handing them familiar weapons, the mutiny had been premeditated and organised by the Malagasy, who intended to kill all Europeans on board the ship, and to return to Madagascar. According to
663:
and dismissal from the company; they lost their rank and their pay was docked. They were also ordered to pay the costs of the case and were sent home to
Amsterdam, having to work their passage; Muller was banned from the Cape Colony and was banned for life from working for the VOC. Olof Leij was also
524:
About 90 Malagasy remained on the ship throughout the following week, waiting for the promised signal fires and growing increasingly impatient. Some of the mutineers decided to build a raft to carry them to the shore in an effort to establish exactly where they were. In a stroke of luck for the crew,
588:
to drift shorewards, where she grounded on a sandbank. Crew member Rijk Meyer, who had earlier been thrown overboard and swum around the ship to the safety of the gunroom, now swam from the ship to the shore and was brought to Le Sueur. He informed Le Sueur that the
Malagasy on the ship had told him
573:
Although we trust in the Lord to save us we kindly request the finder of this letter to light three fires on the beach and stand guard at these behind the dunes, should the ship run aground, so that the slaves may not become aware that this is a
Christian country. They will certainly kill us if they
529:
was setting onshore, and knowing of the arrangements for signal fires, they wrote messages asking for
Dutchmen on land to light three fires on the shore to deceive the Malagasy on the ship into believing they were close to home rather than in a "Christian country", and to guard them "should the ship
456:
Dutch farmers had spotted the ship, and observing that she was flying no flags understood that to be a distress signal. On coming ashore, the
Malagasy reached a farm belonging to Dutchman Matthijs Rostok and discovered that they had been deceived by the ship's crew. Local officials had ordered local
1007:
is unknown, since officers on VOC ships carried out their own, undeclared trade, to the extent that this is how "most slaves actually got to the Cape "; it was also a cause of severe over-crowding on slave ships. Some of the
Malagasy gave their number as 150. The average age of slaves taken to Cape
280:
and some others were set to controlling and taking care of the sails, which has been described as "unheard of, and certainly against all regulations". Allowing slaves into secure areas on deck was common practice on most
European vessels, and VOC regulations did permit them to be released onto the
760:
from the
Netherlands to help identify this wreck among the numerous ships reputed to have run aground in the Struisbaai area. In 2011 the Iziko Museums' travelling exhibition "Finding Meermin" included updates on the progress of Jaco Boshoff's work with the archaeological research team, but, as of
448:
to tell him that the land they saw was a different part of
Madagascar. They dropped anchor when the ship was "a mile (1.6 km) offshore", and the mutiny's leader, with more than 50 – perhaps as many as 70 – other Malagasy men and women set off for the shore in the ship's longboat and
593:
in a canoe, but a unit of the militia immediately surrounded the party when they landed. One
Malagasy was shot dead and three others taken prisoner; the dead Malagasy was later identified by one of the ship's crew as the mutiny's overall ringleader, but his name was not recorded. Of the remaining
89:
and thus avoid attrition by death and disease in their overcrowded living conditions. The Malagasy were put to working the ship and entertaining the crew. In mid-February, Krause ordered the Malagasy to clean some Madagascan weapons, which they used to seize the ship in an attempt to regain their
273:
some of them and make them work on deck. Disease was spreading among the Malagasy in the unsanitary conditions below deck, and the ship's surgeon had reported that, while there were no suitable medicines on board, disease was spreading to the crew. Consequently, two days after the ship had left
1070:
The shift in leadership of the crew from Muller to Leij has been ascribed to factors additional to Muller's wounding and Krause's death: " was not in a fit frame of mind or body … while Muller certainly stands out as a captain whose authoritative ineptitude created an atmosphere conducive to
478:. A crew member who had come ashore with the Malagasy and subsequently escaped was taken to Le Sueur, who sent him to report in person to the authorities at Cape Town. Meanwhile, local farmers and burghers were recapturing Malagasy in small groups. The authorities at Cape Town sent two
436:, the southernmost point of Africa. Muller's assessment was that the Malagasy had little skill in seafaring and navigation and therefore would be unlikely to notice the deception, which proved to be the case. After three or four days' sailing they sighted land, the VOC settlement of
457:
Dutch farmers and burghers to form an impromptu militia; some of the Malagasy were shot dead and some were imprisoned at Wessels Wesselsen's property close by. On 27 February, a local official named Hentz wrote a letter describing events to Johannes Le Sueur, the VOC magistrate for
564:
s boats, he was handed a bottle containing a message signed by Jan de Leeuw. A second bottle, containing a message signed by Olof Leij, was also found and handed to Le Sueur, and the fires were lit on 7 March. One of the messages is preserved in the Cape Archives Repository.
589:
to find out whether the earlier landing party was there, but that he had secretly arranged with the other crew members that, if help was available on shore, he would signal back to the ship by waving a handkerchief above his head. Six Malagasy and another crew member also left
424:
Laurens Pieters; twelve crewmen armed themselves and exited the gunroom shooting as they went. Pieters and another man were surprised and killed as they stepped on deck; the rest retreated back to the gunroom, where another crewman, who had been severely wounded, later died.
467:, a little more than six kilometres (4 mi) north-west of Struisbaai, and "installed himself" in the home of farmer Barend Geldenhuijs. Le Sueur then went to Wesselsen's property, where he interrogated 18 Malagasy men in an attempt to assess the situation on board
525:
the mutineers encountered a black shepherd, but he ran away before they could speak to him; believing that they were indeed in Madagascar, they returned to the ship. Meanwhile, the surviving crew members were becoming desperate; having observed that the
384:, the Malagasy had "planned for a long time to become masters of the ship aim was to go back to own country". It may be that the Malagasy had originally intended to sail the ship themselves, as did the slaves involved in a later mutiny on the VOC ship
619:
The weather had begun to deteriorate, and it was decided that the schuit was not strong enough to bring the remaining Malagasy ashore. One end of a rope was anchored to the shore, and at low tide volunteers from the Dutch group on shore swam out to
556:
boats, now onshore, could be used: one was buried in the sand, and the other was in need of repair. The party from Cape Town had arrived by 6 March, and, while Johannes Le Sueur was overseeing the carpenters' examination of
97:
would return to Madagascar, where the Malagasy would be released. Gambling on the Malagasy's ignorance of navigation, the wounded Muller instead ordered his crew to head for the coast of southern Africa. After making landfall at
415:
back to Madagascar; but this truce broke down; the crewmen were killed and their bodies thrown overboard. The crew in the gunroom were short of food and drink; Muller decided that they should attempt to regain control of
819:
or single-masted ship of 450 tons, but, having examined the ship's plans, archaeologist Jaco Boshoff confirmed that she was one of the rarer, and heavier, oak-built three-masters. The ship's plans are held at the
667:
Other rulings made in this case represented a "huge step in the recognition of oppressed people as free-thinking individuals". The VOC's normal punishment for a slave who attacked an owner or overseer was "death by
281:
deck from time to time, under careful supervision. But the chief concern was that they might jump overboard to escape, rather than that they might mutiny, despite a mutiny by the slaves occurring on the VOC ship
443:
The leader of the mutineers was by now suspicious. The orientation of the sunrise, and birds the Malagasy had seen, did not match those of his homeland, which he pointed out to Leij, who spoke enough of the
4659:
2807:
349:, "only those that reached the safety of the barricaded ... escaped a brutal death." With Krause dead and Muller wounded, Olof Leij was left in charge of the remaining crew below deck.
2686:
History and Ethnography of Africa South of the Zambesi: From the Settlement of the Portuguese at Sofala in September 1505 to the Conquest of the Cape Colony by the British in September 1795
3437:
274:
Madagascar, the crew moved a "large party of " from confinement to make them work, the men made to assist the crew and the women made to provide entertainment by dancing and singing.
2601:
738:, was renamed the Old Slave Lodge, commemorating its accommodation of about 9,000 government-owned slaves between the 17th and early 19th centuries. In 2004 Iziko Museums started a
1147:, which was sent to assist in 1766, was presumably the same ship with which supercargo Krause had been involved in 1760; the VOC owned only one ship of this name from 1757 to 1775.
4226:
2525:
3684:
3388:
269:. To avoid the loss of profit caused by enslaved Malagasy dying while at sea, Krause convinced Captain Muller, who was in his first command and was unwell at the time, to
249:
men, women and children to be enslaved in the Cape Colony. Carrying about 140 Malagasy, she set sail from "Betisboka Bay" on the north-western coast of Madagascar on
4884:
4829:
4763:
1595:
4899:
4836:
594:
two, one swam away and the other was believed either to have swum back to the ship or drowned in the attempt. Enraged by the crew's deception, the Malagasy still on
4331:
3604:
3395:
2800:
2297:
2099:
1964:
1939:
1891:
1822:
1791:
1687:
1587:
1516:
1444:
4645:
4624:
4485:
3402:
265:
Johann Krause was probably the most experienced merchant trading in Madagascar, although he had been "guilty of an earlier indiscretion in 1760", on the VOC ship
102:
in the Cape Colony, which the Malagasy were assured was their homeland, 50 to 70 of them went ashore. Their intention was to signal to the others still on board
4247:
3597:
1861:
1634:
1199:
1112:
Reference by modern sources to these local Dutchmen as "burghers", or citizens, is somewhat anachronous, since the Cape Colony was VOC property at the time: a "
1128:, a person not in the service of the , who, with the consent of the , made use of company land. Usually ex-servants; in the 19th century descendants of these
664:
dismissed from the VOC. The burghers of Struisbaai were considered to have played an "exemplary role" in assisting Le Sueur's efforts to terminate the mutiny.
93:
The crew negotiated a truce, under the terms of which the Malagasy undertook to spare the lives of the surviving crew members. In exchange, it was agreed that
2626:
4163:
4079:
3534:
3513:
1190:
4617:
3444:
3652:
287:
in 1753. That mutiny was quickly suppressed, but clearly it could happen again, making Captain Muller's agreement to the kind of release that occurred on
4854:
4296:
2793:
474:
On 3 March, he went from there to Matthijs Rostok's farm and began corresponding with the VOC's Cape Colony government, based in what is now the city of
3273:
4680:
4541:
4464:
3754:
453:. They had promised their fellow Malagasy that they would light signal fires on the beach and send the boats back if it was safe for them to follow.
411:
The crew members on the fore-mast initially reached an agreement with the Malagasy: the crew's lives were to be spared on condition that they sailed
4822:
4610:
4345:
3677:
339:. Captain Muller, who stated that he had been "gazing out over the sea" at the time of the attack, was taken by surprise and stabbed three times by
3155:
3093:
4603:
4408:
4156:
4037:
3620:
4450:
874:
The sources use various 18th-century Dutch terms, not all of which are easily translated into modern English: Captain Muller's rank is given as "
4701:
4666:
4184:
3381:
3102:
72:
3236:
2555:
4575:
4142:
2712:
2694:
2671:
2653:
2383:
2360:
2337:
4791:
4582:
4492:
4114:
2593:
2576:
Collins, T. (2001), "From Hoekers to Hookers: A Survey of the Literature and Annotated Bibliography on the Origins of the Galway Hooker",
4889:
4728:
4673:
4589:
4436:
4100:
3663:
3330:
3300:
3213:
4687:
4652:
4596:
4121:
4086:
3775:
3224:
306:
3490:
3483:
2421:
193:
bought and transported approximately 63,000 enslaved people to its Cape Colony in southern Africa, now part of South Africa. In
4471:
4338:
4317:
4275:
3817:
2403:
81:
set sail from Madagascar on 20 January 1766, heading to the Cape Colony. Two days into the trip, Johann Godfried Krause, the ship's
2260:
4401:
4240:
3409:
3323:
3266:
2202:
2049:
1959:
1928:
1764:
1727:
1572:
1238:
1400:
1156:
The building also accommodated convicted criminals and the mentally ill; it was modified to serve as government offices in 1810.
4631:
4394:
4310:
4191:
4177:
4149:
3416:
3360:
2539:
644:; they auctioned cables, ropes and other items from the ship on the shore. As it was judged too expensive to salvage the hull,
3569:
4380:
4289:
4044:
3803:
684:
should be "put on until further instructions". The purpose of this was for observation of their behaviour, in the hope that
4534:
4520:
4443:
4324:
4282:
4261:
4135:
3698:
3576:
3344:
3066:
1594:. Educational Broadcasting Corporation. 2010. Retrieved 21 February 2012; Raharimahefa, T. & Kusky, T.M. (2010),
294:
2301:
2096:
1968:
1936:
1895:
1819:
1788:
1684:
1584:
1520:
1441:
746:; supporting historical and archaeological research was also commissioned, funded by the South African National Lottery.
672:", but none of the Malagasy were tried. For lack of sufficient evidence it was decided that the remaining mutiny leaders
4798:
4742:
4568:
4457:
4429:
4366:
4058:
3916:
821:
3583:
2459:
Alexander, A. (2007a). "Negotiation, Trade and the Rituals of Encounter: An Examination of the Slave-Trading Voyage of
4735:
4638:
4513:
4422:
4268:
3627:
1865:
1638:
1596:"Environmental monitoring of Bombetoka Bay and the Betsiboka estuary, Madagascar, using multi-temporal satellite data"
1203:
731:
533:
Convinced they would be killed if the Malagasy discovered the truth while still on board ship, the crew sealed their
4205:
3726:
3634:
3590:
3367:
3245:
3144:
2617:
1315:
735:
1187:
4874:
4749:
4387:
4219:
4212:
4170:
3884:
3831:
3719:
3670:
3451:
3109:
1090:
is reported to have said, "We were ordered to work on the ship. We often pulled ropes. We worked with the sails."
2465:
Negotiation, Trade and the Rituals of Encounter: An Examination of the Slave-Trading Voyage of de Zon, 1775–1776
4561:
3824:
3476:
1364:
655:
the VOC's Council of Justice found Captain Muller and the surviving ship's mate, Daniel Carel Gulik, guilty of
302:
190:
183:
90:
freedom; Krause was among the first of the crew to be killed, and Muller was stabbed three times but survived.
52:
3116:
1946:. Educational Broadcasting Corporation. 2010. Retrieved 29 January 2012; Huystee, Marit van (ed., 1994),
450:
59:, took place in February 1766 and lasted for three weeks. Her final voyage was cut short by the mutiny of the
420:. Neither Muller nor Gulik took part in the attack, as both were wounded; command was instead transferred to
4894:
4198:
4093:
3960:
3810:
3691:
3423:
3206:
356:
leadership of three men: the primary leader's name is unknown, but the names of the others were recorded as
126:
crew, now led by Krause's assistant Olof Leij, managed to communicate with the militia on shore by means of
32:
3768:
3733:
2935:
598:
launched an attack on the crew which lasted for three hours, but the crew were able to defend themselves.
4303:
4233:
4128:
4023:
3877:
3527:
3307:
3220:
3015:
2835:
537:
and dropped them into the onshore current. The VOC authorities in Cape Town had sent their chief ship's
802:
approximations, rather than necessarily the actual names borne by the men concerned, which are unknown.
4051:
3937:
3705:
3641:
3374:
3137:
3130:
3082:
2865:
1227:
739:
830:" was named after its original purpose, using baited hooks to catch fish. Distinctive features of a
4506:
4478:
4352:
3870:
3863:
3796:
3761:
3712:
3192:
2999:
2680:
2561:
2225:
2107:
1916:
1294:
898:" (literally "yard-master"), for "cook's mate" and "steward"; Bender, Albert and Gulik's rank was "
534:
175:
127:
2380:
2357:
2334:
1025:
The Malagasy "were provided with lethal weapons, the use of which they were highly familiar with".
3199:
2774:
2742:
2496:
2484:
725:
75:
in southern Africa. During the mutiny half the ship's crew and almost 30 Malagasy captives died.
2753:
Worden, N. (2009), "The changing politics of slave heritage in the Western Cape, South Africa",
1099:
The crew members in the gunroom "were forced to subsist on raw bacon and potatoes and a cask of
2237:
2221:
1290:
4879:
4784:
4770:
4107:
3923:
3747:
3337:
2927:
2857:
2766:
2734:
2708:
2690:
2667:
2649:
2581:
2531:
2476:
1425:
445:
117:
arrival; the farmers had understood that as the ship was flying no flags, it was in distress.
2272:
106:
if it was safe for them to follow, but the shore party soon found themselves confronted by a
85:, persuaded the captain, Gerrit Cristoffel Muller, to release the Malagasy slaves from their
4708:
4072:
3782:
3562:
3252:
3007:
2975:
2911:
2758:
2726:
2468:
4030:
3944:
3838:
3506:
3430:
3351:
3075:
2959:
2951:
2943:
2919:
2508:
2387:
2364:
2341:
2103:
1943:
1826:
1795:
1691:
1591:
1448:
1242:
1231:
1194:
1009:
981:
542:
461:, about 146 kilometres (91 mi) to the north-west. Two days later Le Sueur arrived in
246:
60:
2407:
1084:
had some experience of working the ship: in his testimony to the VOC Council of Justice,
734: – the building housing the South Africa Cultural History Museum, a branch of
17:
4777:
4499:
4373:
4016:
3930:
3613:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3259:
3185:
3031:
2991:
1368:
845:
816:
757:
633:
310:
230:
194:
1731:
1235:
742:
project, associated with the Old Slave Lodge museum, to find and salvage the wreck of
4868:
4694:
4415:
3520:
3499:
3469:
3462:
3171:
2778:
2746:
2488:
2186:
1768:
1404:
1282:
1254:
1179:
1175:
1013:
703:
640:. They recovered nearly 300 firearms, gunpowder and musket balls, compasses and five
546:
526:
492:, with a party of soldiers under two corporals and a sergeant, to assist in retaking
143:
2785:
4359:
3968:
3789:
3740:
2903:
2817:
1100:
458:
433:
400:
346:
584:
The Malagasy on the ship, seeing the signal fires, cut the anchor cable, allowing
158:
survived there for another 20 years. In 2004, a search was begun for the wreck of
2684:
824:
in Amsterdam, and are available to view online in low resolution. The ship type "
601:
On 9 March the ship's carpenters from Cape Town completed repairs to one of
428:
On the third day, the survivors set off a small explosion just outside it, using
237:
for the VOC's African trade. From December 1765 she was working the coastline of
3952:
2895:
1054:
656:
242:
1451:. Educational Broadcasting Corporation. 2010. Retrieved 21 February 2012;
4527:
4065:
3178:
3123:
2983:
2967:
2762:
2730:
2472:
2106:. Educational Broadcasting Corporation. 2010. Retrieved 29 January 2012;
1058:
1050:
1040:, they were given six assegais to clean, but attacked the crew with only four.
971:
925:
837:
669:
437:
405:
299:
262:
238:
220:
99:
82:
64:
56:
2770:
2738:
2585:
2535:
2516:
Alexander, A. (2007b), "Shipboard Slave Uprisings on the Malagasy Coast: The
2480:
2156:
1829:. Educational Broadcasting Corporation. 2010. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
1798:. Educational Broadcasting Corporation. 2010. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
1694:. Educational Broadcasting Corporation. 2010. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
63:
captives onboard, who had been sold to Dutch East India Company officials on
3986:
3977:
3908:
3314:
3291:
3280:
991:
951:
911:
799:
613:
538:
504:
475:
429:
421:
234:
1049:
Several ranks of deck officer on merchant ships are known as "mates", e.g.
749:
Jaco Boshoff of Iziko Museums, who is in charge of the research, retrieved
4756:
4254:
3899:
3023:
2880:
2721:
Webster, J. (2008), "Slave Ships and Maritime Archaeology: An Overview",
915:
660:
208:
2557:
Hunting for a lost ship under two and a half centuries of shifting sands
388:, in 1775; but they found that they could not control the ship, and the
3164:
641:
375:
322:
270:
107:
86:
68:
47:
170:
3891:
3047:
2826:
961:
336:
3039:
1297:. Western Cape Government. 2005. Retrieved 12 February 2012;
503:
399:
332:
293:
169:
31:
2228:. Western Cape Government. 2005. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
2110:. Western Cape Government. 2005. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
1613:
1611:
549:
and 20 sailors overland. Carpenters were needed since neither of
574:
establish that we made them believe that this is their country.
212:
179:
2789:
2646:
The Migrant Farmer in the History of the Cape Colony, 1657–1842
374:, a man of 26, had been enslaved by "the king of Toulier", now
2625:, Iziko Museums Freedom Day Lecture, University of Cape Town,
1008:
Town was 16. "Betisboka Bay" may be a misspelt conflation of "
886:", for "supercargo"; Harmen Koops' position is given as both "
541:, Philip van den Berg, with two other ship's carpenters, two
2300:. Educational Broadcasting Corporation. 2010. Archived from
1967:. Educational Broadcasting Corporation. 2010. Archived from
1894:. Educational Broadcasting Corporation. 2010. Archived from
1864:. Educational Broadcasting Corporation. 2010. Archived from
1837:
1835:
1637:. Educational Broadcasting Corporation. 2010. Archived from
1519:. Educational Broadcasting Corporation. 2010. Archived from
1202:. Educational Broadcasting Corporation. 2010. Archived from
1197:. Hofstra University. 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2012;
2578:
Journal of the Galway Archaeological and Historical Society
1660:
1658:
1656:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1224:
496:, but the ships did not arrive until the action was over.
2064:
2062:
1316:"Algemeen plan en spantenraam van de hoeker 'De Meermin'"
2224:. Rebirth.co.za. 2000. Retrieved 12 February 2012;
1293:. Rebirth.co.za. 2000. Retrieved 12 February 2012;
1178:. Rebirth.co.za. 2000. Retrieved 19 February 2012;
2367:. Iziko Museums. 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2012;
2344:. Iziko Museums. 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2012;
2279:. Mermaid Guest House. Retrieved 2 February 2012;
2263:. Iziko Museums. 2007. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
2205:. Iziko Museums. 2007. Retrieved 4 February 2012;
2052:. Iziko Museums. 2007. Retrieved 4 February 2012;
1962:. Iziko Museums. 2007. Retrieved 4 February 2012;
1931:. Iziko Museums. 2007. Retrieved 4 February 2012;
1767:. Iziko Museums. 2007. Retrieved 4 February 2012;
1575:. Iziko Museums. 2007. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
1188:"Dutch East India Company, Trade Network, 18th Century"
696:
might shed further light on how the mutiny had arisen.
2705:
The Dutch East India Company's Slave Lodge at the Cape
2390:. Iziko Museums. 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
2240:. Rebirth.co.za. 2000. Retrieved 12 February 2012
2140:
2138:
2136:
730:
On 24 September 1998 – South Africa's
2594:"Tracing a Mutiny by Slaves Off South Africa in 1766"
1432:. Historici.nl. 2000. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
1186:. VOCsite.nl. 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2012;
1289:. VOCsite.nl. 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2012;
1261:. VOCsite.nl. 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2012;
648:
was ultimately left to break up where she grounded.
4812:
4718:
4551:
4006:
3997:
3855:
3651:
3290:
3235:
3154:
3092:
3065:
3058:
2824:
2619:
Unearthing Slavery: The Complex Role of Archaeology
2165:. VOCsite.nl. 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
1775:. VOCsite.nl. 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
2174:
1917:"Merchant Navy Deck Officer – Pay and progression"
1176:"History of Slavery: The first slaves at the Cape"
2398:
2396:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2217:
2215:
1950:, Western Australian Maritime Museum, p. 55.
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
2193:. VOCsite. 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2012.
1722:
1720:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
616:, went ashore to deliver news of the surrender.
3605:Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre
2723:International Journal of Historical Archaeology
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
571:
233:, which was built in 1759 in the Dutch port of
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1327:(click on the image to view a larger version).
1225:"The Dutch East India Company (VOC) 1602–1799"
2801:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1245:. entoen.nu. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
8:
2203:"The Meermin Story: At Zoetendal’s Valleij…"
1919:. careersnz. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
1573:"The Meermin Story: At Zoetendal’s Valleij…"
2689:, vol. 3, Cambridge University Press,
2664:An Unsung Heritage: Perspectives on Slavery
2422:"Slave ship still eludes dogged scientists"
2158:
1426:
1129:
1123:
1113:
1085:
1035:
985:
975:
965:
955:
945:
939:
938:", in this context "junior merchant", and "
933:
919:
905:
899:
893:
887:
881:
875:
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
831:
825:
793:
787:
711:
697:
691:
685:
679:
673:
515:
509:
479:
462:
379:
369:
363:
357:
340:
331:, or gunroom, which was below decks at the
326:
321:, Krause ordered him to bring on deck some
282:
275:
224:
198:
153:
147:
137:
131:
37:
4003:
3062:
2808:
2794:
2786:
2368:
2322:
2292:
2280:
2123:
2068:
2037:
2025:
2013:
2001:
1989:
1932:
1886:
1841:
1807:
1784:
1676:
1664:
1629:
1617:
1456:
1452:
716:survived there for another 20 years.
317:According to crew member Harmen Koops, on
2707:, South African Cultural History Museum,
2644:Merwe, van der, P.J.; Beck, R.B. (1995),
904:", or "ship's mate" (the "ship's mate" ("
211:which appeared on company materials as a
4885:Maritime incidents involving slave ships
3678:Reconstruction and Development Programme
2442:
2127:
2080:
2053:
1948:The Batavia Journal of François Palsaert
1862:"Secrets of the Dead: Slave Ship Mutiny"
1811:
1680:
1635:"Secrets of the Dead: Slave Ship Mutiny"
1460:
1387:
1340:
1302:
1298:
1270:
1262:
1200:"Secrets of the Dead: Slave Ship Mutiny"
207:, the company's initials were used in a
4900:History of the Dutch East India Company
3274:1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike
2160:Woordenlijst – Personeel en organisatie
1752:
1352:
1336:
1266:
1168:
779:
245:Gerrit Muller and a crew of 56, taking
3755:2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike
2504:
2494:
2345:
2298:"Slave Ship Mutiny Program Transcript"
2097:"Slave Ship Mutiny Program Transcript"
2050:"The Meermin Story: The Story Begins…"
1965:"Slave Ship Mutiny Program Transcript"
1960:"The Meermin Story: The Story Begins…"
1937:"Slave Ship Mutiny Program Transcript"
1929:"The Meermin Story: The Story Begins…"
1892:"Slave Ship Mutiny Program Transcript"
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1820:"Slave Ship Mutiny Program Transcript"
1789:"Slave Ship Mutiny Program Transcript"
1765:"The Meermin Story: The Story Begins…"
1728:"The Meermin Story: The Story Begins…"
1685:"Slave Ship Mutiny Program Transcript"
1585:"Slave Ship Mutiny Program Transcript"
1517:"Slave Ship Mutiny Program Transcript"
1442:"Slave Ship Mutiny Program Transcript"
918:: normally VOC ships also carried an "
2632:from the original on 18 February 2016
2406:. Iziko Museums. 2012. Archived from
2206:
2144:
2119:
2084:
1815:
1730:. Iziko Museums. 2007. Archived from
1464:
1403:. Iziko Museums. 2007. Archived from
1365:"Dictionary.com Translator (Meermin)"
636:as much as possible from the beached
7:
3685:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
3331:Coloured-vote constitutional crisis
2560:, Earthexplorer.com, archived from
1318:(in Dutch). Maritiem Digitaal. 1760
910:", or "steer-man") ranks included
880:"; Krause's position is given as "
200:Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie
25:
4837:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
4472:South African Party (Cape Colony)
2530:, vol. 33, pp. 84–111,
1371:. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
928:", but none is identified on the
110:of farmers formed in response to
4849:
4848:
2757:, vol. 50, pp. 23–40,
2604:from the original on 29 May 2015
2580:, vol. 53, pp. 66–83,
2467:. Vol. 31. pp. 39–58.
1003:The exact number of Malagasy on
4486:South African Party (1977–1980)
4479:South African Party (1911–1934)
4395:Progressive Party (Cape Colony)
4192:Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners
2725:, vol. 12, pp. 6–19,
2238:"Slaves Failed Bid for Freedom"
2222:"Slaves Failed Bid for Freedom"
1291:"Slaves Failed Bid for Freedom"
291:"appear all the more foolish".
3804:2019 service delivery protests
3790:#FeesMustFall student protests
3535:1983 constitutional referendum
2261:"The Meermin Story: Surrender"
2175:Merwe, van der & Beck 1995
932:); Leij is described as both "
836:are the "apple cheeks" of the
1:
4262:Johannesburg Reform Committee
3491:Israel–South Africa Agreement
2884:
2869:
2846:
2839:
3917:Black Consciousness Movement
3671:Government of National Unity
2598:New York Times International
822:Nederlands Scheepvaartmuseum
608:s two boats, described as a
3628:Saint James Church massacre
3514:Weapons of mass destruction
811:Different sources describe
352:The mutiny began under the
27:1766 revolt on a slave ship
4916:
4890:Maritime incidents in 1766
3368:1957 Alexandra bus boycott
3246:South West Africa campaign
3145:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
3110:French Huguenot settlement
2755:Journal of African History
723:
189:Between 1658 and 1799 the
4846:
4823:African National Congress
4283:Liberal Party (1953–1968)
3621:1992 apartheid referendum
2763:10.1017/S0021853709004204
2731:10.1007/s10761-007-0040-8
2648:, Ohio University Press,
2473:10.1017/S0165115300001182
2381:"History of the building"
2358:"History of the building"
2335:"History of the building"
1086:
1036:
794:
788:
761:2013, the search for the
712:
698:
692:
686:
680:
674:
463:
380:
370:
364:
358:
341:
276:
197:, the company's name was
154:
148:
138:
132:
4276:Labour Party (1969–1994)
4269:Labour Party (1910–1958)
3825:2020 Phala Phala Robbery
3783:#RhodesMustFall protests
3382:1960 republic referendum
2102:15 November 2010 at the
1942:15 November 2010 at the
1825:15 November 2010 at the
1794:15 November 2010 at the
1690:15 November 2010 at the
1600:Journal of Earth Science
1590:15 November 2010 at the
1447:15 November 2010 at the
1193:11 December 2011 at the
944:"; Laurens Pieters was "
392:drifted for three days.
191:Dutch East India Company
152:died three years later;
53:Dutch East India Company
18:The Meermin slave mutiny
4721:terrorist organisations
3811:2019 Johannesburg riots
3424:Constructive engagement
3389:International isolation
3207:Witwatersrand Gold Rush
2703:Vollgraaff, H. (1997),
2592:LaFraniere, S. (2005),
2424:. IOL. 14 November 2013
2386:15 January 2012 at the
2363:15 January 2012 at the
2340:15 January 2012 at the
1241:3 February 2012 at the
1230:1 December 2010 at the
798:are 18th-century Dutch
313:in the background, 1762
146:for observation, where
3734:Attack on Kennedy Road
3345:Congress of the People
2936:South African Republic
2159:
1427:
1130:
1124:
1114:
986:
976:
966:
956:
946:
940:
934:
920:
906:
900:
894:
888:
882:
876:
832:
826:
659:and sentenced them to
576:
521:
516:
510:
480:
408:
335:of the ship, near the
327:
314:
283:
225:
199:
186:
174:Carved stone from the
71:by the company in its
42:
38:
36:An 18th-century Dutch
4304:Natal Indian Congress
4024:Afrikaner Broederbond
3878:Afrikaner nationalism
3664:1994 general election
3635:Bophuthatswana crisis
3528:Church Street bombing
3308:Apartheid legislation
3301:1948 general election
3221:South Africa Act 1909
3016:Union of South Africa
2836:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
2816:Political history of
2662:Mountain, A. (2005),
2554:Chandler, G. (2009),
840:. This ship's name, "
507:
403:
305:ship approaching the
297:
173:
35:
3938:Greater South Africa
3776:2014 platinum strike
3642:Shell House massacre
3570:Transkei coup d'état
3375:Sharpeville massacre
3138:Battle of Blaauwberg
3131:Battle of Muizenberg
3083:Battle of Salt River
2866:Mthethwa Paramountcy
1080:The Malagasy on the
740:maritime archaeology
632:The VOC authorities
569:Extract from message
464:Soetendaal's Valleij
4830:Democratic Alliance
4007:Civic and political
3871:Afrikaner Calvinism
3864:African nationalism
3713:African Renaissance
3403:UNSC Resolution 591
3324:Internal resistance
3225:National Convention
3193:Transvaal Civil War
3117:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars
3000:Orange River Colony
2542:on 18 February 2016
2304:on 15 November 2010
2226:"Struisbaai (R319)"
2108:"Struisbaai (R319)"
1971:on 15 November 2010
1898:on 15 November 2010
1771:Heuvelen, Drie 1752
1620:, p. 89(note).
1523:on 15 November 2010
1455:, pp. 87, 89;
1401:"The Meermin Story"
1295:"Struisbaai (R319)"
657:culpable negligence
535:messages in bottles
396:Truces and betrayal
176:Castle of Good Hope
128:messages in bottles
3577:Ciskei coup d'état
3396:UN Resolution 1761
3361:Women's March 1956
3214:South African Wars
3200:Mineral Revolution
2616:Malan, A. (2008),
2040:, pp. 99–100.
2028:, pp. 99–102.
1810:, pp. 89–90;
1632:, pp. 102–3;
1605:, pp. 210–26.
1339:, pp. 68–71;
1269:, pp. 68–71;
964:; Le Sueur was a "
726:Meermin (VOC ship)
522:
409:
315:
229:-type, with three
223:ship of the Dutch
187:
45:A slave mutiny on
43:
4862:
4861:
4815:political parties
4808:
4807:
4785:Orde van die Dood
4402:Progressive Party
4108:Congress Alliance
3924:Cape Independence
3856:Political culture
3851:
3850:
3818:COVID-19 pandemic
3748:Marikana massacre
3584:Venda coup d'état
3338:Defiance Campaign
2928:Orange Free State
2858:Dutch Cape Colony
2714:978-1-875045-26-6
2696:978-1-108-02334-4
2673:978-0-86486-622-6
2655:978-0-8214-1090-5
2404:"Finding Meermin"
2016:, pp. 89–90.
954:"; de Leeuw was "
446:Malagasy language
203:: abbreviated as
16:(Redirected from
4907:
4875:Slave rebellions
4852:
4851:
4839:
4832:
4825:
4801:
4794:
4787:
4780:
4773:
4766:
4759:
4752:
4745:
4738:
4731:
4719:Paramilitary and
4711:
4709:Umkosi Wezintaba
4704:
4697:
4690:
4683:
4676:
4669:
4662:
4655:
4648:
4641:
4634:
4627:
4620:
4613:
4606:
4599:
4592:
4585:
4578:
4571:
4564:
4554:social movements
4552:Trade unions and
4544:
4537:
4530:
4523:
4516:
4509:
4502:
4495:
4488:
4481:
4474:
4467:
4460:
4453:
4446:
4439:
4432:
4425:
4418:
4411:
4404:
4397:
4390:
4383:
4376:
4369:
4362:
4355:
4348:
4341:
4334:
4327:
4320:
4313:
4306:
4299:
4292:
4285:
4278:
4271:
4264:
4257:
4250:
4243:
4236:
4229:
4222:
4215:
4208:
4201:
4194:
4187:
4180:
4173:
4166:
4159:
4152:
4145:
4138:
4131:
4124:
4117:
4110:
4103:
4096:
4089:
4082:
4075:
4073:Boerestaat Party
4068:
4061:
4054:
4047:
4040:
4033:
4026:
4019:
4004:
3990:
3981:
3972:
3963:
3956:
3947:
3940:
3933:
3926:
3919:
3912:
3903:
3894:
3887:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3844:
3834:
3827:
3820:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3792:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3764:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3722:
3715:
3708:
3701:
3694:
3687:
3680:
3673:
3666:
3644:
3637:
3630:
3623:
3616:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3572:
3565:
3563:Dakar Conference
3558:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3523:
3516:
3509:
3502:
3493:
3486:
3484:Israeli alliance
3479:
3472:
3465:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3438:Sporting boycott
3433:
3426:
3419:
3412:
3410:Academic boycott
3405:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3370:
3363:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3326:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3267:Great Depression
3262:
3255:
3253:Maritz rebellion
3248:
3228:
3216:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3167:
3147:
3140:
3133:
3126:
3119:
3112:
3105:
3103:Dutch settlement
3085:
3078:
3076:Bantu migrations
3063:
3051:
3043:
3035:
3027:
3019:
3011:
3008:Transvaal Colony
3003:
2995:
2987:
2979:
2976:Nieuwe Republiek
2971:
2963:
2955:
2947:
2939:
2931:
2923:
2915:
2912:Natalia Republic
2907:
2899:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2881:Ndwandwe Kingdom
2876:
2874:
2871:
2861:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2787:
2781:
2749:
2717:
2699:
2676:
2666:, David Philip,
2658:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2631:
2624:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2588:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2564:on 25 April 2012
2550:
2549:
2547:
2538:, archived from
2512:
2506:
2502:
2500:
2492:
2446:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2400:
2391:
2378:
2372:
2355:
2349:
2332:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2290:
2284:
2270:
2264:
2258:
2241:
2235:
2229:
2219:
2210:
2200:
2194:
2184:
2178:
2177:, pp. 1–63.
2172:
2166:
2162:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2131:
2117:
2111:
2094:
2088:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2057:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1957:
1951:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1858:
1845:
1839:
1830:
1805:
1799:
1782:
1776:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1734:on 15 March 2007
1724:
1695:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1627:
1621:
1615:
1606:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1513:
1468:
1439:
1433:
1430:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1407:on 10 March 2007
1397:
1391:
1385:
1372:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1334:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1312:
1306:
1280:
1274:
1252:
1246:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1173:
1157:
1154:
1148:
1141:
1135:
1133:
1127:
1117:
1110:
1104:
1097:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1078:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1047:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1017:
1001:
995:
989:
987:scheeps jongjete
979:
969:
959:
949:
943:
937:
923:
909:
903:
897:
891:
885:
879:
872:
849:
835:
829:
809:
803:
797:
796:
791:
790:
784:
755:
715:
714:
709:
708:20 December 1769
701:
700:
695:
694:
689:
688:
683:
682:
677:
676:
654:
607:
580:
563:
555:
519:
513:
483:
466:
465:
404:Conditions on a
383:
382:
373:
372:
367:
366:
361:
360:
344:
343:
330:
320:
319:18 February 1766
286:
279:
278:
252:
228:
202:
157:
156:
151:
150:
141:
140:
135:
134:
125:
116:
41:
21:
4915:
4914:
4910:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4904:
4865:
4864:
4863:
4858:
4842:
4835:
4828:
4821:
4814:
4804:
4797:
4790:
4783:
4776:
4769:
4762:
4755:
4748:
4741:
4734:
4727:
4720:
4714:
4707:
4700:
4693:
4686:
4679:
4672:
4665:
4658:
4651:
4644:
4637:
4630:
4623:
4616:
4609:
4602:
4595:
4588:
4581:
4574:
4567:
4560:
4553:
4547:
4540:
4533:
4526:
4519:
4512:
4505:
4498:
4491:
4484:
4477:
4470:
4463:
4456:
4449:
4442:
4435:
4428:
4421:
4414:
4407:
4400:
4393:
4386:
4379:
4372:
4365:
4358:
4351:
4344:
4337:
4330:
4323:
4316:
4309:
4302:
4295:
4288:
4281:
4274:
4267:
4260:
4253:
4246:
4239:
4232:
4225:
4220:HNP (Herstigte)
4218:
4213:HNP (Herenigde)
4211:
4204:
4197:
4190:
4183:
4176:
4169:
4162:
4155:
4148:
4141:
4134:
4127:
4120:
4113:
4106:
4099:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4064:
4057:
4050:
4043:
4036:
4031:Afrikaner Party
4029:
4022:
4015:
4008:
3999:
3993:
3984:
3975:
3966:
3959:
3950:
3945:Honorary whites
3943:
3936:
3929:
3922:
3915:
3906:
3897:
3890:
3883:
3876:
3869:
3862:
3847:
3837:
3830:
3823:
3816:
3809:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3781:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3753:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3725:
3718:
3711:
3706:Soweto bombings
3704:
3697:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3662:
3654:
3647:
3640:
3633:
3626:
3619:
3612:
3603:
3596:
3589:
3582:
3575:
3568:
3561:
3554:
3547:
3540:
3533:
3526:
3519:
3512:
3507:Soweto Uprising
3505:
3498:
3489:
3482:
3475:
3468:
3461:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3431:Tar Baby Option
3429:
3422:
3415:
3408:
3401:
3394:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3366:
3359:
3352:Freedom Charter
3350:
3343:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3286:
3279:
3272:
3265:
3258:
3251:
3244:
3231:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3198:
3191:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3088:
3081:
3074:
3054:
3046:
3038:
3030:
3022:
3014:
3006:
2998:
2990:
2982:
2974:
2966:
2958:
2952:Griqualand West
2950:
2944:Griqualand East
2942:
2934:
2926:
2918:
2910:
2902:
2894:
2887:
2879:
2872:
2864:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2834:
2820:
2814:
2784:
2752:
2720:
2715:
2702:
2697:
2679:
2674:
2661:
2656:
2643:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2622:
2615:
2607:
2605:
2591:
2575:
2567:
2565:
2553:
2545:
2543:
2515:
2503:
2493:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2441:
2437:
2427:
2425:
2420:
2413:
2411:
2410:on 6 April 2012
2402:
2401:
2394:
2388:Wayback Machine
2379:
2375:
2369:Vollgraaff 1997
2365:Wayback Machine
2356:
2352:
2342:Wayback Machine
2333:
2329:
2323:Alexander 2007b
2321:
2317:
2307:
2305:
2296:
2295:, p. 103;
2293:Alexander 2007b
2291:
2287:
2281:LaFraniere 2005
2271:
2267:
2259:
2244:
2236:
2232:
2220:
2213:
2201:
2197:
2185:
2181:
2173:
2169:
2155:
2151:
2143:
2134:
2124:LaFraniere 2005
2118:
2114:
2104:Wayback Machine
2095:
2091:
2083:, p. 204;
2079:
2075:
2069:LaFraniere 2005
2067:
2060:
2048:
2044:
2038:Alexander 2007b
2036:
2032:
2026:Alexander 2007b
2024:
2020:
2014:Alexander 2007b
2012:
2008:
2002:Alexander 2007b
2000:
1996:
1990:Alexander 2007b
1988:
1984:
1974:
1972:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1944:Wayback Machine
1933:Alexander 2007b
1927:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1899:
1890:
1887:Alexander 2007b
1885:
1881:
1871:
1869:
1868:on 7 April 2011
1860:
1859:
1848:
1842:Alexander 2007b
1840:
1833:
1827:Wayback Machine
1814:, p. 204;
1808:Alexander 2007b
1806:
1802:
1796:Wayback Machine
1785:Alexander 2007b
1783:
1779:
1763:
1759:
1755:, pp. 7–8.
1751:
1747:
1737:
1735:
1726:
1725:
1698:
1692:Wayback Machine
1683:, p. 204;
1677:Alexander 2007b
1675:
1671:
1665:Alexander 2007b
1663:
1654:
1644:
1642:
1641:on 7 April 2011
1633:
1630:Alexander 2007b
1628:
1624:
1618:Alexander 2007b
1616:
1609:
1592:Wayback Machine
1583:
1579:
1571:
1536:
1526:
1524:
1515:
1514:
1471:
1463:, p. 204;
1457:Alexander 2007a
1453:Alexander 2007b
1449:Wayback Machine
1440:
1436:
1424:
1420:
1410:
1408:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1386:
1375:
1363:
1359:
1351:
1347:
1335:
1331:
1321:
1319:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1281:
1277:
1265:, p. 204;
1253:
1249:
1243:Wayback Machine
1232:Wayback Machine
1223:
1219:
1209:
1207:
1206:on 7 April 2011
1198:
1195:Wayback Machine
1182:Amersfoort 1655
1174:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1142:
1138:
1111:
1107:
1098:
1094:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1065:
1048:
1044:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1010:Betsiboka River
1002:
998:
982:maritime pilots
873:
852:
810:
806:
785:
781:
776:
771:
753:
728:
722:
707:
653:30 October 1766
652:
630:
605:
582:
578:
570:
561:
553:
502:
398:
328:Constapelskamer
318:
259:
251:20 January 1766
250:
168:
142:, were sent to
123:
114:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4913:
4911:
4903:
4902:
4897:
4895:1766 in Africa
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4867:
4866:
4860:
4859:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4833:
4826:
4818:
4816:
4810:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4802:
4795:
4788:
4781:
4778:Ossewabrandwag
4774:
4767:
4760:
4753:
4746:
4739:
4732:
4724:
4722:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4712:
4705:
4698:
4691:
4684:
4677:
4670:
4663:
4656:
4649:
4642:
4635:
4628:
4621:
4614:
4607:
4600:
4593:
4586:
4579:
4572:
4565:
4557:
4555:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4545:
4538:
4531:
4524:
4521:Unionist Party
4517:
4510:
4503:
4500:Torch Commando
4496:
4489:
4482:
4475:
4468:
4461:
4454:
4447:
4440:
4433:
4426:
4419:
4412:
4405:
4398:
4391:
4384:
4377:
4374:Orde Boerevolk
4370:
4363:
4356:
4349:
4342:
4335:
4328:
4321:
4314:
4307:
4300:
4293:
4286:
4279:
4272:
4265:
4258:
4251:
4244:
4237:
4230:
4223:
4216:
4209:
4202:
4195:
4188:
4181:
4174:
4167:
4160:
4153:
4150:DP (1989–2000)
4146:
4143:DP (1973–1977)
4139:
4136:Dominion Party
4132:
4125:
4118:
4111:
4104:
4097:
4090:
4083:
4076:
4069:
4062:
4055:
4048:
4041:
4034:
4027:
4020:
4017:Afrikaner Bond
4012:
4010:
4001:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3982:
3973:
3964:
3957:
3948:
3941:
3934:
3931:Day of the Vow
3927:
3920:
3913:
3904:
3895:
3888:
3881:
3874:
3867:
3859:
3857:
3853:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3835:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3807:
3800:
3793:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3765:
3758:
3751:
3744:
3737:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3709:
3702:
3699:Floor crossing
3695:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3659:
3657:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3638:
3631:
3624:
3617:
3614:Bisho massacre
3610:
3609:
3608:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3559:
3556:Operation Vula
3552:
3549:Rubicon speech
3545:
3542:Langa massacre
3538:
3531:
3524:
3517:
3510:
3503:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3480:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3448:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3385:
3378:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3304:
3296:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3260:Rand Rebellion
3256:
3249:
3241:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3196:
3189:
3186:Boer Republics
3182:
3175:
3168:
3160:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3127:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3098:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3079:
3071:
3069:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3044:
3036:
3032:Bophuthatswana
3028:
3020:
3012:
3004:
2996:
2992:Klein Vrystaat
2988:
2980:
2972:
2964:
2956:
2948:
2940:
2932:
2924:
2916:
2908:
2900:
2892:
2877:
2862:
2854:
2831:
2829:
2822:
2821:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2790:
2783:
2782:
2750:
2718:
2713:
2700:
2695:
2677:
2672:
2659:
2654:
2641:
2613:
2589:
2573:
2551:
2513:
2505:|journal=
2463:, 1775–1776".
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2435:
2392:
2373:
2350:
2327:
2325:, p. 101.
2315:
2285:
2265:
2242:
2230:
2211:
2195:
2179:
2167:
2149:
2132:
2130:, p. 204.
2122:, p. 33;
2112:
2089:
2073:
2058:
2056:, p. 204.
2042:
2030:
2018:
2006:
2004:, p. 100.
1994:
1982:
1952:
1935:, p. 90;
1921:
1909:
1889:, p. 90;
1879:
1846:
1844:, p. 103.
1831:
1818:, p. 32;
1800:
1787:, p. 89;
1777:
1757:
1745:
1696:
1679:, p. 89;
1669:
1652:
1622:
1607:
1577:
1534:
1469:
1459:, p. 39;
1434:
1428:VOC-glossarium
1418:
1392:
1390:, p. 204.
1373:
1369:Dictionary.com
1357:
1345:
1329:
1307:
1305:, p. 204.
1275:
1247:
1217:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1149:
1136:
1105:
1092:
1073:
1063:
1042:
1027:
1018:
996:
850:
848:for "mermaid".
804:
778:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
724:Main article:
721:
718:
629:
626:
568:
567:
530:run aground".
501:
498:
397:
394:
311:Table Mountain
258:
255:
219:was a 480-ton
178:, showing the
167:
164:
83:chief merchant
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4912:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4857:
4856:
4845:
4838:
4834:
4831:
4827:
4824:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4811:
4800:
4796:
4793:
4789:
4786:
4782:
4779:
4775:
4772:
4768:
4765:
4761:
4758:
4754:
4751:
4747:
4744:
4740:
4737:
4733:
4730:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4717:
4710:
4706:
4703:
4699:
4696:
4695:Die Spoorbund
4692:
4689:
4685:
4682:
4678:
4675:
4671:
4668:
4664:
4661:
4657:
4654:
4650:
4647:
4643:
4640:
4636:
4633:
4629:
4626:
4622:
4619:
4615:
4612:
4608:
4605:
4601:
4598:
4594:
4591:
4587:
4584:
4580:
4577:
4573:
4570:
4566:
4563:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4550:
4543:
4539:
4536:
4535:Workers Party
4532:
4529:
4525:
4522:
4518:
4515:
4511:
4508:
4504:
4501:
4497:
4494:
4490:
4487:
4483:
4480:
4476:
4473:
4469:
4466:
4462:
4459:
4455:
4452:
4448:
4445:
4441:
4438:
4434:
4431:
4427:
4424:
4420:
4417:
4416:Radio Freedom
4413:
4410:
4406:
4403:
4399:
4396:
4392:
4389:
4385:
4382:
4378:
4375:
4371:
4368:
4367:Oranjewerkers
4364:
4361:
4357:
4354:
4350:
4347:
4343:
4340:
4336:
4333:
4329:
4326:
4322:
4319:
4315:
4312:
4308:
4305:
4301:
4298:
4294:
4291:
4287:
4284:
4280:
4277:
4273:
4270:
4266:
4263:
4259:
4256:
4252:
4249:
4245:
4242:
4238:
4235:
4231:
4228:
4224:
4221:
4217:
4214:
4210:
4207:
4203:
4200:
4196:
4193:
4189:
4186:
4182:
4179:
4175:
4172:
4168:
4165:
4161:
4158:
4154:
4151:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4126:
4123:
4119:
4116:
4112:
4109:
4105:
4102:
4098:
4095:
4091:
4088:
4084:
4081:
4077:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4063:
4060:
4056:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4042:
4039:
4035:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4009:organisations
4005:
4002:
4000:organisations
3996:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3965:
3962:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3921:
3918:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3882:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3843:
3841:
3836:
3833:
3829:
3826:
3822:
3819:
3815:
3812:
3808:
3805:
3801:
3798:
3797:Tshwane riots
3794:
3791:
3787:
3784:
3780:
3777:
3773:
3770:
3766:
3763:
3759:
3756:
3752:
3749:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3731:
3728:
3724:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3710:
3707:
3703:
3700:
3696:
3693:
3689:
3686:
3682:
3679:
3675:
3672:
3668:
3665:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3650:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3625:
3622:
3618:
3615:
3611:
3606:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3567:
3564:
3560:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3521:Project Coast
3518:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3504:
3501:
3500:Mafeje affair
3497:
3492:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3470:Durban Moment
3467:
3464:
3463:Rivonia Trial
3460:
3453:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3421:
3418:
3417:Disinvestment
3414:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3379:
3376:
3372:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3321:
3316:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3264:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3172:1820 Settlers
3169:
3166:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3084:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2882:
2878:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2837:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2823:
2819:
2811:
2806:
2804:
2799:
2797:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2716:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2698:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2657:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2628:
2621:
2620:
2614:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2552:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2498:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2444:
2443:Chandler 2009
2439:
2436:
2423:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2354:
2351:
2348:, p. 32.
2347:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2316:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2276:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2209:, p. 33.
2208:
2204:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2190:
2189:Neptunus 1757
2183:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2153:
2150:
2147:, p. 33.
2146:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2128:Mountain 2005
2125:
2121:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2093:
2090:
2087:, p. 33.
2086:
2082:
2081:Mountain 2005
2077:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2054:Mountain 2005
2051:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1995:
1992:, p. 99.
1991:
1986:
1983:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1910:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1880:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1812:Mountain 2005
1809:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1772:
1766:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1746:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1681:Mountain 2005
1678:
1673:
1670:
1667:, p. 89.
1666:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1461:Mountain 2005
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1429:
1422:
1419:
1406:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1388:Mountain 2005
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1358:
1355:, p. 67.
1354:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1341:Chandler 2009
1338:
1333:
1330:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1303:Mountain 2005
1300:
1299:Chandler 2009
1296:
1292:
1288:
1286:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1271:Chandler 2009
1268:
1264:
1263:Mountain 2005
1260:
1258:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1221:
1218:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1177:
1172:
1169:
1163:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1143:The VOC ship
1140:
1137:
1132:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1083:
1077:
1074:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1043:
1034:According to
1031:
1028:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1014:Bombetoka Bay
1011:
1006:
1000:
997:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
942:
936:
931:
927:
922:
921:Opperstuurman
917:
913:
908:
902:
901:Onderstuurman
896:
890:
884:
878:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
834:
828:
823:
818:
814:
808:
805:
801:
783:
780:
773:
768:
766:
764:
759:
752:
747:
745:
741:
737:
736:Iziko Museums
733:
727:
719:
717:
705:
704:Robben Island
671:
665:
662:
658:
649:
647:
643:
639:
635:
627:
625:
623:
617:
615:
611:
604:
599:
597:
592:
587:
581:
575:
566:
560:
552:
548:
547:quartermaster
544:
540:
536:
531:
528:
527:ocean current
518:
512:
508:Three-masted
506:
499:
497:
495:
491:
487:
482:
477:
472:
470:
460:
454:
452:
447:
441:
439:
435:
431:
426:
423:
419:
414:
407:
402:
395:
393:
391:
387:
377:
355:
350:
348:
347:hand grenades
338:
334:
329:
324:
312:
308:
304:
301:
300:square rigged
296:
292:
290:
285:
284:Drie Heuvelen
272:
268:
264:
256:
254:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
227:
222:
221:square rigged
218:
214:
210:
206:
201:
196:
192:
185:
181:
177:
172:
165:
163:
161:
145:
144:Robben Island
129:
122:
118:
113:
109:
105:
101:
96:
91:
88:
84:
80:
76:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
51:, one of the
50:
49:
40:
34:
30:
19:
4853:
4813:Histories of
4514:United Party
4423:Reform Party
4360:Orangia Unie
3985:
3976:
3969:Swart gevaar
3967:
3951:
3907:
3898:
3839:
3741:Blikkiesdorp
3067:Pre-colonial
2920:Natal Colony
2904:Zulu Kingdom
2818:South Africa
2754:
2722:
2704:
2685:
2663:
2645:
2634:, retrieved
2618:
2606:, retrieved
2597:
2577:
2566:, retrieved
2562:the original
2556:
2544:, retrieved
2540:the original
2526:
2521:
2517:
2464:
2460:
2438:
2426:. Retrieved
2412:. Retrieved
2408:the original
2376:
2371:, p. 7.
2353:
2330:
2318:
2306:. Retrieved
2302:the original
2288:
2274:
2268:
2233:
2198:
2188:
2182:
2170:
2152:
2115:
2092:
2076:
2045:
2033:
2021:
2009:
1997:
1985:
1973:. Retrieved
1969:the original
1955:
1947:
1924:
1912:
1900:. Retrieved
1896:the original
1882:
1870:. Retrieved
1866:the original
1803:
1780:
1770:
1760:
1753:Webster 2008
1748:
1736:. Retrieved
1732:the original
1672:
1643:. Retrieved
1639:the original
1625:
1602:
1599:
1580:
1525:. Retrieved
1521:the original
1437:
1421:
1409:. Retrieved
1405:the original
1395:
1360:
1353:Collins 2001
1348:
1337:Collins 2001
1332:
1320:. Retrieved
1310:
1285:Meermin 1759
1284:
1278:
1267:Collins 2001
1257:Meermin 1759
1256:
1250:
1220:
1208:. Retrieved
1204:the original
1181:
1171:
1152:
1144:
1139:
1119:
1108:
1095:
1081:
1076:
1066:
1045:
1030:
1021:
1004:
999:
929:
841:
812:
807:
782:
762:
750:
748:
743:
732:Heritage Day
729:
666:
650:
645:
637:
631:
621:
618:
609:
602:
600:
595:
590:
585:
583:
577:
572:
558:
550:
532:
523:
500:Final stages
493:
489:
485:
473:
468:
459:Stellenbosch
455:
442:
434:Cape Agulhas
427:
417:
412:
410:
389:
385:
353:
351:
316:
288:
266:
260:
216:
204:
188:
159:
120:
119:
111:
103:
94:
92:
78:
77:
55:'s fleet of
46:
44:
29:
3953:Rooi gevaar
3832:2021 unrest
3762:Nkandlagate
3591:Third Force
3452:Rugby union
3050:(1981–1994)
3042:(1979–1994)
3034:(1977–1994)
3026:(1976–1994)
3018:(1910–1961)
3010:(1902–1910)
3002:(1902–1910)
2994:(1886–1891)
2986:(1885–1887)
2978:(1884–1888)
2970:(1882–1885)
2962:(1882–1883)
2954:(1870–1873)
2946:(1861–1879)
2938:(1856–1902)
2930:(1854–1902)
2922:(1843–1910)
2914:(1839–1843)
2906:(1816–1897)
2898:(1795–1910)
2896:Cape Colony
2888: 1780
2873: 1780
2860:(1652–1806)
2850: 1220
2843: 1075
2681:Theal, G.M.
2636:18 February
2608:18 February
2568:18 February
2546:13 February
2520:(1766) and
2428:17 February
2346:Worden 2009
1322:17 February
1131:vrijburgers
1055:Second Mate
977:Stuurlieden
877:Gesaghebber
765:continues.
720:Archaeology
517:Groenewegen
307:Cape Colony
73:Cape Colony
57:slave ships
4869:Categories
4764:Greyshirts
4528:Volksparty
4066:Black Sash
3727:Xenophobia
3720:Travelgate
3477:Border War
3281:Bantustans
3179:Great Trek
3124:Xhosa Wars
2984:Upingtonia
2968:Stellaland
2414:29 January
2308:29 January
2207:Theal 2010
2145:Theal 2010
2120:Theal 2010
2085:Theal 2010
1975:29 January
1902:29 January
1872:31 October
1816:Theal 2010
1738:4 February
1645:31 October
1527:29 January
1465:Malan 2008
1411:4 February
1236:"VOC-logo"
1210:31 October
1125:vrijburger
1059:Third Mate
1051:Chief Mate
972:magistrate
926:chief mate
912:navigators
895:Hofmeester
786:The names
769:References
670:impalement
614:ship's boy
438:Struisbaai
406:slave ship
263:supercargo
239:Madagascar
100:Struisbaai
65:Madagascar
3987:Volkstaat
3978:Uitlander
3909:Boerehaat
3885:Anarchism
3692:Arms Deal
3655:apartheid
3315:Pass laws
3292:Apartheid
3237:1910–1948
3156:1815–1910
3094:1652–1815
2779:154995171
2771:0021-8537
2747:159807862
2739:1573-7748
2683:(2010) ,
2586:468020167
2536:861566186
2524:(1775)",
2507:ignored (
2497:cite book
2489:146657018
2481:0165-1153
1164:Citations
1122:) was "a
1087:Massavana
1037:Massavana
992:cabin boy
967:Landdrost
957:Bottelier
935:Adsistent
815:as a two-
789:Massavana
774:Footnotes
699:Massavana
687:Massavana
675:Massavana
628:Aftermath
579:Olof Leij
539:carpenter
476:Cape Town
430:gunpowder
422:boatswain
381:Massavana
371:Massavana
359:Massavana
342:Massavana
277:Massavana
271:unshackle
235:Amsterdam
149:Massavana
133:Massavana
4880:Mutinies
4855:Category
4757:Boeremag
4255:Jeugkrag
4206:Het Volk
3900:Baasskap
3842:incident
3445:Olympics
3024:Transkei
2827:polities
2825:Defunct
2627:archived
2602:archived
2384:Archived
2361:Archived
2338:Archived
2100:Archived
1940:Archived
1823:Archived
1792:Archived
1688:Archived
1588:Archived
1445:Archived
1239:Archived
1228:Archived
1191:Archived
1145:Neptunus
990:" was a
947:Bootsman
916:helmsmen
907:Stuurman
889:Koksmaat
800:phonetic
795:Koesaaij
713:Koesaaij
702:died on
693:Koesaaij
681:Koesaaij
661:demotion
642:bayonets
634:salvaged
490:Snelheid
486:Neptunus
365:Koesaaij
354:de facto
323:assegais
267:Neptunus
261:In 1766
247:Malagasy
241:, under
209:monogram
155:Koesaaij
139:Koesaaij
87:shackles
69:enslaved
61:Malagasy
4660:SAAPAWU
3998:Defunct
3961:Slavery
3165:Mfecane
2518:Meermin
2452:Sources
2275:Meermin
1082:Meermin
1012:" and "
1005:Meermin
970:", or "
941:Commies
930:Meermin
924:", or "
892:" and "
883:Commies
842:Meermin
813:Meermin
763:Meermin
751:Meermin
744:Meermin
646:Meermin
638:Meermin
622:Meermin
603:Meermin
596:Meermin
591:Meermin
586:Meermin
559:Meermin
551:Meermin
494:Meermin
481:hoekers
469:Meermin
451:pinnace
418:Meermin
413:Meermin
390:Meermin
376:Toliara
309:, with
289:Meermin
243:Captain
217:Meermin
182:of the
160:Meermin
121:Meermin
112:Meermin
108:militia
104:Meermin
95:Meermin
79:Meermin
48:Meermin
4611:FOSATU
4465:SAYRCO
4437:SADECO
4353:Occupy
3892:Azania
3840:Lady R
3769:Racism
3598:CODESA
3059:Events
3048:Ciskei
2960:Goshen
2890:–1819)
2875:–1817)
2777:
2769:
2745:
2737:
2711:
2693:
2670:
2652:
2584:
2534:
2527:Kronos
2522:De Zon
2487:
2479:
2461:De Zon
1234:&
1115:burger
962:butler
960:", or
950:", or
844:", is
833:hoeker
827:hoeker
817:masted
610:schuit
554:'s
543:pilots
520:, 1789
511:hoeker
386:De Zon
337:rudder
257:Mutiny
226:hoeker
166:Voyage
124:'s
115:'s
67:to be
39:hoeker
4792:PAGAD
4688:SATUC
4681:SARHU
4667:SACTU
4646:NURHS
4604:FNETU
4590:CTSWU
4583:CNETU
4576:BLATU
4458:SAYCO
4346:NUSAS
4227:IDASA
4038:AITUP
3653:Post-
3040:Venda
2775:S2CID
2743:S2CID
2630:(PDF)
2623:(PDF)
2485:S2CID
2273:"The
984:; a "
980:were
952:bosun
846:Dutch
758:plans
754:'
606:'
562:'
333:stern
231:masts
195:Dutch
4799:SANF
4729:APLA
4674:SAIF
4653:PAWE
4639:NEUM
4632:MUSA
4597:FCWU
4542:WOSA
4493:TNIP
4451:SASO
4444:SAIC
4430:SABP
4381:PAVN
4115:COSG
4094:CTEG
4087:CNIP
2767:ISSN
2735:ISSN
2709:ISBN
2691:ISBN
2668:ISBN
2650:ISBN
2638:2016
2610:2016
2582:OCLC
2570:2016
2548:2020
2532:OCLC
2509:help
2477:ISSN
2430:2014
2416:2012
2310:2012
1977:2012
1904:2012
1874:2011
1740:2012
1647:2011
1529:2012
1413:2012
1324:2014
1212:2011
1101:arak
1057:and
914:and
792:and
690:and
678:and
545:, a
488:and
362:and
213:logo
180:logo
136:and
4750:BBB
4743:AWB
4736:ARM
4702:UDF
4625:IWW
4618:ICU
4569:BCM
4562:APF
4507:UFP
4409:PRP
4388:PFP
4339:NRP
4332:NPP
4318:NNP
4311:NLP
4297:NCP
4248:ISL
4199:GNP
4171:ECC
4164:DSM
4157:DPP
4129:DLF
4101:COD
4080:CDA
4059:BPC
4052:AVF
4045:APO
2759:doi
2727:doi
2469:doi
1120:sic
1118:" (
974:";
838:bow
706:on
651:On
303:VOC
205:VOC
184:VOC
4871::
4771:MK
4325:NP
4290:NA
4241:IP
4234:ID
4185:FD
4178:FA
4122:CP
2885:c.
2870:c.
2847:c.
2840:c.
2773:,
2765:,
2741:,
2733:,
2600:,
2596:,
2501::
2499:}}
2495:{{
2483:.
2475:.
2419:;
2395:^
2245:^
2214:^
2135:^
2126:;
2061:^
1849:^
1834:^
1699:^
1655:^
1610:^
1603:21
1598:,
1537:^
1472:^
1376:^
1367:.
1301:;
1103:".
1053:,
1016:".
853:^
756:s
710:;
514::
484:,
471:.
440:.
368:.
298:A
253:.
215:.
162:.
3227:)
3223:(
2883:(
2868:(
2852:)
2845:–
2838:(
2809:e
2802:t
2795:v
2761::
2729::
2511:)
2491:.
2471::
2445:.
2432:.
2312:.
2283:.
2277:"
2191:"
2187:"
2163:"
2157:"
2071:.
1979:.
1906:.
1876:.
1773:"
1769:"
1742:.
1649:.
1531:.
1467:.
1415:.
1343:.
1287:"
1283:"
1273:.
1259:"
1255:"
1214:.
1184:"
1180:"
1061:.
994:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
