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755:, a renowned jewel collector to whom Henrietta Maria was deeply indebted. There has also been speculation that the pendant was modified, creating a jewel called the Three Sisters in the process. The Sisters were offered to Prince Frederick Henry around the time of Henrietta's sale in 1645. However, besides the possibly coincidental similarity in naming, there is no hard evidence to suggest that the Brothers became the Sisters. There has been no confirmed sighting of the jewel since.
42:
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piece was described as a "pyramidal diamond, 3 balas rubies, 4 pearls with the addition of a table cut diamond of 30 carats and two pointed diamonds", which closely matches the original description of the Three
Brothers if it had been altered by adding smaller diamonds. However, there is no definite proof that this was the same item. A contemporary letter to Henrietta's secretary identifies two Hague jewellers and gemstone dealers,
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on 11 March 1642 despite the protestations of
Parliament that she had taken with her "Treasure, in Jewels, Plate, and ready Money" that was likely to "impoverish the State" and be used to forment unrest in Britain. However, Henrietta found that potential buyers were hesitant to touch important pieces
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on her accession as Queen in July 1553. The jewel is described in a list of items delivered to Mary on 20 September 1553 as "a great pendant bought of the
Fuggers in Flanders having three large ballaces set without fault, one large pointed diamond and four large pearls, whereof one hangs underneath",
725:
between
Charles and Parliament, Henrietta fled to Paris in 1644, where she again immediately attempted to raise funds. Once more the local market showed little interest, but in early 1645, she succeeded in selling an unnamed piece of jewellery for the comparatively low price of 104,000 guilders. The
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worked four days and nights to reset the chosen pieces of jewellery, with a report on 17 March stating that he had taken "the great pointed diamond out of the jewell called the
Brethren, which he commandeth to be the most compleat stone that ever he sawe" and which he valued at ÂŁ7,000 on its own
196:
The Three
Brothers remained essentially unchanged over more than 250 years. The jewel is known to have been reset at least once in 1623, but a variety of descriptions indicate that its original form and composition were retained over its entire lifespan. Originally made as a shoulder clasp or
603:, where the pendant takes pride of place as the only significant piece of jewellery worn against a richly decorated white dress. Elizabeth died in 1603 at the end of a 45-year reign, by which time the jewel had become so tied to her persona that when a marble monument to her was erected in
630:. In 1606 the Three Brothers were listed in an inventory of the monarch's possessions amongst those jewels "never to be alienated from the Crown". The pendant was a favourite of James, who re-fashioned it into a hat jewel. A portrait of James produced around 1605 by court painter
231:
A very fine and rich buckle, adorned in the middle with a very big pointed diamond, and around this are three fine square balas stones called the three brothers, and three sizable fine pearls in between these. Under this buckle hangs a very large fine pearl in the shape of a
720:
It is at the end of
Henrietta's trip in 1643 that the trail of the jewel began to disappear. There is no record of her selling or pawning the pendant in the Netherlands, and it is likely that the Brothers returned with her to England. As the country descended into the
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monarch, Henry was expected to live in grandeur, and the King consequently had a passion for jewels: between 1529 and 1532, Henry spent almost ÂŁ11,000 on jewellery (equivalent to around ÂŁ8 million in 2023). As early as 1544, a letter from the Fugger office in
425:, which at the time was enough to pay 3,300 common labourers for a year. While this constituted a significant expense, Fugger made many such transactions over the years, and the price pales in comparison to his total assets, which reached more than 2 million
563:. Much like her father Henry VIII, Elizabeth knew when and how to use ostentatious displays of wealth and evidently liked the showy red-and-white piece of jewellery with the unusual triangular arrangement. The Queen wore it as part of her
346:. Forced to flee in haste, Charles left behind his artillery and an immense booty, including his silver bath, the ducal seal, and the Brothers, all of which were looted from his tent by the confederate army. The pendant was sold to the
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mentioned the imminent departure of an employee with jewels to be sold to Henry. However, negotiations dragged on until Henry died in 1547, and were only concluded in May 1551 under his successor, the 14-year-old
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665:(equivalent to around ÂŁ1.63 million in 2023). James wrote Charles on the same day that he would "send you for youre wearing the Three Brethren that you knowe full well, but newlie sette".
548:
which indicates that it had seen very few, if any, alterations since John the
Fearless had commissioned it more than 150 years earlier. At the time of Mary's accession, German historian
815:"a great pendounte bought of the ffowlkers in fflaunders havinge three lardge ballaces set without foyle, one lardge pointed diamounte and iiij lardge perles, whereof one is pendaunte."
322:. Charles commanded one of the most powerful armies of his time, and travelled to battles with an array of priceless artefacts as talismans, including carpets having belonged to
713:
such as the Three
Brothers, writing to her husband: "The money is not ready, for on your jewels, they will lend nothing. I am forced to pledge all my little ones". By June, Sir
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would bring the Three
Brothers back into possession of the Habsburgs and to the continent, but this did not come to pass. After a reign of only five years, Mary died in 1558.
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250:
A faire Flower of Goulde with three greate Ballasses in the middest, a great poynted Dyamond and three greate Pearles fixte with a fair Pearle Pendant, called the Brethren.
673:
459:, who was now running the family business, had decided to liquidate part of the family's possessions by the 1540s. He first unsuccessfully offered the Brothers to King
2239:
701:', which led him to consider the crown jewels as his personal possessions. Charles was plagued by financial problems and had already pawned the Brothers away in the
543:
for safekeeping on 7 June 1551, where it remained for the following years. When Edward died after a six-year reign, the Brothers were inherited by his half-sister
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in mind as a buyer when he purchased the Brothers, but the Emperor balked at Fugger's exorbitant asking price and bought everything on offer, but not the pendant.
374:, would reclaim goods that they considered as having been stolen from Charles. The jewel was at last put on the market in 1502, with two magistrates acting as
279:. After receiving it in the 1390s, Duke John pawned the jewel in 1412, but redeemed it at some point before 1419. When the Duke, who was a major figure in the
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shows the Brothers in great detail as the King wore it with a pearl-studded band on a black hat. He wore other crown jewels in a similar fashion, such as the
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When the monarchy faced bankruptcy in mid-1640, Charles sent Henrietta to the continent to sell what she could of the crown jewels. The Queen arrived in
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because the monarchy owed the Fuggers' bank ÂŁ60,000 (equivalent to around ÂŁ27 million in 2023). The transaction was recorded in an update to the
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arranged around a central diamond. The jewel is known for having been owned by a number of important historical figures. After its commission by Duke
745:, had already been involved in the pawning of the Mirror of Great Britain in 1625 and would therefore have been familiar to Charles and Henrietta.
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by trade, Fugger had become one of the wealthiest individuals in history by dealing in textiles and metals, and through extending loans to the
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Towards the end of James' reign, the jewel was reset, possibly for the first time since its creation. In 1623, James' son and heir apparent
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1978:
1912:
1946:
Britland, Karen (2011), "Chapter 7: Exile or Homecoming? Henrietta Maria in France, 1644–69", in Mansel, Philip; Riotte, Torsten (eds.),
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2099:
502:. In his diary, the King wrote that he was forced to buy the jewel from "Anthony Fulker" (Anton Fugger) for the princely sum of 100,000
681:
When the Spanish match failed to materialise and James died in March 1625, the newly crowned Charles I instead married French princess
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painting at a scale of 1:1 to aid with an eventual sale, which provides the earliest visual record of the Brothers (as of 2022 in the
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in 1389; the jewel's sale is recorded through a bill dated 11 October and a receipt dated 24 November, both of which are kept in the
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220:" on the original invoice) its natural form. In its original form, the jewel had a size of 8.7 by 6.9 cm (3.4 by 2.7 in).
153:, the jewel was part of the Burgundian crown jewels for almost 100 years, before passing into the possession of German banker
451:
commissioned a history of the House of Habsburg in 1555, the Three Brothers were still described as a "treasure known to all
212:
weighing about 30 carats, in the shape of a pyramid, octahedron, or regular trisoctahedron. As there is little evidence for
1790:
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1626:
The Progresses, Processions and Magnificent Festivities of King James the First, His Royal Consort, Family and Court, Etc
1508:
The Progresses, Processions and Magnificent Festivities of King James the First, His Royal Consort, Family and Court, Etc
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The fate of the Brothers after 1645 is unknown. It has been suggested that the jewel was broken up, or bought by French
205:
of 10–12 carats each, with another 18–20 carats pearl suspended from the lowest spinel. The middle of the pendant was a
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in 2001, which charts the lives of several real and fictional persons coming in contact with the Three Brothers.
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635:
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1199:"Where Did the Jewels of the German Imperial Princes Come From? Aspects of Material Cultural in the Empire"
853:
Strong, Roy (1966). "Three Royal Jewels: The Three Brothers, the Mirror of Great Britain and the Feather".
741:, as possible middlemen or buyers of the unnamed jewel. Cletcher, who would later become court jeweller to
731:
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capital reserve, and an investment to be sold to the right client at a profit. In fact, Fugger already had
201:(then known as balas rubies) of 70 carats each in a triangular arrangement, separated by three round white
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600:
987:
Die Burgunderbeute; Inventar der BeutestĂĽcke aus den Schlachten von Grandson, Murten und Nancy, 1476/1477
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The jewel remained in Burgundy during Philip's reign, and on his death in 1467 was inherited by his son
292:
141:) was a piece of jewellery created in the late 14th century, which consisted of three rectangular red
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1159:
The Sancy Blood Diamond: Power, Greed, and the Cursed History of One of the World's Most Coveted Gems
642:
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When continental Christian kings could not be convinced to buy the jewel, the Fuggers turned to King
339:
181:
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in 1626. The jewel was with Francis Vanhoven of Amsterdam in 1634, and Charles redeemed it in 1639.
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413:. The Basel sale included the Brothers and three other pieces of jewellery from Charles' hoard—the
323:
1340:
The Inventory of King Henry VIII: Society of Antiquaries MS 129 and British Library MS Harley 1419
338:, Charles suffered a catastrophic rout in March 1476, when he was attacked outside the village of
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410:
367:
288:
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185:
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1098:"The Battle of Murten: The Invasion of Charles the Bold and the Survival of the Swiss States"
366:). The jewel disappeared from view during the next years, as the magistrates feared that the
2489:
2448:
2443:
1951:
1802:
1700:
1566:
1526:
1521:
Nash, Michael L. (2017). "Chapter 5: The Jewels of the Kingdom". In Nash, Michael L. (ed.).
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791:
752:
503:
371:
319:
307:
150:
41:
110:
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1845:"To Sell England's Jewels: Queen Henrietta Maria's visits to the Continent, 1642 and 1644"
1772:
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690:
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was sent on an incognito mission to Spain to negotiate a marriage between himself and the
335:
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224:
17:
1371:
272:
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or necklace, dramatically offset against a black dress. And second, on the lesser known
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618:
Tomb effigy of Elizabeth I in Westminster Abbey, with the Three Brothers on her chest
580:
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206:
302:
46:
Miniature painting of the Three Brothers, commissioned by the city of Basel, c. 1500
1705:
1688:
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477:
was refused because Anton did not want the jewel to fall into non-Christian hands.
456:
402:
154:
1948:
Monarchy and Exile: The Politics of Legitimacy from Marie de MĂ©dicis to Wilhelm II
1585:
2208:
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2160:
2144:
2128:
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of Burgundy in the late 1380s, and was one of the most precious treasures of the
188:, but it is unclear if she succeeded. Its whereabouts after 1645 remain unknown.
2379:
2162:
Gems in the Early Modern World: Materials, Knowledge and Global Trade, 1450–1800
1530:
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at his death in 1525. For Fugger, jewellery and precious stones were a highly
347:
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1860:
1814:
1714:
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before 1400, it is likely the jeweller had merely squared off (described as "
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1955:
1844:
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930:
656:. Opulent jewellery was to be brought on the trip in an attempt to impress
223:
When the Brothers made their first appearance in an inventory—that of Duke
2102:
was created from a revision of this article dated 5 October 2020
1082:
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and convince him to give his daughter's hand in marriage. Crown jeweller
406:
398:
240:
552:—grandson of Johann Jakob Fugger—wrote of his hope that her marriage to
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646:
587:, in which the Brothers appear suspended from a massive, pearl-studded
494:
426:
209:
63:
1791:"Parliament and the Crown Jewels in the English Revolution, 1641–1644"
1722:
874:
2004:
567:
on several occasions, and it is prominently featured in at least two
471:
422:
355:
284:
202:
198:
142:
59:
55:
1073:
Vaughan, Richard (1962). "Burgundy, England and France: 1419-1435".
1042:
L'âge d'or de l'orfèvrerie parisienne au temps des princes de Valois
1913:"A Chronicle of the 'Three Brothers' Jewel between 1623 and c.1644"
1749:"Three Brothers Jewel & White Rose Jewel: Stolen Royal Jewelry"
1126:
The richest man who ever lived: the life and times of Jacob Fugger
672:
613:
521:
384:
351:
327:
301:
276:
93:
559:
The jewel made a re-appearance during the reign of her successor
236:
In 1587 the Three Brothers were listed among jewels delivered to
67:
2228:
421:(little garter) and the White Rose—for a total price of 40,200
1314:
Edward VI The Chronicle and political papers of King Edward VI
788:—lost jewel also supposedly once belonging to Charles the Bold
2040:"In Search of the Three Brethren, Jewels Valued Beyond Price"
677:
James VI and I wearing the Three Brothers on his hat, c. 1605
455:" that the Fuggers had owned. However, Jakob Fugger's nephew
2080:
717:
reported to Parliament that the Brothers were still unsold.
685:. The jewel was delivered into the keeping of the courtiers
693:
in November 1625. Charles continuously quarrelled with the
1849:
E-rea. Revue Ă©lectronique d'Ă©tudes sur le monde anglophone
397:
In 1504, Basel succeeded in selling the Three Brothers to
330:
diamond, and the Three Brothers. In his conflict with the
1556:"Heriot, George (1563–1624), jeweller and philanthropist"
1289:"Treasured possessions: The material world of Henry VIII"
622:
On Elizabeth's death, the jewel passed to her successor,
595:(c. 1587) by an unknown painter, originally given to the
1203:
The Holy Roman Empire, 1495-1806: A European Perspective
607:
in 1606, a replica of the Brothers was made part of her
2146:
The Crown Jewels: The History of the Coronation Regalia
168:
from 1551 to 1643. They were worn prominently by Queen
1268:(in German). Schnell & Steiner. pp. 84, 138.
1075:
Philip the Bold: the formation of the Burgundian state
1600:"Calendar of State Papers Domestic: James I, 1619-23"
184:, attempted to sell the jewel to raise funds for the
295:) in 1419, the Brothers were passed down to his son
2573:
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2436:
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2352:
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114:Detail of the Three Brothers from two portraits of
100:
89:
81:
73:
51:
34:
1565:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.
1554:
697:during his reign; one bone of contention was the '
283:over the French throne, was assassinated during a
1884:"House of Commons Journal Volume 2: 11 June 1642"
1525:. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 61–85.
358:expert. The city also commissioned a watercolour
1979:"Henrietta Maria (1609–1669) | Encyclopedia.com"
1950:, London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 120–143,
227:of Burgundy in 1419—the jewel was described as:
248:
229:
197:pendant, it consisted of three rectangular red
2093:
1394:
1392:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
954:Diamonds: An Early History of the King of Gems
626:, who had ruled in Scotland as James VI until
593:Elizabeth I of England holding an olive branch
510:, after which the Brothers became part of the
391:Elizabeth I of England holding an olive branch
2240:
8:
2194:Coronation: From the 8th to the 21st Century
2159:Bycroft, Michael; Dupré, Sven, eds. (2018).
1906:
1904:
1873:Harleian MS 7379: 2, cited in Humphrey 2014.
1450:Gloriana: The Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
782:diamond—also pawned through Thomas Cletcher
2266:
2247:
2233:
2225:
611:; the element was fully restored in 1975.
40:
31:
1704:
1658:. Yale University Press. pp. 58–62.
1161:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 36–38.
989:(in German). Bern: Stämpfli. p. 123.
2298:Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother's Crown
2110:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
1689:"The Divine Right of Kings Reconsidered"
1523:Royal Wills in Britain from 1509 to 2008
1077:. Harvard University Press. p. 91.
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
900:"Miniatur des Anhängers Die drei Brüder"
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
109:
2210:A History of the Crown Jewels of Europe
1562:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1452:. Oxford University Press. p. 82.
1427:A history of the crown jewels of Europe
1333:
1331:
1259:
1257:
828:
808:
267:. It was created by Parisian goldsmith
2038:Murphy, Bernadette (29 January 2002).
652:in a diplomatic maneuver known as the
310:camp after the Battle of Grandson, by
2344:Coronet of Frederick, Prince of Wales
2178:Jewels and Plate of Queen Elizabeth I
2133:(5th ed.). Antique Collectors' Club.
1338:Ward, Philip; Starkey, David (1998).
956:. Yale University Press. p. 95.
894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
884:
526:Elizabeth I wearing the jewel on the
160:The Brothers were eventually sold to
7:
2586:Honours of the Principality of Wales
2365:Queen Victoria's Small Diamond Crown
1628:. London: J.B. Nichols. p. 833.
929:. Weldon's of Dublin. Archived from
27:Lost 14th-century piece of jewellery
2334:Coronet of Charles, Prince of Wales
484:, who had been conferred the title
259:The jewel was commissioned by Duke
2670:Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom
2339:Coronet of George, Prince of Wales
2256:Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom
2181:. Trustees of the British Museum.
508:Inventory of Henry VIII of England
354:, who had the piece assessed by a
25:
1777:Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Hearts
1643:, vol. 5 (Hereford, 1909), p. 123
1641:HMC Report on Various Manuscripts
1044:(in French). Faton. p. 388.
743:Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange
536:Edward left the pendant with his
2695:Material culture of royal courts
2175:Collins, Arthur J., ed. (1955).
2092:
1401:"Jewellery of Queen Elizabeth I"
405:after a year of negotiations. A
1104:. Brigham Young University: 19.
1656:The personal rule of Charles I
1372:"Elizabeth I's Royal Wardrobe"
1:
2685:Individual items of jewellery
2009:. Pluriel. pp. 438–439.
1789:David Sargeant, Jack (2020).
1693:The English Historical Review
389:The Brothers in the painting
281:Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War
77:~300 carats (60 g) total
2370:George IV's Coronation Crown
2318:Mary of Modena's State Crown
1706:10.1093/ehr/CVII.CCCCXXV.837
1586:UK public library membership
2207:Twining, Edward F. (1960).
2143:Blair, Claude, ed. (1998).
1531:10.1057/978-1-137-60145-2_5
1425:Twining, Edward F. (1960).
1399:Scarisbrick, Diana (1989).
326:, the bones of saints, the
312:Diebold Schilling the Elder
2736:
985:Deuchler, Florens (1963).
927:"The Three Brethren Jewel"
447:for several decades. When
443:The jewel stayed with the
18:The Three Brothers (jewel)
2715:Henrietta Maria of France
2633:
2149:. The Stationery Office.
1807:10.1017/S0018246X19000438
1211:10.1163/9789004228726_019
1197:SiebenhĂĽner, Kim (2012).
1009:Tudor Costume and Fashion
904:Historisches Museum Basel
797:List of missing treasures
518:As an English crown jewel
275:Departmental Archives in
118:(full images shown below)
39:
2003:Goubert, Pierre (1990).
1911:Humphrey, David (2012).
1843:Humphrey, David (2014).
1429:. Batsford. p. 60.
1266:Die Fugger und die Kunst
1124:Steinmetz, Greg (2016).
1096:Winkler, Albert (2010).
1007:Norris, Herbert (2013).
475:Suleiman the Magnificent
2607:Mirror of Great Britain
2360:Imperial Crown of India
2308:Queen Alexandra's Crown
1956:10.1057/9780230321793_7
1779:(Oxford, 2021), p. 239.
1738:(London, 1881), p. 209.
1687:Burgess, Glenn (1992).
1448:Strong, Roy C. (1963).
1376:Royal Museums Greenwich
1287:Hayward, Maria (2019).
1240:Encyclopædia Britannica
855:The Burlington Magazine
723:First English Civil War
636:Mirror of Great Britain
512:Crown Jewels of England
486:'Defender of the Faith'
467:, while a bid from the
378:for the city to ensure
364:Basel Historical Museum
166:Crown Jewels of England
164:and became part of the
2375:George I's State Crown
2313:Queen Adelaide's Crown
2088:
2068:Listen to this article
1888:British History Online
1795:The Historical Journal
1736:HMC 8th Report: Bankes
1654:Sharpe, Kevin (1992).
1624:Nichols, John (1828).
1604:British History Online
1571:10.1093/ref:odnb/13078
1506:Nichols, John (1828).
1405:Haughton International
1312:Jordan, W. K. (1966).
1264:Lieb, Norbert (1952).
1157:Ronald, Susan (2004).
1128:. Simon and Schuster.
1011:. Dover Publications.
678:
669:Later history and loss
619:
533:
417:(little feather), the
394:
315:
252:
234:
176:. In the early 1640s,
119:
2591:Elizabeth II's jewels
2127:Balfour, Ian (2009).
2087:
1510:. London. p. 46.
732:Joachim de Wicquefort
699:divine right of kings
695:Parliament of England
676:
617:
525:
388:
380:plausible deniability
332:Old Swiss Confederacy
305:
113:
2499:Processional objects
2464:St Edward's Sapphire
2282:Imperial State Crown
2197:. Harper Perennial.
2191:Strong, Roy (2006).
2119:More spoken articles
1102:Faculty Publications
1040:Kovács, Éva (2004).
952:Ogden, Jack (2018).
766:published the novel
370:, inheritors of the
2680:Individual diamonds
2601:Great H of Scotland
2581:Honours of Scotland
2459:Black Prince's Ruby
658:Philip III of Spain
650:Maria Anna of Spain
601:François de Civille
575:(c. 1585, today in
538:Lord High Treasurer
449:Johann Jakob Fugger
324:Alexander the Great
126:(also known as the
2675:Individual spinels
2619:Irish Crown Jewels
2613:The Three Brothers
2303:Queen Mary's Crown
2213:. B. T. Batsford.
2089:
1927:on 6 November 2020
786:Florentine Diamond
768:The Love of Stones
679:
620:
554:Philip II of Spain
534:
395:
344:Battle of Grandson
316:
246:and described as:
120:
104:Unknown since 1645
35:The Three Brothers
2720:Lost works of art
2640:
2639:
2556:Christening fonts
2520:St Edward's Staff
2478:Anointing objects
2394:Coronations robes
2389:
2388:
2277:St Edward's Crown
2203:978-0-00-716055-6
2187:978-0-714-10445-4
2171:978-3-319-96379-2
2155:978-0-11-701359-9
2085:
2044:Los Angeles Times
2016:978-2-8185-0113-9
1965:978-0-230-32179-3
1917:Jewellery Studies
1753:All About Jewelry
1584:(Subscription or
1540:978-1-137-60145-2
1486:Westminster Abbey
1168:978-0-471-43651-5
1135:978-1-4516-8856-6
1018:978-1-306-35553-7
963:978-0-300-23551-7
933:on 6 October 2020
605:Westminster Abbey
571:. First, in the
372:Duchy of Burgundy
368:House of Habsburg
291:(the future King
265:House of Burgundy
261:John the Fearless
186:English Civil War
147:John the Fearless
108:
107:
16:(Redirected from
2727:
2551:Banqueting plate
2490:Coronation Spoon
2270:Principal crowns
2267:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2226:
2109:
2107:
2096:
2095:
2086:
2076:
2074:
2069:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1983:encyclopedia.com
1975:
1969:
1968:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1923:. Archived from
1908:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1880:
1874:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1840:
1827:
1826:
1786:
1780:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1708:
1699:(425): 837–861.
1684:
1678:
1677:
1651:
1645:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1558:
1551:
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1544:
1518:
1512:
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1478:
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1471:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1422:
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1413:
1411:
1396:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1335:
1326:
1325:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1293:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1261:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1194:
1181:
1180:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1121:
1106:
1105:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1004:
991:
990:
982:
976:
975:
949:
943:
942:
940:
938:
925:Weldons (2014).
922:
916:
915:
913:
911:
896:
879:
878:
861:(760): 350–353.
850:
816:
813:
792:List of diamonds
753:Cardinal Mazarin
740:
579:) attributed to
569:portraits of her
411:Habsburg dynasty
320:Charles the Bold
287:with the French
139:Les Trois Frères
101:Present location
44:
32:
21:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2636:
2635:†Lost/destroyed
2629:
2569:
2539:Plate and fonts
2534:
2494:
2473:
2469:Stuart Sapphire
2437:Precious stones
2432:
2395:
2385:
2348:
2322:
2286:
2258:
2253:
2223:
2130:Famous Diamonds
2123:
2122:
2111:
2105:
2103:
2100:This audio file
2097:
2090:
2081:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2062:Further reading
2059:
2058:
2048:
2046:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2017:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1985:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1930:
1928:
1910:
1909:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1842:
1841:
1830:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1773:Nadine Akkerman
1771:
1767:
1757:
1755:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1734:
1730:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1666:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1637:
1633:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1608:
1606:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1583:
1575:
1573:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1490:
1488:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1460:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1409:
1407:
1398:
1397:
1390:
1380:
1378:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1350:
1342:. Vol. 1.
1337:
1336:
1329:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1263:
1262:
1255:
1245:
1243:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1196:
1195:
1184:
1169:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1136:
1123:
1122:
1109:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1052:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1019:
1006:
1005:
994:
984:
983:
979:
964:
951:
950:
946:
936:
934:
924:
923:
919:
909:
907:
898:
897:
882:
852:
851:
830:
825:
820:
819:
814:
810:
805:
776:
761:
734:
728:Thomas Cletcher
691:Endymion Porter
683:Henrietta Maria
671:
573:Ermine Portrait
529:Ermine Portrait
520:
350:of the city of
336:Burgundian Wars
306:Looting of the
297:Philip the Good
257:
225:Philip the Good
214:diamond cutting
194:
178:Henrietta Maria
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2733:
2731:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2710:James VI and I
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2647:
2646:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2625:Crown Jeweller
2622:
2616:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2596:Diamond Diadem
2593:
2588:
2583:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2553:
2548:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2399:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2294:
2292:
2291:Consort crowns
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2273:
2271:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2229:
2222:
2221:
2205:
2189:
2173:
2157:
2141:
2139:978-1851494798
2124:
2112:
2098:
2091:
2079:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2030:
2015:
1995:
1970:
1964:
1938:
1900:
1875:
1866:
1828:
1801:(4): 811–835.
1781:
1765:
1740:
1728:
1679:
1664:
1646:
1631:
1616:
1591:
1546:
1539:
1513:
1498:
1473:
1458:
1440:
1417:
1388:
1363:
1348:
1327:
1316:. p. 60.
1304:
1279:
1253:
1235:"Anton Fugger"
1226:
1219:
1182:
1167:
1149:
1134:
1107:
1088:
1065:
1050:
1032:
1017:
992:
977:
962:
944:
917:
880:
827:
826:
824:
821:
818:
817:
807:
806:
804:
801:
800:
799:
794:
789:
783:
775:
772:
760:
757:
750:chief minister
670:
667:
577:Hatfield House
541:William Paulet
519:
516:
488:in 1521. As a
269:Herman Ruissel
256:
253:
244:Mary Radcliffe
193:
190:
174:James VI and I
128:Three Brethren
124:Three Brothers
106:
105:
102:
98:
97:
91:
87:
86:
83:
79:
78:
75:
71:
70:
53:
49:
48:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2732:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2643:
2632:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2396:and ornaments
2392:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2250:
2245:
2243:
2238:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2101:
2061:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2008:
2007:
1999:
1996:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1939:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1889:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1870:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1766:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1665:0-300-05688-5
1661:
1657:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1638:Henry Paton,
1635:
1632:
1627:
1620:
1617:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1587:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1557:
1550:
1547:
1542:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1514:
1509:
1502:
1499:
1487:
1483:
1482:"Elizabeth I"
1477:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1459:0-7126-0944-X
1455:
1451:
1444:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1418:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1349:1-872501-89-3
1345:
1341:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1308:
1305:
1290:
1283:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1222:
1220:9789004228726
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1051:2-87844-063-3
1047:
1043:
1036:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1014:
1010:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
993:
988:
981:
978:
973:
969:
965:
959:
955:
948:
945:
932:
928:
921:
918:
905:
901:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
881:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
829:
822:
812:
809:
802:
798:
795:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
777:
773:
771:
769:
765:
759:In literature
758:
756:
754:
751:
746:
744:
738:
733:
729:
724:
718:
716:
711:
706:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
675:
668:
666:
663:
662:George Heriot
659:
655:
654:Spanish match
651:
648:
644:
639:
637:
633:
632:John de Critz
629:
628:his accession
625:
616:
612:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
581:William Segar
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
557:
555:
551:
550:Peter Lambeck
546:
542:
539:
531:
530:
524:
517:
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
496:
491:
487:
483:
478:
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387:
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369:
365:
361:
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349:
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341:
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321:
313:
309:
304:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
255:Early history
254:
251:
247:
245:
242:
239:
233:
228:
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208:
204:
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117:
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103:
99:
95:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
69:
65:
61:
57:
54:
50:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2690:Medieval art
2665:Crown jewels
2642:
2612:
2560:
2510:
2209:
2193:
2177:
2165:. Springer.
2161:
2145:
2129:
2047:. Retrieved
2043:
2033:
2005:
1998:
1986:. Retrieved
1982:
1973:
1947:
1941:
1929:. Retrieved
1925:the original
1920:
1916:
1891:. Retrieved
1887:
1878:
1869:
1852:
1848:
1798:
1794:
1784:
1776:
1768:
1756:. Retrieved
1752:
1743:
1735:
1731:
1696:
1692:
1682:
1655:
1649:
1640:
1634:
1625:
1619:
1607:. Retrieved
1603:
1594:
1574:. Retrieved
1560:
1549:
1522:
1516:
1507:
1501:
1489:. Retrieved
1485:
1476:
1449:
1443:
1426:
1420:
1408:. Retrieved
1404:
1379:. Retrieved
1375:
1366:
1339:
1313:
1307:
1295:. Retrieved
1282:
1265:
1244:. Retrieved
1238:
1229:
1202:
1158:
1152:
1125:
1101:
1091:
1074:
1068:
1041:
1035:
1008:
986:
980:
953:
947:
935:. Retrieved
931:the original
920:
908:. Retrieved
903:
858:
854:
811:
767:
762:
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2546:Altar plate
2449:Cullinan II
2380:Tudor Crown
1205:: 333–348.
906:(in German)
764:Tobias Hill
735: [
715:Walter Erle
703:Netherlands
687:Lord Conway
609:tomb effigy
561:Elizabeth I
490:renaissance
461:Ferdinand I
453:Christendom
348:magistrates
334:during the
293:Charles VII
238:Elizabethan
192:Description
170:Elizabeth I
135:Drei BrĂĽder
116:Elizabeth I
2660:3 (number)
2655:1389 works
2649:Categories
2454:Koh-i-Noor
2444:Cullinan I
2219:B00283LZA6
2115:Audio help
2106:2020-10-05
1588:required.)
1435:1070831637
972:1030892978
823:References
780:Beau Sancy
482:Henry VIII
308:Burgundian
180:, wife of
137:; French:
2700:Edward VI
2562:Lily Font
2049:20 August
2025:758832190
1988:3 October
1893:12 August
1861:1638-1718
1823:204455747
1815:0018-246X
1758:12 August
1715:0013-8266
1576:13 August
1491:12 August
1468:768835625
1410:12 August
1322:468585928
1297:14 August
1246:13 August
1177:942897524
1144:965139738
1027:868967373
867:0007-6287
710:The Hague
599:diplomat
597:Navarrese
532:, c. 1585
500:Edward VI
465:Charles V
393:, c. 1587
376:straw men
360:miniature
273:CĂ´te-d'Or
207:deep blue
182:Charles I
172:and King
162:Edward VI
2525:Trumpets
2428:Sceptres
2327:Coronets
2117: ·
1931:6 August
1674:25832187
1609:5 August
1381:6 August
1358:42834727
1274:13964318
1060:56439373
937:6 August
910:5 August
774:See also
589:carcanet
431:fungible
427:guilders
419:GĂĽrtelin
415:Federlin
407:merchant
399:Augsburg
356:Venetian
241:courtier
151:Burgundy
133:German:
96:, France
52:Material
2574:Related
2512:Curtana
2485:Ampulla
2413:Armills
2104: (
2075:minutes
2006:Mazarin
647:Infanta
643:Charles
624:James I
495:Antwerp
469:Ottoman
445:Fuggers
435:Emperor
423:florins
401:banker
342:in the
340:Concise
289:dauphin
210:diamond
199:spinels
143:spinels
82:Created
64:diamond
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203:pearls
74:Weight
60:pearls
2530:Maces
2423:Rings
2408:Spurs
2403:Robes
1855:(2).
1819:S2CID
1719:JSTOR
1292:(PDF)
871:JSTOR
803:Notes
739:]
352:Basel
328:Sancy
277:Dijon
232:pear.
94:Paris
90:Place
2418:Orbs
2215:ASIN
2199:ISBN
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2011:ISBN
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1670:OCLC
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958:ISBN
939:2020
912:2020
863:ISSN
730:and
689:and
545:Mary
122:The
85:1389
68:gold
1952:doi
1803:doi
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