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1039:‘Patriotic Education Sites’ was the term employed by the CCP for the national museums and public monuments that were constructed after 1989. These memorial sites were considered vital to the broader project of national mythmaking. The sites were intended to visualise national myths which reframed collective memory as a tool to glorify the status quo and denounce enemies of the CCP. Between 1995 and 2009, 353 national-level patriotic education sites had been erected or renovated throughout the country. The construction of Patriotic Education Sites in four distinct waves of development in 1997, 2001, 2005, and 2009, is said to suggest that the sites were erected according to a deliberate, pre-planned programme of the central government.
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China through its own modernisation. Negative aspects of Japan, such as the rise of fascism, are attributed to the elite and government and not the people. In history education, the
Patriotic Education Campaign highlighted Japanese atrocities against China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. In 2004, textbooks took on a more liberal and cosmopolitan ideology. Japan was still only marginally discussed with the only real mention of its influence on China coming from Japan's role in smuggling opium into China.
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between the elite and the masses, meaning Japan's wartime atrocities are now being blamed on the
Japanese people rather than the government or elite. Overall, Chinese textbooks were portraying a much more negative view of Japan. The new content brought forth by this campaign has become embedded in political institutions and inaugurated as the CCP's new ideological tool.
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to end
Chinese humiliation. Such commentators have further argued that the PEC has only sought to foster an existing sense of Chinese nationalism and pride in national government, rather than coercively seeking to centre the position of the Communist Party in the public conception of national identity and thereby silence political dissent.
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The PEC also emphasised the theme of territorial integrity and national unity, as the CCP sought to foster nationalist resentment towards foreign pressures. The campaign therefore emphasised China's foreign relations and sought to highlight numerous examples of hostile foreign interference in China's
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According to the 1994 "Outline", patriotism education focuses on young people and takes socialism with
Chinese characteristics and the party's basic line as the guide. The main content covers the history of China, the traditional culture of China, and the beliefs of the CCP. The outline also promotes
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Others, particularly
Chinese commentators, have defended the campaign, arguing that it does not seek to rewrite Chinese history in the manner that its critics have suggested, but that it merely reflects the historical realities of Chinese maltreatment at the hands of foreign powers and CCP operation
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Higher levels of youth support for CCP governance, however, are only the most superficial indicator the PEC's success. Chinese youth today have also been found to be more likely than their 1990s counterparts to report that being
Chinese is a core aspect of their personal identity, and more likely to
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The campaign was aimed at
Chinese youth and had them study China's humiliating modern history - such as China's “century of humiliation” - and the positive changes brought by the Communist Revolution. These included a replacement of the old class-struggle narrative with a new patriotic narrative, as
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Following the legitimacy crisis suffered by the CCP in 1989, the
Patriotic Education Campaign was instituted to reorient the party's ideological position and foster a new wave of Chinese Nationalism. The new nationalism of the campaign was proffered in direct opposition to Marxism–Leninism which had
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of 1992. It was to become an extensive youth education campaign that primarily targeted school students and intellectuals. The
Chinese Central Propaganda Department published “The Outline for Conducting Patriotic Education” on 6 September 1994, codifying the CCP's vision for education in patriotism.
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Ultimately, the
Patriotic Education Campaign was one of the Communist Party's key initiatives emerging from the 1990 National Morality Conference. The Conference and Campaign both reflected a view that failures of moral education had allowed the emergence of the Student Movement which had culminated
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The Chinese Nationalist-bent of the PEC was not immediately guaranteed in the aftermath of the Tiananmen Square Protests however. While consensus existed within the Party regarding the need for a more targeted political education of the younger generation in order to foster increased support for the
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employed Chinese nationalism as a political tool used to bolster Chinese patriotism and party loyalty; seeking to closely align Chinese national identity with a sense of fidelity to the Communist Party. During the Cold War, Chinese Nationalism was promoted as a uniting national philosophy in Chinese
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Compared to previous educational campaigns launched by the CCP, particularly those in Maoist years, the PEC of the 1990s was implemented with greater pragmatism and sophistication. The campaign was not typified by radical, yet relatively empty proclamations of dedication to the socialist cause, but
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Patriotic Education focused prominently upon Chinese history and traditional culture. A story of Chinese national development characterised by an unceasing striving for self-improvement and struggle against foreign aggression was promoted as the CCP sought to transform the ideological basis of its
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initiated in 1991 but not carried out in full scale until 1994. In May 1995, the Chinese government issued the "Notice on Recommending Hundreds of Patriotic Education Books to Primary and Middle Schools across the Country", and made a list of a hundred patriotic films, a hundred patriotic songs, a
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The Patriotic Education Campaign is generally thought, by both Chinese and foreign commentators, to have been highly successful in fostering a strong sense of Chinese Nationalism amongst the Chinese populace throughout the 1990s and into the 21st century and is credited with having engineered the
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In 2007, however, textbooks became more nation-centric and Japan's history and aggression against China were now covered much more explicitly. Furthermore, while Japan's achievements are still noted, there is no longer mention of any positive impact on China. There is also no longer a distinction
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Specific changes in the content of Chinese history textbooks can be seen at three different instances in time. In 1995, Chinese textbooks followed a Marxist, historical materialist, and internationalist ideology. Japan was seen mostly in a positive light with highlights on its positive impact on
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The first arm of the Patriotic Education Campaign sought to modernise official CCP discourses, to reflect the party's vision of itself as the key defender of Chinese national interests and invigorator of the nation. The change was operationalised through measures such as directives requiring the
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The CCP sought to create a favourable social environment for the PEC and promoted its ideals through all available propaganda streams including books, magazines, newspapers, television and radio programs, film, visual art and mass rallies. Additionally, mass displays of patriotic sentiment were
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Today, younger generations of Chinese students and academics are seen as less likely to oppose the government's foreign policy belief that China's global position is being stymied by foreign pressures. Such widespread support for the Communist Party, or at least unwillingness to criticise its
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During the Maoist years, Chinese education campaigns had largely failed to build support for the government and were often considered to be without substance. If anything, they cultivated deep suspicion of government intentions and numbed the Chinese populace to the meaning of CCP messaging.
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The role of the Patriotic Education Sites in seeking to counter the anti-regime sentiment which had emerged during the pro-democracy movement is evident in the fact that the CCP deliberately constructed more Patriotic Education Sites in and around cities which had housed the longest lasting
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In 1992, the educational reforms also modified the national history curriculum, extending the study of Chinese history into high school. Previously only middle school students were required to study Chinese history, which was taught as background to the study of world history.
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no longer served to sufficiently legitimise CCP rule, yet while the conservative faction argued for a strengthening of the position of Maoist ideology in political education, the reformist faction, led by Deng Xiaoping, saw Chinese Nationalism as the solution.
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The Patriotic Education Campaign included three main components. The first was the institutionalisation of patriotic education, the second involved reforms in history education, and the third was the large-scale construction of ‘patriotic education sites.’
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instead employed symbols of general Chinese patriotism in a manner which successfully tied popular visions of the position of the Chinese nation to that of the Communist Party itself, such that criticisms of the party came to be viewed as unpatriotic.
80:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG).
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This theme of the PEC was designed to portray the CPP's patriotism throughout China's long struggle for national independence and prosperity, rather than its Communist ideals, as the basis for its political legitimacy.
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modern view of the CCP's popular legitimacy. Chinese and foreign commentators also consider it to have been instrumental in constructing the Chinese domestic vision of the country as a “unified” national collectivity.
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Reforms to Chinese history education were implemented following the 1989 military crackdown. The reforms sought to reframe the fundamental narrative of Chinese modern history in a manner which highlighted the national
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CPP, two party factions, the conservatives and the reformists, emerged with competing ideological visions of the legitimisation strategy that should be employed in youth political education. Both factions agreed that
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and the lives of the leaders of the early CCP. Topics were tied in some manner to the cities that housed their sites. For instance, the Mao Zedong Memorial Museum was located in the former leader's hometown, and the
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Conversely, the PEC employed a more multifaceted approach to public communication; employing figures, statistics and stories in order to lend credence to the campaign. This, along with the PEC's coincidence with
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Sites were designed to cover a diverse range of historical memories, addressing popular topics of Chinese history. Some of the topics memorialised with newly constructed or renovated sites include the
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well as a replacement of the official Maoist “victor narrative” in which China “won" national independence with a “victimisation narrative” that blames the West for China's problems and suffering.
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Through the Patriotic Education Campaign, the CCP presented itself as the strong national leadership base preventing the nation's collapse at the hand of corrupting international forces.
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thought tends to posit the Patriotic Education Campaign as the most recent attempt of the CCP's to inculcate the Chinese populace with a belief in the party's supremacy. Viewed as a
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Revellers gather in front of a lone portrait of Chinese Nationalist Sun Yat-sen in Tiananmen Square on the National Day of the People's Republic of China in 2006.
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in the Tiananmen protests. As such, the party endorsed a plan to reinvigorate educational moralising in order to prevent further subversive youth movements.
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and growing over the course of the 20th century as China faced various military conquests at the hands of various colonial powers, Western and Japanese.
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hundred patriotic books. The main goal of the campaign was to "boost the nation’s spirit, enhance cohesion, and foster national self esteem and pride".
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cultural and educational institutions and was used to justify the Party's suppression of separatist and secessionist movements in Western provinces.
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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and rapid economic growth (portrayed as the fruits of effective CCP governance), lent the PEC success the CCP's former campaigns had not known.
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Two major themes dominated the PEC. The first was Chinese history and tradition, and the second was territorial integrity and national unity.
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anti-regime protests in 1989. This targeted construction appears to have been successful in fostering Chinese Nationalism. During the
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The Patriotic Education Campaign was commenced following a period of relative political stability in the post-Tiananmen years and
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has said the Campaign is part of a strategy to make the Party the “paramount patriotic force and guardian of national pride.”
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Chinese Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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and Chinese traditional cultural activities, celebrating symbols of Chinese national unity and achievement like the
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2348:"Anti-Japanese Sentiment among Chinese University Students: The Influence of Contemporary Nationalist Propaganda"
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in Tiananmen Square on national day celebrations with a lone portrait of non-Communist, Chinese Nationalist
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rule's legitimacy from Communism to Patriotism. The PEC broke from Marxist tradition; fostering revivals in
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2718:"Patriotism, Nationalism and China's US Policy: Structures and Consequences of Chinese National Identity"
1510:"Which Side Are You On, Comrade? Potential for Convergent Protests across the People's Republic of China"
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been the guiding ideology of the Mao era, and was now largely considered outmoded by party elites.
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This was done through education that was designed to construct a historical memory of what the
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actions, is considered evidence that the Patriotic Education Campaign has served its purpose.
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The Chinese Communist Party's capacity to rule : ideology, legitimacy and party cohesion
1852:"Popular Threats and Nationalistic Propaganda: Political Logic of China's Patriotic Campaign"
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The campaign, particularly the Patriotic Education Sites, contributed to the development of
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2671:"Grafting identity: History textbook reform and identity-building in contemporary China"
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were conveyed as an international effort to turn the region into an anti-China base.
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Students participate in a pro-democracy protest in Tiananmen Square, Beijing in 1989.
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Gries, Peter Hays; Zhang, Qingmin; Crowson, H. Michael; Cai, Huajian (March 2011).
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1706:"A State-Led Nationalism: The Patriotic Education Campaign in Post-Tiananmen China"
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and therefore too young to remember the Communist Party, and China, of Mao Zedong.
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2598:"Shanghai's History Curriculum Reforms and Shifting Textbook Portrayals of Japan"
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in order to shore up support for its totalitarian and anti-democratic agenda.
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international condemnation of the crack-down on the 1989 prodemocracy movement
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1793:"State Legitimacy and Dynamics of the 1989 Pro-democracy Movement in Beijing"
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Gu Zhenghong Memorial Hall; a Patriotic Education Site located in Shanghai's
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A nation-state by construction : dynamics of modern Chinese nationalism
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2197:"Deng Xiaoping's Southern Tour: Elite Politics in Post-Tiananmen China"
1486:"China wields patriotic education to tame Hong Kong's rebellious youth"
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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1635:"History, Chinese Nationalism and the Emerging Sino-Japanese Conflict"
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have a negative opinion of other countries such as the US and Japan.
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Yanling Team Memorial Museum; a Patriotic Education Site located on
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2546:"Victims and Patriots: Disaggregating Nationalism in Urban China"
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Maosen, Li; Taylor, Monica J.; Shaogang, Yang (December 2004).
1233:, most non-Chinese commentators are critical of the campaign's
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Yan, Fei; Zhong, Zhou; Wang, Haoning; Wen, Qiao (2019-12-18).
2641:. New Approaches to International History series. London, UK:
2150:"Moral education in Chinese societies: changes and challenges"
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Construction of Chinese Nationalism in the Early 21st Century
2053:. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. p. 213.
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Dukalskis, Alexander; Gerschewski, Johannes (2018-11-27).
1434:"China's WW2 Remembrance: 'Patriotic Education' in Action"
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Challenge Cup Competition of Science Achievement in China
2105:. M. C. Lall, Edward Vickers. London: Routledge. 2009.
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Large-scale construction of 'Patriotic Education Sites'
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Following the Communist Party's 1949 victory in the
832:(PRC) was created from, by emphasising the role the
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a machine-translated version of the Chinese article.
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Red Tourism in China: Commodification of Propaganda
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The Fear of Chinese Power: an International History
2544:Woods, Jackson S.; Dickson, Bruce J. (2016-09-27).
1558:"中共中央国务院印发《新时代爱国主义教育实施纲要》（全文）_中国政库_澎湃新闻-The Paper"
1266:; a Patriotic Education Site located in Beijing's
1346:"List of "Three Hundreds" in Patriotic Education"
1143:demands of Hong Kong residents for more democracy
1758:International Journal of Educational Development
1237:effect and have deemed it a tool employed by an
901:when China suffered a humiliating defeat in the
3287:International Alliance of Research Universities
3272:Association of East Asian Research Universities
1460:"Patriotic education distorts China world view"
1221:Competing international visions of the campaign
994:organised for traditional holidays such as the
1590:International Communication of Chinese Culture
139:History of the People's Republic of China
98:accompanying your translation by providing an
60:Click for important translation instructions.
47:expand this article with text translated from
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2081:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3438:Types of universities and colleges in China
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1006:, the Party's Birthday and Children's Day.
981:Institutionalisation of Patriotic Education
392:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
185:Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries
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2596:Vickers, Edward; Biao, Yang (2013-12-01).
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4083:History of the People's Republic of China
3182:Self-Taught Higher Education Examinations
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2497:Qian, Fengqi; Liu, Guo-Qiang (May 2019).
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1262:Memorial Park to the Martyrs of the 1911
4093:Campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party
2914:Burning of books and burying of scholars
2452:"Understanding the Zodiac Saga in China"
1956:"China: From Tiananmen to Neo-Stalinism"
1321:; a Patriotic Education Site located in
1132:Territorial integrity and national unity
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3277:Association of Pacific Rim Universities
3256:Schools of Journalism and Communication
2346:Zhou, Min; Wang, Hanning (April 2017).
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1073:2012 China Anti-Japanese Demonstrations
1056:history of ancient Chinese civilisation
200:Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence
136:
4088:History of the Chinese Communist Party
2664:
2662:
2294:
2292:
2126:
2074:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2445:
2443:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2102:Education as a political tool in Asia
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1458:Anderlini, Jamil (23 December 2012).
7:
2769:Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism
2763:Doughty, Jonathan (September 2009).
1710:Communist and Post-Communist Studies
1584:Bislev, Ane; Li, Xing (2014-04-02).
1579:
1577:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
667:2020 Hong Kong national security law
360:Campaign against spiritual pollution
1850:Liu, Chuyu; Ma, Xiao (2018-07-24).
382:1986 Chinese student demonstrations
2987:Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
2450:Fotopoulos, Annetta (2015-02-25).
2352:Journal of Current Chinese Affairs
1752:Vickers, Edward (September 2009).
527:South–North Water Transfer Project
454:US bombing of the Belgrade embassy
350:Strike Hard Against Crime Campaign
190:Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns
25:
3732:Political Consultative Conference
3430:Rankings of universities in China
3384:List of universities and colleges
1432:Dor, Alexander (15 August 2015).
492:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
487:Forum on China–Africa Cooperation
387:Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration
27:1990s political campaign in China
3579:
2781:10.1111/j.1754-9469.2009.01043.x
1514:THE INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS REVIEW
1404:10.1111/j.1468-2478.2008.00526.x
1344:Ministry of Education of China.
1311:
1291:
1275:
1255:
1067:which took place there in 1937.
747:
303:1978 Truth Criterion Controversy
248:Seven Thousand Cadres Conference
146:
34:
18:The Patriotic Education Campaign
3690:National Supervisory Commission
3434:Science and technology in China
3023:Double First-Class Construction
2904:Academies of Classical Learning
1641:, Routledge, pp. 185–208,
1534:"爱国主义教育实施纲要-【维普期刊官网】- 中文期刊服务平台"
1392:International Studies Quarterly
1319:Shaoxing Lu Xun Memorial Museum
652:China International Import Expo
110:{{Translated|zh|中華人民共和國愛國主義教育}}
3707:Supreme People's Procuratorate
3566:Provincial standing committees
3344:Common Recruitment Examination
3297:Worldwide Universities Network
2992:Chinese Academy of Engineering
2615:10.4000/chinaperspectives.6317
2047:Zhao, Suisheng, 1954- (2004).
1770:10.1016/j.ijedudev.2009.04.012
1350:Ministry of Education of China
1061:Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall
1019:, rather than emphasising the
1017:humiliations of the modern era
933:1989 Tiananmen Square Protests
838:1989 Tiananmen Square protests
816:
807:
799:
355:Sino-British Joint Declaration
108:You may also add the template
1:
4098:Political repression in China
3359:Quanguo Waiyu Shuiping Kaoshi
2964:Education inequality in China
2675:Journal of Educational Change
2562:10.1080/10670564.2016.1223100
2550:Journal of Contemporary China
2267:10.1080/10670564.2018.1458058
2255:Journal of Contemporary China
2195:Zhao, Suisheng (1993-08-01).
1868:10.1080/09636412.2018.1483632
1722:10.1016/s0967-067x(98)00009-9
1704:Zhao, Suisheng (1998-09-01).
1386:Wang, Zheng (December 2008).
1112:, and replacing portraits of
1087:Chinese history and tradition
961:Deng Xiaoping's Southern Tour
647:China–United States trade war
320:China–United States relations
3754:United Front Work Department
2418:10.1080/13439006.2013.793065
2400:Sneider, Daniel (May 2013).
2299:Naftali, Orna (2020-02-24).
2249:Naftali, Orna (2018-04-11).
1805:10.1007/978-0-387-09626-1_17
1791:Zhao, Dingxin (2010-11-09),
1010:Reforms in history education
792:Patriotic Education Campaign
662:2019–2020 Hong Kong protests
253:Socialist Education Movement
3663:Central Military Commission
2982:Chinese Academy of Sciences
2166:10.1080/0305724042000327975
1797:East Asian Social Movements
121:Knowledge (XXG):Translation
4114:
3605:National People's Congress
3427:
3364:Public English Test System
3334:Putonghua Proficiency Test
3091:Private and public schools
2929:Hundred Schools of Thought
2687:10.1007/s10833-019-09365-z
2365:10.1177/186810261704600107
2154:Journal of Moral Education
968:Content and administration
830:People's Republic of China
822:cultural campaign in China
72:Machine translation, like
4029:
3577:
3485:
3425:
3210:National Library of China
3152:Academic grading in China
3147:National Key Universities
2865:
2734:10.1017/s0305741010001360
2317:10.1017/s0305741020000120
1903:Government and Opposition
1603:10.1007/s40636-014-0002-x
1169:Effectiveness and results
642:Xinjiang internment camps
617:Meeting with Ma Ying-Jeou
467:China Western Development
459:Persecution of Falun Gong
49:the corresponding article
3673:People's Liberation Army
3339:Zhíyè Hànyŭ Nénglì Cèshì
3251:Foreign-language schools
3205:Book collecting in China
3137:National Key Disciplines
2515:10.1177/0009445519834365
2468:10.1177/0097700415571259
1647:10.4324/9781315772172-11
1633:HE, YINAN (2014-07-25),
1484:Wu, Sarah (2020-11-29).
1239:authoritarian government
1044:Second Sino-Japanese War
622:2016 G20 Hangzhou summit
597:Belt and Road Initiative
592:Anti-corruption campaign
432:One country, two systems
365:Bourgeois liberalization
243:Two Bombs, One Satellite
215:Hundred Flowers Campaign
3177:Academic ranks in China
2939:Digital divide in China
2637:Crean, Jeffrey (2024).
2003:Jinghan., Zeng (2016).
903:First Sino-Japanese War
891:Chinese Communist Party
834:Chinese Communist Party
542:Three Links with Taiwan
537:2008 Sichuan earthquake
512:2002–2004 SARS outbreak
412:Shanghai Stock Exchange
119:For more guidance, see
3695:Supreme People's Court
3157:State Key Laboratories
2802:Lin, Chunfeng (2023).
2133:: CS1 maint: others (
2009:. Palgrave Macmillan.
1186:
1137:domestic affairs. The
1096:
928:
679:2020–2021 reform spree
637:Persecution of Uyghurs
567:West–East Gas Pipeline
472:Hainan Island incident
313:Special economic zones
308:Reforms and Opening Up
220:Anti-Rightist Campaign
3747:People's organization
3678:People's Armed Police
3329:Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi
3051:Ministry of Education
3033:Thousand Talents Plan
2889:Mandarin (bureaucrat)
1973:10.1353/jod.2020.0012
1183:Ode to the Motherland
1176:
1094:
926:
893:promoted a policy of
864:CCP General Secretary
532:Qinghai–Tibet railway
437:Handover of Hong Kong
92:copyright attribution
3354:College English Test
3282:Global U8 Consortium
3142:College English Test
2884:Imperial examination
1960:Journal of Democracy
1954:Pei, Minxin (2020).
684:2022 Winter Olympics
585:2012–present: Xi era
547:2008 Summer Olympics
482:Accession to the WTO
422:Deng's southern tour
405:1989–2002: Jiang era
238:Great Chinese Famine
195:First five-year plan
170:Land Reform Movement
3547:Military Commission
3081:Secondary education
2954:1952 reorganization
2949:May Fourth Movement
2894:Scholar-bureaucrats
2722:The China Quarterly
2643:Bloomsbury Academic
2406:Asia-Pacific Review
2305:The China Quarterly
1915:10.1017/gov.2018.40
1231:propaganda campaign
895:Chinese Nationalism
860:Chinese nationalism
804:traditional Chinese
417:Pudong New District
337:Sino-Vietnamese War
332:Four Modernizations
286:1976–1989: Deng era
273:Richard Nixon visit
263:Cultural Revolution
4058:Education in China
3712:Procurator-General
3610:Standing Committee
3528:Standing Committee
3114:Vocation education
2959:Simplified Chinese
2859:Education in China
2602:China Perspectives
1200:China's opening up
1187:
1097:
949:Mao Zedong Thought
929:
871:Xi Jinping Thought
817:Àiguó zhǔyì jiàoyù
796:simplified Chinese
522:Visit of Lien Chan
233:Great Leap Forward
205:Bandung Conference
158:1949–1976: Mao era
100:interlanguage link
4078:Politics of China
4045:
4044:
4025:
4024:
3979:
3777:
3533:General Secretary
3518:Central Committee
3479:Politics of China
3445:
3444:
3313:English education
3265:Int'l cooperation
3200:Archives in China
3076:Primary education
2934:Scouting in China
2924:Beijing Guozijian
2909:Chinese educators
2652:978-1-350-23394-2
2112:978-0-415-45259-5
2016:978-1-137-53367-8
1814:978-0-387-09625-4
1656:978-1-315-77217-2
1356:on 6 October 2020
1264:Xinhai Revolution
1227:historiographical
1179:Dalian University
1063:memorialised the
1048:Chinese Civil War
910:Chinese Civil War
887:post-Cold War era
788:
787:
674:COVID-19 pandemic
505:2002–2012: Hu era
442:Handover of Macau
325:Three Communiqués
268:UN representation
132:
131:
61:
57:
16:(Redirected from
4105:
4010:Claimed province
3973:
3781:
3771:
3651:State Councilors
3600:Paramount leader
3583:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3449:
3241:Business schools
3220:Shanghai Library
3086:Boarding schools
2868:Education system
2852:
2845:
2838:
2829:
2822:
2821:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2666:
2657:
2656:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2617:
2593:
2582:
2581:
2556:(104): 167–182.
2541:
2535:
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2447:
2438:
2437:
2397:
2386:
2385:
2367:
2343:
2337:
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2296:
2287:
2286:
2261:(113): 703–718.
2246:
2233:
2232:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2132:
2124:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2080:
2072:
2044:
2029:
2028:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1975:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1926:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1856:Security Studies
1847:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1749:
1734:
1733:
1701:
1666:
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1664:
1663:
1630:
1624:
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1605:
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1500:
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1420:
1418:
1383:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1352:. Archived from
1341:
1315:
1295:
1279:
1268:Haidian District
1259:
945:Marxism–Leninism
869:, and tenets of
853:Guiding ideology
818:
809:
801:
780:
773:
766:
754:China portal
752:
751:
750:
632:9th BRICS summit
562:Three Gorges Dam
150:
141:
134:
111:
105:
78:Google Translate
59:
56:(September 2020)
55:
38:
37:
30:
21:
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4108:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4048:
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3982:
3942:
3935:
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3774:current leaders
3770:
3767:
3764:
3758:
3718:
3591:
3584:
3575:
3510:Communist Party
3504:
3481:
3476:
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3440:
3421:
3370:
3317:
3301:
3260:
3236:Medical schools
3224:
3215:Nanjing Library
3186:
3118:
3100:
3062:
3037:
2996:
2968:
2870:
2861:
2856:
2826:
2825:
2818:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2715:
2714:
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2668:
2667:
2660:
2653:
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2631:
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2340:
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2248:
2247:
2236:
2213:10.2307/2645086
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2193:
2189:
2147:
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2142:
2125:
2113:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2073:
2061:
2046:
2045:
2032:
2017:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1849:
1848:
1827:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1751:
1750:
1737:
1703:
1702:
1669:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1583:
1582:
1575:
1566:
1564:
1562:www.thepaper.cn
1556:
1555:
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1542:
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1538:qikan.cqvip.com
1532:
1531:
1527:
1518:
1516:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1494:
1492:
1490:The Japan Times
1483:
1482:
1478:
1468:
1466:
1464:Financial Times
1457:
1456:
1452:
1442:
1440:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1416:
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1385:
1384:
1369:
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1296:
1287:
1280:
1271:
1260:
1251:
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1046:(1931–45), the
1037:
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970:
883:
855:
850:
840:. The academic
784:
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689:
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612:APEC China 2014
587:
577:
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572:High-speed rail
507:
497:
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477:APEC China 2001
463:
407:
397:
396:
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298:Boluan Fanzheng
288:
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277:
229:
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127:
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4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4073:2010s in China
4070:
4068:2000s in China
4065:
4063:1990s in China
4060:
4050:
4049:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4034:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4023:
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4013:
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4003:
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3992:
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3984:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3956:Inner Mongolia
3953:
3947:
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3937:
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3934:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
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3805:
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3787:
3785:Municipalities
3778:
3766:province-level
3760:
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3757:
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3750:
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3739:
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3629:Vice President
3621:
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3602:
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3292:Universitas 21
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3223:
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3202:
3196:
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3188:
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3185:
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3174:
3173:
3172:
3169:HKSAR students
3159:
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3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3128:
3126:
3120:
3119:
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3116:
3110:
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3101:
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3098:
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3088:
3083:
3078:
3072:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3047:
3045:
3043:Administration
3039:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
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2998:
2997:
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2976:
2970:
2969:
2967:
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2862:
2857:
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2840:
2832:
2824:
2823:
2816:
2794:
2775:(2): 198–212.
2755:
2708:
2681:(2): 175–190.
2658:
2651:
2629:
2608:(2013/4): 29.
2583:
2536:
2489:
2462:(6): 603–630.
2439:
2387:
2358:(1): 167–185.
2338:
2288:
2234:
2207:(8): 739–756.
2187:
2160:(4): 405–428.
2140:
2111:
2092:
2059:
2030:
2015:
1995:
1966:(1): 148–157.
1946:
1909:(3): 511–532.
1889:
1862:(4): 633–664.
1825:
1813:
1783:
1764:(5): 523–531.
1735:
1716:(3): 287–302.
1667:
1655:
1625:
1596:(1–2): 21–33.
1573:
1549:
1525:
1501:
1476:
1450:
1438:The Diplomatic
1424:
1398:(4): 783–806.
1367:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1317:
1310:
1308:
1297:
1290:
1288:
1284:Putuo District
1281:
1274:
1272:
1261:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1235:indoctrinatory
1225:International
1222:
1219:
1170:
1167:
1153:
1150:
1133:
1130:
1106:Yellow Emperor
1088:
1085:
1080:
1077:
1036:
1033:
1021:class struggle
1011:
1008:
1002:, Labour Day,
996:Lunar New Year
988:People's Daily
982:
979:
969:
966:
882:
879:
854:
851:
849:
846:
786:
785:
783:
782:
775:
768:
760:
757:
756:
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742:
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740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
712:
711:
710:
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691:
690:
687:
686:
681:
676:
671:
670:
669:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
607:Supercomputing
604:
599:
594:
588:
583:
582:
579:
578:
575:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
508:
503:
502:
499:
498:
495:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
462:
461:
456:
451:
446:
445:
444:
439:
429:
427:1992 consensus
424:
419:
414:
408:
403:
402:
399:
398:
395:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
373:
372:
362:
357:
352:
345:
344:
342:Beijing Spring
339:
334:
329:
328:
327:
317:
316:
315:
305:
300:
295:
289:
284:
283:
280:
279:
276:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
228:
227:
222:
217:
212:
210:Sufan movement
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
161:
156:
155:
152:
151:
143:
142:
130:
129:
125:
124:
117:
106:
84:
81:
70:
63:
44:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4110:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4038:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4028:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4008:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3977:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3938:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3775:
3769:
3761:
3755:
3752:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3742:Minor parties
3740:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3705:
3701:
3700:Vice Premiers
3698:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3646:Vice Premiers
3644:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3636:State Council
3634:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3622:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3587:
3582:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3552:
3548:
3545:
3541:
3538:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3484:
3480:
3473:
3468:
3466:
3461:
3459:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3306:Subject areas
3304:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2860:
2853:
2848:
2846:
2841:
2839:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2819:
2817:9781032139609
2813:
2809:
2805:
2798:
2795:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2759:
2756:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2633:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2509:(2): 81–101.
2508:
2504:
2500:
2493:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2141:
2136:
2130:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2096:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2060:0-8047-4897-7
2056:
2052:
2051:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2008:
2007:
1999:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1816:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1787:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1658:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1563:
1559:
1553:
1550:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1526:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1502:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1477:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1451:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1425:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1340:
1337:
1330:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1201:
1195:
1191:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1093:
1086:
1084:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1032:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1001:
997:
991:
989:
980:
978:
974:
967:
965:
962:
957:
953:
950:
946:
940:
938:
937:Deng Xiaoping
934:
925:
921:
918:
915:
911:
906:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
880:
878:
876:
875:Chinese dream
872:
868:
865:
861:
852:
847:
845:
843:
842:Suisheng Zhao
839:
835:
831:
826:
823:
819:
813:
805:
797:
793:
781:
776:
774:
769:
767:
762:
761:
759:
758:
755:
745:
744:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
715:
714:
713:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
694:
693:
692:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
668:
665:
664:
663:
660:
658:
657:Space program
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
589:
586:
581:
580:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
509:
506:
501:
500:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
464:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
443:
440:
438:
435:
434:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
409:
406:
401:
400:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
371:
368:
367:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
347:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
326:
323:
322:
321:
318:
314:
311:
310:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
290:
287:
282:
281:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
230:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
162:
159:
154:
153:
149:
145:
144:
140:
135:
122:
118:
115:
107:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
82:
79:
75:
71:
68:
65:
64:
58:
52:
50:
45:You can help
41:
32:
31:
19:
3861:Heilongjiang
3724:United front
3571:Constitution
3490:Constitution
3414:
3407:
3400:
3393:
3166:
3028:Project Hope
2867:
2803:
2797:
2772:
2768:
2758:
2725:
2721:
2711:
2678:
2674:
2638:
2632:
2605:
2601:
2553:
2549:
2539:
2506:
2503:China Report
2502:
2492:
2459:
2456:Modern China
2455:
2412:(1): 35–54.
2409:
2405:
2355:
2351:
2341:
2308:
2304:
2258:
2254:
2204:
2201:Asian Survey
2200:
2190:
2157:
2153:
2143:
2101:
2095:
2049:
2005:
1998:
1963:
1959:
1949:
1924:10419/222868
1906:
1902:
1892:
1859:
1855:
1818:, retrieved
1796:
1786:
1761:
1757:
1713:
1709:
1660:, retrieved
1638:
1628:
1593:
1589:
1565:. Retrieved
1561:
1552:
1541:. Retrieved
1537:
1528:
1517:. Retrieved
1513:
1504:
1493:. Retrieved
1489:
1479:
1469:24 September
1467:. Retrieved
1463:
1453:
1443:24 September
1441:. Retrieved
1437:
1427:
1417:24 September
1415:. Retrieved
1395:
1391:
1358:. Retrieved
1354:the original
1349:
1339:
1300:Baiyang Lake
1243:
1224:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1177:Students at
1163:
1159:
1155:
1147:
1135:
1126:
1102:Confucianism
1098:
1082:
1079:Major themes
1069:
1041:
1038:
1029:
1013:
1000:National Day
992:
984:
975:
971:
958:
954:
941:
930:
914:CCP Chairman
907:
899:Qing dynasty
884:
873:such as the
856:
827:
815:
791:
789:
697:Constitution
293:Gang of Four
175:Proclamation
96:edit summary
87:
54:
46:
3763:Politics of
3737:Chairperson
3540:Secretariat
3246:Law schools
3018:Project 985
3013:Project 211
1325:, Zhejiang.
1215:Red Tourism
1122:Sun Yat-sen
1025:proletariat
449:1998 floods
377:863 Program
258:Third Front
225:Canton Fair
4052:Categories
3941:Autonomous
3656:Ministries
3592:government
3428:See also:
3402:Wu Shulian
3229:Specialist
3106:Vocational
2025:1020148917
1820:2022-01-13
1662:2022-01-13
1567:2021-02-16
1543:2021-02-16
1519:2020-09-27
1495:2021-01-19
1331:References
1302:, east of
1110:Great Wall
1052:Kuomintang
917:Mao Zedong
881:Background
867:Xi Jinping
517:Shenzhou 5
370:Opposition
180:Korean War
165:Revolution
51:in Chinese
4037:Elections
3996:Hong Kong
3841:Guangdong
3818:Provinces
3798:Chongqing
3768:divisions
3624:President
3559:Secretary
3523:Politburo
3192:Libraries
2974:Academies
2919:Guozijian
2808:Routledge
2789:1473-8481
2742:0305-7410
2703:214351179
2695:1389-2843
2624:2070-3449
2578:151544704
2570:1067-0564
2531:159087909
2523:0009-4455
2484:143577046
2476:0097-7004
2434:144434814
2426:1343-9006
2374:1868-1026
2333:214106911
2325:0305-7410
2311:: 51–71.
2283:158227867
2275:1067-0564
2221:0004-4687
2182:216114091
2174:0305-7240
2129:cite book
2121:233591827
2077:cite book
1990:213204362
1982:1086-3214
1941:149822286
1933:0017-257X
1884:159003316
1876:0963-6412
1778:0738-0593
1730:0967-067X
1620:144957052
1612:2197-4233
1360:4 October
1181:perform "
1152:Evolution
733:Geography
728:Education
602:Chang'e 3
552:Expo 2010
114:talk page
4033:See also
3966:Xinjiang
3931:Zhejiang
3911:Shandong
3896:Liaoning
3803:Shanghai
3668:Chairman
3615:Chairman
3500:Ideology
3376:Rankings
3096:Zhongkao
3008:Plan 111
3001:Projects
2750:41680399
2728:: 1–17.
2382:59585880
2069:54694622
1412:29734264
1323:Shaoxing
1306:, Hebei.
1108:and the
1065:massacre
1004:Army Day
848:Ideology
820:) was a
738:Politics
707:Shanghai
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