1981 Seychelles coup attempt

426:, now a part of Air Kenya. Twenty days before the attempt, Gerard Hoarau and Paul Chow were sent to Nairobi to book a Sunbird Aviation Beechcraft Super King Air 200, registration number N 821CA, to transport the exile government to Seychelles from Mombasa. There have also been allegations that Kenya was to play a larger role in the plot. Just prior to the operation, Mike Hoare would tell South African intelligence officer Martin Dolinchek that Kenya had agreed to send "troops and police while the government-in-waiting was assembled in Nairobi". These troops would only arrive in the Sunbird Beechcraft after ‘Mad Mike’ had secured the army barracks, the airport and the radio station, which never came to pass. In the aftermath of the attempt, when Dolinchek was arrested, details of the Sunbird flight were found in his possession. Had Dolinchek not been left behind, perhaps the Kenyan connection would never have surfaced. Kenyan President 633:. South African law is harsh in this regard, with a mandatory five year minimum prison sentence for hijacking. Under sustained international pressure - the entire group of 44 mercenaries was again charged with air piracy on 5 January 1982. International and local press immediately commented that the charges may be a sham - as South African law defined a hijacking as an event that takes place once the aircraft doors have been closed and the aircraft is under direct command of the captain. As the decision was made to divert the aircraft to Durban before the "hijackers" embarked onto the aircraft, this was not considered to be air piracy, but rather a political crime that had taken pace on Seychelles territory and that should be ruled on by Seychelles courts. This was unlikely to happen as South Africa had no extradition treaty with Seychelles. 698:

African Government in 1979 and rejected, only to be accepted in 1980. He stated that logistical support was given by the South African Defence Force with them providing AK-47 assault rifles, ammunition and grenades and further arranging for the other weapons to be available on the island). Further, Dolinchek had travelled to the Seychelles on a government issued South African passport in the name of 'Anton Lubic'. He claimed the passport was issued to him on 12 October 1981 by the Department of the Interior in Durban. This was confirmed by the South African government to the United Nations inquiry into the abortive coup.

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twenty years imprisonment for indirect participation in the coup attempt. Robert Sims, the fifth mercenary was sentenced to ten years imprisonment on charges related to smuggling arms into the Seychelles. Charges were dropped against Susan Ingles (47), Sims' common law wife who had been arrested and was subsequently released. After extended negotiations between the Seychelles and South African governments and a US$ 3.0 million payment directly to President René - all six prisoners were pardoned by René and deported to South Africa in mid-1983.

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document amongst Dolinchek's belongings that showed flight times for a Beechcraft Super Kingair 2000 that was scheduled to fly to Comoros on 24 November 1981 from Mombasa. Then it would fly back to Mombasa to take off again on 26 November to the Seychelles. Under questioning, Dolinchek filled in details that the charter plane from Mombasa would be carrying James Mancham, his wife and three colleagues ready to retake power in Seychelles. With them, Dolinchek added, would be Kenyan military and police reinforcements for the coup.

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had no prior knowledge of the plot to overthrow the leftist government on the Indian Ocean island." In the second report, the Commission reported that evidence implicating the South African authorities had emerged and said 'it is not now disputed' that Hoare had approached the South African national intelligence service and was referred to members of the defense forces. The panel said it uncovered several other matters 'which it considers clearly established' South African involvement:

50: 569:, gave permission for it to land. Berlouis was afraid that the plane might be carrying mercenary reinforcements and he thus ordered trucks to be used to block the runway while flares were fired to direct the pilot to abort the landing. At that point the plane was too committed to the landing and proceeded to land and despite the lack of runway lighting, the pilot managed to manoeuvre the aircraft to avoid the trucks, only sustaining superficial damage to its right wing. 1992: 510: 451:

Sunday Times newspaper of 29 November 1981, Jim Graves (the editor of Soldier of Fortune magazine) admitted that he had known about a large African mercenary operation being planned and his visit to Johannesburg two days before the attempted coup was "pure coincidence." The word of a large recruitment drive was known in mercenary circles in London, Paris, Johannesburg and Durban.

439: 621:) from giving evidence on matters concerning their involvement in SADF operations prior to 24 November 1981. Without their testimony, only eight of the forty-three accused were charged. All other mercenaries had their charges dropped and were released The international response was swift and vitriolic, because South Africa had been a strong opponent of 690:

that the South African government was not involved in the coup. The UN Commission instituted under Resolution 495 revealed that the South African government had issued military mobilisation orders for forty-three of the mercenaries who were either serving in- or were reservist SADF soldiers. The South African government also refused to grant the

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stated that the attempted coup was carried out without the knowledge of the South African Government, the Cabinet or the State Security Council and he also stated that no authorization for the coup had been given by any of these entities. Also, the judge of the Pietermaritzburg hijack-trial concluded

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Two of the 45 who flew to Durban after the coup bid, turned state's witness (South Africans, Steyn de Wet and Theodorus van Huysteen). American, Charles William Dukes was wounded during the action at the Seychelles airport and was loaded onto the aircraft in a sedated state. He was deemed to have not

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The commission finds that the attempt to overthrow the Seychelles government was an operation undertaken by senior operatives of the NIS and the Department of Military Intelligence with the collusion of elements within the SADF. As such, it was a violation of international law and an infringement of

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On 15 December 1981, the United Nations Security Council convened a commission of enquiry to investigate the invasion and to report its findings to the Security Council. The commission, composed of Panamanian, Irish and Japanese representatives concluded that "..it was 'hard to believe' South Africa

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The Kenyan government strongly denied any such involvement once this statement was made public. The denial was questioned as it was known that Kenyan President Arap Moi was not well disposed towards Seychelles and because Kenya was an active participant in the 1979 Seychelles attempted coup together

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Mike Hoare and the mercenaries who had fled to Durban were arrested on landing in Durban. Surprisingly, they were not charged for having attempted a military coup in a foreign country but rather under the Civil Aviation Offences Act on relatively minor charges related to the Air India aircraft. Five

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Mike Hoare said that the South African Cabinet and top ranking NIS and SADF officers knew about the abortive coup and condoned it. Martin Dolinchek (alias Anton Lubic) declared that his department (NIS) and the SADF had full and prior knowledge of the coup plans and they were presented to the South

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magazine edition of May 1981 titled "Mercenary opportunities west of Suez" extolled the benefits and possibilities associated with a mercenary take-over of Seychelles and Mauritius, noting former Seychelles Prime Minister Mancham's support for such an operation. According to the Johannesburg-based

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on the main island of Mahe (for economic reasons the station was permitted to remain operational - but the terms of lease were re-negotiated to be more equitable towards the Seychelles). The US Ambassador to Kenya as well as the Chargé d'Affaires in the Seychelles were also implicated in the coup.

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Of the five mercenaries who had been arrested and charged in Seychelles, four (Rhodesian Aubrey Brooks, South African Jerry Puren and Britons Bernard Carey and Roger England) were sentenced to death for treason on 6 July 1982. Martin Dolinchek was also found guilty of treason and was sentenced to

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The number of mercenaries was unknown to the Seychellois, as was the question of whether the attack at the airport was supposed to coincide with a seaborne invasion. Hoare's men erected a roadblock on the north end of the airport and mounted an unsuccessful attack on the Pointe La Rue Barracks in

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The advance team of five mercenaries, NIS agent Dolinchek (under the alias Anton Lubic) and one female civilian accomplice were subsequently arrested. Out of the total coup force, one mercenary was killed (SADF 2 Recce member Johan Fritz) and two wounded. One Seychellois soldier was killed and a

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Seychellois forces then began firing in the direction of the Boeing, spreading worry among some of the mercenaries who saw the aircraft as their only means of escape. The mercenaries then boarded the flight and the operational leader, Peter Duffy, instructed Captain Umesh Saxena to take them to

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at Pointe La Rue on Mahé. All but two of them had made it through customs when a security supervisor began a thorough search of the luggage of a mercenary, discovering an AK-47. Realising their cover was blown, the mercenaries produced their weapons. One security guard ran towards the office to

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Dolinchek told his captors in Seychelles that "..a new government was to be flown in from Kenya and that the Kenyan government had further agreed to provide two aircraft to fly in troops and police to support the new government and to supplement the mercenary force." Seychellois police found a

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Three journalists were found guilty of violating the Official Secrets Act for reporting that South Africa's secret service was involved in the aborted coup. Rex Gibson, editor of the English-language Rand Daily Mail; Tertius Myburgh, editor of the Sunday Times; and Eugene Hugo, a reporter for

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Mike Hoare was sentenced to ten years imprisonment: The judge, Justice Neville James told the court that Hoare, was "an unscrupulous man with a highly cavalier attitude to the truth." He was released from prison in May 1985 after serving three of his ten-year sentence, under a general amnesty

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The South African government encouraged a mercenary group to force the change of government, but the poorly organised and underfunded operation was obstructed when a Seychelles customs official discovered weapons in the baggage of one of the arriving mercenaries and raised the alarm. After an

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The remaining 34 prisoners were charged with endangering the safety of an Air India aircraft and they were sentenced to five years imprisonment of which four years were suspended in each case. The men were effectively jailed for 6-month prison terms and released after four months for good

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In 1978 the deposed Mancham approached the South African government through Seychelles exiles to garner support for a counter-coup. The South African government was willing to assist and set aside a small number of special forces for a plot, but directed Mancham's representative to

501:, and other strategic locations. From the radio station they would broadcast that they had taken power on behalf of Mancham. The Seychellois exiles had assured the mercenaries that they would have the assistance of a 400-strong "local resistance force", but no such force existed. 481:(AOFB)– from a London society that had been defunct since the 1930s. As part of their cover, the mercenaries disguised as AOFB members filled their baggage with toys that were to be supposedly distributed to local orphanages. In reality, these were meant to conceal the weight of 458:, 9 were ex-Rhodesian soldiers, 7 ex-Congo mercenaries, 1 NIS agent (Dolinchek), and 3 civilians. Hoare also advised that US$ 5 million be raised for the operation, but only US$ 300,000 was garnered. The rest of the mercenaries' salaries would come from the Seychelles Treasury. 538:

which one mercenary was wounded. Seychellois forces, with two armoured vehicles, occupied the airstrip, confining the mercenaries to the airport's buildings. They also fired upon the chartered aircraft, disabling it. One of the armoured vehicles made its way to the terminal

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After a five-month trial, Provincial Supreme Court Judge Neville James absolved the South African government and Prime Minister Pieter W. Botha of complicity in the coup attempt as had been alleged by the mercenaries. The sentences finally passed in July 1982 were:

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Several prominent Kenyan politicians were alleged to have had prior knowledge of the coup, most prominently Attorney General Charles Njonjo, Police Commissioner Ben Gethi, JD Irwin, head of Kenya's Criminal Investigation Department and Andrew Cole, the current 7th

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President René was in his residence when he received a phone call about the incident at the airport. He immediately put the island on alert, calling all police and militia into service and imposing a 24-hour curfew. Colonel

405:(NIS) over which agency would be responsible for the operation. In the end, SADF was given charge of the plot but an NIS agent, Martin Dolinchek, was appointed to be a liaison officer with the task force. Seychellois exiles 522:

request assistance and bolted the door, successfully raising the alarm, which lead to the beginning of a six-hour gun battle at the airport. About 70 airport staff and passengers were taken hostage by the mercenaries.

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The mercenaries plan was to arrive on Mahé, rendezvous with the advance team and disperse around the island to various hotels. They were to wait for several days until René would be holding a cabinet meeting in the

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Approximately 70 people in the airport terminal were taken hostage by the mercenaries. They also hijacked an aircraft with 65 passengers and 13 crew aboard. The aircraft was later relinquished and the hostages were

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in his capacity as Minister of Defence, invoked Section 29(1) of the General Laws Amendment Act barring twenty-five of the accused and/or witnesses (all of whom were current or reserve members of the

364:'s landing rights as well as a deterioration of economic ties between the two countries. René frequently warned that sympathizers of the old government were conspiring to use mercenaries to stage a 730:

But right after the attack Tanzania sent combat troops and they are now supplementing our own defense forces at the airport and coastal defense positions to help us counter any future aggressions,

1971: 1394: 546:. 2nd Lieutenant David Antat, the vehicle's commander, emerged from the top and engaged the mercenaries. They surrounded the vehicle and shot Antat several times in the chest, killing him. 409:, Paul Chow, and Edie Camille helped orchestrate the coup plot. Hoare determined that bringing in weapons via boat was, in spite of its effectiveness, too expensive a method to carry out. 719:

Tanzanian troops were helping man airport and coastal defense positions after the coup attempt by mercenaries, Maj. James Michel, the Seychelles Information Minister reported.

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in the afternoon of 25 November 1981, disguised as vacationing rugby players and members of a charitable beer drinking club. They took the name of their beer club –

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Major Michel, who was also Chief of Staff of the Seychelles Defense Forces, said Tanzanian soldiers, who had been training the Seychelles Army since 1977, had

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For these acts, the Commission finds the following to be accountable in their capacities as heads of agencies of the state directly involved in the operation:

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as an advance team. They were to identify potential targets and rally support from dissident Seychellois soldiers. The rest would arrive on a chartered

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were charged and released under bail, while the other mercenaries were released without charge. During the course of the proceedings and charges,

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during which time they would launch their coup. They would seize the parliament, the airport, the radio station, police station, the army camp at

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South African, Vernon Prinsloo (31) was given five year terms on each of two charges against him, but would serve an effective 12 months in jail;

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South African officials organized the coup under the code name "Operation Angela". As plans developed, an internal struggle emerged between the

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Briton Michael Webb (32), Kenneth Dalgleish (32), of South Africa and Zimbabwean Charles Goatley (27) were sentenced to two years imprisonment;

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the sovereignty of the Seychelles government. The death of a Seychellois citizen in the operation was a gross human rights violation.

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and he pursued a socialist agenda, upsetting the small but influential middle class population. His reign also saw the withdrawal of

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The government was generally aware of attempts by Seychelles exiles seeking support to overthrow the Seychelles government; and

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enquiries condemned the South African government for their participation in an attempt to overthrow a neighbouring government.

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while Mancham was in London. Though René denied any responsibility, he assumed the presidency in June. Being a member of the

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The perpetrators of the coup being interviewed by local media: L to R: Dolinchek, England, Carey, Brooks, Sims and Puren.

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carrying 13 crew and 65 passengers closed in to land for a scheduled refueling. The mercenaries, having just seized the

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in South Africa. They were charged in the South African courts but received lenient sentences. United Nations and the

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and a South African government front company called Longreach. "Mad" Mike Hoare had served as a mercenary during the

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was prime minister, but relations between the two quickly soured. In 1977 René's leftist supporters launched

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of each item of luggage. Hoare ensured that the toys were as bulky as possible to best suit the purpose.

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Hoare managed to assemble a force of 54 mercenaries (himself included). Of these, 27 were members of the

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access to any of the mercenaries and it also prevented any interviews from being conducted with them.

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Head of the office of Chief of Staff Intelligence: Lieutenant General P.W. van der Westhuizen, and

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Arms, ammunition and other equipment were supplied by South African Defense Force personnel;

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Death Row in Paradise: The Untold Story of the Mercenary Invasion of the Seychelles 1981-83

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before the mercenaries attacked the airport on the main island of Mahe on 25 November.

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and was living as a stock broker and investment manager. He agreed to lead the coup.

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Part 2 of article (click link at bottom of page) makes reference to 'false bottoms'

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An (South African) army officer participated in the preliminary discussions;

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Members of an elite South African commando unit took part in the operation.

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Mercenaries: A Guide to Private Armies and Private Military Companies

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extended firefight, the mercenaries hijacked an aircraft and fled to

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The South Africa Truth and Reconciliation Commission found that:

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were fined between $ 270 to $ 720, but the fines were suspended.

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At 17:30 on 25 November 1981, Hoare and 43 mercenaries flew into

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Albert René: The Father of Modern Seychelles : a Biography

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Details of the full mercenary "Frothblower team" are listed in

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Mike Hoare later authored a book on the coup attempt, entitled

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Seychelles International Airport, the site of the abortive coup

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participated in the hijacking and was released without charge.

310: 1588:"Charge South African involvement in Seychelles coup attempt" 1294: 1292: 1290: 1288: 1248: 1246: 1244: 1242: 1151: 1149: 1147: 1145: 1143: 1141: 1395:"Hoare's Mercenaries Guilty of Hijacking In Seychelles Coup" 878:(Eng: Independent Africa. Katanga. Congo. Biafra. Rhodesia.) 1766:"Seychelles coup attempt: as intriguing as a spy thriller" 1560:"Soldiers from Tanzania Help Defend Seychelles, Aide Says" 1478:. United Press International online Archive. 4 March 1983. 1450:. United Press International online Archive. 29 July 1982. 1615: 1599: 1597: 1427:. United Press International online Archive. 6 May 1985. 1365:. United Press International online Archive. 7 May 1985. 1205: 1203: 642:

announced in December 1984 by President Pieter W. Botha.

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Nine members of Hoare's team were sent to the island of

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United Press International online Archive. 645:Briton Peter Duffy (40), and South Africans 1252: 1233: 1173:"In the Far Seychelles, a Tale of Intrigue" 1155: 1132: 966: 2309: 2295: 2287: 2183: 2129: 2056: 2005: 1938: 1924: 1916: 865:Simms was the brother-in-law of Mike Hoare 48: 31: 3907:Cold War military history of South Africa 788:Minister of Defence General Magnus Malan, 1735:(revised ed.). Helion and Company. 1702:The UN Security Council and Human Rights 1066: 1035: 3807:Democratic Republic of the Congo (2024) 3421:Democratic Republic of the Congo (2004) 2425:Democratic Republic of the Congo (1965) 1902:Seychelles Affair: 1981 - Youtube Video 1018: 901: 891: 844: 321:achieved independence on 29 June 1976. 1310: 1264: 1221: 1209: 1120: 1047: 954: 937: 681:South African government's involvement 1518:Rand Daily Mail: 13 and 14 April 1982 1425:"Mad Mike Hoare released from prison" 27:A failed coup attempt by South Africa 7: 3882:1980s coups d'état and coup attempts 734:They will stay as long as is needed. 275:and restore the previous president, 1866:. South African Government Printer. 1813:"Seychelles beats back mercenaries" 1603: 1532: 1506: 1411: 1380: 1349: 1279: 1108: 1021:, Mad Mike Hoare in the Seychelles. 925: 913: 675:South African Associated Newspapers 253:1981 Seychelles coup d'état attempt 35:1981 Seychelles coup d'état attempt 2432:Central African Republic (1965–66) 1820:Covert Action Information Bulletin 1798:Mitchell, Charles (14 June 1982). 1705:(illustrated ed.). Springer. 1657:Wars in the Third World Since 1945 1639:(illustrated ed.). Springer. 1326:Mitchell, Charles (22 June 1982). 798:The National Intelligence Service. 25: 3927:Air India accidents and incidents 3922:Foreign relations of South Africa 1764:Fawthrop, Tom (20 January 1982). 1722:"BBC News: On this day 27th July" 1393:Allister, Sparks (28 July 1982). 549:While the fighting was underway, 479:Ye Ancient Order of Froth-Blowers 380:and, at the time, had retired to 3917:Attempted coups d'état in Africa 1990: 519:Seychelles International Airport 160: 148: 135: 76:Seychelles International Airport 3681:Central African Republic (2021) 3579:Central African Republic (2013) 3365:Central African Republic (2003) 3351:Central African Republic (2001) 2902:Central African Republic (1982) 2881:Central African Republic (1981) 2821:Central African Republic (1979) 1586:Usher, John (7 December 1982). 1094:Kamau, John (31 October 2015). 608:Mercenary trial in South Africa 255:, sometimes referred to as the 3902:Battles involving South Africa 3892:November 1981 events in Africa 1616:Greek Ministry of Culture 1986 1363:"Mercenary renounces violence" 594:Arrests, charges and sentences 1: 3744:Burkina Faso (September 2022) 1770:The Christian Science Monitor 599:Treason charges in Seychelles 585:police sergeant was wounded. 403:National Intelligence Service 399:Defence Intelligence Division 3937:India–South Africa relations 3897:Battles involving Seychelles 3887:Military coups in Seychelles 3751:São Tomé and Príncipe (2022) 3386:São Tomé and Príncipe (2003) 3305:Republic of the Congo (1998) 3242:São Tomé and Príncipe (1995) 3179:Sierra Leone (December 1992) 3056:São Tomé and Príncipe (1988) 3028:Republic of the Congo (1987) 2632:Republic of the Congo (1972) 2530:Republic of the Congo (1968) 2481:Republic of the Congo (1966) 2334:Republic of the Congo (1960) 1826:(March 1982). Archived from 1751:"Captain hosts his hijacker" 472:Royal Swazi National Airways 356:Later in 1979, René's party 3730:Burkina Faso (January 2022) 2923:Upper Volta (February 1983) 1838:Shillington, Kevin (2014). 1497:Rand Daily Mail: 4 May 1982 828:1977 Seychelles coup d'état 680: 456:South African Defence Force 350:Satellite Tracking Facility 301:1977 Seychelles coup d'état 3953: 3932:India–Seychelles relations 3277:Sierra Leone (August 1996) 1804:United Press International 783:Prime Minister P.W. Botha, 298: 222:1 armoured vehicle damaged 3816: 2930:Upper Volta (August 1983) 2253: 2186: 2132: 2059: 2008: 1988: 1785:Greek Ministry of Culture 1660:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 851:A competitor magazine to 739:United Nations Commission 243: 212: 195: 170: 128: 58: 47: 39: 3414:Equatorial Guinea (2004) 2814:Equatorial Guinea (1979) 1982:1981 coup d'état attempt 1889:. Ohio State University. 1793:. Hypourgeio Politismou. 711:with the United States. 485:rifles hidden under the 220:1 police officer wounded 101:4.6743444°S 55.5218528°E 2446:Burundi (November 1966) 1911:Aviation Safety Network 1871:United Nations (1981). 1790:Seychelles, close to us 1729:Brooks, Aubrey (2015). 1699:Bailey, Sydney (2016). 1488:The Argus, 27 June 1982 1462:"Foreign news in brief" 3877:Military of Seychelles 3716:Sudan (September 2021) 2551:Libya (September 1969) 2467:Nigeria (January 1966) 1878:. UN Security Council. 802: 514: 443: 319:Republic of Seychelles 314: 229:5 mercenaries arrested 201:Unknown troop strength 171:Commanders and leaders 106:-4.6743444; 55.5218528 3207:Bophuthatswana (1994) 2565:Libya (December 1969) 2355:French Algeria (1961) 1967:History of Seychelles 823:History of Seychelles 811:The Seychelles Affair 668:Muzzling of the press 512: 441: 393:South African support 382:Hilton, KwaZulu-Natal 308: 237:1 accomplice arrested 227:2 mercenaries wounded 213:Casualties and losses 18:The Seychelles affair 3912:1981 in South Africa 3800:Guinea-Bissau (2023) 3737:Guinea-Bissau (2022) 3723:Sudan (October 2021) 3572:Libya (October 2013) 3530:Guinea-Bissau (2012) 3516:Guinea-Bissau (2011) 3379:Guinea-Bissau (2003) 3358:Côte d'Ivoire (2002) 3337:Côte d'Ivoire (2001) 3319:Côte d'Ivoire (1999) 3298:Guinea-Bissau (1998) 2853:Guinea-Bissau (1980) 2320:in Africa since 1960 1654:Arnold, Guy (2016). 1633:Arnold, Guy (1999). 1313:, pp. 148, 151. 834:Notes and references 724:almost all gone home 715:Tanzania involvement 615:General Magnus Malan 335:Non-Aligned Movement 208:1 chartered aircraft 3793:Sierra Leone (2023) 3786:Burkina Faso (2023) 3621:Burkina Faso (2016) 3614:Burkina Faso (2015) 3393:Burkina Faso (2003) 3291:Sierra Leone (1997) 3249:Sierra Leone (1996) 3165:Sierra Leone (1992) 3063:Burkina Faso (1989) 3014:Burkina Faso (1987) 2516:Sierra Leone (1968) 2474:Nigeria (July 1966) 2439:Burundi (July 1966) 1833:on 23 January 2017. 1811:Ray, Ellen (1982). 1566:. 31 December 1981. 1299:United Nations 1981 1236:, pp. 248–249. 1171:(2 December 1981). 1135:, pp. 247–248. 732:Major Michel said. 530:, the chief of the 420:Earl of Enniskillen 239:1 aircraft disabled 203:2 armoured vehicles 97: / 3867:1981 in Seychelles 3862:Cold War in Africa 2916:Upper Volta (1982) 2860:Upper Volta (1980) 2758:Uganda (June 1977) 2646:Upper Volta (1974) 2460:Upper Volta (1966) 2155:Telecommunications 1972:Colonial governors 1759:. 13 October 2006. 1756:The Times of India 1606:, p. 163-164. 1564:The New York Times 1178:The New York Times 854:Soldier of Fortune 702:Kenyan involvement 515: 444: 422:and then owner of 401:(SADF-ID) and the 327:France-Albert René 325:was president and 315: 269:France-Albert René 225:1 mercenary killed 177:France-Albert René 3857:Conflicts in 1981 3844: 3843: 3821:: successful coup 3600:The Gambia (2014) 3537:Mali (April 2012) 3523:Mali (March 2012) 3495:Madagascar (2010) 3477:Madagascar (2009) 3463:Mauritania (2008) 3449:Madagascar (2006) 3435:Mauritania (2005) 3372:Mauritania (2003) 2944:Mauritania (1984) 2895:Seychelles (1981) 2867:Mauritania (1981) 2839:Mauritania (1980) 2800:Mauritania (1979) 2793:Mauritania (1978) 2744:Seychelles (1977) 2284: 2283: 2249: 2248: 2173: 2172: 2119: 2118: 2089:Political parties 2084:National Assembly 2069:Foreign relations 2046: 2045: 994:Brewster, David. 358:won the elections 257:Seychelles affair 249: 248: 124: 123: 16:(Redirected from 3944: 3872:1981 in politics 3837: 3829: 3822: 3809: 3802: 3795: 3788: 3781: 3774: 3767: 3760: 3753: 3746: 3739: 3732: 3725: 3718: 3711: 3704: 3697: 3690: 3683: 3676: 3658: 3651: 3644: 3637: 3630: 3623: 3616: 3609: 3602: 3595: 3588: 3581: 3574: 3567: 3560: 3553: 3546: 3539: 3532: 3525: 3518: 3511: 3504: 3497: 3479: 3472: 3465: 3458: 3451: 3444: 3437: 3430: 3423: 3416: 3409: 3402: 3395: 3388: 3381: 3374: 3367: 3360: 3353: 3346: 3339: 3321: 3314: 3307: 3300: 3293: 3286: 3279: 3272: 3265: 3258: 3251: 3244: 3237: 3230: 3223: 3216: 3209: 3202: 3195: 3188: 3181: 3174: 3167: 3160: 3153: 3146: 3139: 3132: 3125: 3118: 3111: 3104: 3086: 3079: 3072: 3065: 3058: 3051: 3044: 3037: 3030: 3023: 3016: 3009: 3002: 2995: 2988: 2981: 2974: 2967: 2960: 2953: 2946: 2939: 2932: 2925: 2918: 2911: 2904: 2897: 2890: 2883: 2876: 2869: 2862: 2855: 2848: 2841: 2823: 2816: 2809: 2802: 2795: 2788: 2781: 2774: 2767: 2760: 2753: 2746: 2739: 2732: 2725: 2718: 2711: 2704: 2697: 2690: 2683: 2676: 2669: 2662: 2655: 2648: 2641: 2634: 2627: 2620: 2613: 2606: 2599: 2592: 2585: 2567: 2560: 2553: 2546: 2539: 2532: 2525: 2518: 2511: 2504: 2497: 2490: 2483: 2476: 2469: 2462: 2455: 2448: 2441: 2434: 2427: 2420: 2413: 2406: 2399: 2392: 2385: 2378: 2371: 2364: 2357: 2350: 2343: 2336: 2311: 2304: 2297: 2288: 2269: 2262: 2184: 2150: 2130: 2057: 2006: 1994: 1977:1977 coup d'état 1940: 1933: 1926: 1917: 1890: 1883:Various (1982). 1879: 1877: 1867: 1865: 1855: 1844:. Apollo Books. 1834: 1832: 1817: 1807: 1794: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1760: 1746: 1725: 1716: 1695: 1671: 1650: 1619: 1613: 1607: 1601: 1592: 1591: 1583: 1568: 1567: 1556: 1550: 1549: 1548:. 13 April 2017. 1542: 1536: 1530: 1519: 1516: 1510: 1504: 1498: 1495: 1489: 1486: 1480: 1479: 1472: 1466: 1465: 1458: 1452: 1451: 1444: 1429: 1428: 1421: 1415: 1409: 1403: 1402: 1390: 1384: 1378: 1367: 1366: 1359: 1353: 1347: 1332: 1331: 1323: 1314: 1308: 1302: 1296: 1283: 1277: 1268: 1262: 1256: 1253:Shillington 2014 1250: 1237: 1234:Shillington 2014 1231: 1225: 1219: 1213: 1207: 1198: 1197: 1192: 1190: 1181:. Archived from 1165: 1159: 1156:Shillington 2014 1153: 1136: 1133:Shillington 2014 1130: 1124: 1118: 1112: 1106: 1100: 1099: 1091: 1085: 1084: 1076: 1070: 1064: 1051: 1045: 1039: 1033: 1022: 1016: 1003: 1002: 1000: 991: 985: 984: 979:Ellis, Stephen. 976: 970: 967:Shillington 2014 964: 958: 952: 941: 935: 929: 923: 917: 911: 905: 899: 879: 872: 866: 863: 857: 849: 625:, including air 581:, South Africa. 561:(now Harare) to 557:) en route from 544:Molotov cocktail 495:Maison du Peuple 468:Mahé, Seychelles 424:Sunbird Aviation 261:Operation Angela 218:1 soldier killed 166:Mercenary forces 165: 164: 163: 154: 152: 151: 141: 139: 138: 112: 111: 109: 108: 107: 102: 98: 95: 94: 93: 90: 80:Mahé, Seychelles 66:25 November 1981 60: 59: 52: 32: 21: 3952: 3951: 3947: 3946: 3945: 3943: 3942: 3941: 3847: 3846: 3845: 3840: 3832: 3825: 3820: 3812: 3805: 3798: 3791: 3784: 3777: 3770: 3763: 3756: 3749: 3742: 3735: 3728: 3721: 3714: 3707: 3700: 3693: 3686: 3679: 3672: 3661: 3656:Ethiopia (2019) 3654: 3647: 3640: 3635:Zimbabwe (2017) 3633: 3626: 3619: 3612: 3605: 3598: 3591: 3584: 3577: 3570: 3563: 3556: 3549: 3542: 3535: 3528: 3521: 3514: 3507: 3500: 3493: 3482: 3475: 3468: 3461: 3454: 3447: 3440: 3433: 3426: 3419: 3412: 3405: 3398: 3391: 3384: 3377: 3370: 3363: 3356: 3349: 3342: 3335: 3324: 3317: 3310: 3303: 3296: 3289: 3282: 3275: 3268: 3261: 3254: 3247: 3240: 3233: 3226: 3219: 3212: 3205: 3198: 3191: 3184: 3177: 3170: 3163: 3156: 3149: 3142: 3135: 3128: 3121: 3114: 3107: 3100: 3089: 3082: 3075: 3070:Ethiopia (1989) 3068: 3061: 3054: 3047: 3042:Transkei (1987) 3040: 3033: 3026: 3019: 3012: 3005: 2998: 2991: 2984: 2977: 2970: 2963: 2956: 2951:Cameroon (1984) 2949: 2942: 2935: 2928: 2921: 2914: 2907: 2900: 2893: 2886: 2879: 2872: 2865: 2858: 2851: 2844: 2837: 2826: 2819: 2812: 2805: 2798: 2791: 2784: 2777: 2770: 2763: 2756: 2749: 2742: 2735: 2728: 2721: 2714: 2707: 2700: 2693: 2686: 2679: 2672: 2667:Ethiopia (1974) 2665: 2658: 2651: 2644: 2637: 2630: 2623: 2616: 2609: 2602: 2595: 2588: 2581: 2570: 2563: 2556: 2549: 2542: 2535: 2528: 2521: 2514: 2507: 2500: 2493: 2486: 2479: 2472: 2465: 2458: 2451: 2444: 2437: 2430: 2423: 2416: 2409: 2402: 2395: 2388: 2381: 2374: 2367: 2360: 2353: 2346: 2341:Ethiopia (1960) 2339: 2332: 2321: 2315: 2285: 2280: 2272: 2265: 2258: 2245: 2226:Public holidays 2169: 2148: 2115: 2042: 1995: 1986: 1953: 1944: 1898: 1893: 1882: 1875: 1870: 1863: 1858: 1852: 1837: 1830: 1815: 1810: 1797: 1783: 1774: 1772: 1763: 1749: 1743: 1728: 1719: 1713: 1698: 1692: 1674: 1668: 1653: 1647: 1632: 1628: 1623: 1622: 1614: 1610: 1602: 1595: 1585: 1584: 1571: 1558: 1557: 1553: 1544: 1543: 1539: 1531: 1522: 1517: 1513: 1505: 1501: 1496: 1492: 1487: 1483: 1474: 1473: 1469: 1460: 1459: 1455: 1446: 1445: 1432: 1423: 1422: 1418: 1410: 1406: 1399:Washington Post 1392: 1391: 1387: 1379: 1370: 1361: 1360: 1356: 1348: 1335: 1325: 1324: 1317: 1309: 1305: 1297: 1286: 1278: 1271: 1263: 1259: 1251: 1240: 1232: 1228: 1220: 1216: 1208: 1201: 1188: 1186: 1167: 1166: 1162: 1154: 1139: 1131: 1127: 1119: 1115: 1107: 1103: 1093: 1092: 1088: 1078: 1077: 1073: 1065: 1054: 1046: 1042: 1034: 1025: 1017: 1006: 998: 993: 992: 988: 978: 977: 973: 965: 961: 953: 944: 936: 932: 924: 920: 912: 908: 900: 893: 888: 883: 882: 873: 869: 864: 860: 850: 846: 841: 836: 819: 807: 764: 741: 717: 704: 685:Prime Minister 683: 670: 610: 601: 596: 591: 528:Ogilvy Berlouis 507: 464: 436: 428:Daniel arap Moi 415: 395: 390: 303: 297: 263:, was a failed 238: 236: 230: 228: 226: 221: 219: 207: 202: 188: 181:Ogilvy Berlouis 179: 161: 159: 158: 149: 147: 136: 134: 105: 103: 99: 96: 91: 88: 86: 84: 83: 82: 53: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3950: 3948: 3940: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3849: 3848: 3842: 3841: 3839: 3838: 3835:attempted coup 3830: 3823: 3817: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3810: 3803: 3796: 3789: 3782: 3775: 3768: 3761: 3754: 3747: 3740: 3733: 3726: 3719: 3712: 3705: 3702:Tunisia (2021) 3698: 3691: 3684: 3677: 3669: 3667: 3663: 3662: 3660: 3659: 3652: 3645: 3638: 3631: 3624: 3617: 3610: 3607:Burundi (2015) 3603: 3596: 3593:Lesotho (2014) 3589: 3582: 3575: 3568: 3561: 3554: 3551:Eritrea (2013) 3547: 3540: 3533: 3526: 3519: 3512: 3505: 3498: 3490: 3488: 3484: 3483: 3481: 3480: 3473: 3466: 3459: 3452: 3445: 3438: 3431: 3424: 3417: 3410: 3403: 3396: 3389: 3382: 3375: 3368: 3361: 3354: 3347: 3344:Burundi (2001) 3340: 3332: 3330: 3326: 3325: 3323: 3322: 3315: 3308: 3301: 3294: 3287: 3280: 3273: 3266: 3263:Burundi (1996) 3259: 3252: 3245: 3238: 3235:Comoros (1995) 3231: 3228:Liberia (1994) 3224: 3221:Lesotho (1994) 3217: 3210: 3203: 3200:Nigeria (1993) 3196: 3189: 3186:Burundi (1993) 3182: 3175: 3172:Algeria (1992) 3168: 3161: 3154: 3151:Lesotho (1991) 3147: 3140: 3133: 3126: 3119: 3112: 3109:Nigeria (1990) 3105: 3097: 3095: 3091: 3090: 3088: 3087: 3080: 3073: 3066: 3059: 3052: 3045: 3038: 3035:Tunisia (1987) 3031: 3024: 3021:Burundi (1987) 3017: 3010: 3003: 3000:Lesotho (1986) 2996: 2993:Liberia (1985) 2989: 2982: 2975: 2972:Nigeria (1985) 2968: 2961: 2954: 2947: 2940: 2937:Nigeria (1983) 2933: 2926: 2919: 2912: 2905: 2898: 2891: 2884: 2877: 2870: 2863: 2856: 2849: 2846:Liberia (1980) 2842: 2834: 2832: 2828: 2827: 2825: 2824: 2817: 2810: 2803: 2796: 2789: 2782: 2779:Comoros (1978) 2775: 2772:Somalia (1978) 2768: 2761: 2754: 2747: 2740: 2733: 2726: 2723:Nigeria (1976) 2719: 2716:Burundi (1976) 2712: 2709:Comoros (1976) 2705: 2698: 2695:Nigeria (1975) 2691: 2684: 2677: 2674:Comoros (1975) 2670: 2663: 2656: 2649: 2642: 2635: 2628: 2625:Morocco (1972) 2621: 2614: 2611:Dahomey (1972) 2607: 2600: 2597:Morocco (1971) 2593: 2586: 2583:Lesotho (1970) 2578: 2576: 2572: 2571: 2569: 2568: 2561: 2558:Somalia (1969) 2554: 2547: 2540: 2537:Dahomey (1969) 2533: 2526: 2519: 2512: 2509:Algeria (1967) 2505: 2498: 2491: 2488:Dahomey (1967) 2484: 2477: 2470: 2463: 2456: 2449: 2442: 2435: 2428: 2421: 2418:Burundi (1965) 2414: 2411:Dahomey (1965) 2407: 2404:Algeria (1965) 2400: 2393: 2386: 2383:Dahomey (1963) 2379: 2376:Algeria (1962) 2372: 2369:Senegal (1962) 2365: 2362:Somalia (1961) 2358: 2351: 2344: 2337: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2322: 2316: 2314: 2313: 2306: 2299: 2291: 2282: 2281: 2279: 2278: 2271: 2270: 2263: 2255: 2254: 2251: 2250: 2247: 2246: 2244: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2198: 2193: 2187: 2181: 2175: 2174: 2171: 2170: 2168: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2144: 2139: 2133: 2127: 2121: 2120: 2117: 2116: 2114: 2113: 2108: 2106:Prime Minister 2103: 2102: 2101: 2099:Vice-President 2091: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2060: 2054: 2048: 2047: 2044: 2043: 2041: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2009: 2003: 1997: 1996: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1963: 1961: 1955: 1954: 1945: 1943: 1942: 1935: 1928: 1920: 1914: 1913: 1904: 1897: 1896:External links 1894: 1892: 1891: 1886:AF Press Clips 1880: 1868: 1856: 1850: 1835: 1808: 1795: 1781: 1761: 1747: 1741: 1726: 1717: 1711: 1696: 1690: 1672: 1666: 1651: 1645: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1620: 1608: 1593: 1569: 1551: 1537: 1520: 1511: 1509:, p. 161. 1499: 1490: 1481: 1467: 1453: 1430: 1416: 1404: 1385: 1368: 1354: 1352:, p. 162. 1333: 1315: 1303: 1284: 1269: 1267:, p. 151. 1257: 1255:, p. 249. 1238: 1226: 1224:, p. 105. 1214: 1212:, p. 148. 1199: 1185:on 24 May 2015 1160: 1158:, p. 248. 1137: 1125: 1123:, p. 152. 1113: 1101: 1086: 1079:Owaah (2017). 1071: 1052: 1050:, p. 201. 1040: 1023: 1004: 986: 971: 969:, p. 252. 959: 957:, p. 147. 942: 930: 928:, p. 5-6. 918: 906: 890: 889: 887: 884: 881: 880: 867: 858: 843: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 831: 830: 825: 818: 815: 806: 803: 801: 800: 795: 790: 785: 763: 760: 759: 758: 755: 752: 749: 740: 737: 716: 713: 703: 700: 682: 679: 669: 666: 665: 664: 660: 656: 653: 650: 643: 609: 606: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 553:Flight 224 (a 506: 503: 463: 460: 446:An article in 435: 432: 414: 413:Kenyan support 411: 394: 391: 389: 386: 296: 293: 247: 246: 241: 240: 235:agent arrested 223: 215: 214: 210: 209: 206:53 mercenaries 204: 198: 197: 193: 192: 183: 173: 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Botha 555:Boeing 707 374:Mike Hoare 299:See also: 295:Background 273:Seychelles 186:Mike Hoare 143:Seychelles 3827:self-coup 2211:Languages 2201:Education 2165:Transport 2094:President 2064:Elections 2028:Districts 2001:Geography 886:Citations 631:hijacking 623:terrorism 589:Aftermath 559:Salisbury 551:Air India 540:forecourt 505:Operation 245:released. 2276:Category 2231:Religion 2079:Military 2052:Politics 2038:Wildlife 1951:articles 1787:(1986). 1775:18 March 1678:(2013). 1604:TRC 1998 1533:Ray 1982 1507:TRC 1998 1412:BBC 1998 1381:Ray 1982 1350:TRC 1998 1280:TOI 2006 1109:Ray 1982 926:Ray 1982 914:Ray 1982 817:See also 659:conduct; 575:Zimbabwe 388:Planning 196:Strength 71:Location 42:Cold War 2260:Outline 2191:Culture 2179:Society 2160:Tourism 2125:Economy 2023:Islands 2013:Capital 1959:History 1909:at the 448:Gung Ho 339:Marxist 2216:People 2147:Rupee 2033:Rivers 2018:Cities 1949: 1848: 1739: 1709: 1688: 1664: 1643: 627:piracy 579:Durban 563:Bombay 285:Durban 153: 140: 117:Result 3666:2020s 3487:2010s 3329:2000s 3094:1990s 2831:1980s 2575:1970s 2326:1960s 2267:Index 2241:Women 2236:Sport 2221:Music 1876:(PDF) 1864:(PDF) 1831:(PDF) 1816:(PDF) 1189:4 May 999:(PDF) 839:Notes 805:Other 483:AK-47 309:1982 2206:Flag 1846:ISBN 1777:2017 1737:ISBN 1707:ISBN 1686:ISBN 1662:ISBN 1641:ISBN 1191:2021 619:SADF 462:Plan 347:USAF 317:The 251:The 63:Date 311:CIA 271:in 259:or 233:NIS 3853:: 1824:16 1822:. 1818:. 1802:. 1768:. 1753:. 1596:^ 1572:^ 1562:. 1523:^ 1433:^ 1397:. 1371:^ 1336:^ 1318:^ 1287:^ 1272:^ 1241:^ 1202:^ 1193:. 1175:. 1140:^ 1055:^ 1026:^ 1007:^ 945:^ 894:^ 231:1 78:, 2310:e 2303:t 2296:v 1939:e 1932:t 1925:v 1854:. 1806:. 1779:. 1745:. 1724:. 1715:. 1694:. 1670:. 1649:. 1414:. 1401:. 1301:. 1282:. 1098:. 1083:. 1069:. 1038:. 1001:. 983:. 20:)

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