33:
300:"This unwarranted exercise of power by the Court, contrary to the Constitution, is creating chaos and confusion in the States principally affected. It is destroying the amicable relations between the white and Negro races that have been created through 90 years of patient effort by the good people of both races. It has planted hatred and suspicion where there has been heretofore friendship and understanding."
297:"The original Constitution does not mention education. Neither does the 14th Amendment nor any other amendment. The debates preceding the submission of the 14th Amendment clearly show that there was no intent that it should affect the system of education maintained by the States."
160:
The
Southern Manifesto accused the Supreme Court of "clear abuse of judicial power" and promised to use "all lawful means to bring about a reversal of this decision which is contrary to the Constitution and to prevent the use of force in its implementation." It suggested that the
309:
In many southern States, signing was much more common than not signing, with signatories including the entire delegations from
Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Virginia. Those from southern states who refused to sign are noted below.
1996:
1426:
209:
1943:
162:
294:"The unwarranted decision of the Supreme Court in the public school cases is now bearing the fruit always produced when men substitute naked power for established law."
1981:
2021:
1986:
1721:
1777:
194:
1448:
145:" to federal court orders requiring school integration was already being practiced across the South, and was not caused by the Manifesto. Senator
131:
36:
1991:
1963:
An article from CQ Almanac 1956 which includes the
Representatives that signed on after the Manifesto was read into the Congressional Record.
1643:
1266:
1260:
2006:
2001:
1927:
1805:
1688:
1438:
1230:
61:, in opposition to racial integration of public places. The manifesto was signed by 19 US Senators and 82 Representatives from the
118:
114:
149:
of
Arkansas had worked behind the scenes to tone down the original harsh draft. The final version did not pledge to nullify the
1919:
771:
269:
There were seven
Republican Representatives and three Senators from former Confederate states. Only four signed the Manifesto:
32:
2016:
1421:
1976:
455:
110:
1948:
1704:
719:
1468:
1432:
1129:
126:
58:
41:
180:
Three
Democratic Senators from the former Confederate states (all of whom had Presidential ambitions) did not sign:
1845:
2011:
1769:
1836:
695:
491:
62:
1463:
1350:
668:
590:
1960:
1743:
1626:
1953:
1712:
1674:
1398:
1380:
1141:
783:
751:
479:
343:
282:
146:
74:
1890:
1302:
909:
638:
596:
439:
373:
259:
signed the
Manifesto despite all requiring segregation in their public school systems prior to the
174:
134:
was unconstitutional. School segregation laws were some of the most enduring and best-known of the
1651:
1902:
1865:
1857:
1822:
1569:
1561:
1458:
1443:
933:
879:
662:
608:
449:
355:
142:
204:
The following
Democratic Representatives from the former Confederate states also did not sign:
1923:
1684:
1368:
1078:
1060:
1014:
996:
978:
966:
915:
867:
813:
701:
566:
527:
521:
473:
391:
379:
349:
274:
197:
154:
153:
decision, nor did it support extralegal resistance to desegregation. Instead, it was mostly a
1894:
1849:
1814:
1803:
Aucoin, Brent J. (1996). "The
Southern Manifesto and Southern Opposition to Desegregation".
1553:
1404:
1308:
1272:
1208:
1169:
1157:
1090:
1072:
1036:
1030:
1008:
1002:
972:
927:
855:
801:
614:
533:
485:
461:
421:
367:
361:
270:
1680:
1392:
1374:
1362:
1320:
1220:
1066:
1024:
939:
885:
873:
795:
656:
584:
572:
509:
385:
184:
166:
1254:
1046:
949:
921:
861:
849:
777:
765:
725:
707:
515:
497:
467:
415:
235:
Also, none of the 12 U.S. Senators or 39 U.S. House
Representatives from the states of
188:
170:
98:
86:
124:
The Manifesto was drafted to support reversing the landmark Supreme Court 1954 ruling
17:
1970:
1906:
1878:
1869:
1573:
1386:
1314:
1278:
1196:
1147:
1084:
984:
807:
789:
741:
503:
433:
409:
331:
278:
244:
228:
1599:
Brent J. Aucoin, "The Southern Manifesto and Southern Opposition to Desegregation".
1544:
Badger, Tony (June 1999). "Southerners Who Refused to Sign the Southern Manifesto".
1356:
1296:
1236:
1214:
1163:
1135:
602:
578:
427:
403:
397:
135:
1898:
1916:
The Southern Manifesto: Massive Resistance and the Fight to Preserve Segregation
1588:
The Southern Manifesto: Massive Resistance and the Fight to Preserve Segregation
1453:
1326:
1290:
1248:
1242:
1123:
990:
895:
819:
713:
650:
644:
337:
212:
82:
1834:
Badger, Tony (1999). "Southerners Who Refused to Sign the Southern Manifesto".
266:
This refusal earned them the enmity for a time of their colleagues who signed.
1853:
1557:
1284:
1202:
843:
216:
1117:
1100:
829:
731:
165:
should limit the reach of the Supreme Court on such issues. Senators in the
102:
78:
1336:
624:
256:
252:
248:
240:
236:
90:
70:
1826:
1861:
1565:
678:
552:
94:
66:
1949:
102 Congressional Record (Bound) - Volume 102, Part 4 (March 12, 1956)
1818:
65:. The signatories included the entire congressional delegations from
1179:
106:
31:
1879:"The Southern Manifesto: A Doctrine of Resistance 60 Years Later"
1475:
57:) was a document written in February and March 1956, during the
157:
attack against the judicial branch for overstepping its role.
27:
Document in opposition to racial integration in public places
1944:
Manifesto text and signers from the Congressional Record
1427:
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1770:"Southern Manifesto on Integration (March 12, 1956)"
1744:"Southern Congressmen Present Segregation Manifesto"
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1997:History of racial segregation in the United States
1961:Southern Congressmen Present Segregation Manifesto
1877:Henderson, Cheryl Brown; Brown, Steven M. (2016).
1676:Master of the Senate: The Years of Lyndon Johnson
1614:Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945-1974
1813:(2). Arkansas Historical Association: 173–193.
8:
138:that characterized the South at the time.
208:16 of 21 Democrats from Texas, including
1627:"Republican race to turn on 'Tentherism?
548:
317:
51:Declaration of Constitutional Principles
1982:School segregation in the United States
1957:Senate March 12 statement pp. 4459–4461
1487:
1449:Racial segregation in the United States
37:School segregation in the United States
545:United States House of Representatives
1673:Caro, Robert (2002). "34. Finesses".
314:United States Senate (in state order)
224:3 of 11 Democrats from North Carolina
7:
2022:White supremacy in the United States
1590:(Univ. Press of Mississippi, 2014).
109:. All of them were from the former
1987:Legal history of the United States
25:
1806:The Arkansas Historical Quarterly
1780:from the original on May 28, 2020
1439:1957 Georgia Memorial to Congress
1650:. March 26, 1956. Archived from
1920:University Press of Mississippi
1722:U.S. Government Printing Office
305:Signatories and non-signatories
227:1 of 7 Democrats from Florida (
221:1 of 7 Democrats from Tennessee
1422:American Civil Rights Movement
173:writing the initial draft and
1:
1992:American political manifestos
1899:10.1080/15582159.2016.1238732
1601:Arkansas Historical Quarterly
132:segregation of public schools
93:, most of the members from
1469:84th United States Congress
1433:Brown v. Board of Education
127:Brown v. Board of Education
101:, and several members from
59:84th United States Congress
42:Brown v. Board of Education
2038:
1846:Cambridge University Press
2007:1956 in the United States
2002:1956 in American politics
1854:10.1017/S0018246X98008346
1705:"Senate – March 12, 1956"
1558:10.1017/S0018246X98008346
1335:
1178:
1099:
1045:
948:
894:
828:
750:
677:
623:
551:
169:led the opposition, with
53:(known informally as the
1914:Day, John Kyle (2015) .
1883:Journal of School Choice
1644:"The Southern Manifesto"
130:, which determined that
1837:The Historical Journal
1633:CBS News, 20 May 2011.
1546:The Historical Journal
696:Charles Edward Bennett
195:Senate Majority Leader
63:Southern United States
46:
18:The Southern Manifesto
2017:Civil rights movement
1654:on September 30, 2007
1603:55#2 (1996): 173-193.
1464:Conservative Democrat
1351:Edward J. Robeson Jr.
720:D.R. "Billy" Matthews
669:James William Trimble
591:George Huddleston Jr.
35:
1977:1956 in American law
1954:Congressional Record
1891:Taylor & Francis
1713:Congressional Record
1399:William Pat Jennings
1381:Richard Harding Poff
1142:James B. Frazier Jr.
784:John James Flynt Jr.
480:John Marshall Butler
344:J. William Fulbright
210:Speaker of the House
147:J. William Fulbright
1612:James T. Patterson,
1303:Joe Madison Kilgore
910:Thomas G. Abernethy
639:Ezekiel C. Gathings
597:Robert E. Jones Jr.
440:A. Willis Robertson
273:of North Carolina,
215:and future Speaker
177:the final version.
1459:Southern Democrats
1444:Massive resistance
934:John Bell Williams
880:T. Ashton Thompson
663:William F. Norrell
609:Kenneth A. Roberts
424:(D-South Carolina)
418:(D-South Carolina)
412:(D-North Carolina)
406:(D-North Carolina)
374:Richard B. Russell
356:George A. Smathers
143:Massive resistance
111:Confederate states
55:Southern Manifesto
47:
39:by state prior to
1776:. June 25, 2020.
1625:Zornick, George.
1413:
1412:
1369:Watkins M. Abbitt
1267:Clark W. Thompson
1079:James P. Richards
1061:Robert T. Ashmore
1015:George A. Shuford
997:Lawrence Fountain
979:Herbert C. Bonner
967:Hugh Q. Alexander
916:William M. Colmer
868:James H. Morrison
814:Prince H. Preston
702:William C. Cramer
567:George W. Andrews
542:
541:
536:(D-West Virginia)
530:(D-West Virginia)
528:Harley M. Kilgore
522:Lyndon B. Johnson
474:James Glenn Beall
392:James O. Eastland
380:Allen J. Ellender
350:John L. McClellan
16:(Redirected from
2029:
1933:
1910:
1873:
1830:
1819:10.2307/40030963
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1405:Joel T. Broyhill
1309:J. T. Rutherford
1273:Homer Thornberry
1189:Non-signatories
1170:B. Carroll Reece
1158:Howard Baker Sr.
1110:Non-signatories
1091:L. Mendel Rivers
1073:John L. McMillan
1031:Harold D. Cooley
1009:Woodrow W. Jones
1003:Charles R. Jonas
973:Graham A. Barden
959:Non-signatories
928:Jamie L. Whitten
856:F. Edward Hebert
802:Henderson Lanham
688:Non-signatories
615:Armistead Selden
549:
486:Stuart Symington
456:John J. Williams
422:Olin D. Johnston
368:Walter F. George
362:Spessard Holland
324:Non-signatories
318:
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1797:Further reading
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1681:Alfred A. Knopf
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1611:
1607:
1598:
1594:
1586:John Kyle Day,
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1581:
1543:
1542:
1489:
1484:
1418:
1393:Howard W. Smith
1375:William M. Tuck
1363:J. Vaughan Gary
1321:George H. Mahon
1221:Martin Dies Jr.
1067:W.J. Bryan Dorn
1025:Richard Chatham
940:Arthur Winstead
886:Edwin E. Willis
874:Otto E. Passman
796:Phil M. Landrum
657:Wilbur D. Mills
585:George M. Grant
573:Frank W. Boykin
547:
510:Albert Gore Sr.
492:Thomas Hennings
400:(D-Mississippi)
394:(D-Mississippi)
386:Russell B. Long
316:
307:
291:
175:Richard Russell
167:Southern Caucus
163:Tenth Amendment
28:
23:
22:
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11:
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2012:1956 documents
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1938:External links
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1929:978-1496804501
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1616:(1996), p. 398
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171:Strom Thurmond
155:states' rights
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87:South Carolina
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1782:. Retrieved
1774:Thirteen.org
1773:
1764:
1752:. Retrieved
1747:
1738:
1726:. Retrieved
1717:
1711:
1699:
1679:. New York:
1675:
1668:
1656:. Retrieved
1652:the original
1647:
1638:
1621:
1613:
1608:
1600:
1595:
1587:
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1549:
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1431:
1357:Porter Hardy
1343:Signatories
1297:John J. Bell
1237:Brady Gentry
1215:O. C. Fisher
1186:Signatories
1164:Percy Priest
1107:Signatories
1053:Signatories
956:Signatories
902:Signatories
836:Signatories
758:Signatories
685:Signatories
631:Signatories
603:Albert Rains
579:Carl Elliott
559:Signatories
506:(D-Oklahoma)
500:(D-Oklahoma)
494:(D-Missouri)
488:(D-Missouri)
482:(R-Maryland)
476:(R-Maryland)
470:(D-Kentucky)
464:(D-Kentucky)
458:(R-Delaware)
452:(D-Delaware)
442:(D-Virginia)
436:(D-Virginia)
428:Price Daniel
404:Samuel Ervin
398:John Stennis
352:(D-Arkansas)
346:(D-Arkansas)
321:Signatories
308:
283:Richard Poff
277:of Florida,
268:
265:
260:
234:
203:
191:of Tennessee
179:
159:
150:
140:
125:
123:
54:
50:
48:
40:
29:
1893:: 412–419.
1848:: 517–534.
1724:: 4459–4461
1454:Solid South
1327:Paul Kilday
1291:Frank Ikard
1249:Bruce Alger
1243:Sam Rayburn
1231:Jack Brooks
1124:Jere Cooper
991:Carl Durham
896:Mississippi
820:Carl Vinson
714:Syd Herlong
651:Brooks Hays
645:Oren Harris
498:Robert Kerr
450:Allen Frear
376:(D-Georgia)
370:(D-Georgia)
364:(D-Florida)
358:(D-Florida)
340:(D-Alabama)
338:Lister Hill
334:(D-Alabama)
213:Sam Rayburn
185:Al Gore Sr.
119:Republicans
83:Mississippi
1971:Categories
1754:January 3,
1748:CQ Almanac
1658:August 10,
1482:References
1285:Jim Wright
1203:John Dowdy
844:Hale Boggs
772:Paul Brown
289:Key quotes
263:decision.
217:Jim Wright
113:. 97 were
1907:151491215
1870:145083004
1728:April 12,
1574:145083004
1476:Full Text
1136:Joe Evins
1118:Ross Bass
1101:Tennessee
830:Louisiana
732:Bob Sikes
524:(D-Texas)
430:(D-Texas)
117:; 4 were
115:Democrats
103:Tennessee
79:Louisiana
1827:40030963
1784:June 25,
1778:Archived
1416:See also
1337:Virginia
625:Arkansas
257:Oklahoma
253:Missouri
249:Kentucky
241:Maryland
237:Delaware
200:of Texas
91:Virginia
71:Arkansas
1862:3020998
1566:3020998
752:Georgia
679:Florida
553:Alabama
95:Florida
75:Georgia
67:Alabama
45:(1954).
1926:
1905:
1868:
1860:
1825:
1750:. 1956
1687:
1572:
1564:
255:, and
89:, and
1903:S2CID
1889:(4).
1866:S2CID
1858:JSTOR
1844:(2).
1823:JSTOR
1720:(4).
1708:(PDF)
1570:S2CID
1562:JSTOR
1180:Texas
151:Brown
107:Texas
1924:ISBN
1786:2020
1756:2024
1730:2023
1685:ISBN
1660:2007
1648:Time
281:and
187:and
105:and
97:and
49:The
1895:doi
1850:doi
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1718:102
1554:doi
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1973::
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1885:.
1881:.
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1840:.
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1548:.
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1556::
231:)
141:"
20:)
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