329:, who in the 1890s risked her life to report that lynchings were more about economic competition of blacks and whites, than actual assaults by blacks of whites. Laid in rows on the ground are steel columns corresponding to those hanging in the Memorial. These columns are intended to be temporary. The Equal Justice Initiative is asking representatives of each of the counties to claim their monument and establish a memorial on home ground to lynching victims, and to conduct related public education. The placing of these monuments is that last step of EJI's Community Remembrance Project, and a memorial beam is placed when a community has engaged with and discussed issues of racial violence both in the past and present in their communities. EJI hopes that the monument in the community will "stand as a symbolic reminder of the community’s continuing efforts to truthfully grapple with painful racial history, challenge injustice where it exists in their own lives, and vow never to repeat the terror and violence of the past."
443:, a depiction of policing in America. The sculpture depicts ten Black men, encased in concrete, some with their heads sunken into the concrete with their hands up and their eyes closed. Cultural studies scholar Tanja Schult saw Thomas' sculpture as a powerful evocation of the reality of black men in America when coming face to face with law enforcement. Thomas interestingly encases these Black men in concrete, leaving them unable to move. Some figures' heads are sunken in as well, further demonstrating the lack of control and autonomy black people have over their bodies. Though most of their bodies covered, their hands are clearly visible, referencing the many stories of unarmed Black men being shot and brutalized by the police despite their innocence. The National Memorial uses Thomas’ sculpture as a connection to the present, a kind of call to action that the fight for justice and liberation is ongoing.
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307:(2017, 3rd edition). Each of the steel plates has the names of the documented lynching victims (or "unknown" if the name is not known). The names and dates of documented victims are engraved on the panels. Visitors to the site have commented on how, from afar, the beams look like a forest of hanging bodies, and the replica beams off to the side look like rows of coffins. More than 4075 documented lynchings of black people took place between 1877 and 1950, concentrated in 12 Southern states. In addition, the EJI has published supplementary information about lynchings in several states outside the South. The monument is the first major work in the nation to name and honor these victims.
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243:. The memorial consists of 805 suspended steel beams. Each beam represents a county within a state where a racial terror lynching occurred and was documented. Each of the six-foot beams is engraved with the names and locations of the victims of racial terrorism, including lynching. Victims of racial terrorism whose names are unknown are remembered on the beams as well. The memorial includes replicas of the steel beams that are set off to the side. These replica beams are a part of EJI's Community Remembrance Project.
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372:, meaning "twisted", a term referring to a Ghanaian proverb, "life is a twisted journey". The sculpture, seven shackled figures of all ages and genders interlocked together, is part of larger project Akoto-Bamfo began in Accra, Ghana where he creates clay busts of formerly enslaved people in an attempt to preserve their memories and livelihood, a common tradition practiced by the
407:. It depicts three women: a grandmother, a teacher, and a pregnant woman. There are footprints on the ground near the three people, representing a call to action for others to join them in the cause. King's sculpture aims to have viewers reconsider the mythology of the heroines of the bus boycott: mythologizing historical figures like
318:, features a wall, from which emerge statues of black heads and bodies raising their arms in surrender to the viewer. The piece suggests visibility, which is one of the intentions of the monument. The viewer is asked to focus and see the subject of the artwork. This is a more current piece commenting on the police violence and
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The
Memorial is organized in three different sections. The first section is the lead up to the monument which begins to tell the tale of the beginning of the lives of African Americans through the demonstration of the racial terror evoked in the Middle Passage. Visitors first encounter a sculpture by
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between 1877 and 1950. Most took place in the decades just before and after the turn of the 20th century. A conversation about the difficulty of doing research on lynchings and racial terror violence was started when an error was found at the memorial not long after its opening. The error, a mistake
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as its Top 2018 Destination. Lee
Sentell of the Alabama Department of Tourism acknowledged that the National Memorial offers a different and painful encounter: "Most museums are somewhat objective and benign...This one is not. This is aggressive, political. ... It's a part of American history that
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Prior to the 1990s, there was limited acknowledgement in
Montgomery of the painful legacy of slavery and racism, although the city had numerous monuments related to the Confederacy, many erected by private organizations. The city has developed a Civil Rights trail marking such events as the 1965
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In the Middle
Passage, people were stripped of their African identity through the loss of names, ethnic identity, families, and more. The Nkyinkyim sculptures include description and details of each shackled person portrayed; Akoto-Bamfo's sculptures aim to return these identities symbolically,
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In the central position is the memorial square with 805 hanging steel rectangles, the size and shape of coffins. These name and represent each of the counties and their states where a documented lynching took place, as compiled in the EJI study,
496:, prompted by the establishment of the memorial, reviewed and formally apologized for its historic coverage of lynchings, which was often inflammatory against black victims, describing it as "our shame" and saying "we were wrong".
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draws attention away from the thousands of other black people who were central in the success of the bus boycott; the three anonymous figures and the adjacent footprints demonstrate the importance of these "silent activists".
575:. This exhibit expresses the vast effects of slavery, lynchings, and black oppression across state lines. The exhibits in the 11,000-square-foot museum include oral history, archival materials, and interactive technology.
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noted that, with the addition of the memorial and the museum, Montgomery and
Atlanta together provide a narrative of African-American history, as the latter has sites associated with national Civil Rights leader Rev.
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The memorial not only focuses on the legacy of racial terror lynchings, racial segregation and Jim Crow, but also present issues of guilt and police violence. The six-acre site includes sculptures and displays from
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It consists of a memorial square with 805 hanging steel rectangles representing each of the U.S. counties where a documented lynching took place. It includes sculptures depicting themes related to racial violence.
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where enslaved people were sold. EJI hopes that the memorial "inspires communities across the nation to enter an era of truth-telling about racial injustice and their own local histories."
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is a museum that displays and interprets the history of slavery and racism in
America, with a focus on mass incarceration and racial inequality in the justice system.
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reported that citizens in
Montgomery County were considering asking for their column. Both county and the city of Montgomery officials were discussing this.
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The memorial includes 805 hanging steel rectangles, representing each of the counties in the United States where a documented lynching took place
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The opening celebrations, in May 2018, attracted thousands of people to
Montgomery, perhaps as many as 10,000. Artists who performed included
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In the landscaped area outside the monument are benches where visitors can sit to reflect. These commemorate such activists as journalist
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prevalent in the years preceding the memorial. Thomas has said about his artwork, "I see the work that I make as asking questions."
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The central memorial was designed by MASS Design Group with Lam
Partners lighting design, and built on land purchased by EJI.
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The development and construction of the memorial complex cost an estimated $ 20 million, raised from private foundations.
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The memorial and its attendant museum are expected to generate heightened tourism for
Montgomery, even if it is
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571:. One of its displays is a collection of soil from lynching sites across the United States, a step in EJI's
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and local history as well. Tourism officials said that possibly 100,000 extra visitors per year may arrive.
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The largest part of the memorial is the memorial square. The memorial square was created using EJI's study,
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giving them backgrounds ranging from “Daughter of a Royal” to “Uncle’s Brother” to “The Lost Guardian”.
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1683:"A Look Inside the New Alabama Museum and Memorial Boldly Confronting Slavery and Its Brutal Legacy"
1352:"Kwame Akoto-Bamfo's Sculptural Installation in Ghana Re-Narrativizes the Transatlantic Slave Trade"
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1397:"Reshaping American Identity: The National Memorial for Peace and Justice and its Take- Away Twin"
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The monument was positively received by architectural critics, activists, and the general public.
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across the United States, researchers documented almost 4400 racial terror lynchings in the post-
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described it as "one of the most powerful and effective new memorials created in a generation".
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1013:"National lynching memorial: A jarring, but understandable error to remember Duluth victim"
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1371:"Bearing witness to slavery: A sculpture's trans-Atlantic passage from Ghana to Alabama"
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1138:"What's inside Montgomery's national peace and slave memorial museum opening April 26"
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200:. The memorial opened to the public April 26, 2018. The memorial is connected to the
1720:"Architecture that's built to heal": Michael Murphy presenting the proposed memorial
1318:
Edwards, Brian (May 23, 2018). "Montgomery County in talks to accept EJI monument".
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suggested that the memorial offered "our nation's best chance at reconciliation".
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has never been addressed as much in your face as this story is being told". Mayor
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A collection of soil from lynching sites across the United States on display at
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1553:"'There will be lynchings': How the Advertiser failed victims of racial terror"
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757:"Review | A powerful memorial in Montgomery remembers the victims of lynching"
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1039:"A Lynching Memorial Is Opening. The Country Has Never Seen Anything Like It"
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900:"A Lynching Memorial Is Opening. The Country Has Never Seen Anything Like It"
736:"A Lynching Memorial Is Opening. The Country Has Never Seen Anything Like It"
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was a multi-year investigation into racial lynchings. By studying records in
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Memorial in Montgomery, Alabama, commemorating victims of lynching in the US
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1271:"Ida B. Wells: Lynching museum, memorial honors woman who fought lynching"
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in naming a victim from Duluth, Minnesota, was quickly corrected by EJI.
1166:"Nation's first memorial to lynching victims, museum set for Montgomery"
1441:"New Lynching Memorial Is A Space 'To Talk About All Of That Anguish'"
1686:
1107:"Alabama lynching memorial aims to confront ramifications of slavery"
1712:
1423:"KPIX Anchor-Turned-Sculptor Contributes Piece to Lynching Memorial"
1193:"EJI Announces Plans to Build Museum and National Lynching Memorial"
121:
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204:, which opened the same day, near the site of a former market in
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951:"History of Lynchings in the South Documents Nearly 4,000 Names"
657:, a museum in Berlin dedicated to the victims of the Nazi regime
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1654:"Lynching memorial could turn Montgomery into tourist hot spot"
232:.. A reflection space is located on the memorial site in honor
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The National Memorial for Peace and Justice was created by the
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Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching
305:
Lynching in America: Confronting the Legacy of Racial Terror
275:
Lynching in America: Confronting the Legacy of Racial Terror
241:
Lynching in America: Confronting the Legacy of Racial Terror
1600:"Heading to Montgomery? Make time for Atlanta's King sites"
1577:"Our shame: The sins of our past laid bare for all to see"
250:, founder of the EJI, was inspired by the examples of the
1498:"Montgomery: 'Where past, present and future intertwine'"
799:
Legacy Museum and National Memorial for Peace and Justice
542:
The Legacy Museum: From Enslavement to Mass Incarceration
3936:
National Museum of African American History and Culture
1527:"National Memorial for Peace and Justice Grand Opening"
650:
National Museum of African American History and Culture
1297:"This new lynching memorial rewrites American history"
677:"What the lynching memorial will force us all to face"
1248:"Artist Spotlight: Hank Willis Thomas, United States"
874:"Alabama memorial confronts America's racist history"
202:
Legacy Museum: From Enslavement to Mass Incarceration
1335:
Trent, Noelle (2019). "Museum and Exhibit Reviews".
149:, is a memorial to commemorate the black victims of
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3827:
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3689:
3643:
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2179:
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129:
115:
97:
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4223:Tourist attractions in Montgomery County, Alabama
540:Opened on the same date as the outdoor memorial,
196:(EJI) on a six acre site in the downtown area of
3380:Thomas Moss, Henry Stewart, Calvin McDowell (TN)
1219:"A New National Memorial To Victims Of Lynching"
1073:"A Memorial to the Lingering Horror of Lynching"
435:The journey through the memorial continues with
4183:Buildings and structures in Montgomery, Alabama
628:National Memorial for Peace and Justice Garden
616:National Memorial for Peace and Justice Center
1774:List of lynching victims in the United States
1745:
1470:"Dark Tourism: The world comes to Montgomery"
795:"The National Memorial for Peace and Justice"
640:List of lynching victims in the United States
8:
1492:
1490:
729:
727:
645:List of museums focused on African Americans
266:, to create a single memorial to victims of
32:
3810:Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act
33:The National Memorial for Peace and Justice
18:The National Memorial for Peace and Justice
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3626:Henry Hezekiah Dee and Charles Eddie Moore
3356:Elijah Frost, Abijah Gibson, Tom McCracken
3162:
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1768:
1752:
1738:
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332:A month after the monument's opening, the
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4102:"The United States of Lyncherdom" (Twain)
3562:Thomas Harold Thurmond and John M. Holmes
2340:William "Froggie" James and Henry Salzner
1463:
1461:
1131:
1129:
949:Robertson, Campbell (February 10, 2015).
482:; speakers included U.S. Congressman and
675:Capehart, Jonathan (December 21, 2016).
3931:National Memorial for Peace and Justice
1295:Henderson, Nia-Malika (April 9, 2018).
667:
582:
252:Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe
143:National Memorial for Peace and Justice
4208:Slavery memorials in the United States
1594:
1592:
1404:Liminalities: A Journal of Performance
1037:Robertson, Campbell (April 25, 2018).
898:Robertson, Campbell (April 25, 2018).
604:Steel columns intended for each county
3568:Roosevelt Townes and Robert McDaniels
3474:Lynching rampage in Brooks County, GA
1629:"Lynching Museum could boost tourism"
1390:
1388:
1386:
1006:
1004:
867:
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845:"EJI's Community Remembrance Project"
734:Campbell Robertson (April 25, 2018).
701:
699:
7:
4143:Lynching deaths in the United States
3273:Samuel Bierfield and Lawrence Bowman
1246:Cosgrove, Adenike (April 22, 2018).
789:
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785:
783:
781:
779:
755:Kennicott, Philip (April 24, 2018).
707:"The Memorial for Peace and Justice"
220:. There are writings and words from
4178:African-American museums in Alabama
3804:Justice for Victims of Lynching Act
3580:O'Day Short, wife, and two children
3362:T.J. House, James West, John Dorsey
1269:Brown, DeNeen L. (April 26, 2018).
984:"Equal Justice Initiative's report"
872:Miller, James H. (April 16, 2018).
4203:Monuments and memorials in Alabama
1575:Editorial Board (April 26, 2018).
1439:Elliott, Debbie (April 26, 2018).
1136:Wright, Barnett (April 19, 2018).
25:
3704:American Crusade Against Lynching
3350:Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer
1164:Edgemon, Erin (August 16, 2016).
988:Equal Justice Initiative's report
4173:African-American historic places
3916:America's Black Holocaust Museum
3699:American anti-lynching activists
3671:Nadir of American race relations
3261:Steve Long and two half-brothers
3197:Great Hanging at Gainesville, TX
1681:Dafoe, Taylor (April 26, 2018).
1662:. Associated Press. May 16, 2018
1608:. Associated Press. May 16, 2018
1605:The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
1525:Brooks, Jalea (April 27, 2018).
1071:Cotter, Holland (June 1, 2018).
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609:
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506:The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
490:from Georgia. Publishers of the
4122:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
3756:National Conference on Lynching
3314:Juan, Antonio, and Marcelo Moya
3191:Marais des Cygnes, KS, massacre
2532:Mary Turner and her unborn baby
1551:Lyman, Brian (April 20, 2018).
547:The museum features artwork by
4213:Museums in Montgomery, Alabama
4168:2018 establishments in Alabama
3238:Gallatin County, KY, race riot
1105:Song, Jean (August 16, 2016).
1:
4218:History of slavery in Alabama
4188:Community Remembrance Project
4138:Lynching in the United States
3439:Springfield race riot of 1908
1857:Steve Long, Ace and Con Moyer
1761:Lynching in the United States
1627:Riales, Bill (May 17, 2018).
573:Community Remembrance Project
188:Lynching in the United States
151:lynching in the United States
4032:Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson
3963:And you are lynching Negroes
3815:Emmett Till Antilynching Act
3550:Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith
3456:Harris County, GA, lynchings
3398:Wilmington, NC, insurrection
3244:New Orleans massacre of 1866
1468:Baxter, Tom (June 4, 2018).
1350:Das, Jareh (July 29, 2020).
925:"Lynching in America Report"
820:"Lynching in America Report"
592:Outside view of the memorial
3941:Southern Poverty Law Center
3586:Moore's Ford, GA, lynchings
3214:? Lachenais and four others
2652:James Harvey and Joe Jordan
1969:Samuel "Mingo Jack" Johnson
1011:Weber, Tom (June 5, 2018).
454:Selma to Montgomery marches
4239:
3422:1906 Atlanta race massacre
3392:Phoenix, SC, election riot
3368:New Orleans 1891 lynchings
3320:Benjamin and Mollie French
533:
264:Johannesburg, South Africa
185:
147:National Lynching Memorial
145:, informally known as the
3729:William O'Connell Bradley
3639:
3468:East St. Louis, IL, riots
3220:Fort Pillow, TN, massacre
3203:New York City draft riots
3172:
3161:
1780:
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447:Importance for Montgomery
230:Dr. Martin Luther King Jr
53:
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37:
3993:Deaths in police custody
3480:Jenkins County, GA, riot
3291:Chinese massacre of 1871
3209:Detroit race riot (1863)
2844:Lynching of Raymond Gunn
2636:Dick Rowland (attempted)
1197:Equal Justice Initiative
929:Equal Justice Initiative
849:Equal Justice Initiative
824:Equal Justice Initiative
711:Equal Justice Initiative
194:Equal Justice Initiative
157:, it opened in downtown
155:Equal Justice Initiative
134:Equal Justice Initiative
3974:Battle of Liberty Place
3969:Attack on John Shillady
3957:James Allen (collector)
3790:Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill
3574:Beaumont, TX, Race Riot
3498:Omaha race riot of 1919
3486:Longview, TX, race riot
3462:Newberry, FL, lynchings
3404:Julia and Frazier Baker
3386:Porter and Spencer (MS)
3338:Thibodeax, LA, massacre
3296:Meridian, MS, race riot
3279:Opelousas, LA, massacre
2252:Paul Reed and Will Cato
1937:Big Nose George Parrott
1369:Matchan, Linda (2020).
4108:United States v. Shipp
3860:Rebecca Latimer Felton
3691:Anti-lynching movement
3608:Freedom Summer Murders
3538:Rosewood, FL, massacre
3503:Knoxville riot of 1919
2372:Laura and L. D. Nelson
1395:Schult, Tanja (2020).
1017:Minnesota Public Radio
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512:Martin Luther King Jr.
432:
401:Montgomery Bus Boycott
399:is a rendering of the
360:
299:
270:in the United States.
4079:Summer in Mississippi
4026:Mississippi Cold Case
3980:The Birth of a Nation
3921:Civil Rights Memorial
3850:Sidney Johnston Catts
3828:Defenders of lynching
3514:Duluth, MN, lynchings
3492:Elaine, AR, race riot
3450:Laura and L.D. Nelson
3416:Watkinsville lynching
3374:Ruggles Brothers (CA)
3332:Hamburg, SC, massacre
3308:Election riot of 1874
3255:Camilla, GA, massacre
3177:Death of Joseph Smith
1801:Elijah Parish Lovejoy
1582:Montgomery Advertiser
1573:Montgomery Advertiser
1558:Montgomery Advertiser
1503:Montgomery Advertiser
1421:Jones, Kevin (2020).
1321:Montgomery Advertiser
525:
493:Montgomery Advertiser
484:civil rights movement
426:
419:by Hank Willis Thomas
405:Civil Rights Movement
355:
334:Montgomery Advertiser
297:
186:Further information:
103:; 6 years ago
72:32.37194°N 86.31278°W
3797:Costigan-Wagner Bill
3734:Ella Barksdale Brown
3532:Perry, FL, race riot
3444:Slocum, TX, massacre
3344:Mart and Tom Horrell
3302:Colfax, LA, massacre
3285:Bear River City riot
3135:James Craig Anderson
2935:Robert "Bobbie" Hall
2540:Hazel "Hayes" Turner
1337:The Public Historian
655:Topography of Terror
348:by Kwame Akoto-Bamfo
4039:The Ox-Bow Incident
4019:Mississippi Burning
3870:John Trotwood Moore
3526:Tulsa race massacre
3520:Ocoee, FL, massacre
3015:Mack Charles Parker
2943:Willie James Howard
1659:The Birmingham News
1275:The Washington Post
1171:The Birmingham News
762:The Washington Post
682:The Washington Post
226:Elizabeth Alexander
198:Montgomery, Alabama
175:The Washington Post
161:on April 26, 2018.
159:Montgomery, Alabama
101:April 26, 2018
92:Montgomery, Alabama
77:32.37194; -86.31278
68: /
34:
4198:Lynching memorials
4053:Reconstruction era
3865:John Temple Graves
3709:Jessie Daniel Ames
3656:Indiana White Caps
3326:Ellenton, SC, riot
3249:Reno Brothers Gang
2999:Judge Edward Aaron
2196:Ballie Crutchfield
1250:. Imodara magazine
1077:The New York Times
1043:The New York Times
955:The New York Times
904:The New York Times
741:The New York Times
549:Hank Willis Thomas
532:
437:Hank Willis Thomas
433:
361:
312:Hank Willis Thomas
300:
298:Memorial monuments
283:Reconstruction era
218:Hank Willis Thomas
4155:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4096:They Won't Forget
4013:Lynching postcard
3926:The Legacy Museum
3895:James K. Vardaman
3835:Theodore G. Bilbo
3823:
3822:
3714:Martin C. Ansorge
3635:
3634:
3620:Michael Schwerner
3427:Kemper County, MS
3267:Pulaski, TN, riot
3157:
3156:
3153:
3152:
2860:Shedrick Thompson
2740:Bernice Raspberry
2460:Name unknown (MS)
2364:Name unknown (TX)
1985:Joseph Vermillion
1953:John Wesley Heath
1324:. pp. 1, 6A.
1199:. August 16, 2016
878:The Art Newspaper
561:Elizabeth Catlett
536:The Legacy Museum
528:The Legacy Museum
518:The Legacy Museum
397:Guided by Justice
385:Guided by Justice
366:Kwame Akoto-Bamfo
358:Kwame Akoto-Bamfo
340:Central monuments
216:, Dana King, and
214:Kwame Akoto-Bamfo
139:
138:
98:Opening date
16:(Redirected from
4230:
4193:Cultural tourism
3950:Related articles
3900:Thomas E. Watson
3890:Benjamin Tillman
3855:Thomas Dixon Jr.
3779:
3641:
3544:Jim and Mark Fox
3232:Memphis massacre
3167:Multiple victims
3163:
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3122:
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3063:Wharlest Jackson
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1713:Official website
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1227:. April 24, 2018
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391:American artist
364:Ghanaian artist
356:Installation by
320:police brutality
260:Apartheid Museum
170:Philip Kennicott
125:
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122:Official website
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3596:Harriette Moore
3556:Tate County, MS
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256:Berlin, Germany
248:Bryan Stevenson
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3410:Pana, IL, riot
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2013:
2005:
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1993:George Meadows
1989:
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1724:TED conference
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1705:External links
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1517:
1506:. May 31, 2018
1486:
1474:Saporta Report
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534:Main article:
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459:New York Times
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4007:Hang 'Em High
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3767:Strange Fruit
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3661:Jim Crow laws
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3143:Ahmaud Arbery
3140:
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3119:Yusef Hawkins
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3095:Betty Gardner
3092:
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3087:Marian Pyszko
3084:
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3071:Carol Jenkins
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2983:George W. Lee
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2836:James Cameron
2833:
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2828:George Hughes
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2817:
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2812:Leonard Woods
2809:
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2745:
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2521:
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2153:F. W. Stewart
2150:
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2137:John Anderson
2134:
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473:
472:Stevie Wonder
468:
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439:'s sculpture
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4085:Sundown town
4077:
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4024:
4017:
4005:
3998:
3987:The Clansman
3985:
3978:
3930:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3773:Ida B. Wells
3761:Paul Robeson
3666:Ku Klux Klan
3612:James Chaney
3602:Anniston, AL
3226:Plummer Gang
3181:Joseph Smith
3079:Henry Marrow
3039:Frank Morris
2967:Willie Earle
2876:Cordie Cheek
2804:Henry Choate
2724:Dan Anderson
2684:Raymond Byrd
2668:Samuel Smith
2620:Willie Baird
2500:Frank Little
2492:Paulo Boleta
2420:Robert Perry
2396:Mary Jackson
2356:King Johnson
2308:James Hodges
2228:George White
2212:Walker Davis
2113:Jacob Henson
2041:Robert Lewis
2001:Ellen Watson
1889:Jim Williams
1865:Wyatt Outlaw
1690:. Retrieved
1676:
1664:. Retrieved
1657:
1648:
1636:. Retrieved
1622:
1610:. Retrieved
1603:
1580:
1572:
1567:
1556:
1546:
1534:. Retrieved
1531:Alabama News
1530:
1520:
1508:. Retrieved
1501:
1477:. Retrieved
1473:
1448:. Retrieved
1416:
1407:
1403:
1374:
1364:
1355:
1345:
1336:
1330:
1319:
1313:
1301:. Retrieved
1290:
1278:. Retrieved
1274:
1264:
1252:. Retrieved
1241:
1229:. Retrieved
1222:
1213:
1201:. Retrieved
1187:
1175:. Retrieved
1169:
1159:
1147:. Retrieved
1141:
1116:. Retrieved
1110:
1100:
1088:. Retrieved
1076:
1066:
1054:. Retrieved
1042:
1032:
1020:. Retrieved
991:. Retrieved
987:
978:
966:. Retrieved
954:
944:
932:. Retrieved
928:
919:
907:. Retrieved
903:
893:
881:. Retrieved
852:. Retrieved
848:
839:
827:. Retrieved
823:
814:
802:. Retrieved
798:
766:. Retrieved
760:
750:
739:
714:. Retrieved
710:
686:. Retrieved
680:
670:
565:Titus Kaphar
546:
539:
504:
501:dark tourism
498:
491:
469:
465:Todd Strange
457:
450:
440:
434:
431:installation
428:
416:
396:
390:
387:by Dana King
384:
378:
369:
362:
345:
333:
331:
327:Ida B. Wells
324:
315:
309:
304:
301:
274:
272:
245:
240:
238:
234:Ida B. Wells
210:
191:
173:
167:
163:
146:
142:
140:
29:
4117:(1999 film)
4001:(1936 film)
3880:James Rolph
3782:Legislation
3745:Flag Salute
3185:Hyrum Smith
3031:Lemuel Penn
3023:Louis Allen
2991:Emmett Till
2975:Lamar Smith
2951:Recy Taylor
2884:Claude Neal
2732:Will Sherod
2716:John Carter
2692:James Clark
2644:Henry Lowry
2516:Ell Persons
2404:Rob Edwards
2380:Will Porter
2236:David Wyatt
2204:George Ward
2081:Henry Smith
1977:Amos Miller
1961:Eliza Woods
1897:David Jones
1841:Bill Sketoe
1825:Joshua Boyd
1785:Before 1900
688:January 15,
553:Glenn Ligon
403:during the
374:Akan people
290:Description
75: /
4162:Categories
4131:Categories
4058:Red Summer
3751:N.A.A.C.P.
3676:Red Shirts
3508:Red Summer
3047:James Reeb
2919:Felix Hall
2911:After 1940
2660:Joe Pullen
2628:Roy Belton
2580:Will Brown
2484:Jeff Brown
2444:John Evans
2428:? Anderson
2332:"Pie" Hill
2300:Jim Miller
2276:Slab Pitts
2268:Ed Johnson
2105:Amos Hicks
2025:Dick Lundy
2017:Jim Taylor
1203:August 23,
1177:August 23,
1118:August 23,
662:References
488:John Lewis
409:Rosa Parks
376:in Ghana.
258:, and the
206:Montgomery
182:Background
108:2018-04-26
63:86°18′46″W
60:32°22′19″N
4048:(musical)
2764:Joe Smith
2708:Tom Payne
2676:L. Q. Ivy
2604:Jay Lynch
2452:Leo Frank
2180:1900–1940
1692:April 26,
1303:April 12,
1280:April 27,
1149:April 21,
1085:0362-4331
1051:0362-4331
993:April 26,
968:April 26,
963:0362-4331
934:April 27,
909:April 26,
883:April 20,
854:April 19,
829:April 19,
768:April 14,
486:activist
393:Dana King
370:Nkyinkyim
368:entitled
346:Nkyinkyim
4115:Vendetta
3651:Lynching
3622:) (1964)
3187:) (1844)
2161:Sam Hose
1536:June 17,
1356:Cultured
1112:CBS News
1090:April 8,
1056:April 8,
804:April 8,
716:June 11,
634:See also
441:Raise Up
429:Raise Up
417:Raise Up
279:counties
88:Location
3644:General
2033:Joe Coe
1905:Jo Reed
1726:(2016).
1722:at the
1666:June 8,
1638:June 8,
1612:June 8,
1510:June 8,
1479:June 8,
1450:June 8,
1022:June 8,
579:Gallery
316:Rise Up
116:Website
106: (
4046:Parade
4034:(1965)
3909:Memory
3628:(1964)
3604:(1961)
3598:(1952)
3588:(1946)
3582:(1945)
3576:(1943)
3570:(1937)
3564:(1933)
3558:(1932)
3552:(1930)
3546:(1927)
3540:(1923)
3534:(1922)
3528:(1921)
3522:(1920)
3516:(1920)
3510:(1919)
3494:(1919)
3488:(1919)
3482:(1919)
3476:(1918)
3470:(1917)
3464:(1916)
3458:(1912)
3452:(1911)
3446:(1910)
3435:(1908)
3429:(1906)
3418:(1905)
3412:(1899)
3406:(1898)
3400:(1898)
3394:(1898)
3388:(1897)
3382:(1892)
3376:(1892)
3370:(1891)
3364:(1880)
3358:(1879)
3352:(1879)
3346:(1878)
3340:(1878)
3334:(1876)
3328:(1876)
3322:(1876)
3316:(1874)
3304:(1873)
3298:(1871)
3287:(1868)
3281:(1868)
3275:(1868)
3269:(1868)
3263:(1868)
3257:(1868)
3251:(1868)
3240:(1866)
3234:(1866)
3228:(1864)
3222:(1864)
3216:(1863)
3205:(1863)
3199:(1862)
3193:(1858)
3145:(2020)
3137:(2011)
3129:(1998)
3121:(1989)
3113:(1981)
3105:(1979)
3097:(1978)
3089:(1975)
3081:(1970)
3073:(1968)
3065:(1967)
3057:(1966)
3049:(1965)
3041:(1964)
3033:(1964)
3025:(1964)
3017:(1959)
3009:(1957)
3001:(1957)
2993:(1955)
2985:(1955)
2977:(1955)
2969:(1947)
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